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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101372" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2625-8498-73-717" ID-Pensoft-UUID="318B657A15AB5708B3C35FC1A82B4945" ID-ZooBank="8F3D5EDA2F184E5CA53E2F7741FF1339" ModsDocID="2625-8498-73-717" checkinTime="1695893367890" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Szyndlar, Zbigniew &amp; Georgalis, Georgios L." docDate="2023" docId="3A640A91940F68DD666BFFED31F08C50" docLanguage="en" docName="VertZool 73: 717-886" docOrigin="Vertebrate Zoology 73" docPubDate="2023-09-27" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101372" docTitle="Constrictores (Oppel) sanguineus subsp. 1811 var. sensu Oppel, 1811 (sensu Georgalis and Smith 2020) 2020" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="318B657A15AB5708B3C35FC1A82B4945" lastPageNumber="717" masterDocId="318B657A15AB5708B3C35FC1A82B4945" masterDocTitle="An illustrated atlas of the vertebral morphology of extant non-caenophidian snakes, with special emphasis on the cloacal and caudal portions of the column" masterLastPageNumber="886" masterPageNumber="717" pageNumber="717" updateTime="1695893367890" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="879B99ED79C345D59702FF492EE51183">An illustrated atlas of the vertebral morphology of extant non-caenophidian snakes, with special emphasis on the cloacal and caudal portions of the column</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5DC66B852AD1C015E074786A1A96DAF8">Szyndlar, Zbigniew</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="45CCD4E18326400B845850ADC931A4F5">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="079CD531905D22F7567CBD2DEA2BB78A">Georgalis, Georgios L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="10B1BD6A6E207D7C03F8D3EFF06DE845">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="94C49C0B1628AFB2FEF57EA63D7A8AE6" authority="Georgalis and Smith 2020)" authorityName="Oppel, 1811 (sensu Georgalis and Smith 2020)" authorityYear="2020" family="Bolyeriidae" genus="Constrictores" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="variety" species="sanguineus" subGenus="Oppel" subSpecies="1811" variety="sensu">Constrictores Oppel, 1811 (sensu Georgalis and Smith 2020)</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="B2E77FE1CA8B7CC5F584BC3F7D46091E" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">General information.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="99E70A56904733B79FF83096E4D93598" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<taxonomicName id="5BDB22EBECBB363A9ED88372059707C7" family="Bolyeriidae" genus="Constrictores" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="genus">Constrictores</taxonomicName>
represents a recently defined group encompassing
<taxonomicName id="29ABE65E11CB669E1BC74341E428D2C4" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Booidea">Booidea</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B7EA818FBC96564F191B119B5BCDC758" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pythonoidea">Pythonoidea</taxonomicName>
, plus tentatively also
<taxonomicName id="D06F1781CC1DA6B3E5A3F160B100B554" authorityName="Hoffstetter" authorityYear="1946" class="Reptilia" family="Bolyeriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bolyeriidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8DD155B57B9D015C9E2915FE9CF6D1F8" authorityName="Wallach &amp; Günther" authorityYear="1998" class="Reptilia" family="Xenophidiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Xenophidiidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="559A229BE387197078578CFAFAD45D55" DOI="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" author="Georgalis, GL" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="291 - 304" refId="B204" refString="Georgalis, GL, Smith, KT, 2020. Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons. Vertebrate Zoology 70: 291 - 304, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" title="Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons." url="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" volume="70" year="2020">Georgalis and Smith 2020</bibRefCitation>
). They comprise the largest known snakes, both extant and extinct (see
<bibRefCitation id="45B9458BFC178A8BFCE48E2B53C9C443" DOI="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" author="Georgalis, GL" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="291 - 304" refId="B204" refString="Georgalis, GL, Smith, KT, 2020. Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons. Vertebrate Zoology 70: 291 - 304, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" title="Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons." url="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" volume="70" year="2020">Georgalis and Smith 2020</bibRefCitation>
). They have a widespread current distribution (
<bibRefCitation id="FF260CA7D83F1859D18E8E505BEBA330" DOI="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" author="Georgalis, GL" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="291 - 304" refId="B204" refString="Georgalis, GL, Smith, KT, 2020. Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons. Vertebrate Zoology 70: 291 - 304, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" title="Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons." url="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" volume="70" year="2020">Georgalis and Smith 2020</bibRefCitation>
), coupled with an extensive and rich fossil record, especially during the Paleogene (
<bibRefCitation id="32B4A7B6C51EBAA3DF7780740B3FA15C" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B614" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Rage, J-C, 2003. Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" title="Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe." year="2003">Szyndlar and Rage 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BC40EB0E43BACEB2E6B4F4C37010406F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-021-00224-0" author="Georgalis, GL" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B201" refString="Georgalis, GL, Rabi, M, Smith, KT, 2021a. Taxonomic revision of the snakes of the genera Palaeopython and Paleryx (Serpentes, Constrictores) from the Paleogene of Europe. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 140: 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-021-00224-0" title="Taxonomic revision of the snakes of the genera Palaeopython and Paleryx (Serpentes, Constrictores) from the Paleogene of Europe. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 140: 18." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-021-00224-0" year="2021 a">Georgalis et al. 2021a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BD0DF6AA7BDEB37967ED9B739A3BEAEB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" author="Smith, KT" editor="Gower, D" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="55 - 84" refId="B571" refString="Smith, KT, Georgalis, GL, 2022. The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes - A review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency. In: Gower, D, Zaher, H, Eds., , The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 55 - 84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" title="The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes - A review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" volumeTitle=", The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes." year="2022">Smith and Georgalis 2022</bibRefCitation>
