295 lines
30 KiB
XML
295 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.324.5827" ID-GBIF-Dataset="752f7715-2b9f-45a4-b9ee-c759bebf3981" ID-PMC="PMC3760134" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-324-1" ID-PubMed="24003317" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-324-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 324" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito" checkinTime="1451247026135" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Helgen, Kristofer M., Pinto, C. Miguel, Kays, Roland, Helgen, Lauren E., Tsuchiya, Mirian T. N., Quinn, Aleta, Wilson, Don E. & Maldonado, Jesus E." docDate="2013" docId="3B1BC9A4B89C6B0F94FF51999D00380F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 324: 1-83" docOrigin="ZooKeys 324" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.324.5827" docTitle="Bassaricyon medius Thomas 1909" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="37" masterDocId="FF99321FFFDBFFCCFFA0FFB7FFC59601" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito" masterLastPageNumber="83" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1668156320301" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Helgen, Kristofer M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Pinto, C. Miguel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Kays, Roland</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Helgen, Lauren E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Tsuchiya, Mirian T. N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Quinn, Aleta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Maldonado, Jesus E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>324</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.324.5827</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.324.5827</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-324-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152047251" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3B1BC9A4B89C6B0F94FF51999D00380F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B1BC9A4B89C6B0F94FF51999D00380F" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Bassaricyon_medius" authority="Thomas, 1909" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius Thomas, 1909</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<taxonomicName class="Carnivora" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassariscyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassariscyon" order="Mammalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bassariscyon</taxonomicName>
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[sic] gabbi [sic] orinomus Goldman, 1912:16.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="type specimens and localities">
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Type specimens and localities.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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The holotype of medius is BMNH 9.7.17.10, an adult male (skin and skull) from "Jimenez, mountains inland of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
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, W. Colombia, 2400 feet" (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Thomas 1909</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="34" pageNumber="35" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
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holotype of orinomus is USNM 179157, an adult male (skin and skull), from "Cana (altitude 1,800 feet), in the mountains of eastern Panama" (
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<bibRefCitation author="Goldman, EA" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 18" title="New mammals from eastern Panama." volume="60" year="1912">Goldman 1912</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation author="Goldman, EA" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 18" title="New mammals from eastern Panama." volume="60" year="1912">Goldman (1912)</bibRefCitation>
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figured the holotype skull.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
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is a medium-sized olingo, smaller (on average) than
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
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of Mesoamerica and larger than
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon neblina" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neblina">Bassaricyon neblina</taxonomicName>
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of the Andes. It requires closest comparison with the closely-related, allopatrically-distributed taxon
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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, from which it differs especially in having (externally) less strikingly black-tipped dorsal pelage (which gives the pelage a slightly darker appearance in
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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), (cranially) in its proportionally narrower and (on average) longer rostrum, and in having less inflated auditory bullae (Table 3), and (dentally) in its generally smaller p4 (Table 4).
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="medius">Bassaricyon medius medius</taxonomicName>
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is considerably smaller than
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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(of South America east of the Andes), such that there is a clear body-size contrast between the two lowland olingo taxa of South America (
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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east of Andes vs. B. medius medius west of Andes), but
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. orinomus" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="orinomus">Bassaricyon medius orinomus</taxonomicName>
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(of eastern Panama and northwestern Colombia) is very similar in size to
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. orinomus" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="orinomus">Bassaricyon medius orinomus</taxonomicName>
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often has a reddish tail that contrasts somewhat with the less rufous head and body;
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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tends to be more uniformly colored head to tail. In life,
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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usually has a darkly pigmented nose, whereas in
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
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the nose is often pink (Ivo Poglayen-Neuwall to C.O. Handley Jr., in litt., 9 February 1973; Figures 21-22). Sequence divergence in cytochrome b in these sister species (
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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), separated by the Andes, is 6-7% (Table 2).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Distribution and geographic variation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
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occurs in forests from Central Panama to Colombia and Ecuador west of the Andes, where it is recorded from sea level up to about 1800 m elevation. We recognize two distinctive subspecies of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
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, distinguished especially by clear differences in size (Tables 6-7).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="medius">Bassaricyon medius medius</taxonomicName>
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(Figure 22) occurs in most of the South American portion of the range, where it is recorded west of the Andes in western Colombia (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Thomas 1909</bibRefCitation>
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) and western Ecuador (
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<bibRefCitation author="Loennberg, E" journalOrPublisher="Arkiv foer Zoologi" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 104" title="A second contribution to the mammalogy of Ecuador with some remarks on Caenolestes." volume="14" year="1921">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Lönnberg">Loennberg</normalizedToken>
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1921
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Parker and Carr 1992</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tirira 2008</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Pinto and Tirira 2011a</bibRefCitation>
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), in the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
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region, on the western slopes of the Andes, and in outlying western ranges. It occurs in regional sympatry with
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon neblina" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neblina">Bassaricyon neblina</taxonomicName>
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at
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Otonga–San">Otonga-San</normalizedToken>
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Francisco de las Pampas and probably elsewhere along the western versant of the Andes.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. orinomus" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="orinomus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="35" pageNumber="36" start="start">Bassaricyon</pageBreakToken>
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medius orinomus
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</taxonomicName>
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(Figure 23) occurs primarily in the Central American portion of the range, where it is recorded from central and eastern Panama, from the vicinity of the Canal Zone in the west to the Darien Mountains in the east (
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<bibRefCitation author="Goldman, EA" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 18" title="New mammals from eastern Panama." volume="60" year="1912">Goldman 1912</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Goldman, EA" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 309" title="Mammals of Panama." volume="69" year="1920">1920</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Handley 1966</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Mendez 1970</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Kays, RW" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 10" title="The behavior and ecology of olingos (Bassaricyon gabbii) and their competition with kinkajous (Potos flavus) in central Panama." url="10.1515/mamm.2000.64.1.1" volume="64" year="2000">Kays 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). In the Darien, records include Cerro Tacarcuna and Cerro Pirri (USNM series), and as these mountain blocks extend across the Colombian border, there can be no doubt this subspecies enters South America in northwestern Colombia. The two north-westernmost records of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
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in Colombia, from Villa Arteaga, Antioquia District (FMNH 69578) and from the Cauca Valley (AMNH 37797) have large anterior premolars relative to
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="medius">Bassaricyon medius medius</taxonomicName>
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and we tentatively attribute them to
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. orinomus" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="orinomus">Bassaricyon medius orinomus</taxonomicName>
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, with
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="medius">Bassaricyon medius medius</taxonomicName>
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then recorded further south in forests of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
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and Western Andean slopes. The specimen from the Cauca Valley (from Puerta Valdivia, Antioquia District:
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="191 - 238" title="List of mammals collected in Colombia by the American Museum of Natural History Expeditions, 1910 - 1915." volume="35" year="1916">Allen 1916</bibRefCitation>
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) demonstrates that
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
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also occurs in lowland forests in between the Western and Central Andes; another low elevation specimen from the Cauca Valley of Colombia reported by
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<bibRefCitation author="Saavedra-Rodriguez, CA" journalOrPublisher="Check List" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="505 - 507" title="Bassaricyon gabbii Allen, 1876 (Carnivora: Procyonidae): new distribution point on western range of Colombian Andes." volume="7" year="2011">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Saavedra-Rodríguez">Saavedra-Rodriguez</normalizedToken>
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and Velandia-Perilla (2011)
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</bibRefCitation>
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(UV-3774,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
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Agua Sucia,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
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Cajambre, 725 m) that we have not examined is also presumably
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Figure 23. Western Lowland Olingo,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. orinomus" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="orinomus">Bassaricyon medius orinomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in life. Wild animals captured, radio-collared, released, and studied by Roland Kays in Limbo Plot, Pipeline Road, Gamboa, Panama (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kays, RW" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 10" title="The behavior and ecology of olingos (Bassaricyon gabbii) and their competition with kinkajous (Potos flavus) in central Panama." url="10.1515/mamm.2000.64.1.1" volume="64" year="2000">Kays 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Photographs courtesy of M. Guerra and R. Kays.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
As noted above for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the nature of interactions with the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the western margin of the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Panama (whether characterized by allopatry, parapatry, or sympatry) is unknown and worthy of study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
The first detailed description of representatives of this species was published in French by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Huet (1883)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based on two specimens from Chorrera, near Panama City (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Thomas 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Goldman, EA" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 309" title="Mammals of Panama." volume="69" year="1920">Goldman 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the first specimens to become available after the original discovery of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Costa Rica in 1876 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="20 - 23" title="Description of a new generic type (Bassaricyon) of Procyonidae from Costa Rica." volume="28" year="1876">Allen 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Thomas (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was first to name it (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||
), based on specimens from western Colombia, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Goldman, EA" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 18" title="New mammals from eastern Panama." volume="60" year="1912">Goldman (1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Goldman, EA" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 309" title="Mammals of Panama." volume="69" year="1920">1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) described the larger Panamanian subspecies (orinomus) and provided brief notes on the species, noting its arboreal, nocturnal, and frugivorous habits, and its association in fruiting trees with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Potos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Potos" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Potos</taxonomicName>
|
||
. More recent field studies in Panama (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kays, RW" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 10" title="The behavior and ecology of olingos (Bassaricyon gabbii) and their competition with kinkajous (Potos flavus) in central Panama." url="10.1515/mamm.2000.64.1.1" volume="64" year="2000">Kays 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kays, R" journalOrPublisher="Mesoamericana" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="56 - 70" title="Animal visitation and pollination of flowering balsa trees (Ochroma pyramidale) in Panama." volume="16" year="2012">Kays et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Figure 23) are limited but likewise show
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be nocturnal, arboreal, frugivorous (and nectarivorous), and to feed in the same trees as kinkajous, which sometimes displace the smaller olingos. It is mostly solitary at night, spends its days in tree holes or other arboreal hide-outs, and usually has one young at a time. One olingo was found to have a home range of 37 hectares. Field workers have described this
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
vocalizations as
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“whey-chuck”">"whey-chuck"</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“wer-toll”">"wer-toll"</normalizedToken>
|
||
, or
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“wake-up.”">"wake-up."</normalizedToken>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="36" pageNumber="37" start="start">Relevant</pageBreakToken>
|
||
field notes associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||
include: "shot at dusk in high tree in forest" (FMNH 29180); "shot at 8 pm, 40 feet up in large tree, active and agile, but curious, eyes shine brightly" (USNM 305748); "shot at 8:30 pm in avocado plantation" (USNM 305749); "shot near banana plantation (at night), stomach with banana" (USNM 305750); " "shot at 8:30 pm in large tree in cafetal [coffee plantation], stomach with soft fruit with tomato-like seed" (USNM 305751); "shot at 8 pm in forest" (USNM 307037);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“lactating”">"lactating"</normalizedToken>
|
||
and pregnant with "1 embryo", "stomach: fruit pulp" (USNM 310666); "shot in tree at night" (USNM 335767, 338348); "shot at night in tree in forest" (USNM 335769); "shot at night in tree in cocoa grove" (USNM 335770); "shot in small tree in plantain patch at night" (USNM 335771); "one embryo" in a pregnant female "shot in forest" (USNM 363342); "shot in banana tree" (USNM 363343)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="specimens examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="medius">Bassaricyon medius medius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Colombia: BMNH 9.7.17.10 (holotype of medius), 9.7.17.11, FMNH 29180, 86852, 90049, 90051, MVZ 124112, USNM 598997. Ecuador: AMNH 66752, BMNH 34.9.10.81, 34.9.10.82, EPN 841, 900, MECN DAP37, NMS A59-5081, A59-5082, QCAZ 8758, 8659.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. orinomus" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="orinomus">Bassaricyon medius orinomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Panama: USNM 171138, 179053, 179157 (holotype of orinomus), 179158, 179779, 179917, 206123, 284773, 284903, 284933, 284934, 284935, 305748, 305749, 305750, 305751, 305752, 305753, 305754, 307035, 307036, 307037, 310666, 310667, 310668, 324295, 324296, 335767, 335768, 335769, 335770, 335771, 338348, 338894, 363342, 363343, 363344. Colombia (tentatively attributed): AMNH 37797, FMNH 69578.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |