1440 lines
220 KiB
XML
1440 lines
220 KiB
XML
<document id="67F7EF1B4383A7783C1E3DAB985A7510" ID-DOI="10.5852/cr-palevol2020v19a5" ID-ISSN="1777-571X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14216849" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DB4BC4A0-E559-49AD-9452-55F1688D99DA" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.tables_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1732276064017" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="COLLARETA, Alberto, LAMBERT, Olivier, MUIZON, Christian de, BENITES PALOMINO, Aldo Marcelo, URBINA, Mario & BIANUCCI, Giovanni" docDate="2020" docId="390387B20B77FFB7C0FDFBA7FBA62CAA" docLanguage="en" docName="CRPalevol.19.5.79-100.pdf" docOrigin="Comptes Rendus Palevol 19 (5)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2020v19a5" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD.1:CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD" docStyleName="CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Platyscaphokogia landinii Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci 2020, n. sp." docType="treatment" docUuid="FC3BE988-0F09-4262-911C-5B50070D1B97" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="93" masterDocId="C53AFFCA0B71FFA7C33CFE35FFC52B41" masterDocTitle="A new physeteroid from the late Miocene of Peru expands the diversity of extinct dwarf and pygmy sperm whales (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Kogiidae)" masterLastPageNumber="100" masterPageNumber="79" pageNumber="83" updateTime="1732542568615" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="E92A595A95DBF1E5DCC7A0BC3EBF2EB7">A new physeteroid from the late Miocene of Peru expands the diversity of extinct dwarf and pygmy sperm whales (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Kogiidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8A899CF8B43D55813CCFF473A240B052">COLLARETA, Alberto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9C70655AAFD546F98FA85EDD884AF93E">Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, via Santa Maria 53, 56126 Pisa (Italy)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="30028C92963B8CBB0782BF80C8605507" type="email">alberto.collareta@unipi.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="92AC2BEA59F8E7588C48413282E66C82">LAMBERT, Olivier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EFAC72831AA93323938C15F77F824F59">Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, D. O. Terre et Histoire de la Vie, rue Vautier 29, 1000 Brussels (Belgium)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="479FDF86B11D8600517CB20225973519">MUIZON, Christian de</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F49DD498FAA34F5E2EF665A4B576E372">Centre de Recherches sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements, CR 2 P (CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Université), Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, case postale 38, 57 rue Cuvier, F- 75231 Paris cedex 05 (France)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3440FEB8E572BAA96EEDEF75AAA2034E">BENITES PALOMINO, Aldo Marcelo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DB565C7CBCA12528CC83B954029AA0D4">Departamento de Paleontologia de Vertebrados, Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, avenida Arenales 1256, Lima 14 (Peru) and Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, CH- 8006 Zürich (Switzerland) and Center for Tropical Paleoecology and Archeology, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, 0843 - 03092, Panama (Panama)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="55316429565DA2E5CD5E989291A8D2D8">URBINA, Mario</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F045A9487683903A491E9007E7D1C90F">Departamento de Paleontologia de Vertebrados, Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, avenida Arenales 1256, Lima 14 (Peru)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8DFF2FD31CA990072CD0123DEEBB16AA">BIANUCCI, Giovanni</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6DD6B1DD78C9A0EFB9E7F3099644C627">Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, via Santa Maria 53, 56126 Pisa (Italy)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="6FD09BD7E2C01FF8DFB85AC2E7CC9837">Comptes Rendus Palevol</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="334278A7D94FD214D7DA0983AC391F00">2020</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="F9B0652F0B77FFA1C0FDFBA7FADE2EEF" box="[961,1307,1426,1454]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="B11536A40B77FFA1C0FDFBA7FADE2EEF" blockId="6.[961,1307,1426,1454]" box="[961,1307,1426,1454]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
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<heading id="EA5D81C80B77FFA1C0FDFBA7FADE2EEF" box="[961,1307,1426,1454]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B77FFA1C0FDFBA7FB1C2EEC" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[961,1241,1426,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="landinii" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B77FFA1C0FDFBA7FB1C2EEC" bold="true" box="[961,1241,1426,1453]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Platyscaphokogia landinii</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B77FFA1C7DCFBA1FADE2EEF" box="[1248,1307,1428,1454]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="B11536A40B77FFA1C71FFB86FB7C2E8C" blockId="6.[1059,1209,1459,1485]" box="[1059,1209,1459,1485]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
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(
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<figureCitation id="29912A210B77FFA1C710FB86FB462E8C" box="[1068,1155,1459,1485]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStart-3="FIG" captionStart-4="FIG" captionStartId-0="8.[132,143,1455,1472]" captionStartId-1="9.[134,159,1568,1585]" captionStartId-2="10.[134,159,992,1009]" captionStartId-3="11.[132,143,1544,1561]" captionStartId-4="12.[132,155,1856,1873]" captionTargetBox-0="[143,1456,198,1429]" captionTargetBox-1="[132,1455,214,1526]" captionTargetBox-2="[132,1456,197,972]" captionTargetBox-4="[132,1450,215,1816]" captionTargetId-0="figure-81@8.[170,1408,214,1413]" captionTargetId-1="figure-9@9.[132,1455,214,1512]" captionTargetId-2="figure-14@10.[132,1455,216,876]" captionTargetId-4="figure-88@12.[132,1455,215,1817]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-4="12" captionText-0="FIG. 2. — Cranium, in dorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of the maxilla-frontal suture. Scale bar: 5 cm." captionText-1="FIG. 3. — Cranium, in ventral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of several sutures and borders. Scale bar: 5 cm." captionText-2="FIG. 4. — Cranium, in right lateral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. Scale bar: 5 cm." captionText-3="FIG. 5. — Cranium, in anterodorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru); close-up of the dorsal surface of the neurocranium. Scale bar: 5 cm." captionText-4="FIG. 6. — Cranium of the kogiid sperm whalePlatyscaphokogialandinii n.gen.,n.sp.(MUSM 3291,paratype),from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru):A, dorsal view;B, ventral view;C, right lateral view (close-up of the supraorbital region,with indication of bones and sutures). Scale bars:A,B,5 cm;C,2 cm." pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Figs 2-6</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="29912A210B77FFA1C7ADFB86FB772E8C" box="[1169,1202,1459,1485]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,157,1106,1123]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1063]" captionTargetId="figure-474@16.[132,1455,225,1064]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 8. — Schematic comparison between the cranial morphologies of the two scaphokogiine genera known to date. A, Right lateral view (photograph and superimposed line drawing) of MUSM 3405, holotype cranium of Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp., from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). B, Right lateral view (photograph and superimposed line drawing) of MUSM 3244, unpublished cranium of Scaphokogia cochlearis, from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). Note the strong differences existing between the two taxa in terms of height and slope of the rostrum. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="6" pageNumber="83">8A</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="F9B0652F0B77FFA1C011F80DFBC52D95" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" type="etymology">
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. — The specific name honours Walter Landini, Italian vertebrate palaeontologist, for his substantial contribution to the knowledge and understanding of both the Miocene vertebrate assemblages of the East Pisco Basin (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B77FFA1C7F4F8B2FA4A2DDE" author="LANDINI W. & ALTAMIRANO-SIERRA A. & COLLARETA A. & DI CELMA C. & URBINA M. & BIANUCCI G." box="[1224,1423,1671,1695]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" pagination="168 - 190" refId="ref19240" refString="LANDINI W., ALTAMIRANO-SIERRA A., COLLARETA A., DI CELMA C., URBINA M. & BIANUCCI G. 2017 a. - The late Miocene elasmobranch assemblage from Cerro Colorado (Pisco Formation, Peru). Journal of South American Earth Sciences 73: 168 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsames. 2016.12.010" type="book chapter" year="2017">
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Landini
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<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B77FFA1C627F8BDFA8E2DDE" box="[1307,1355,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">et al.</emphasis>
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2017a
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, b, 2019) and the Italian fossil record of physeteroids (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B77FFA1C603F897FC762D95" author="BIANUCCI G. & LANDINI W." pageId="6" pageNumber="83" pagination="445 - 453" refId="ref15170" refString="BIANUCCI G. & LANDINI W. 1999. - Kogia pusilla from the Middle Pliocene of Tuscany (Italy) and a phylogenetic analysis of the family Kogiidae (Odontoceti, Cetacea). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 105: 445 - 453. https: // doi. org / 10.13130 / 2039 - 4942 / 5385" type="journal article" year="1999">Bianucci & Landini 1999</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B77FFA1C083F889FC372D95" author="BIANUCCI G. & LANDINI W." box="[959,1010,1724,1748]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" pagination="103 - 131" refId="ref15231" refString="BIANUCCI G. & LANDINI W. 2006. - Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the late Miocene of Italy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 148: 103 - 131. https: // 10.1111 / j. 10963642.2006.00228. x" type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="F9B0652F0B77FFA0C011F8D8FBC32AB9" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" type="materials_examined">
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<materialsCitation id="01C23CF90B77FFA1C011F8D8FB4A2C5E" collectionCode="MUSM" country="Peru" location="Cerro Hueco la Zorra, Ica desert" municipality="Ica" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" specimenCode="MUSM 3405" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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. —
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, an incomplete skull lacking the tip of the rostrum and the basicranium.
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|
||
. —
|
||
<specimenCode id="E10C9EDF0B77FFA1C084F90DFB872C11" box="[952,1090,1848,1872]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">MUSM 3291</specimenCode>
|
||
, an incomplete skull, preserving only the rostrum and the right portion of the neurocranium.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B77FFA1C011F9B1FC0E2CAB" blockId="6.[811,1456,1923,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="B7F3A0780B77FFA1C011F9B1FC982CD8" baselines="1941,1941" box="[813,861,1924,1947]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Type" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<collectionCode id="D7BBAE610B77FFA1C011F9B1FC982CD8" box="[813,861,1924,1947]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">TYPE</collectionCode>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="B7F3A0780B77FFA1C05DF9BCFC7F2CDB" baselines="1942" box="[865,954,1929,1946]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="locality" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<collectionCode id="D7BBAE610B77FFA1C05DF9BCFC7F2CDB" box="[865,954,1929,1946]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">LOCALITY</collectionCode>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. — The holotype was found at Cerro Hueco la Zorra, Ica desert,
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B77FFA1C0AEF9AAFC642CF7" box="[914,929,1951,1974]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B77FFA1C09BF9ABFC202CF7" box="[935,997,1950,1974]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
|
||
south of the town of Ica, southern coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C9BD76340B77FFA1C6BFF9ABFA6A2CF4" box="[1411,1455,1950,1973]" name="Peru" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B77FFA1C009F98DFCBE2C91" box="[821,891,1976,2000]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,157,1804,1821]" captionTargetBox="[137,1451,219,1742]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[698,1267,784,1355]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 1. — A, Map of the major structural trends and basins of coastal Peru. The red dashed rectangle outlines the location of the area shown in detail in panel B. Redrawn and modified from Travis et al. (1976) and Thornburg & Kulm (1981); B, Schematic geological map of the East Pisco Basin, showing the areas of Cenozoic outcrop and the location of the sites where the holotype and paratype of the new physeteroid taxon described herein were found (Cerro Hueco la Zorra and Cerro los Quesos; black stars). Redrawn and modified from DeVries & Schrader (1997); C, Schematic, dip-oriented allostratigraphic diagram for the Pisco Formation and the lower Chilcatay and Otuma formations, showing the stratigraphic position of the two kogiid fossils (MUSM 3405 and MUSM 3291) studied in the present work along with 40Ar/39Ar-dated volcanic ash layers (labelled with their field names on the left side of the diagram) and measured stratigraphic sections published in previous works (Bosio et al. 2020b, and references therein). The Pisco Formation exhibits pronounced thinning to the northeast, with the allomembers onlapping onto the basal composite surface (PE0.0) and arranged in a retrogradational pattern, progressively offset to northeast. Modified from Bosio et al. (2020b).Abbreviations: RN, Roca Negra; CTP, Cerro las Tres Piramides; ULL, Ullujaya; CMH, Cerros la Mama y la Hija; CLZ, Cerros Cadena de los Zanjones; ANF, Anfiteatro; CLQ, Cerro los Quesos; CLQw, Cerro los Quesos west; CLB, Cerro la Bruja; HLZ, Cerro Hueco la Zorra; CBC, Cerro Blanco." pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
); geographic coordinates of the finding site:
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D49E50630B77FFA1C625F98DFA6F2C91" box="[1305,1450,1976,2000]" degrees="14" direction="south" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" precision="1" seconds="44.35" value="-14.445653">14°26’44.35”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D49E50630B77FFA1C011F9E6FC032CAA" box="[813,966,2003,2027]" degrees="75" direction="west" minutes="42" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" precision="1" seconds="24.05" value="-75.70668">75°42’24.05”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E5D5662C0B76FFA0C3BAFEEEFD632A5B" ID-Table-UUID="E5D5662C0B76FFA0C3BAFEEEFD632A5B" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E5D5662C0B76FFA0C3BAFEEEFD632A5B" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" startId="7.[134,178,219,236]" targetBox="[134,767,340,1085]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B76FFA0C3BAFEEEFD632A5B" blockId="7.[132,775,219,282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="B7F3A0780B76FFA0C3BAFEEEFF772BAD" baselines="232,233" box="[134,178,219,236]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Table" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">TABLE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
1. — Measurements (in mm) of the skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B76FFA0C10FFEEEFCC22BAD" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[563,775,219,236]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="landinii" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C10FFEEEFCC22BAD" box="[563,775,219,236]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Platyscaphokogia landinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B76FFA0C3BAFEC7FF3A2A42" box="[134,255,242,259]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). Estimated dimensions are preceded by ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C1AEFF3CFD592A5B" box="[658,668,265,282]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">e</emphasis>
|
||