). The group has been recovered as monophyletic in several recent phylogenies (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="986E612156E7427E59F99F096F04D602" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00239-7" author="Slowinski, JB" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="194 - 202" refId="B566" refString="Slowinski, JB, Lawson, R, 2002. Snake phylogeny: Evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23: 194 - 202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00239-7" title="Snake phylogeny: Evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial genes." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00239-7" volume="23" year="2002">Slowinski and Lawson 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="64FAAC0326EF3BD1D87A3199F560A030" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477200007002290" author="Lee, MSY" journalOrPublisher="Systematics and Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="371 - 389" refId="B345" refString="Lee, MSY, Hugall, AF, Lawson, R, Scanlon, JD, 2007. Phylogeny of snakes (Serpentes): Combining morphological and molecular data in likelihood, Bayesian and parsimony analyses. Systematics and Biodiversity 5: 371 - 389, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477200007002290" title="Phylogeny of snakes (Serpentes): Combining morphological and molecular data in likelihood, Bayesian and parsimony analyses." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477200007002290" volume="5" year="2007">Lee et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A3ED35512FEF739EEB86BAE3EFF6925A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93" author="Pyron, RA" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B468" refString="Pyron, RA, Burbrink, FT, Wiens, JJ, 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93" title="A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 93." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93" year="2013">Pyron et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F75DD02BC1A21035A3D72F6E4756AD63" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.015" author="Streicher, JW" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="160 - 169" refId="B596" refString="Streicher, JW, Wiens, JJ, 2016. Phylogenomic analyses reveal novel relationships among snake families. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 100: 160 - 169, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.015" title="Phylogenomic analyses reveal novel relationships among snake families." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.015" volume="100" year="2016">Streicher and Wiens 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="1F6CACD5D2506F900A2C3B0CDC123A5B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" author="Zheng, Y" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="537 - 547" refId="B696" refString="Zheng, Y, Wiens, JJ, 2016. Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 537 - 547, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" title="Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" volume="94" year="2016">Zheng and Wiens 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BDB33EB433E25BB3CBBF1358D5C267CD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" author="Burbrink, FT" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="502 - 520" refId="B101" refString="Burbrink, FT, Grazziotin, FG, Pyron, RA, Cundall, D, Donnellan, S, Irish, F, Keogh, JS, Kraus, F, Murphy, RW, Noonan, B, Raxworthy, CJ, Ruane, S, Lemmon, AR, Lemmon, EM, Zaher, H, 2020. Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships. Systematic Biology 69: 502 - 520, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" title="Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" volume="69" year="2020">Burbrink et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3D6E5CF28DBF0D6E20FDF91D69249AD4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2068386" author="Onary, S" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1601 - 1622" refId="B407" refString="Onary, S, Hsiou, AS, Lee, MSY, Palci, A, 2022. Redescription, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Boavus Marsh, 1871 (Serpentes: Booidea) from the early-middle Eocene of the USA. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 19: 1601 - 1622, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2068386" title="Redescription, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Boavus Marsh, 1871 (Serpentes: Booidea) from the early-middle Eocene of the USA." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2068386" volume="19" year="2022">Onary et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C63AF0D13F6A1D5E26EBA9C95CD47EE3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac001" author="Zaher, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="656 - 697" refId="B694" refString="Zaher, H, Mohabey, DM, Grazziotin, FG, Mantilla, JAW, 2023. The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197: 656 - 697, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac001" title="The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac001" volume="197" year="2023">Zaher et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
), although other studies have instead proposed a closer relationship of pythonoids to uropeltoids instead (
<bibRefCitation id="4E6B22EC30E7EB34C6E0444449578B81" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836904005278" author="Lawson, R" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B342" refString="Lawson, R, Slowinski, JB, Burbrink, FT, 2004. A molecular approach to discerning the phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic snake Xenophidion schaeferi among the Alethinophidia. Journal of Zoology 263: 1 - 10, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836904005278" title="A molecular approach to discerning the phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic snake Xenophidion schaeferi among the Alethinophidia." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836904005278" volume="263" year="2004">Lawson et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B9431EF55F483399537F6ED3AE71AB63" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011" author="Reynolds, RG" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="201 - 213" refId="B496" refString="Reynolds, RG, Niemiller, ML, Revell, LJ, 2014. Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 71: 201 - 213, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011" title="Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011" volume="71" year="2014">Reynolds et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6C9C3396A4FC85463517DDED7D02EC8C" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
The generalized vertebral morphology of
<taxonomicName id="F0BF4A9CD6BA061A5AE3B619A1E5A57C" family="Bolyeriidae" genus="Constrictores" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="genus">Constrictores</taxonomicName>
is defined by massively built vertebrae, with a generally low ratio of their centrum length / neural arch width (&lt;1.1), high neural spines, and a thick zygosphene (
<bibRefCitation id="C6FA812F6C5A07C04C1CFA2CA1302AF4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" author="Georgalis, GL" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="291 - 304" refId="B204" refString="Georgalis, GL, Smith, KT, 2020. Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons. Vertebrate Zoology 70: 291 - 304, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" title="Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons." url="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" volume="70" year="2020">Georgalis and Smith 2020</bibRefCitation>
). However, significant deviations exist to this generalized rule, such as the elongated vertebrae of ungaliophiids, or the much thinner zygosphene of several taxa, or the complex caudal morphology of erycids and charinaids.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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