’.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B76FFA0C2C0FF61FD112F65" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<table id="C3AAC4040B760058C3BAFF61FD3A2F7C" box="[134,767,340,1085]" gridcols="3" gridrows="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFF61FD3A2AC3" box="[134,767,340,386]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FF61FDB02AC3" box="[508,629,340,386]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C2C0FF61FDB02A29" bold="true" box="[508,629,340,360]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">MUSM 3405</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C13AFF5BFDAE2AC3" bold="true" box="[518,619,366,386]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">(holotype)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFF61FD3A2AC3" box="[646,767,340,386]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C1BAFF61FD3A2A29" bold="true" box="[646,767,340,360]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">MUSM 3291</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C1B3FF5BFD332AC3" bold="true" box="[655,758,366,386]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">(paratype)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFFA4FD3A2AE4" box="[134,767,401,421]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFFA4FE242AE4" box="[134,481,401,421]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Maximum preserved length of skull</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FFA4FDB02AE4" box="[508,629,401,421]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">550</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFFA4FD3A2AE4" box="[646,767,401,421]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">395</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFF9CFD3A2AFC" box="[134,767,425,445]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFF9CFE242AFC" box="[134,481,425,445]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Length of rostrum</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FF9CFDB02AFC" box="[508,629,425,445]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">300</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFF9CFD3A2AFC" box="[646,767,425,445]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">270</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFFF4FD3A2A94" box="[134,767,449,469]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFFF4FE242A94" box="[134,481,449,469]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Width of rostrum at base</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FFF4FDB02A94" box="[508,629,449,469]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">158</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFFF4FD3A2A94" box="[646,767,449,469]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">167</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFFECFD3A2AAC" box="[134,767,473,493]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFFECFE242AAC" box="[134,481,473,493]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Height of rostrum at base</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FFECFDB02AAC" box="[508,629,473,493]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">70</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFFECFD3A2AAC" box="[646,767,473,493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFFC7FD3A2947" box="[134,767,498,518]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFFC7FE242947" box="[134,481,498,518]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Width of rostrum at mid length</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FFC7FDB02947" box="[508,629,498,518]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">106</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFFC7FD3A2947" box="[646,767,498,518]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">120</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFC3FFD3A295F" box="[134,767,522,542]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFC3FFE24295F" box="[134,481,522,542]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Height of rostrum at mid length</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FC3FFDB0295F" box="[508,629,522,542]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">45</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFC3FFD3A295F" box="[646,767,522,542]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">53</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFC14FD3A290E" box="[134,767,545,591]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFC14FE24290E" box="[134,481,545,591]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Width of rostrum at ¾ length, measured from posterior end</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FC14FDB0290E" box="[508,629,545,591]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">70</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFC14FD3A290E" box="[646,767,545,591]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">79</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFC66FD3A29C0" box="[134,767,595,641]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFC66FE2429C0" box="[134,481,595,641]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Height of rostrum at ¾ length, measured from posterior end</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FC66FDB029C0" box="[508,629,595,641]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">39</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFC66FD3A29C0" box="[646,767,595,641]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">42</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFCB0FD3A29F2" box="[134,767,645,691]" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFCB0FE2429F2" box="[134,481,645,691]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Width of mesorostral groove at apex of rostrum</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FCB0FDB029F2" box="[508,629,645,691]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">38</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFCB0FD3A29F2" box="[646,767,645,691]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">37</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFC82FD3A2859" box="[134,767,695,792]" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFC82FE242859" box="[134,481,695,792]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Maximum width of dorsal opening of mesorostral groove posterior to dorsomedial contact between premaxillae along rostrum</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FC82FDB02859" box="[508,629,695,792]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">23</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFC82FD3A2859" box="[646,767,695,792]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">28</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFD29FD3A2808" box="[134,767,796,841]" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFD29FE242808" box="[134,481,796,841]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Distance from tip of rostrum to right external naris</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FD29FDB02808" box="[508,629,796,841]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">320</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFD29FD3A2808" box="[646,767,796,841]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C199FD29FD752871" box="[677,688,796,816]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">e</emphasis>
|
||
290
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFD78FD3A2820" box="[134,767,845,865]" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFD78FE242820" box="[134,481,845,865]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Greatest preorbital width</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FD78FDB02820" box="[508,629,845,865]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C119FD78FDF52820" box="[549,560,845,865]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">e</emphasis>
|
||
250
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFD78FD3A2820" box="[646,767,845,865]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C199FD78FD752820" box="[677,688,845,865]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">e</emphasis>
|
||
245
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFD53FD3A283B" box="[134,767,870,890]" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFD53FE24283B" box="[134,481,870,890]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Least supraorbital width</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FD53FDB0283B" box="[508,629,870,890]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">235</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFD53FD3A283B" box="[646,767,870,890]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">e235</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFD4BFD3A28D3" box="[134,767,894,914]" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFD4BFE2428D3" box="[134,481,894,914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Greatest postorbital width</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FD4BFDB028D3" box="[508,629,894,914]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C119FD4BFDF528D3" box="[549,560,894,914]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">e</emphasis>
|
||
255
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFD4BFD3A28D3" box="[646,767,894,914]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C199FD4BFD7528D3" box="[677,688,894,914]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">e</emphasis>
|
||
250
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFDA3FD3A28EB" box="[134,767,918,938]" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFDA3FE2428EB" box="[134,481,918,938]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Width of left external bony naris</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FDA3FDB028EB" box="[508,629,918,938]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">16</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFDA3FD3A28EB" box="[646,767,918,938]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFD9BFD3A2883" box="[134,767,942,962]" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFD9BFE242883" box="[134,481,942,962]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Width of right external bony naris</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FD9BFDB02883" box="[508,629,942,962]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">11</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFD9BFD3A2883" box="[646,767,942,962]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
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||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFDF3FD3A28B5" box="[134,767,966,1012]" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFDF3FE2428B5" box="[134,481,966,1012]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Greatest width across external bony nares</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FDF3FDB028B5" box="[508,629,966,1012]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">38</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFDF3FD3A28B5" box="[646,767,966,1012]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFDCDFD3A2F4D" box="[134,767,1016,1036]" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFDCDFE242F4D" box="[134,481,1016,1036]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Greatest width across premaxillae</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FDCDFDB02F4D" box="[508,629,1016,1036]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">89</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFDCDFD3A2F4D" box="[646,767,1016,1036]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0F9A34E60B760058C3BAFA25FD3A2F7C" box="[134,767,1040,1085]" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<th id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C3BAFA25FE242F7C" box="[134,481,1040,1085]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Width across premaxillae at mid length of rostrum</th>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C2C0FA25FDB02F7C" box="[508,629,1040,1085]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">63</td>
|
||
<td id="4C4B5D9A0B760058C1BAFA25FD3A2F7C" box="[646,767,1040,1085]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">62</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
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. — The
|
||
<typeStatus id="6E1188060B76FFA0C253FA43FE002FCF" box="[367,453,1142,1166]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was found in deposits belonging to the silty upper portion of the P2 allomember of the Pisco Formation (as defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B76FFA0C25DFA9EFDF42F82" author="DI CELMA C. & MALINVERNO E. & BOSIO G. & COLLARETA A. & GARIBOLDI K. & GIONCADA A. & MOLLI G. & BASSO D. & VARAS-MALCA R. M. & PIERANTONI P. P. & VILLA I. M. & LAMBERT O. & LANDINI W. & SARTI G. & CANTALAMESSA G. & URBINA M. & BIANUCCI G." box="[353,561,1195,1219]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" pagination="255 - 274" refId="ref17197" refString="DI CELMA C., MALINVERNO E., BOSIO G., COLLARETA A., GARIBOLDI K., GIONCADA A., MOLLI G., BASSO D., VARAS-MALCA R. M., PIERANTONI P. P., VILLA I. M., LAMBERT O., LANDINI W., SARTI G., CANTALAMESSA G., URBINA M. & BIANUCCI G. 2017. - Sequence stratigraphy and paleontology of the upper Miocene Pisco Formation along the western side of the lower Ica valley (Ica Desert, Peru). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 123: 255 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.13130 / 2039 - 4942 / 8373" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Di Celma
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C2F5FA99FE3D2F82" box="[457,504,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2018a) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B76FFA0C1AEFA9EFD3E2F82" box="[658,763,1195,1219]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,157,1804,1821]" captionTargetBox="[137,1451,219,1742]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[698,1267,784,1355]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 1. — A, Map of the major structural trends and basins of coastal Peru. The red dashed rectangle outlines the location of the area shown in detail in panel B. Redrawn and modified from Travis et al. (1976) and Thornburg & Kulm (1981); B, Schematic geological map of the East Pisco Basin, showing the areas of Cenozoic outcrop and the location of the sites where the holotype and paratype of the new physeteroid taxon described herein were found (Cerro Hueco la Zorra and Cerro los Quesos; black stars). Redrawn and modified from DeVries & Schrader (1997); C, Schematic, dip-oriented allostratigraphic diagram for the Pisco Formation and the lower Chilcatay and Otuma formations, showing the stratigraphic position of the two kogiid fossils (MUSM 3405 and MUSM 3291) studied in the present work along with 40Ar/39Ar-dated volcanic ash layers (labelled with their field names on the left side of the diagram) and measured stratigraphic sections published in previous works (Bosio et al. 2020b, and references therein). The Pisco Formation exhibits pronounced thinning to the northeast, with the allomembers onlapping onto the basal composite surface (PE0.0) and arranged in a retrogradational pattern, progressively offset to northeast. Modified from Bosio et al. (2020b).Abbreviations: RN, Roca Negra; CTP, Cerro las Tres Piramides; ULL, Ullujaya; CMH, Cerros la Mama y la Hija; CLZ, Cerros Cadena de los Zanjones; ANF, Anfiteatro; CLQ, Cerro los Quesos; CLQw, Cerro los Quesos west; CLB, Cerro la Bruja; HLZ, Cerro Hueco la Zorra; CBC, Cerro Blanco." pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Fig. 1B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Stratigraphically,
|
||
<collectionCode id="D7BBAE610B76FFA0C210FAF3FEBC2F9F" box="[300,377,1222,1246]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">MUSM</collectionCode>
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3405 is located between the P2-8 and the P2-9 horizons of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B76FFA0C217FAD5FDC72FB9" author="DI CELMA C. & MALINVERNO E. & BOSIO G. & COLLARETA A. & GARIBOLDI K. & GIONCADA A. & MOLLI G. & BASSO D. & VARAS-MALCA R. M. & PIERANTONI P. P. & VILLA I. M. & LAMBERT O. & LANDINI W. & SARTI G. & CANTALAMESSA G. & URBINA M. & BIANUCCI G." box="[299,514,1248,1272]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" pagination="255 - 274" refId="ref17197" refString="DI CELMA C., MALINVERNO E., BOSIO G., COLLARETA A., GARIBOLDI K., GIONCADA A., MOLLI G., BASSO D., VARAS-MALCA R. M., PIERANTONI P. P., VILLA I. M., LAMBERT O., LANDINI W., SARTI G., CANTALAMESSA G., URBINA M. & BIANUCCI G. 2017. - Sequence stratigraphy and paleontology of the upper Miocene Pisco Formation along the western side of the lower Ica valley (Ica Desert, Peru). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 123: 255 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.13130 / 2039 - 4942 / 8373" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Di Celma
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C2AEFAD4FE042FB9" box="[402,449,1248,1272]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2018a), which are prominent and laterally continuous ledges at the top of sheer cliff faces. At the nearby locality of Cerro Blanco, a tephra layer placed just below the P2-8 horizon has been recently dated to 7.084 ± 0.044 Ma by means of Ar-Ar radiometric analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B76FFA0C121FB7FFD162E23" author="BOSIO G. & MALINVERNO E. & VILLA I. M. & DI CELMA C. & GARIBOLDI K. & GIONCADA A. & BARBERINI B. & URBINA M. & BIANUCCI G." box="[541,723,1354,1378]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" pagination="213 - 247" refId="ref16115" refString="BOSIO G., MALINVERNO E., VILLA I. M., DI CELMA C., GARIBOLDI K., GIONCADA A., BARBERINI B., URBINA M. & BIANUCCI G. 2020 b. - Tephrochronology and chronostratigraphy of the Miocene Chilcatay and Pisco formations (East Pisco Basin, Peru). Newsletters on Stratigraphy 53 (2): 213 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / nos / 2019 / 0525" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Bosio
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C160FB7EFD482E23" box="[604,653,1354,1378]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). An age younger than 7.084 Ma is thus proposed for the horizon from which the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6E1188060B76FFA0C3D5FB4AFEFA2ED6" box="[233,319,1407,1431]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was collected. Considering also that no marine deposit younger than the Miocene is known from the western side of the lower
|
||
<collectingRegion id="736EF8460B76FFA0C3C2FB81FEDF2E8A" box="[254,282,1460,1483]" country="Peru" name="Ica" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Ica</collectingRegion>
|
||
valley,
|
||
<collectionCode id="D7BBAE610B76FFA0C25DFB81FE6B2E8D" box="[353,430,1460,1484]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
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3405 is here regarded as Messinian (latest Miocene) in age.
|
||
</paragraph>
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|
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. — The
|
||
<typeStatus id="6E1188060B76FFA0C1B4F827FD192D6B" box="[648,732,1554,1578]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
was found at Cerro los Quesos (Ica desert,
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C2C1F819FDC82D02" box="[509,525,1580,1603]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">c.</emphasis>
|
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<quantity id="76529B410B76FFA0C12FF81EFD972D02" box="[531,594,1579,1603]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
|
||
south of the town of Ica, southern coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C9BD76340B76FFA0C24FF873FE5A2D1C" box="[371,415,1606,1629]" name="Peru" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
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(
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B76FFA0C292F873FDD12D1F" box="[430,532,1606,1630]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,157,1804,1821]" captionTargetBox="[137,1451,219,1742]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[698,1267,784,1355]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 1. — A, Map of the major structural trends and basins of coastal Peru. The red dashed rectangle outlines the location of the area shown in detail in panel B. Redrawn and modified from Travis et al. (1976) and Thornburg & Kulm (1981); B, Schematic geological map of the East Pisco Basin, showing the areas of Cenozoic outcrop and the location of the sites where the holotype and paratype of the new physeteroid taxon described herein were found (Cerro Hueco la Zorra and Cerro los Quesos; black stars). Redrawn and modified from DeVries & Schrader (1997); C, Schematic, dip-oriented allostratigraphic diagram for the Pisco Formation and the lower Chilcatay and Otuma formations, showing the stratigraphic position of the two kogiid fossils (MUSM 3405 and MUSM 3291) studied in the present work along with 40Ar/39Ar-dated volcanic ash layers (labelled with their field names on the left side of the diagram) and measured stratigraphic sections published in previous works (Bosio et al. 2020b, and references therein). The Pisco Formation exhibits pronounced thinning to the northeast, with the allomembers onlapping onto the basal composite surface (PE0.0) and arranged in a retrogradational pattern, progressively offset to northeast. Modified from Bosio et al. (2020b).Abbreviations: RN, Roca Negra; CTP, Cerro las Tres Piramides; ULL, Ullujaya; CMH, Cerros la Mama y la Hija; CLZ, Cerros Cadena de los Zanjones; ANF, Anfiteatro; CLQ, Cerro los Quesos; CLQw, Cerro los Quesos west; CLB, Cerro la Bruja; HLZ, Cerro Hueco la Zorra; CBC, Cerro Blanco." pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Fig. 1B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
); geographic coordinates of the finding site:
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D49E50630B76FFA0C274F855FE192D39" box="[328,476,1632,1656]" degrees="14" direction="south" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" precision="1" seconds="54.00" value="-14.515">14°30’54.00”S</geoCoordinate>
|
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,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D49E50630B76FFA0C2D4F855FD412D39" box="[488,644,1632,1656]" degrees="75" direction="west" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" precision="1" seconds="08.90" value="-75.71914">75°43’08.90”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), in deposits belonging to the P2 allomember of the Pisco Formation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B76FFA0C3B8F8A0FBCA2A7F" blockId="7.[131,776,1553,2027]" lastBlockId="7.[811,1457,215,504]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
MUSM 3291 was indicated with the field number O14 and identified as belonging to “aff.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B76FFA0C256F885FE392D89" box="[362,508,1712,1736]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C256F885FE192D89" box="[362,476,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” in the fossil map published by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B76FFA0C398F8FFFE432DA3" author="BIANUCCI G. & DI CELMA C. & COLLARETA A. & LANDINI W. & POST K. & TINELLI C. & MUIZON C. DE & BOSIO G. & GARIBOLDI K. & GIONCADA A. & MALINVERNO E. & CANTALAMESSA G. & ALTAMIRANO-SIERRA A. & SALAS-GISMONDI R. & URBINA M. & LAMBERT O." box="[164,390,1738,1762]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" pagination="1037 - 1046" refId="ref15405" refString="BIANUCCI G., DI CELMA C., COLLARETA A., LANDINI W., POST K., TINELLI C., MUIZON C. DE, BOSIO G., GARIBOLDI K., GIONCADA A., MALINVERNO E., CANTALAMESSA G., ALTAMIRANO-SIERRA A., SALAS-GISMONDI R., URBINA M. & LAMBERT O. 2016 a. - Fossil marine vertebrates of Cerro Los Quesos: Distribution of cetaceans, seals, crocodiles, seabirds, sharks, and bony fish in a late Miocene locality of the Pisco Basin, Peru. Journal of Maps 12: 1037 - 1046. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17445647.2015.1115785" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Bianucci
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C23CF8FEFEF52DA3" box="[256,304,1738,1762]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The horizon from which the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6E1188060B76FFA0C18FF8FEFCC32DA2" box="[691,774,1739,1763]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
was collected belongs to the stratal package known as “Member F” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B76FFA0C3B0F8CAFEAC2C56" author="DI CELMA C. & MALINVERNO E. & CANTALAMESSA G. & GIONCADA A. & BOSIO G. & VILLA I. M. & GARIBOLDI K. & RUSTICHELLI A. & PIERANTONI P. P. & LANDINI W. & TINELLI C. & COLLARETA A. & BIANUCCI G." box="[140,361,1791,1815]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" pagination="1020 - 1028" refId="ref17012" refString="DI CELMA C., MALINVERNO E., CANTALAMESSA G., GIONCADA A., BOSIO G., VILLA I. M., GARIBOLDI K., RUSTICHELLI A., PIERANTONI P. P., LANDINI W., TINELLI C., COLLARETA A. & BIANUCCI G. 2016 a. - Stratigraphic framework of the late Miocene Pisco Formation at Cerro Los Quesos (Ica Desert, Peru). Journal of Maps 12: 1020 - 1028. https: // doi. org / 10.108 0 / 17445647.2015.1115783." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Di Celma
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C3CAF935FEE32C56" box="[246,294,1791,1815]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), within the silty upper portion of the P2 allomember; it is further located
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C2F5F92FFE1D2C70" box="[457,472,1818,1841]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B76FFA0C2E2F92CFDD72C70" box="[478,530,1817,1841]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" unit="m" value="35.0">35 m</quantity>
|
||
above a tephra layer, the Mono key bed of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B76FFA0C20AF901FDE52C0D" author="DI CELMA C. & MALINVERNO E. & CANTALAMESSA G. & GIONCADA A. & BOSIO G. & VILLA I. M. & GARIBOLDI K. & RUSTICHELLI A. & PIERANTONI P. P. & LANDINI W. & TINELLI C. & COLLARETA A. & BIANUCCI G." box="[310,544,1844,1868]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" pagination="1020 - 1028" refId="ref17012" refString="DI CELMA C., MALINVERNO E., CANTALAMESSA G., GIONCADA A., BOSIO G., VILLA I. M., GARIBOLDI K., RUSTICHELLI A., PIERANTONI P. P., LANDINI W., TINELLI C., COLLARETA A. & BIANUCCI G. 2016 a. - Stratigraphic framework of the late Miocene Pisco Formation at Cerro Los Quesos (Ica Desert, Peru). Journal of Maps 12: 1020 - 1028. https: // doi. org / 10.108 0 / 17445647.2015.1115783." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Di Celma
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C2A1F900FE082C0D" box="[413,461,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, that has been dated to 6.93 ± 0.09 Ma by means of Ar-Ar radiometric analyses. A stratigraphically higher volcanic ash bed, cropping out in the uppermost portion of the Cerro Los Quesos succession (i.e.,
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B76FFA0C150F9B1FD652CDA" box="[620,672,1924,1948]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" unit="m" value="17.0">17 m</quantity>
|
||
above the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6E1188060B76FFA0C3B9F9ABFF1A2CF7" box="[133,223,1950,1974]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
), has been dated to an age equal or older than 6.71 ± 0.02 Ma (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B76FFA0C3D8F98DFE7C2C91" author="DI CELMA C. & MALINVERNO E. & CANTALAMESSA G. & GIONCADA A. & BOSIO G. & VILLA I. M. & GARIBOLDI K. & RUSTICHELLI A. & PIERANTONI P. P. & LANDINI W. & TINELLI C. & COLLARETA A. & BIANUCCI G." box="[228,441,1976,2000]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" pagination="1020 - 1028" refId="ref17012" refString="DI CELMA C., MALINVERNO E., CANTALAMESSA G., GIONCADA A., BOSIO G., VILLA I. M., GARIBOLDI K., RUSTICHELLI A., PIERANTONI P. P., LANDINI W., TINELLI C., COLLARETA A. & BIANUCCI G. 2016 a. - Stratigraphic framework of the late Miocene Pisco Formation at Cerro Los Quesos (Ica Desert, Peru). Journal of Maps 12: 1020 - 1028. https: // doi. org / 10.108 0 / 17445647.2015.1115783." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Di Celma
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C274F98CFEB32C91" box="[328,374,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As such, the horizon from which the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6E1188060B76FFA0C395F9E6FF392CAA" box="[169,252,2003,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
originates can be constrained to a short time interval within the Messinian, i.e., between 6.93 Ma and 6.71 Ma. Such an age estimate finds support in the biostratigraphic data, which indicate an age younger than 7.35 Ma for this portion of Member F (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B76FFA0C009FF13FBC42A7F" author="GARIBOLDI K. & BOSIO G. & MALINVERNO E. & GIONCADA A. & DI CELMA C. & VILLA I. M. & URBINA M. & BIANUCCI G." box="[821,1025,294,318]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" pagination="417 - 444" refId="ref18233" refString="GARIBOLDI K., BOSIO G., MALINVERNO E., GIONCADA A., DI CELMA C. & VILLA I. M., URBINA M. & BIANUCCI G. 2017. - Biostratigraphy, geochronology and sedimentation rates of the upper Miocene Pisco Formation at two important marine vertebrate fossil-bearing sites of southern Peru. Newsletters on Stratigraphy 50: 417 - 444. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / nos / 2017 / 0345" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Gariboldi
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C0A6FF12FC0C2A7F" box="[922,969,294,318]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B76FFA0C011FF74FBC32AB9" blockId="7.[811,1457,215,504]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
Several fossil vertebrates from Cerro Los Quesos were found in strata belonging to Member F, including mysticetes (balaenopterids and cetotheriids), odontocetes (e.g., the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6E1188060B76FFA0C7B2FF43FB212ACF" box="[1166,1252,374,398]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of the beaked whale
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B76FFA0C011FFA5FB8F2AE9" authorityName="Bianucci, Di Celma, Urbina & Lambert" authorityYear="2016" box="[813,1098,400,424]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyperoodontidae" genus="Chavinziphius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxillocristatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C011FFA5FB8F2AE9" box="[813,1098,400,424]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Chavinziphius maxillocristatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the macroraptorial stem physeteroid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B76FFA0C017FF9FFC012A83" box="[811,964,426,450]" class="Mammalia" genus="Acrophyseter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C017FF9FFC5B2A83" box="[811,926,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Acrophyseter</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the phocoenid cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B76FFA0C78FFF9EFAB52A83" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1986" box="[1203,1392,426,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Lomacetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ginsburgi">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C78FFF9EFAB52A83" box="[1203,1392,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Lomacetus ginsburgi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), pinnipeds, crocodiles, seabirds, and sharks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B76FFA0C781FFF0FA4B2A9C" author="BIANUCCI G. & DI CELMA C. & COLLARETA A. & LANDINI W. & POST K. & TINELLI C. & MUIZON C. DE & BOSIO G. & GARIBOLDI K. & GIONCADA A. & MALINVERNO E. & CANTALAMESSA G. & ALTAMIRANO-SIERRA A. & SALAS-GISMONDI R. & URBINA M. & LAMBERT O." box="[1213,1422,453,477]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" pagination="1037 - 1046" refId="ref15405" refString="BIANUCCI G., DI CELMA C., COLLARETA A., LANDINI W., POST K., TINELLI C., MUIZON C. DE, BOSIO G., GARIBOLDI K., GIONCADA A., MALINVERNO E., CANTALAMESSA G., ALTAMIRANO-SIERRA A., SALAS-GISMONDI R., URBINA M. & LAMBERT O. 2016 a. - Fossil marine vertebrates of Cerro Los Quesos: Distribution of cetaceans, seals, crocodiles, seabirds, sharks, and bony fish in a late Miocene locality of the Pisco Basin, Peru. Journal of Maps 12: 1037 - 1046. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17445647.2015.1115785" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Bianucci
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C626FFF3FA8F2A9C" box="[1306,1354,453,477]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B76FFA0C011FFEAFC3D2AB9" author="LAMBERT O. & BIANUCCI G. & MUIZON C. DE" box="[813,1016,479,504]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" pagination="404 - 474" refId="ref19034" refString="LAMBERT O., BIANUCCI G., & MUIZON C. DE 2017 a. - Macroraptorial sperm whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Physeteroidea) from the Miocene of Peru. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179: 404 - 474. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12456" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Lambert
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C0BAFFD5FC702AB6" box="[902,949,479,503]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F9B0652F0B76FFA0C011FC25FBC02824" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B76FFA0C011FC25FBC02824" blockId="7.[811,1457,527,869]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="B7F3A0780B76FFA0C011FC25FC762967" baselines="545,546" box="[813,947,528,551]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Differential" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">DIFFERENTIAL</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="B7F3A0780B76FFA0C084FC20FBD92967" baselines="546" box="[952,1052,533,550]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="diagnosis" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">DIAGNOSIS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B76FFA0C778FC3AFAE82966" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[1092,1325,527,551]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="landinii" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C778FC3AFAE82966" box="[1092,1325,527,551]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Platyscaphokogia landinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B76FFA0C60EFC25FA752966" box="[1330,1456,528,552]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B76FFA0C097FC1CFB452900" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[939,1152,553,577]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochlearis">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C097FC1CFB452900" box="[939,1152,553,577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Scaphokogia cochlearis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following combination of characters: in dorsal view, skull roughly drop-shaped, due to the remarkable tapering of the rostrum towards the anterior tip of the skull; sagittal facial crest longer, less displaced laterally, dividing the supracranial basin in two different sub-basins; supracranial basin moderately shallower and slightly more anterodorsally oriented; in lateral view, rostrum vertically much thinner (i.e., dorsoventrally compressed) and not exceeding in height the lateral maxillary crests at its base; long axis of the rostrum projecting anteriorly rather than anteroventrally; in ventral view, presence of larger, well-individualised, likely functional upper dental alveoli (right maxilla presenting 10 alveoli).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F9B0652F0B76FFB7C011FDA0FBA62CAA" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B76FFA0C011FDA0FAC728EE" blockId="7.[813,1455,917,1006]" box="[813,1282,917,943]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">DESCRIPTION, COMPARISONS, AND REMARKS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B76FFA0C011FD80FBC428AF" blockId="7.[813,1455,917,1006]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
The following description is based on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6E1188060B76FFA0C7C2FD80FAA5288E" box="[1278,1376,949,975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, unless otherwise specified.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B76FFA0C011FA21FBAC2F6F" blockId="7.[813,1129,1044,1070]" box="[813,1129,1044,1070]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<heading id="EA5D81C80B76FFA0C011FA21FBAC2F6F" box="[813,1129,1044,1070]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C011FA21FBAC2F6F" box="[813,1129,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">General outline of the cranium</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B76FFA0C011FA01FB6B2CEA" blockId="7.[811,1457,1076,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="6E1188060B76FFA0C062FA01FC782F0F" box="[862,957,1076,1102]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
skull (
|
||
<collectionCode id="D7BBAE610B76FFA0C73BFA01FB9B2F0F" box="[1031,1118,1076,1102]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
||
3405;
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B76FFA0C793FA01FAC32F0E" box="[1199,1286,1076,1103]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStart-3="FIG" captionStartId-0="8.[132,143,1455,1472]" captionStartId-1="9.[134,159,1568,1585]" captionStartId-2="10.[134,159,992,1009]" captionStartId-3="11.[132,143,1544,1561]" captionTargetBox-0="[143,1456,198,1429]" captionTargetBox-1="[132,1455,214,1526]" captionTargetBox-2="[132,1456,197,972]" captionTargetId-0="figure-81@8.[170,1408,214,1413]" captionTargetId-1="figure-9@9.[132,1455,214,1512]" captionTargetId-2="figure-14@10.[132,1455,216,876]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionText-0="FIG. 2. — Cranium, in dorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of the maxilla-frontal suture. Scale bar: 5 cm." captionText-1="FIG. 3. — Cranium, in ventral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of several sutures and borders. Scale bar: 5 cm." captionText-2="FIG. 4. — Cranium, in right lateral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. Scale bar: 5 cm." captionText-3="FIG. 5. — Cranium, in anterodorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru); close-up of the dorsal surface of the neurocranium. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Figs 2-5</figureCitation>
|
||
) is incomplete, lacking the basicranium, part of the floor of the supracranial basin (coinciding with the circumnarial basin of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B76FFA0C66EFA41FC032FEF" author="MEAD J. G. & FORDYCE R. E." pageId="7" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 261" refId="ref19848" refString="MEAD J. G. & FORDYCE R. E. 2009. - The therian skull: a lexicon with emphasis on the odontocetes. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 627: 1 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.627" type="journal article" year="2009">Mead & Fordyce 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; the former term is here preferred for consistency with several recent works on the skull anatomy of extinct kogiids), all the ear bones, the mandibles, and all the teeth. Both the dorsal and the ventral aspects of the cranium are generally well preserved, although a few delicate features (e.g., the thin, plate-like lateral maxillary crests and the medial halves of the premaxillae along the rostrum) are locally broken or abraded and some regions of the cranium (e.g., the narrow antorbital notches and most of the mesorostral groove) are covered or infilled by hardened sediment. Unambiguous evidence of diagenetic deformation is not found on
|
||
<collectionCode id="D7BBAE610B76FFA0C665FBE6FA6A2EAC" box="[1369,1455,1491,1517]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
||
3405, and even the most delicate features (e.g., thin and salient bony walls such as the lateral maxillary crests and the sagittal facial crest) do not appear to have significantly suffered compaction, displacement, or distorsion. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="6E1188060B76FFA0C66FF866FA6A2D2C" box="[1363,1455,1619,1645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
cranium (
|
||
<collectionCode id="D7BBAE610B76FFA0C0AAF847FC282DCD" box="[918,1005,1650,1676]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
||
3291;
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B76FFA0C77EF847FBBA2DCD" box="[1090,1151,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,155,1856,1873]" captionTargetBox="[132,1450,215,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-88@12.[132,1455,215,1817]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Cranium of the kogiid sperm whalePlatyscaphokogialandinii n.gen.,n.sp.(MUSM 3291,paratype),from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru):A, dorsal view;B, ventral view;C, right lateral view (close-up of the supraorbital region,with indication of bones and sutures). Scale bars:A,B,5 cm;C,2 cm." pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
) is distinctly less complete, only preserving the rostrum, the anterolateral portion of the supracranial basin, and the right supraorbital region. Abrasion and weathering are ubiquitous on this skull, except for the well-preserved supraorbital region; moreover, hardened sediment infills most of the mesorostral groove. Sutures between adjacent bones are generally not distinguishable on this specimen, with the significant exception of the right supraorbital region, where the relationships between the maxilla, lacrimojugal complex, and frontal are clear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B76FFAEC07FF984FCC22C4D" blockId="7.[811,1457,1076,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[131,776,1682,1868]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
The skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B76FFA0C0EEF984FB442C8A" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[978,1153,1969,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B76FFA0C0EEF984FB442C8A" box="[978,1153,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Platyscaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B76FFA0C7B4F987FB102C8D" box="[1160,1237,1970,1996]" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is anteroposteriorly elongated and distinctly teardrop-shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B76FFA0C639F9E4FA8D2CAA" box="[1285,1352,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1455,1472]" captionTargetBox="[143,1456,198,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-81@8.[170,1408,214,1413]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cranium, in dorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of the maxilla-frontal suture. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B76FFA0C664F9E4FAA32CAA" box="[1368,1382,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[134,159,1568,1585]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,214,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-9@9.[132,1455,214,1512]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Cranium, in ventral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of several sutures and borders. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="7" pageNumber="84">3</figureCitation>
|
||
), thus strongly differing from the shorter and wider skull of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B79FFAFC3B8F806FF052D0D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[132,192,1587,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B79FFAFC3B8F806FF052D0D" box="[132,192,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Kogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is also strongly asymmetric, as highlighted by the presence of bony nares that are dissimilar in size (i.e., the right naris is much smaller than the left one) and significantly displaced towards the left side of the cranium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B79FFAFC162F8A7FD5B2DED" box="[606,670,1682,1708]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1455,1472]" captionTargetBox="[143,1456,198,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-81@8.[170,1408,214,1413]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cranium, in dorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of the maxilla-frontal suture. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B79FFAFC190F8A7FD7F2DEC" box="[684,698,1682,1709]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1544,1561]" captionText="FIG. 5. — Cranium, in anterodorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru); close-up of the dorsal surface of the neurocranium. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="8" pageNumber="85">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both nasals are absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B79FFAFC27AF887FE432D8D" box="[326,390,1714,1740]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1455,1472]" captionTargetBox="[143,1456,198,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-81@8.[170,1408,214,1413]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cranium, in dorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of the maxilla-frontal suture. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B79FFAFC2A8F887FE672D8C" box="[404,418,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1544,1561]" captionText="FIG. 5. — Cranium, in anterodorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru); close-up of the dorsal surface of the neurocranium. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="8" pageNumber="85">5</figureCitation>
|
||
); the same condition is observed in all kogiids known to date. The dorsal surface of the neurocranium is distinctly concave, forming a wide supracranial basin (a diagnostic character of physeteroids) that is crossed by a sagittal facial crest (a key feature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B79FFAFC17BF904FD6C2C0D" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1871" box="[583,681,1841,1868]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Kogiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) formed by the coalescence of the medial margin of the right maxilla with the upturned medial margin of the left maxilla posterior to the bony nares (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B79FFAFC26CF9A4FE552CEA" box="[336,400,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1455,1472]" captionTargetBox="[143,1456,198,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-81@8.[170,1408,214,1413]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cranium, in dorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of the maxilla-frontal suture. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B79FFAFC2A3F9A4FE682CED" box="[415,429,1937,1964]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1544,1561]" captionText="FIG. 5. — Cranium, in anterodorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru); close-up of the dorsal surface of the neurocranium. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="8" pageNumber="85">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal and ventral aspects of the skull are strongly reminiscent of those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B79FFAFC1BCF984FD3A2C8A" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[640,767,1969,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B79FFAFC1BCF984FD3A2C8A" box="[640,767,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the most obvious differences between these two genera being in the degree of tapering of the rostrum (almost negligible in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B79FFAFC074F807FC022D0D" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[840,967,1586,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B79FFAFC074F807FC022D0D" box="[840,967,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, conspicuous in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B79FFAFC746F807FAED2D0D" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[1146,1320,1586,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B79FFAFC746F807FAED2D0D" box="[1146,1320,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Platyscaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B79FFAFC613F806FABC2D0C" box="[1327,1401,1587,1613]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
) and in the length and position of the sagittal facial crest (short and appressed to the left margin of the supracranial basin in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B79FFAFC077F8A7FC0F2DED" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[843,970,1682,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B79FFAFC077F8A7FC0F2DED" box="[843,970,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, longer and located more medially in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B79FFAFC64FF8A7FC6D2D8D" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B79FFAFC64FF8A7FC6D2D8D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Platyscaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B79FFAFC08DF886FC3A2D8C" box="[945,1023,1715,1741]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B79FFAFC725F887FB742D8D" author="MUIZON C. DE" box="[1049,1201,1714,1740]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 244" refId="ref19896" refString="MUIZON C. DE 1988. - Les vertebres fossiles de la Formation Pisco (Perou). Troisieme partie: Les Odontocetes (Cetacea, Mammalia) du Miocene. Travaux de l'Institut francais d'Etudes andines 42: 1 - 244." type="journal article" year="1988">Muizon 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B79FFAFC7FCF887FAC62D8D" box="[1216,1283,1714,1740]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1455,1472]" captionTargetBox="[143,1456,198,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-81@8.[170,1408,214,1413]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cranium, in dorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of the maxilla-frontal suture. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B79FFAFC62FF887FAE42D8D" box="[1299,1313,1714,1740]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[134,159,1568,1585]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,214,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-9@9.[132,1455,214,1512]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Cranium, in ventral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of several sutures and borders. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="8" pageNumber="85">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lateral view highlights further major differences between the crania of these two genera: for instance, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B79FFAFC63BF8C7FA432C4D" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[1287,1414,1778,1804]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B79FFAFC63BF8C7FA432C4D" box="[1287,1414,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the rostrum is deflected downwards, dorsoventrally high, and clearly exceeds in height the lateral maxillary crests at its base, the rostrum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B79FFAFC0EBF964FB402C2A" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[983,1157,1873,1899]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B79FFAFC0EBF964FB402C2A" box="[983,1157,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Platyscaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B79FFAFC7B0F967FB1D2C2D" box="[1164,1240,1874,1900]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is roughly oriented horizontally, not inflated dorsoventrally, and its dorsalmost portion is located distinctly ventral to the highest point of the lateral maxillary crests (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B79FFAFC711F984FBA92C8A" box="[1069,1132,1969,1995]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[134,159,992,1009]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,197,972]" captionTargetId="figure-14@10.[132,1455,216,876]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranium, in right lateral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Nonetheless, even in lateral view, the skulls of these two genera still exhibit clear affinities, as highlighted by the observation of a concave upper portion of the occipital shield that forms an angle distinctly greater than 90° with the long axis of the rostrum, as well as by the peculiar morphology of the supraorbital region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B78FFAEC1B5F8C7FD0D2C4D" box="[649,712,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[134,159,992,1009]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,197,972]" captionTargetId="figure-14@10.[132,1455,216,876]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranium, in right lateral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B78FFAEC1E9F8C7FD3C2C4D" box="[725,761,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,155,1856,1873]" captionTargetBox="[132,1450,215,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-88@12.[132,1455,215,1817]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Cranium of the kogiid sperm whalePlatyscaphokogialandinii n.gen.,n.sp.(MUSM 3291,paratype),from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru):A, dorsal view;B, ventral view;C, right lateral view (close-up of the supraorbital region,with indication of bones and sutures). Scale bars:A,B,5 cm;C,2 cm." pageId="9" pageNumber="86">6C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E5D5662C0B79FFAFC3B8FB9AFC7E2EAF" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" startId="8.[132,143,1455,1472]" targetBox="[143,1456,198,1429]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B79FFAFC3B8FB9AFC7E2EAF" blockId="8.[132,1455,1455,1518]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="B7F3A0780B79FFAFC3B8FB9AFF582E81" baselines="1468,1469" box="[132,157,1455,1472]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 2. — Cranium, in dorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B79FFAFC1B4FB9AFC9F2E81" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[648,858,1455,1472]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="landinii" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B79FFAFC1B4FB9AFC9F2E81" box="[648,858,1455,1472]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Platyscaphokogia landinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B79FFAFC05CFB9AFC132E81" box="[864,982,1455,1472]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru).
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B79FFAFC10DFBF3FD812E96" bold="true" box="[561,580,1478,1495]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">A,</emphasis>
|
||
photograph;
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B79FFAFC188FBF3FD032E96" bold="true" box="[692,710,1478,1495]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">B,</emphasis>
|
||
corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of the maxilla-frontal suture. Scale bar: 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="E5D5662C0B78FFAEC3BAF815FC122D1E" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" startId="9.[134,159,1568,1585]" targetBox="[132,1455,214,1526]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B78FFAEC3BAF815FC122D1E" blockId="9.[134,1454,1568,1631]" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="B7F3A0780B78FFAEC3BAF815FF5A2D70" baselines="1581,1582" box="[134,159,1568,1585]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 3. — Cranium, in ventral view, of the kogiid sperm whale
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B78FFAEC1B7F815FC982D70" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[651,861,1568,1585]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="landinii" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B78FFAEC1B7F815FC982D70" box="[651,861,1568,1585]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Platyscaphokogia landinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B78FFAEC05FF815FC1D2D70" box="[867,984,1568,1585]" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru).
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B78FFAEC10EF802FD802D09" bold="true" box="[562,581,1591,1608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">A,</emphasis>
|
||
photograph;
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B78FFAEC189F802FD022D09" bold="true" box="[693,711,1591,1608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">B,</emphasis>
|
||
corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of several sutures and borders. Scale bar: 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B78FFAEC3A7F927FE442C0D" blockId="9.[131,776,1682,1868]" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Skull measurements of
|
||
<collectionCode id="D7BBAE610B78FFAEC2A2F927FE312C6D" box="[414,500,1810,1836]" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
||
3405 and
|
||
<collectionCode id="D7BBAE610B78FFAEC14CF927FD032C6D" box="[624,710,1810,1836]" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">MUSM</collectionCode>
|
||
3291 are reported in
|
||
<tableCitation id="FC28031F0B78FFAEC217F904FEBE2C0D" box="[299,379,1841,1868]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[134,143,219,236]" captionText="TABLE 1. — Measurements (in mm) of the skulls of Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp., from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). Estimated dimensions are preceded by ‘e’." pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B78FFAEC3B8F944FF312CCA" blockId="9.[132,244,1905,1931]" box="[132,244,1905,1931]" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<heading id="EA5D81C80B78FFAEC3B8F944FF312CCA" box="[132,244,1905,1931]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B78FFAEC3B8F944FF312CCA" box="[132,244,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Premaxilla</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B78FFACC3B8F9A7FCC72DAD" blockId="9.[130,775,1937,2028]" lastBlockId="11.[131,775,1650,1772]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">
|
||
In dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B78FFAEC218F9A4FEA52CEA" box="[292,352,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1455,1472]" captionTargetBox="[143,1456,198,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-81@8.[170,1408,214,1413]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cranium, in dorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of the maxilla-frontal suture. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), the premaxillae appear as two bands of bone running subparallel to the long axis of the skull medial to the maxillae. All along the rostrum, the lateral margins of the maxillae are slightly wavy and converge very weakly towards the anterior termination of the skull. Medial to the premaxillae, the mesorostral groove dorsally opens approximately
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B78FFAEC041F8C7FC0B2C4D" box="[893,974,1778,1805]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
|
||
anterior to the level of the posterior end of the bony nares. The dorsal opening of the mesorostral groove progressively widens forwards, as the medial borders of the premaxillae weakly diverge from each other. Consequently, in the posterior half of the rostrum, the mesorostral groove is more widely open dorsally than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B78FFAEC7F5F9A4FAFF2CEA" authorityName="Velez-Juarbe, Wood, De Gracia & Hendy" authorityYear="2015" box="[1225,1338,1937,1963]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Nanokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B78FFAEC7F5F9A4FAFF2CEA" box="[1225,1338,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Nanokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, especially,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B78FFAEC04CF984FC2A2C8A" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[880,1007,1969,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B78FFAEC04CF984FC2A2C8A" box="[880,1007,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. At about mid-length of the rostrum, the left premaxilla contacts and seemingly slightly overhangs the medial margin of its right antimere, thus roofing dorsally the mesorostral groove for
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC241FA60FE4B2F2F" box="[381,398,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7BFFADC2A8FA61FE232F2E" box="[404,486,1108,1135]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
; this feature is reminiscent of the condition observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7BFFADC289FA41FDF12FCF" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[437,564,1140,1166]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC289FA41FDF12FCF" box="[437,564,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where overlapping of the premaxillae occurs closer to the base of the rostrum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B7BFFADC3B1FA81FEE62F8F" author="MUIZON C. DE" box="[141,291,1204,1230]" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" pagination="1 - 244" refId="ref19896" refString="MUIZON C. DE 1988. - Les vertebres fossiles de la Formation Pisco (Perou). Troisieme partie: Les Odontocetes (Cetacea, Mammalia) du Miocene. Travaux de l'Institut francais d'Etudes andines 42: 1 - 244." type="journal article" year="1988">Muizon 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this region, the transverse width of the left premaxilla is roughly twice that of its right homologue; otherwise, the two premaxillae are subequal in width all along the rostrum. Anterior to the area of overlapping, the medial borders of the premaxillae weakly diverge again, thus causing the mesorostral groove to reach its maximum transverse width (
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC3B1FB41FF5B2ECC" box="[141,158,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7BFFADC399FB46FF332ECF" box="[165,246,1395,1422]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
) at the apex of the rostrum. In the posterior half of the rostrum, each premaxilla is transversely narrower than the corresponding maxilla, whereas in the anterior half of the rostrum the width of each premaxilla is equal or greater than that of the corresponding maxilla. Anterior to the antorbital notch, the dorsal surface of the right premaxilla is generally flat, turning gently convex transversely close to the anteriormost tip of the rostrum. A similar condition is observed on the left premaxilla; however, the latter exhibits a transversely concave dorsal surface in proximity of the corresponding naris. Differing from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7BFFADC2BCF887FDC52D8D" authorityName="Whitmore & Kaltenbach" authorityYear="2008" box="[384,512,1714,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Physeteridae" genus="Aprixokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC2BCF887FDC52D8D" box="[384,512,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Aprixokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7BFFADC12CF886FD722D8D" baseAuthorityName="de Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[528,695,1714,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="breviceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC12CF886FD722D8D" box="[528,695,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Kogia breviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7BFFADC1F5F886FF0D2DAD" baseAuthorityName="Pilleri" baseAuthorityYear="1987" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pusilla">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC1F5F886FF0D2DAD" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Kogia pusilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7BFFADC3E8F8E6FE882DAD" authorityName="Collareta, Lambert, Muizon, Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2017" box="[212,333,1747,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Koristocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC3E8F8E6FE882DAD" box="[212,333,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Koristocetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7BFFADC265F8E7FE0C2DAD" authorityName="Velez-Juarbe, Wood, De Gracia & Hendy" authorityYear="2015" box="[345,457,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Nanokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC265F8E7FE0C2DAD" box="[345,457,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Nanokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7BFFADC13EF8E7FDA72DAD" authorityName="Collareta, Cigala Fulgosi & Bianucci" authorityYear="2019" box="[514,610,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Pliokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC13EF8E7FDA72DAD" box="[514,610,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Pliokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a premaxillary foramen is present on the left premaxilla, at roughly the same level as the anterior termination of the antorbital notches. The right premaxillary foramen is placed at a slightly more posterior level than the left and is followed anteriorly by a deep,
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7BFFADC3F4F944FEDC2CCD" box="[200,281,1905,1932]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
||
long groove extension. Both the left and the right premaxillary foramina are anteroposteriorly elongated,
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC3B8F987FF502C8A" box="[132,149,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7BFFADC3A1F984FF1A2C8D" box="[157,223,1969,1996]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7BFFADC273F984FE542C8D" box="[335,401,1969,1996]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. The external bony nares are located at the level of the posterior end of the antorbital notches. As observed in all physeteroids, the bony nares are distinctly asymmetrical, dissimilar in size, and displaced leftwards (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7BFFADC047FA41FC792FCF" box="[891,956,1140,1166]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1455,1472]" captionTargetBox="[143,1456,198,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-81@8.[170,1408,214,1413]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cranium, in dorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of the maxilla-frontal suture. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7BFFADC0F7FA41FC1C2FCE" box="[971,985,1140,1167]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1544,1561]" captionText="FIG. 5. — Cranium, in anterodorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru); close-up of the dorsal surface of the neurocranium. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="10" pageNumber="87">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The left naris is
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7BFFADC79CFA41FB352FCE" box="[1184,1264,1140,1167]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7BFFADC663FA41FA6A2FCE" box="[1375,1455,1140,1167]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide; it takes place in a funnel-shaped, anteroposteriorly oriented depression (a condition reminiscent of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7BFFADC606FA80FA6E2F8F" box="[1338,1451,1204,1230]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC606FA80FAB32F8F" box="[1338,1398,1205,1230]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Kogia</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7BFFADC012FAE1FC602FAC" authorityName="Collareta, Lambert, Muizon, Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2017" box="[814,933,1236,1261]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Koristocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC012FAE1FC602FAC" box="[814,933,1236,1261]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Koristocetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7BFFADC0E0FAE1FBF92FAF" authorityName="Collareta, Cigala Fulgosi & Bianucci" authorityYear="2019" box="[988,1084,1236,1262]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Pliokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC0E0FAE1FBF92FAF" box="[988,1084,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Pliokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The rounded posterior end of the left premaxilla is located just behind the posterior wall of the left naris. The right naris is
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7BFFADC76CFB21FB5B2E6F" box="[1104,1182,1300,1326]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7BFFADC635FB21FA922E6F" box="[1289,1367,1300,1326]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide; it is also placed at the bottom of a funnel-like depression and its anterior, lateral, and posterior walls are formed by the right premaxilla. As in all kogiids known to date, posterior and posterolateral to the right bony naris, the right premaxilla exhibits a lobe-shaped expansion (the postnarial eminence, sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B7BFFADC053FBE6FB062EAC" author="WHITMORE JR F. C. & KALTENBACH J. A." box="[879,1219,1491,1517]" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" pagination="181 - 269" refId="ref21270" refString="WHITMORE JR F. C. & KALTENBACH J. A. 2008. - Neogene Cetacea of the Lee Creek Phosphate Mine, North Carolina. Virginia Museum of Natural History, Special Publication 14: 181 - 269." type="journal article" year="2008">Whitmore & Kaltenbach 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that enters the right portion of the supracranial basin (see description of the maxilla below). Differing from most other kogiids but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7BFFADC615F827FA6D2D6D" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[1321,1448,1554,1580]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC615F827FA6D2D6D" box="[1321,1448,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the postnarial eminence constitutes here a small fraction (i.e., less than 1/
|
||
<subScript id="2D2E34E10B7BFFADC0AAF86AFC582D31" attach="none" box="[918,925,1631,1648]" fontSize="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">ª</subScript>
|
||
) of the total area of the supracranial basin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7BFFADC65FF867FA5A2D2D" box="[1379,1439,1618,1644]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1455,1472]" captionTargetBox="[143,1456,198,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-81@8.[170,1408,214,1413]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cranium, in dorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of the maxilla-frontal suture. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The right premaxilla does not reach the posterior margin of the supracranial basin, its distal termination being located at the level of the left posterior dorsal infraorbital foramen. As observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7BFFADC0E0F8E7FB992DAD" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[988,1116,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC0E0F8E7FB992DAD" box="[988,1116,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the posteromedial portion of the postnarial eminence contacts the presphenoid and the right maxilla, thus contributing to the anteriormost part of the sagittal facial crest (see description of the maxilla below); in all other kogiids known to date, a much larger portion of the sagittal facial crest is contributed by the right premaxilla. Differing from all kogiids but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7BFFADC759F9A4FB102CEA" authorityName="Velez-Juarbe, Wood, De Gracia & Hendy" authorityYear="2015" box="[1125,1237,1937,1963]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Nanokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC759F9A4FB102CEA" box="[1125,1237,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Nanokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7BFFADC635F9A4FA422CEA" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[1289,1415,1937,1963]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC635F9A4FA422CEA" box="[1289,1415,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, no distinct fossa takes place on the postnarial eminence, either within the borders of the right premaxilla (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7BFFADC62CF9E7FA622CAA" baseAuthorityName="de Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1296,1447,2001,2027]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="breviceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC62CF9E7FA622CAA" box="[1296,1447,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Kogia breviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7AFFACC3B8F846FF162DCD" baseAuthorityName="Owen" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[132,211,1651,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sima">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7AFFACC3B8F846FF162DCD" box="[132,211,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="88">K. sima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7AFFACC3DDF846FE9F2DCD" authorityName="Collareta, Lambert, Muizon, Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2017" box="[225,346,1651,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Koristocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7AFFACC3DDF846FE9F2DCD" box="[225,346,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="88">Koristocetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7AFFACC2A9F847FDDE2DCD" authorityName="Abel" authorityYear="1905" box="[405,539,1650,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Physeteridae" genus="Thalassocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7AFFACC2A9F847FDDE2DCD" box="[405,539,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="88">Thalassocetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or affecting both the right premaxilla and maxilla (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7AFFACC2D2F8A7FD972DED" authorityName="Barnes" authorityYear="1973" box="[494,594,1682,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Praekogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7AFFACC2D2F8A7FD972DED" box="[494,594,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="88">Praekogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Differing from the condition observed in the living species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7AFFACC157F886FD622D8D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[619,679,1715,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7AFFACC157F886FD622D8D" box="[619,679,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="88">Kogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the premaxillae are not exposed on the ventral surface of the skull.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E5D5662C0B7BFFADC3BAFDD5FB0F2F49" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" startId="10.[134,159,992,1009]" targetBox="[132,1456,197,972]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B7BFFADC3BAFDD5FB0F2F49" blockId="10.[134,1455,992,1032]" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="B7F3A0780B7BFFADC3BAFDD5FF5A28B0" baselines="1005,1006" box="[134,159,992,1009]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 4. — Cranium, in right lateral view, of the kogiid sperm whale
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7BFFADC192FDD5FC4528B0" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[686,896,992,1009]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="landinii" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC192FDD5FC4528B0" box="[686,896,992,1009]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Platyscaphokogia landinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B7BFFADC0BAFDD5FC3F28B0" box="[902,1018,992,1009]" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru).
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC16EFDC2FD9A2F49" bold="true" box="[594,607,1015,1032]" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">A</emphasis>
|
||
, photograph;
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7BFFADC1E9FDC2FD272F49" bold="true" box="[725,738,1015,1032]" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">B</emphasis>
|
||
, corresponding explanatory line drawing. Scale bar: 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="E5D5662C0B7AFFACC3B8F83DFB4E2D71" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" startId="11.[132,157,1544,1561]" targetBox="[132,1455,141,1522]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B7AFFACC3B8F83DFB4E2D71" blockId="11.[132,1455,1544,1584]" pageId="11" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="B7F3A0780B7AFFACC3B8F83DFF582D58" baselines="1557,1558" box="[132,157,1544,1561]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="11" pageNumber="88">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 5. — Cranium, in anterodorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7AFFACC188F83DFC402D58" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[692,901,1544,1561]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="landinii" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7AFFACC188F83DFC402D58" box="[692,901,1544,1561]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="88">Platyscaphokogia landinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B7AFFACC0B6F83DFC3B2D58" box="[906,1022,1544,1561]" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru); close-up of the dorsal surface of the neurocranium. Scale bar: 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B7AFFACC3B8F927FF132C6D" blockId="11.[132,214,1810,1836]" box="[132,214,1810,1836]" pageId="11" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<heading id="EA5D81C80B7AFFACC3B8F927FF132C6D" box="[132,214,1810,1836]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7AFFACC3B8F927FF132C6D" box="[132,214,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="88">Maxilla</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B7AFFA9C3B8F904FB622E2F" blockId="11.[130,775,1841,2028]" lastBlockId="14.[811,1458,1267,2028]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="11" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Both maxillae reach the anterior end of the skull. In dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7AFFACC3F8F964FEC42C2D" box="[196,257,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1455,1472]" captionTargetBox="[143,1456,198,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-81@8.[170,1408,214,1413]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cranium, in dorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of the maxilla-frontal suture. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="11" pageNumber="88">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), throughout the rostrum, the lateral margins of the maxillae point anteromedially, with a marked constriction at about three fifths of the total rostrum length, thus recalling the condition observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7AFFACC2A6F987FDD62C8A" authorityName="Collareta, Lambert, Muizon, Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2017" box="[410,531,1970,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Koristocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7AFFACC2A6F987FDD62C8A" box="[410,531,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="88">Koristocetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7AFFACC174F984FD7C2C8A" authorityName="Velez-Juarbe, Wood, De Gracia & Hendy" authorityYear="2015" box="[584,697,1969,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Nanokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7AFFACC174F984FD7C2C8A" box="[584,697,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="88">Nanokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Along the rostrum, the dorsal surfaces of both maxillae are flat to weakly convex and roughly subhorizontal. In dorsal view, the antorbital notch is deep and narrow (i.e., slit-like), and
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7AFFACC013F886FC852D8D" box="[815,832,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="88">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7AFFACC07FF887FC572D8C" box="[835,914,1714,1741]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 mm</quantity>
|
||
long on both sides of the skull; in extent and morphology, it is strongly reminiscent of the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7AFFACC676F8E7FC892C4D" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7AFFACC676F8E7FC892C4D" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="88">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both antorbital notches are set completely outside of the supracranial basin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7AFFACC0C7F927FBFC2C6D" box="[1019,1081,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1455,1472]" captionTargetBox="[143,1456,198,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-81@8.[170,1408,214,1413]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cranium, in dorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of the maxilla-frontal suture. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="11" pageNumber="88">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7AFFACC77AF924FB912C6D" box="[1094,1108,1809,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1544,1561]" captionText="FIG. 5. — Cranium, in anterodorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru); close-up of the dorsal surface of the neurocranium. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="11" pageNumber="88">5</figureCitation>
|
||
), thus differing from the derived condition that characterises all the members of the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7AFFACC017F964FC4B2C2A" box="[811,910,1873,1899]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Kogiinae">Kogiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Lateral to the antorbital notch, the lateral maxillary crest is shaped as a transversely thin, dorsally high, plate-like stripe of bone that runs almost parasagittally. On the right side of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6E1188060B7AFFACC090F984FBC92C8A" box="[940,1036,1969,1995]" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
skull, the lateral maxillary crest has a thickness ranging from
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7AFFACC723F9E7FBF52CAA" box="[1055,1072,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="88">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7AFFACC70AF9E4FB752CAD" box="[1078,1200,2001,2028]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5 to 10 mm</quantity>
|
||
and reaches a maximum height of
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7DFFABC3D1F9A4FEF92CED" box="[237,316,1937,1964]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="89" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
|
||
at mid length of the corresponding antorbital notch.The vertical, sharp maxillary crest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7DFFABC148F984FF662CAA" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7DFFABC148F984FF662CAA" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="89">Platyscaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B7DFFABC394F9E7FF342CAD" box="[168,241,2002,2028]" pageId="12" pageNumber="89" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
contrasts with the greatly thickened crest of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7DFFABC017F9A7FCA22CEA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[811,871,1938,1963]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7DFFABC017F9A7FCA22CEA" box="[811,871,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="89">Kogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being in turn strongly reminiscent of the condition observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7DFFABC080F984FB852C8A" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[956,1088,1969,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7DFFABC080F984FB852C8A" box="[956,1088,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="89">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. At the level of the bony nares, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7DFFABC0A4F9E4FBD22CAA" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[920,1047,2001,2027]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7DFFABC0A4F9E4FBD22CAA" box="[920,1047,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="89">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the dorsal surface of the right maxilla exhibits a very abrupt change in steepness, forming an almost right angle along an anteromedially oriented line. For this feature, which extends to the lateral half of the right premaxilla, the name “supracranial step” is here proposed. A supracranial step is also present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC2F8FF62FD802A30" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[452,581,343,369]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC2F8FF62FD802A30" box="[452,581,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and constitutes a synapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC266FF42FDD72AD0" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[346,530,375,401]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scaphokogiinae">Scaphokogiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Just posterior to the supracranial step, the dorsal surface of the right maxilla faces posterodorsally: therefore, the supracranial step marks the right anterolateral border of the supracranial basin, the latter not extending into the rostrum (a condition reminiscent of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC3B9FC22FF382971" authorityName="Collareta, Lambert, Muizon, Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2017" box="[133,253,535,560]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Koristocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC3B9FC22FF382971" box="[133,253,535,560]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Koristocetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC236FC23FEBE2971" authorityName="Velez-Juarbe, Wood, De Gracia & Hendy" authorityYear="2015" box="[266,379,534,560]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Nanokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC236FC23FEBE2971" box="[266,379,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Nanokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC2B4FC23FE2D2971" authorityName="Collareta, Cigala Fulgosi & Bianucci" authorityYear="2019" box="[392,488,534,560]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Pliokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC2B4FC23FE2D2971" box="[392,488,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Pliokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC11FFC23FD672971" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[547,674,534,560]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC11FFC23FD672971" box="[547,674,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC39CFC03FEDA2911" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[160,287,566,592]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC39CFC03FEDA2911" box="[160,287,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the supracranial basin is large, spoon-shaped, floored by the maxillae (except for a small area that comprises the postnarial eminence of the right premaxilla), and expanded posteriorly (so that its posterior border overhangs the occipital region) and towards the left side of the cranium; with respect to the supracranial basin of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC2C8FCE0FDB629AE" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[500,627,725,751]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC2C8FCE0FDB629AE" box="[500,627,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, the supracranial basin of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC25CFCC0FDC8284E" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[352,525,757,783]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC25CFCC0FDC8284E" box="[352,525,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Platyscaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B7CFFAAC128FCC3FD992851" box="[532,604,758,784]" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is shallower and faces slightly more anterodorsally. The supracranial basin is divided in two parts, hereinafter referred to as the right and the left sub-basins, by the presence of a sagittal facial crest, which represents a synapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC131FD40FDB528CE" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1871" box="[525,624,885,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Kogiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The right and left sub-basins of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC27CFDA0FE2B28EE" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[320,494,917,943]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC27CFDA0FE2B28EE" box="[320,494,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Platyscaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B7CFFAAC2C9FDA0FDFA28EE" box="[501,575,917,943]" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
are clearly homologous to similar depressions observed on the dorsal surface of the neurocranium of living kogiids and known as the right and left maxillary fossae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B7CFFAAC2A4FDC1FDBE2F4E" author="THORNTON S. W. & MCLELLAN W. A. & ROMMEL S. A. & DILLAMAN R. M. & NOWACEK D. P. & KOOPMAN H. N. & PABST D. A." box="[408,635,1012,1039]" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" pagination="1301 - 1326" refId="ref20938" refString="THORNTON S. W., MCLELLAN W. A., ROMMEL S. A., DILLAMAN R. M., NOWACEK D. P., KOOPMAN H. N. & PABST D. A. 2015. - Morphology of the nasal apparatus in pygmy (Kogia breviceps) and dwarf (K. sima) sperm whales. The Anatomical Record 298: 1301 - 1326. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ar. 23168" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Thornton
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC134FDC0FDF92F4F" box="[520,572,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which correspond to the right and left facial fossae of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B7CFFAAC16DFA21FF142F0E" author="MEAD J. G. & FORDYCE R. E." pageId="13" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 261" refId="ref19848" refString="MEAD J. G. & FORDYCE R. E. 2009. - The therian skull: a lexicon with emphasis on the odontocetes. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 627: 1 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.627" type="journal article" year="2009">Mead & Fordyce (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However, the facial fossa is defined as the concave surface of the ascending process of the maxilla that lies between the nasal process of the premaxilla and the supraorbital margin of the maxilla (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B7CFFAAC267FAA1FD9E2FEF" author="MEAD J. G. & FORDYCE R. E." box="[347,603,1172,1198]" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 261" refId="ref19848" refString="MEAD J. G. & FORDYCE R. E. 2009. - The therian skull: a lexicon with emphasis on the odontocetes. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 627: 1 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.627" type="journal article" year="2009">Mead & Fordyce 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and references therein). As the depression that comprises the right portion of the supracranial basin of the scaphokogiines extends also over part of the right premaxilla, here we prefer to refer to this feature and to the corresponding depression of the left half of the skull using the term sub-basin. Differing from the condition observed in extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC2FFFB61FE3B2E2C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[451,510,1364,1389]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC2FFFB61FE3B2E2C" box="[451,510,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Kogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, the right sub-basin of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC3D9FB46FE562ECC" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[229,403,1395,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC3D9FB46FE562ECC" box="[229,403,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Platyscaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B7CFFAAC2A6FB41FE232ECF" box="[410,486,1396,1422]" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
also extends over the posterodorsal portion of the right premaxilla; therefore, for purposes of clarity, here we prefer not to use the term “maxillary fossa”. The posterior termination of the sagittal facial crest is placed where the posterior border of the supracranial basin meets the sagittal plane; from this level forwards, the sagittal facial crest runs anterolaterally to end anteriorly at the posteriormost level of the bony nares. In this respect,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC3BAF847FEF12DCD" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[134,308,1650,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC3BAF847FEF12DCD" box="[134,308,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Platyscaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B7CFFAAC204F846FE442DCC" box="[312,385,1651,1677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
thus differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC106F847FD7C2DCD" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[570,697,1650,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC106F847FD7C2DCD" box="[570,697,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where the sagittal facial crest is much shorter, more strongly displaced leftwards (thus strongly limiting the areal extent of the right sub-basin), and distinctly anteromedially oriented. Both the anterior (i.e, subvertical) and the dorsal (i.e, subhorizontal) edges of the sagittal facial crest are sharp, thin and straight; in dorsal view, they form a rounded angle of
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC148F907FD402C0A" box="[628,645,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">c.</emphasis>
|
||
90° at their junction. Throughout its length, the sagittal facial crest dips rightwards and partially overhangs the left sub-basin. The latter is anteroposteriorly elongated, tongue-shaped, and its floor is located at a higher dorsoventral level than the floor of the right sub-basin. The deeper right sub-basin has a roughly oval outline, its medial and lateral boundaries being made by the flat, rightwards dipping dorsolateral surface of the sagittal facial crest and the vertical medial surface of the right maxillary crest, respectively. Posteriorly, the border of the right sub-basin is marked by a subhorizontal bony plate, displaying a maximum anteroposterior breadth of
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC67FFF42FA912AD1" box="[1347,1364,375,400]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7CFFAAC666FF42FA6E2AD0" box="[1370,1451,375,401]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
, formed by the posteriormost portion of the ascending process of the right maxilla. The function of such an idiosyncratic feature is substantially obscure, as it might be interpreted either as an area of origin for some facial muscles or as providing insertion for the organs of the forehead. Interestingly, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC074FC03FB832910" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[840,1094,566,593]" class="Mammalia" family="Physeteridae" genus="Physeter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC074FC03FC5F2911" box="[840,922,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Physeter</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus, 1758
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B7CFFAAC772FC03FB382910" author="HEYNING J. E." box="[1102,1277,566,593]" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref18694" refString="HEYNING J. E. 1989. - Comparative facial anatomy of beaked whales (Ziphiidae) and a systematic revision among the families of extant Odontoceti. Contributions in Science 405: 1 - 64. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 52115337" type="journal article" year="1989">Heyning (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a large right longitudinal muscle originating from the right portion of the occipital crest and inserting on the “museau de singe” (i.e., the phonic lips region) and right blowhole. It seems thus reasonable to hypothesise that the subhorizontal bony plate that comprises the posterior border of the right sub-basin of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC010FCC0FC1F284E" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[812,986,757,783]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC010FCC0FC1F284E" box="[812,986,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Platyscaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B7CFFAAC0DDFCC3FBE92851" box="[993,1068,758,784]" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
was the area from which a powerful and efficient right longitudinal muscle originated – an interpretation that evokes the presence of a highly specialized echolocation system. Although the central portion of the floor of the right sub-basin is missing, the lowermost point of the dorsal exposure of the maxillae should have been located in this area, thus recalling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC70FFD80FB77288E" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[1075,1202,949,975]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC70FFD80FB77288E" box="[1075,1202,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in this respect. Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC070FDE1FC0E28AF" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[844,971,980,1006]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC070FDE1FC0E28AF" box="[844,971,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but differing from all other kogiids known to date, no distinct premaxillary/supracranial fossa (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B7CFFAAC013FA20FC712F6F" author="BARNES L. G." box="[815,948,1044,1071]" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref15021" refString="BARNES L. G. 1973. - Praekogia cedrosensis, a new genus and species of fossil pygmy sperm whale from Isla Cedros, Baja California, Mexico. Contributions in Science 247: 1 - 20. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 52110511" type="journal article" year="1973">Barnes 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B7CFFAAC0DEFA21FB182F6E" author="VELEZ-JUARBE J. & WOOD A. R. & DE GRACIA C. & HENDY A. J." box="[994,1245,1044,1071]" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" refId="ref21111" refString="VELEZ-JUARBE J., WOOD A. R., DE GRACIA C. & HENDY A. J. 2015. - Evolutionary patterns among living and fossil kogiid sperm whales: evidence from the Neogene of Central America. PLoS ONE 10: e 0123909. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0123909" type="journal volume" year="2015">
|
||
Vélez-Juarbe
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC752FA20FB652F6F" box="[1134,1184,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or peripheral maxillary fossa (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B7CFFAAC0CAFA01FB102F0F" author="COLLARETA A. & CIGALA FULGOSI F. & BIANUCCI G." box="[1014,1237,1076,1102]" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" pagination="609 - 626" refId="ref16781" refString="COLLARETA A., CIGALA FULGOSI F. & BIANUCCI G. 2019. - A new kogiid sperm whale from northern Italy supports psychrospheric conditions in the early Pliocene Mediterranean Sea. Acta PalaeontologicaPolonica 64: 609 - 626. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 00578.2018" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Collareta
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC75CFA00FB502F0F" box="[1120,1173,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is observed within the borders of the supracranial basin; this condition represents a synapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC0C1FA41FB6F2FCF" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[1021,1194,1140,1166]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scaphokogiinae">Scaphokogiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the light of the interpretation of the above fossae proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B7CFFAAC634FAA1FCB22F8F" author="THORNTON S. W. & MCLELLAN W. A. & ROMMEL S. A. & DILLAMAN R. M. & NOWACEK D. P. & KOOPMAN H. N. & PABST D. A." pageId="13" pageNumber="90" pagination="1301 - 1326" refId="ref20938" refString="THORNTON S. W., MCLELLAN W. A., ROMMEL S. A., DILLAMAN R. M., NOWACEK D. P., KOOPMAN H. N. & PABST D. A. 2015. - Morphology of the nasal apparatus in pygmy (Kogia breviceps) and dwarf (K. sima) sperm whales. The Anatomical Record 298: 1301 - 1326. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ar. 23168" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Thornton
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC645FAA0FA752FEF" box="[1401,1456,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B7CFFAAC095FA81FB502F8F" author="COLLARETA A. & CIGALA FULGOSI F. & BIANUCCI G." box="[937,1173,1204,1230]" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" pagination="609 - 626" refId="ref16781" refString="COLLARETA A., CIGALA FULGOSI F. & BIANUCCI G. 2019. - A new kogiid sperm whale from northern Italy supports psychrospheric conditions in the early Pliocene Mediterranean Sea. Acta PalaeontologicaPolonica 64: 609 - 626. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 00578.2018" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Collareta
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC72FFA80FB802F8F" box="[1043,1093,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the position of the melon and spermaceti organs that take place above these structures cannot be resolved for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC724FAC6FB002E4C" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[1048,1221,1267,1293]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC724FAC6FB002E4C" box="[1048,1221,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Platyscaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B7CFFAAC7F0FAC1FAD02E4F" box="[1228,1301,1268,1294]" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC679FAC6FC8F2E6C" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC679FAC6FC8F2E6C" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; it is likely, however,that the spermaceti organ of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC60DFB26FC9F2E0C" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scaphokogiinae">Scaphokogiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was larger than that of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC78CFB06FAD42E0C" box="[1200,1297,1331,1357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="94" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Kogiinae">Kogiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and displaced backwards, as suggested by the posterior extension of the supracranial basin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B7CFFAAC734FB46FB642ECC" author="MUIZON C. DE" box="[1032,1185,1395,1421]" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 244" refId="ref19896" refString="MUIZON C. DE 1988. - Les vertebres fossiles de la Formation Pisco (Perou). Troisieme partie: Les Odontocetes (Cetacea, Mammalia) du Miocene. Travaux de l'Institut francais d'Etudes andines 42: 1 - 244." type="journal article" year="1988">Muizon 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the left maxilla, a single posterior dorsal infraorbital foramen is observed within the left sub-basin, at the level of the base of the postorbital process (preserved on the right side). Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC615FBE6FA6D2EAC" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[1321,1448,1491,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC615FBE6FA6D2EAC" box="[1321,1448,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this foramen is large, elliptical,
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7CFFAAC744FBC6FB032D4C" box="[1144,1222,1523,1549]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" unit="mm" value="19.0">19 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7CFFAAC613FBC6FAAA2D4C" box="[1327,1391,1523,1549]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, and roughly parallels the left border of the supracranial basin; it is followed posterolaterally by a
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7CFFAAC7A8F807FB272D0C" box="[1172,1250,1586,1613]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
long groove extension. In extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC0E6F866FBD02D2D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[986,1045,1619,1644]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC0E6F866FBD02D2D" box="[986,1045,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Kogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the left posterior dorsal infraorbital foramen is commonly subdivided (e.g., duplicated), and a similar condition is observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC7BAF8A7FAC72DED" authorityName="Whitmore & Kaltenbach" authorityYear="2008" box="[1158,1282,1682,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Physeteridae" genus="Aprixokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC7BAF8A7FAC72DED" box="[1158,1282,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Aprixokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7CFFAAC60BF8A7FA6D2DED" authorityName="Velez-Juarbe, Wood, De Gracia & Hendy" authorityYear="2015" box="[1335,1448,1682,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Nanokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7CFFAAC60BF8A7FA6D2DED" box="[1335,1448,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Nanokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Five left anterior dorsal infraorbital foramina are also observed anterolateral to the bony nares (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7CFFAAC749F8E7FB752DAD" box="[1141,1200,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1455,1472]" captionTargetBox="[143,1456,198,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-81@8.[170,1408,214,1413]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cranium, in dorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of the maxilla-frontal suture. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). They are small, fissurelike (i.e., they range between 6 and
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7CFFAAC783F8C7FAD52C4D" box="[1215,1296,1778,1804]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length and between 2 and
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7CFFAAC0E0F927FBE52C6D" box="[988,1056,1810,1836]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width), elongated parallel to the suture between the maxilla and the premaxilla, and are in the medial half of the dorsal surface of the bone. Three of these foramina are located medial to the lateral maxillary crest and, out of them, two take place within the funnel-shaped depression that hosts the left bony naris, close to the maxilla-premaxilla suture. The remaining two left anterior dorsal infraorbital foramina are located anteromedial to the anteriormost point of the left antorbital process. No groove extensions are associated to the left anterior dorsal infraorbital foramina. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7FFFA9C233FB66FE4B2E2C" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[271,398,1363,1389]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7FFFA9C233FB66FE4B2E2C" box="[271,398,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the left anterior dorsal infraorbital foramen lies anterior to the antorbital notch, whereas several openings are present in the same region in the skull of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7FFFA9C3BFFB81FF7A2E8C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[131,191,1460,1485]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7FFFA9C3BFFB81FF7A2E8C" box="[131,191,1460,1485]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">Kogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. On the right maxilla, across the supracranial step, a cluster of three small posterior dorsal infraorbital foramina is observed. One of these openings is located just posterior to the supracranial step, where the maxilla exhibits a posterodorsally oriented surface; it is roughly circular, with a diameter of
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7FFFA9C23EF866FED62D2D" box="[258,275,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7FFFA9C226F867FE982D2C" box="[282,349,1618,1645]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
. On the anterior side of the supracranial step, one circular foramen having a diameter of
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7FFFA9C1A8F846FD602DCD" box="[660,677,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7FFFA9C190F847FD2B2DCC" box="[684,750,1650,1677]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
is observed at mid width of the exposure of the maxilla medial to the lateral maxillary crests. A third foramen of similar size is present, at approximately the same anterodorsal level, appressed to the locally concave lateral margin of the right premaxilla.Two anterior dorsal infraorbital foramina are also observed on the rostral surface of the right maxilla. Both these foramina are ellipitical, anteroposteriorly elongated,
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7FFFA9C18CF967FD042C2A" box="[688,705,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7FFFA9C1FBF967FCC22C2D" box="[711,775,1874,1900]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7FFFA9C3DAF944FEE02CCD" box="[230,293,1905,1932]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, and located in proximity of the maxillapremaxilla suture. None of the right dorsal infraorbital foramina exhibits a groove extension. The pattern of the right dorsal infraorbital foramina of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7FFFA9C2FFF9E4FDAB2CAA" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[451,622,2001,2027]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7FFFA9C2FFF9E4FDAB2CAA" box="[451,622,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">Platyscaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B7FFFA9C149F9E7FD782CAD" box="[629,701,2002,2028]" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
closely resembles that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7FFFA9C0DBFAC6FBA32E4C" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[999,1126,1267,1293]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7FFFA9C0DBFAC6FBA32E4C" box="[999,1126,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which multiple small-sized openings are observed, along the right maxilla, between the anterior portion of the supracranial basin and a level slightly anterior to the base of the rostrum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E5D5662C0B7DFFABC3B8F975FA742C29" pageId="12" pageNumber="89" startId="12.[132,155,1856,1873]" targetBox="[132,1450,215,1816]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B7DFFABC3B8F975FA742C29" blockId="12.[132,1458,1856,1896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="B7F3A0780B7DFFABC3B8F975FF5E2C10" baselines="1869,1870" box="[132,155,1856,1873]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="12" pageNumber="89">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 6. — Cranium of the kogiid sperm whale
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7DFFABC2EAF975FD532C10" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[470,662,1856,1873]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="landinii" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7DFFABC2EAF975FD532C10" box="[470,662,1856,1873]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="89">Platyscaphokogia landinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B7DFFABC1A5F975FCC52C10" box="[665,768,1856,1873]" pageId="12" pageNumber="89" rank="species">n.gen.,n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(MUSM 3291,paratype),from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru):
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7DFFABC3C2F962FECE2C29" bold="true" box="[254,267,1879,1896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="89">A</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7DFFABC24EF962FEBA2C29" bold="true" box="[370,383,1879,1896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="89">B</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7DFFABC2D7F962FE3C2C29" bold="true" box="[491,505,1879,1896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="89">C</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral view (close-up of the supraorbital region,with indication of bones and sutures). Scale bars:A,B,5 cm;C,2 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="E5D5662C0B7FFFA9C3B8FA59FD1F2F80" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" startId="14.[132,157,1132,1149]" targetBox="[101,1486,218,1098]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B7FFFA9C3B8FA59FD1F2F80" blockId="14.[132,1455,1132,1217]" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="B7F3A0780B7FFFA9C3B8FA59FF582F3C" baselines="1145,1145" box="[132,157,1132,1149]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 7. — Phylogenetic relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7FFFA9C2F0FA59FD582F3C" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[460,669,1132,1149]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="landinii" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7FFFA9C2F0FA59FD582F3C" box="[460,669,1132,1149]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">Platyscaphokogia landinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B7FFFA9C19FFA59FCD22F3C" box="[675,791,1132,1149]" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
with other physeteroid odontocetes.
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7FFFA9C76CFA59FB982F3C" bold="true" box="[1104,1117,1132,1149]" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">A</emphasis>
|
||
, strict consensus tree;
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7FFFA9C61DFA59FAEB2F3C" bold="true" box="[1313,1326,1132,1149]" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">B</emphasis>
|
||
, 50% majorityrule consensus tree (the numbers associated with the nodes show the frequencies of occurrence).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7FFFA9C0FDFAB7FB942FD2" box="[961,1105,1154,1171]" class="Mammalia" genus="Acrophyseter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7FFFA9C0FDFAB7FBF52FD2" box="[961,1072,1154,1171]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">Acrophyseter</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
refers to MUSM 2182, a partial skull from the site of Cerro Los Quesos (upper Miocene, Pisco Formation, Peru) resulting from our cladistic analysis. Extinct genera and species are marked by a dagger (†). See the SOM, Supplementary Online Material file, for further details.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B7FFFA9C07FFB41FA582C4D" blockId="14.[811,1458,1267,2028]" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
In lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7FFFA9C0CCFB46FBEA2ECC" box="[1008,1071,1395,1421]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[134,159,992,1009]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,197,972]" captionTargetId="figure-14@10.[132,1455,216,876]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranium, in right lateral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="14" pageNumber="91">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), the ventral margin of the maxilla on the rostrum is substraight and not deflected downwards, thus departing from the clinorhynchy that characterises the skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7FFFA9C0B8FBE6FBC62EAC" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[900,1027,1491,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7FFFA9C0B8FBE6FBC62EAC" box="[900,1027,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The maxillary flange, which is laterally hidden by the adjoining lateral maxillary crest, parallels the long axis of the rostrum. Anterior to the antorbital notch, the lateral surface of the maxilla is high, appressed to the right antorbital process, and dips laterally, whereas the ventral surface of the maxilla is regularly convex. From a short distance from the antorbital process forwards, the lateral margin of the maxilla is thinner dorsoventrally and somewhat keeled. In the anteriormost third of the rostrum, the lateral margin of the maxilla becomes regularly rounded in cross section.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B7FFFA8C07FF927FD8C2E6F" blockId="14.[811,1458,1267,2028]" lastBlockId="15.[130,777,215,1326]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
In ventral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7FFFA9C73EF927FB812C6D" box="[1026,1092,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[134,159,1568,1585]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,214,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-9@9.[132,1455,214,1512]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Cranium, in ventral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of several sutures and borders. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="14" pageNumber="91">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), ten well-individualised dental alveoli are observed on the palatal surface of each maxilla, starting
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7FFFA9C0B4F967FC132C2D" box="[904,982,1874,1900]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
|
||
anterior to the anterior margin of the palatines forwards. They are located roughly at mid distance between the lateral margin of the rostrum and the suture between the maxilla and the vomer. Medial to the alveolar row, the palatal surface of the maxilla is distinctly convex transversely, thus forming a keel that tapers forwards; lateral to the alveolar row, the palatal surface of the maxilla is flat and dips ventromedially. Each dental alveolus is elliptical, anteroposteriorly elongated,
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C2BCFF0DFE542A10" box="[384,401,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7EFFA8C2A4FF02FE122A10" box="[408,471,311,337]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7EFFA8C17CFF02FD452A10" box="[576,640,311,337]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, with a depth around
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7EFFA8C222FF62FEBF2A30" box="[286,378,343,370]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5-6 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The presence of well-individualised dental alveoli on the maxillae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C2D6FF42FD592AD0" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[490,668,375,401]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C2D6FF42FD592AD0" box="[490,668,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Platyscaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B7EFFA8C198FF42FD352AD0" box="[676,752,375,401]" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C22CFFA3FE4A2AF1" authorityName="Whitmore & Kaltenbach" authorityYear="2008" box="[272,399,406,432]" class="Mammalia" family="Physeteridae" genus="Aprixokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C22CFFA3FE4A2AF1" box="[272,399,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Aprixokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, to some extent, to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C19AFFA3FCCD2AF1" authorityName="Collareta, Cigala Fulgosi & Bianucci" authorityYear="2019" box="[678,776,406,432]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Pliokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C19AFFA3FCCD2AF1" box="[678,776,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Pliokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C38BFF83FEFE2A91" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[183,315,438,464]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C38BFF83FEFE2A91" box="[183,315,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in which discrete yet likely relic dental alveoli are present), whereas just a faint alveolar groove is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C3CFFFC2FEEA2951" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[243,303,503,528]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C3CFFFC2FEEA2951" box="[243,303,503,528]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Kogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C258FFC3FE132951" authorityName="Velez-Juarbe, Wood, De Gracia & Hendy" authorityYear="2015" box="[356,470,502,528]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Nanokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C258FFC3FE132951" box="[356,470,502,528]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Nanokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Given their size and depth, we regard the dental alveoli of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C2DDFC23FD562971" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[481,659,534,560]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C2DDFC23FD562971" box="[481,659,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Platyscaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B7EFFA8C1A2FC22FD2E2970" box="[670,747,535,561]" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
as most likely bearing functional teeth. The left alveolar row is followed posteriorly by a
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7EFFA8C2A8FC63FE272931" box="[404,482,598,625]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="55.0">55 mm</quantity>
|
||
long sulcus that seemingly bears no distinct alveoli. In ventral view, the right antorbital notch is shorter posteriorly than it appears on the dorsal view, as well as distinctly teardrop-shaped. Posterior to the antorbital notch, the ventral exposure of the maxilla wedges between the lacrimojugal complex and the palatine towards the large ventral infraorbital foramen. The latter is elliptical and anterolaterally directed; it measures
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7EFFA8C17BFD00FD5D2811" box="[583,664,821,848]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length and
|
||
<quantity id="76529B410B7EFFA8C384FD60FECF2831" box="[184,266,853,880]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width. Anterior to the ventral infraorbital foramen and medial to the lacrimojugal complex, a shallow fossa excavates the ventral surface of the maxilla, paralleling the palatine. This depression is strongly reminiscent of a similar, yet deeper and longer, fossa observed in the same region of the skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C293FDC1FDF42F4F" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[431,561,1012,1038]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C293FDC1FDF42F4F" box="[431,561,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; furthermore, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C3B8FA21FECD2F6F" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[132,264,1044,1070]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C3B8FA21FECD2F6F" box="[132,264,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this depression is deeper and better defined on the right side of the skull than on the left. Similar fossae have also been reported on skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C102FA60FD252F2F" baseAuthorityName="de Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[574,736,1108,1134]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="breviceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C102FA60FD252F2F" box="[574,736,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Kogia breviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C1D2FA60FF732FCF" baseAuthorityName="Owen" baseAuthorityYear="1866" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sima">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C1D2FA60FF732FCF" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">K. sima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C3FFFA40FEFA2FCF" authorityName="Collareta, Lambert, Muizon, Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2017" box="[195,319,1141,1166]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Koristocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C3FFFA40FEFA2FCF" box="[195,319,1141,1166]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Koristocetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C272FA41FE042FCF" authorityName="Velez-Juarbe, Wood, De Gracia & Hendy" authorityYear="2015" box="[334,449,1140,1166]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Nanokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C272FA41FE042FCF" box="[334,449,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Nanokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C2C2FA41FDA52FCF" authorityName="Collareta, Cigala Fulgosi & Bianucci" authorityYear="2019" box="[510,608,1140,1166]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Pliokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C2C2FA41FDA52FCF" box="[510,608,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Pliokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Following the interpretation proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B7EFFA8C28AFAA1FD142FEF" author="VELEZ-JUARBE J. & WOOD A. R. & DE GRACIA C. & HENDY A. J." box="[438,721,1172,1199]" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" refId="ref21111" refString="VELEZ-JUARBE J., WOOD A. R., DE GRACIA C. & HENDY A. J. 2015. - Evolutionary patterns among living and fossil kogiid sperm whales: evidence from the Neogene of Central America. PLoS ONE 10: e 0123909. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0123909" type="journal volume" year="2015">
|
||
Vélez-Juarbe
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C17AFAA0FDB92FEF" box="[582,636,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, this fossa is here regarded as related to the anteriormost portion of the pterygoid sinus complex (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B7EFFA8C12CFAE1FCC52FAF" author="FRASER F. C. & PURVES P. E." box="[528,768,1236,1262]" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 140" refId="ref18085" refString="FRASER F. C. & PURVES P. E. 1960. - Hearing in cetaceans: evolution of the accessory air sacs and the structure of the outer and middle ear in recent cetaceans. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology 7 (1): 1 - 140." type="journal article" year="1960">Fraser & Purves 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, for data on the extent of the pterygoid sinus and corresponding osteological features in extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C2C0FB21FDFC2E6C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[508,569,1300,1325]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C2C0FB21FDFC2E6C" box="[508,569,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Kogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B7EFFA8C3B8FB66FF1C2E2C" blockId="15.[132,217,1363,1389]" box="[132,217,1363,1389]" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<heading id="EA5D81C80B7EFFA8C3B8FB66FF1C2E2C" box="[132,217,1363,1389]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C3B8FB66FF1C2E2C" box="[132,217,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Palatine</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B7EFFA8C3B8FB41FD752C0A" blockId="15.[130,776,1395,1868]" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Due to the loss of the pterygoids, both palatines are widely exposed on the ventral surface of the cranium, posteromedial to the maxillae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7EFFA8C212FB86FEAC2E8C" box="[302,361,1459,1485]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[134,159,1568,1585]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,214,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-9@9.[132,1455,214,1512]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Cranium, in ventral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of several sutures and borders. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Each palatine displays a roughly oval, anteromedially oriented, blocky, and distinctly bulging (i.e., strongly transversely convex) anterior portion that is located anterior to the corresponding choana. Here the palatines contact each other medially, being separated anteromedially by a cusp-like wedge of the maxillae (a condition reminiscent of that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C3EEF847FE942DCD" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[210,337,1650,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C3EEF847FE942DCD" box="[210,337,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Two anterolaterally elongated bands of bone lying lateral to the choanae are also identified as belonging to the palatines, possibly representing their medial laminae. They are gently bowed laterally (i.e., roughly C-shaped); they contact the orbitosphenoid posterolaterally and the presphenoid posteriorly. Alternatively, these bands of bone might be interpreted as representing shreds of the pterygoids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B7EFFA8C3B8F944FEA22CCA" blockId="15.[132,359,1905,1931]" box="[132,359,1905,1931]" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<heading id="EA5D81C80B7EFFA8C3B8F944FEA22CCA" box="[132,359,1905,1931]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C3B8F944FEA22CCA" box="[132,359,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Lacrimojugal complex</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B7EFFA8C3B8F9A4FA6B288E" blockId="15.[132,775,1937,2027]" lastBlockId="15.[811,1457,215,975]" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">
|
||
As in all physeteroids for which these elements are known, the lacrimal and the jugal are fused in a compound lacrimojugal complex. The latter is rather large and, in lateral view, it appears as roughly triangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7EFFA8C7B3FEE2FB0B2BB0" box="[1167,1230,215,241]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[134,159,992,1009]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,197,972]" captionTargetId="figure-14@10.[132,1455,216,876]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranium, in right lateral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). As in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C61BFEEDFAA72BB0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[1319,1378,216,241]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C61BFEEDFAA72BB0" box="[1319,1378,216,241]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Kogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C64DFEEDFCB52A50" authorityName="Collareta, Lambert, Muizon, Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2017" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Koristocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C64DFEEDFCB52A50" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Koristocetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C040FEC2FC292A50" authorityName="Velez-Juarbe, Wood, De Gracia & Hendy" authorityYear="2015" box="[892,1004,247,273]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Nanokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C040FEC2FC292A50" box="[892,1004,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Nanokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C0C5FEC2FB9C2A50" authorityName="Collareta, Cigala Fulgosi & Bianucci" authorityYear="2019" box="[1017,1113,247,273]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Pliokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C0C5FEC2FB9C2A50" box="[1017,1113,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Pliokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C759FEC2FB0C2A50" authorityName="Barnes" authorityYear="1973" box="[1125,1225,247,273]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Praekogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C759FEC2FB0C2A50" box="[1125,1225,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Praekogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C63EFEC2FA442A50" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[1282,1409,247,273]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C63EFEC2FA442A50" box="[1282,1409,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the posterodorsal corner of the lacrimojugal complex is shaped as a pointed posterodorsal process (
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C79BFF0DFB1E2A10" box="[1191,1243,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B7EFFA8C7DDFF02FAB02A10" author="MUIZON C. DE" box="[1249,1397,311,337]" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 244" refId="ref19896" refString="MUIZON C. DE 1988. - Les vertebres fossiles de la Formation Pisco (Perou). Troisieme partie: Les Odontocetes (Cetacea, Mammalia) du Miocene. Travaux de l'Institut francais d'Etudes andines 42: 1 - 244." type="journal article" year="1988">Muizon 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that wedges between the maxilla and the frontal; this process is slightly shorter than observed in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6E1188060B7EFFA8C78EFF42FAD42AD0" box="[1202,1297,375,401]" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C613FF42FC4E2AF1" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochlearis">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C613FF42FC4E2AF1" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Scaphokogia cochlearis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(specimen MNHN.F.PPI229). As observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C650FFA2FA632AF1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[1388,1446,407,432]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C650FFA2FA632AF1" box="[1388,1446,407,432]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Kogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C011FF82FC662A91" authorityName="Collareta, Lambert, Muizon, Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2017" box="[813,931,439,464]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Koristocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C011FF82FC662A91" box="[813,931,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Koristocetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C093FF83FBD82A91" authorityName="Velez-Juarbe, Wood, De Gracia & Hendy" authorityYear="2015" box="[943,1053,438,464]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Nanokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C093FF83FBD82A91" box="[943,1053,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Nanokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C715FF83FB422A91" authorityName="Collareta, Cigala Fulgosi & Bianucci" authorityYear="2019" box="[1065,1159,438,464]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Pliokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C715FF83FB422A91" box="[1065,1159,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Pliokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C781FF83FAFF2A91" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[1213,1338,438,464]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C781FF83FAFF2A91" box="[1213,1338,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the suture between the lacrimojugal complex and the maxilla is somewhat wavy, thus recalling also the condition observed in the stem sperm whales
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C0C8FC23FB0F2971" authorityName="Lambert, Bianucci & de Muizon" authorityYear="2016" box="[1012,1226,534,560]" class="Mammalia" genus="Acrophyseter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C0C8FC23FB0F2971" box="[1012,1226,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Acrophyseter robustus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C7C1FC22FA9D2971" authorityName="Lambert, Bianucci, Post, de Muizon, Salas-Gismondi, Urbina & Reumer" authorityYear="2010" box="[1277,1368,535,560]" class="Mammalia" genus="Livyatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C7C1FC22FA9D2971" box="[1277,1368,535,560]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Livyatan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, among other physeteroids; in particular, this suture is substraight in its anterior half and distinctly sigmoidal in its posterior half. The ventralmost tip of the lacrimojugal complex is preserved on the right side of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6E1188060B7EFFA8C726FCA3FBB029F1" box="[1050,1141,662,688]" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
skull (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7EFFA8C786FCA3FAED29F1" box="[1210,1320,662,688]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,155,1856,1873]" captionTargetBox="[132,1450,215,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-88@12.[132,1455,215,1817]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Cranium of the kogiid sperm whalePlatyscaphokogialandinii n.gen.,n.sp.(MUSM 3291,paratype),from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru):A, dorsal view;B, ventral view;C, right lateral view (close-up of the supraorbital region,with indication of bones and sutures). Scale bars:A,B,5 cm;C,2 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Fig. 6B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is robust, rounded, awl-shaped, and points slightly posteroventrally. When viewed ventrally, the lacrimojugal complex wedges between the frontal and the maxilla, tapering posteromedially (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7EFFA8C05FFD20FC64286E" box="[867,929,789,815]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[134,159,1568,1585]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,214,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-9@9.[132,1455,214,1512]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Cranium, in ventral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of several sutures and borders. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Differing from extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C796FD23FB20286E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[1194,1253,790,815]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C796FD23FB20286E" box="[1194,1253,790,815]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Kogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where the ventral surface of the lacrimojugal complex is bulbous and creates a large attachment site for the masseter muscle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B7EFFA8C63EFD60FCA628CE" author="SCHULTE H. W. VON & SMITH M. F. DE" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" pagination="7 - 72" refId="ref20404" refString="SCHULTE H. W. VON & SMITH M. F. DE 1918. - The external characters, skeletal muscles, and peripheral nerves of Kogia breviceps (Blainville). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 38: 7 - 72. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 1348" type="journal article" year="1918">Schulte & Smith 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 8), the lacrimojugal complex of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C63DFD40FA6A28CE" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[1281,1455,885,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C63DFD40FA6A28CE" box="[1281,1455,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Platyscaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B7EFFA8C012FDA0FCB028EE" box="[814,885,917,943]" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
appears as somewhat transversely compressed in ventral view, thus recalling most other extinct kogiids in this regard.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B7EFFA8C011FDC1FCBC2F4F" blockId="15.[813,889,1012,1038]" box="[813,889,1012,1038]" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<heading id="EA5D81C80B7EFFA8C011FDC1FCBC2F4F" box="[813,889,1012,1038]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C011FDC1FCBC2F4F" box="[813,889,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Frontal</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B7EFFA8C011FA21FA802C6D" blockId="15.[809,1457,1044,1836]" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">
|
||
The frontals are mainly exposed in lateral and ventral views, their dorsal surfaces being largely hidden by the overlying maxillae. In lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7EFFA8C711FA61FBA22F2F" box="[1069,1127,1108,1134]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[134,159,992,1009]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,197,972]" captionTargetId="figure-14@10.[132,1455,216,876]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranium, in right lateral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), the suture between the frontal and the maxilla along the supraorbital process slopes, with respect to the coronal plane, at a lower angle than observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C077FA81FC0E2F8F" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[843,971,1204,1230]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C077FA81FC0E2F8F" box="[843,971,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being reminiscent instead of the condition observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C091FAE1FBC82FAF" authorityName="Collareta, Cigala Fulgosi & Bianucci" authorityYear="2019" box="[941,1037,1236,1262]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Pliokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C091FAE1FBC82FAF" box="[941,1037,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Pliokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C77EFAE1FB0D2FAF" authorityName="Abel" authorityYear="1905" box="[1090,1224,1236,1262]" class="Mammalia" family="Physeteridae" genus="Thalassocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C77EFAE1FB0D2FAF" box="[1090,1224,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Thalassocetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C679FAE1FC892E4C" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C679FAE1FC892E4C" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, when viewed laterally, the preorbital process is blunt and globose. In turn, in lateral view, the postorbital process is more slender and distinctly projects posteroventrally in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6E1188060B7EFFA8C64AFB01FC9E2E2F" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
skull (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7EFFA8C09FFB66FC332E2C" box="[931,1014,1363,1389]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,155,1856,1873]" captionTargetBox="[132,1450,215,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-88@12.[132,1455,215,1817]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Cranium of the kogiid sperm whalePlatyscaphokogialandinii n.gen.,n.sp.(MUSM 3291,paratype),from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru):A, dorsal view;B, ventral view;C, right lateral view (close-up of the supraorbital region,with indication of bones and sutures). Scale bars:A,B,5 cm;C,2 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
; the distal tip of the postorbital process is not preserved in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6E1188060B7EFFA8C734FB46FBA22ECC" box="[1032,1127,1395,1421]" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
skull); it is much less ventrally extended than observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C76EFBA6FB0B2EEC" authorityName="Whitmore & Kaltenbach" authorityYear="2008" box="[1106,1230,1427,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Physeteridae" genus="Aprixokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C76EFBA6FB0B2EEC" box="[1106,1230,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Aprixokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C638FBA1FA852EEC" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[1284,1344,1428,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C638FBA1FA852EEC" box="[1284,1344,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Kogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In lateral view, the frontal also comprises the preserved upper portion of the temporal fossa. The highest point of the latter appears as distinctly higher than the highest point of the orbit, thus contrasting with the low temporal fossa of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C678F826FA452D6D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[1348,1408,1555,1580]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C678F826FA452D6D" box="[1348,1408,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Kogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and recalling instead the condition observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C7C5F807FABD2D0D" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[1273,1400,1586,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C7C5F807FABD2D0D" box="[1273,1400,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The ventral surface of the frontal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7EFFA8C753F867FB6B2D2D" box="[1135,1198,1618,1644]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[134,159,1568,1585]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,214,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-9@9.[132,1455,214,1512]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Cranium, in ventral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of several sutures and borders. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) displays a wide frontal groove that represents the distal extension of the optic canal departing from the optic foramen (not preserved). The frontal groove runs anterolaterally, thus contrasting with the almost mediolaterally directed frontal groove of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C62FF8E6FA882DAD" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[1299,1357,1747,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C62FF8E6FA882DAD" box="[1299,1357,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Kogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.Towards the roof of the orbit, the frontal groove flattens and widens progressively in a way reminiscent of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B7EFFA8C782F927FAF82C6D" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[1214,1341,1810,1836]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C782F927FAF82C6D" box="[1214,1341,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B7EFFA8C011F967FCAA2C2A" blockId="15.[813,879,1874,1899]" box="[813,879,1874,1899]" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<heading id="EA5D81C80B7EFFA8C011F967FCAA2C2A" box="[813,879,1874,1899]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B7EFFA8C011F967FCAA2C2A" box="[813,879,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Vomer</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B7EFFB7C011F947FD6D2DEC" blockId="15.[811,1457,1905,2028]" lastBlockId="16.[131,776,1267,1709]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="15" pageNumber="92">
|
||
In dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7EFFA8C0E6F944FBDF2CCA" box="[986,1050,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1455,1472]" captionTargetBox="[143,1456,198,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-81@8.[170,1408,214,1413]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cranium, in dorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of the maxilla-frontal suture. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), the vomer is observed forming the floor of the mesorostral groove at the apex of the rostrum. In ventral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B7EFFA8C080F984FC3D2C8A" box="[956,1016,1969,1995]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[134,159,1568,1585]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,214,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-9@9.[132,1455,214,1512]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Cranium, in ventral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of several sutures and borders. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="92">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), the vomer is exposed along the rostrum as a narrow slit that runs parallel to the long axis of the skull between the maxillae. In this region, the vomer is not keeled, thus differing from the condition observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B61FFB7C172FB26FD6F2E6C" authorityName="Collareta, Cigala Fulgosi & Bianucci" authorityYear="2019" box="[590,682,1299,1325]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Pliokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C172FB26FD6F2E6C" box="[590,682,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Pliokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Reflecting the flattened morphology of the rostrum, the vomer of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B61FFB7C3BAFB66FEF12E2C" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[134,308,1363,1389]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C3BAFB66FEF12E2C" box="[134,308,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Platyscaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B61FFB7C207FB61FE432E2F" box="[315,390,1364,1390]" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is dorsoventrally compressed along the splanchnocranium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B61FFB7C2B8FB46FE062ECC" box="[388,451,1395,1421]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[134,159,1568,1585]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,214,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-9@9.[132,1455,214,1512]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Cranium, in ventral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of several sutures and borders. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B61FFB7C2EDFB46FE1A2ECC" box="[465,479,1395,1421]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[134,159,992,1009]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,197,972]" captionTargetId="figure-14@10.[132,1455,216,876]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranium, in right lateral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="16" pageNumber="93">4</figureCitation>
|
||
); this greatly contrasts with the condition observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B61FFB7C299FBA6FDE62EEC" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[421,547,1427,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C299FBA6FDE62EEC" box="[421,547,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the vomer of which is greatly pachyosteosclerotic and exhibits a wedge-shaped transverse section along the rostrum. The vomer of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B61FFB7C1F6FBE6FF382D4C" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C1F6FBE6FF382D4C" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Platyscaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B61FFB7C238FBC6FE8B2D4C" box="[260,334,1523,1549]" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is also exposed posterior to the palatines, as a slice-like bony projection that coats the left surface of the presphenoid, thus contributing to the medial wall of the left choana. This condition resembles that observed in most kogiids except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B61FFB7C277F847FE6A2DCD" authorityName="Barnes" authorityYear="1973" box="[331,431,1650,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Praekogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C277F847FE6A2DCD" box="[331,431,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Praekogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the ventral surface of the presphenoid is partially wrapped by the vomer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E5D5662C0B61FFB7C3B8FA67FE202FFC" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" startId="16.[132,157,1106,1123]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,1063]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B61FFB7C3B8FA67FE202FFC" blockId="16.[132,1456,1106,1213]" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="B7F3A0780B61FFB7C3B8FA67FF582F22" baselines="1119,1119" box="[132,157,1106,1123]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 8. — Schematic comparison between the cranial morphologies of the two scaphokogiine genera known to date.
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C76BFA67FBA12F22" bold="true" box="[1111,1124,1106,1123]" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">A</emphasis>
|
||
, Right lateral view (photograph and superimposed line drawing) of MUSM 3405, holotype cranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B61FFB7C1ABFA5DFCAC2F38" authority="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci, 2020" authorityName="Collareta & Lambert & Palomino & Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2020" box="[663,873,1128,1145]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Platyscaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="landinii" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C1ABFA5DFCAC2F38" box="[663,873,1128,1145]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Platyscaphokogia landinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="98ED57CD0B61FFB7C053FA5DFC222F38" box="[879,999,1128,1145]" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru).
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C24FFA4AFE452FD1" bold="true" box="[371,384,1151,1168]" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">B</emphasis>
|
||
, Right lateral view (photograph and superimposed line drawing) of MUSM 3244, unpublished cranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B61FFB7C7D9FA4AFA6F2FD1" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[1253,1450,1151,1168]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochlearis">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C7D9FA4AFA6F2FD1" box="[1253,1450,1151,1168]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Scaphokogia cochlearis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). Note the strong differences existing between the two taxa in terms of height and slope of the rostrum. Scale bar: 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B61FFB7C3B8F8E7FF262DAD" blockId="16.[132,227,1746,1772]" box="[132,227,1746,1772]" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<heading id="EA5D81C80B61FFB7C3B8F8E7FF262DAD" box="[132,227,1746,1772]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C3B8F8E7FF262DAD" box="[132,227,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Sphenoid</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B61FFB7C3B8F8C7FAD42E2C" blockId="16.[130,776,1778,2028]" lastBlockId="16.[813,1455,1267,1390]" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">
|
||
In dorsal view, as in all kogiids, the presphenoid forms the sharp septum that separates the bony nares (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B61FFB7C159F927FD602C6D" box="[613,677,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1455,1472]" captionTargetBox="[143,1456,198,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-81@8.[170,1408,214,1413]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cranium, in dorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of the maxilla-frontal suture. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B61FFB7C188F924FD072C6D" box="[692,706,1809,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1544,1561]" captionText="FIG. 5. — Cranium, in anterodorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru); close-up of the dorsal surface of the neurocranium. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="16" pageNumber="93">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Differing from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B61FFB7C23AF907FE932C0A" baseAuthorityName="Owen" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[262,342,1842,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sima">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C23AF907FE932C0A" box="[262,342,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">K. sima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B61FFB7C161F907FD132C0A" baseAuthorityName="de Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[605,726,1841,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="breviceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C161F907FD132C0A" box="[605,726,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">K. breviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the presphenoid does not extend anteriorly to partially fill the mesorostral groove (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B61FFB7C267F944FE5D2CCA" box="[347,408,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1455,1472]" captionTargetBox="[143,1456,198,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-81@8.[170,1408,214,1413]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cranium, in dorsal view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of the maxilla-frontal suture. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). In ventral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B61FFB7C165F944FD502CCA" box="[601,661,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[134,159,1568,1585]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,214,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-9@9.[132,1455,214,1512]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Cranium, in ventral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of several sutures and borders. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), the presphenoid is partially exposed between the choanae, where it forms an anteroposteriorly elongated, strongly carinated bony septum that is bordered laterally by the vomer. Posterior to the choanae, the presphenoid is robust and flares posterolaterally. A thin, elongated plate of bone running anterior and parallel to the anteromedial margin of the frontal groove is here identified as part of the orbitosphenoid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B61FFB7C011FBA6FBB92EEC" blockId="16.[813,1148,1427,1453]" box="[813,1148,1427,1453]" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<heading id="EA5D81C80B61FFB7C011FBA6FBB92EEC" box="[813,1148,1427,1453]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C011FBA6FBB92EEC" box="[813,1148,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Occipital and endocranial cavity</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11536A40B61FFB7C011FB86FBA62CAA" blockId="16.[810,1457,1459,2027]" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Only the uppermost portion of the supraoccipital is preserved in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6E1188060B61FFB7C048FBE6FC172EAC" box="[884,978,1491,1517]" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
skull. In lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B61FFB7C7F5FBE6FACD2EAC" box="[1225,1288,1491,1517]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[134,159,992,1009]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,197,972]" captionTargetId="figure-14@10.[132,1455,216,876]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranium, in right lateral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), the preserved portion of the occipital shield is concave and forms an angle of
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C017F826FCFE2D6D" box="[811,827,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">c.</emphasis>
|
||
140° with the long axis of the rostrum. Although this value might have been slightly accentuated by diagenetic compression (the evidence for which is otherwise lacking), this angle would have surely been distinctly greater than 90° – a character that, among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B61FFB7C047F8A7FC192DED" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1871" box="[891,988,1682,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Kogiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is only observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B61FFB7C790F8A7FAED2DED" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[1196,1320,1682,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C790F8A7FAED2DED" box="[1196,1320,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Posterior to the temporal fossa, the suture between the occipital and the frontal is concave backwards and runs roughly subvertical. When viewed ventrally, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6E1188060B61FFB7C770F8C7FB6D2C4D" box="[1100,1192,1778,1804]" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
skull allows for observing the roof of the endocranial cavity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="29912A210B61FFB7C7A5F927FB132C6D" box="[1177,1238,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[134,159,1568,1585]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,214,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-9@9.[132,1455,214,1512]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Cranium, in ventral view, of the kogiid sperm whale Platyscaphokogia landinii n. gen., n. sp. (MUSM 3405, holotype), from the upper Miocene of the Pisco Formation (East Pisco Basin, southern Peru). A, photograph; B, corresponding explanatory line drawing. The grey-shaded areas correspond to hardened sediment. The dashed line approximates the position of several sutures and borders. Scale bar: 5 cm." pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The latter is gently concave on its left half but distinctly convex on its right half, thus evoking strongly asymmetrical cerebral hemispheres, much more dissimilar from each other than reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B4B550B61FFB7C663F944FC752CED" author="MARINO L. & SUDHEIMER K. & PABST D. A. & MCLELLAN W. A. & JOHNSON J. I." pageId="16" pageNumber="93" pagination="57 - 76" refId="ref19556" refString="MARINO L., SUDHEIMER K., PABST D. A., MCLELLAN W. A. & JOHNSON J. I. 2003. - Magnetic resonance images of the brain of a dwarf sperm whale (Kogia simus). Journal of Anatomy 203: 57 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1469 - 7580.2003.00199. x" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Marino
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C011F9A7FCA52CEA" box="[813,864,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B61FFB7C722F9A7FB4B2CEA" baseAuthorityName="Owen" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[1054,1166,1938,1963]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sima">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C722F9A7FB4B2CEA" box="[1054,1166,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Kogia sima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Different from the condition observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AA4D270B61FFB7C0E0F987FB972C8A" authorityName="Collareta, Lambert, Muizon, Urbina & Bianucci" authorityYear="2017" box="[988,1106,1970,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Koristocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83DEEAB60B61FFB7C0E0F987FB972C8A" box="[988,1106,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Koristocetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, no ossified falx cerebri is present within the endocranial cavity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |