434 lines
38 KiB
XML
434 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.3767/000651916X694445" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7570023" approvalRequired="234" approvalRequired_for_bibRefs="66" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="2" approvalRequired_for_matCits="2" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="13" approvalRequired_for_treatments="150" checkinTime="1674677931544" checkinUser="juliana" docAuthor="Kamer 1, H. Maas-van de, Maas 1, P. J. M., Wieringa 1, J. J. & Specht, C. D." docDate="2016" docId="387687E2BB2DFFE6FFCDFBA9FC2BFBE0" docLanguage="en" docName="Blumea.61.280–318.pdf" docOrigin="Blumea 61 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445" docTitle="Costus giganteus Ridl." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="300" masterDocId="C44FFF9ABB3EFFF5FFBCFFF7FFD5FF9E" masterDocTitle="Monograph of African Costaceae" masterLastPageNumber="318" masterPageNumber="280" pageNumber="299" updateTime="1674678486854" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Monograph of African Costaceae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kamer 1, H. Maas-van de</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Maas 1, P. J. M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wieringa 1, J. J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Specht, C. D.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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||
<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Blumea</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2016-12-28</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>61</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>3</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>280</mods:start>
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<mods:end>318</mods:end>
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||
</mods:extent>
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||
</mods:part>
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||
</mods:relatedItem>
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||
<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3767/000651916X694445</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7570023</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7570067" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7570067" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:387687E2BB2DFFE6FFCDFBA9FC2BFBE0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/387687E2BB2DFFE6FFCDFBA9FC2BFBE0" lastPageNumber="300" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">
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<subSubSection box="[113,702,1118,1141]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="19.[113,702,1118,1141]" box="[113,702,1118,1141]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[113,341,1118,1141]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">
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9.
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="YWSS" authority="Welw. ex Ridl." authorityName="Ridl." box="[140,499,1118,1141]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,341,1118,1141]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Costus giganteus</emphasis>
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Welw. ex Ridl.
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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||
—
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<figureCitation box="[536,626,1118,1141]" captionStart="Plate 2" captionStartId="18.[113,160,2086,2104]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,174,2068]" captionTargetId="figure-10@18.[792,1435,171,1123]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Plate 2 a. Costus dubius (Afzel.) K.Schum. Basal inflorescence. – b. Costus gabonensis Koechlin. Inflorescence. – c. Costus giganteus Welw. ex Ridl. Inflo- rescence. – d. Costus gracillimus Maas & H.Maas. Inflorescence with red bracts (a: photographed in Burgers’ Bush, Arnhem, The Netherlands, no specimen collected; b: Maas et al. 10465; c: Scharf 221; d: Maas et al. 10571). — Photos: a, b, d: P.J.M.Maas; c: L.Y.T.Westra." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7570047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7570047/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Plate 2c</figureCitation>
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; Map 6
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="299" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph blockId="19.[113,765,1164,1259]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">
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||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1860-12" collectionCode="BM" country="Sao Tome and Principe" elevation="725" location="Ilha de S. Thome, Monte Caffe'" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" specimenCode="BM000617218, BM000617219" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
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<taxonomicName authority="Welw. ex Ridl. (1887)" authorityName="Ridl." authorityYear="1887" box="[113,450,1164,1182]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteus">
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<emphasis box="[113,264,1164,1182]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Costus giganteus</emphasis>
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Welw.
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<specimenCount box="[324,345,1164,1182]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" type="generic">ex</specimenCount>
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Ridl. (1887)
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</taxonomicName>
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131; K.Schum. (1904) 407. —
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<typeStatus box="[715,761,1164,1182]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Type</typeStatus>
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||
:
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<emphasis box="[128,268,1190,1208]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Welwitsch 6465</emphasis>
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||
(holo
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<collectionCode box="[326,356,1190,1208]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">BM</collectionCode>
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||
<specimenCount box="[362,373,1190,1208]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">2</specimenCount>
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||
sheets [
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||
<specimenCode box="[449,582,1190,1208]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">BM000617218</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCode box="[592,725,1190,1208]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">BM000617219</specimenCode>
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||
];
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</materialsCitation>
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||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1860-12" collectionCode="LISU, NY" country="Sao Tome and Principe" elevation="725" location="Ilha de S. Thome, Monte Caffe'" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="isotype">
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iso
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<collectionCode box="[128,175,1215,1233]" collectionName="LISU" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">LISU</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode box="[184,216,1215,1233]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">NY</collectionCode>
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||
),
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||
<collectingCountry box="[229,418,1215,1233]" name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" value="Sao Tome and Principe">São Tomé & Principe</collectingCountry>
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, ‘
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:387687E2BB2DFFE6FFCDFBA9FC2BFBE0:B500602FBB2DFFE6FE11FB48FD10FB4F" box="[429,709,1215,1233]" country="Sao Tome and Principe" name="Ilha de S. Thome, Monte Caffe'" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Ilha de S. Thomé, Monte Caffé’</location>
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||
,
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||
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="m" value="725.0" valueMax="850.0" valueMin="600.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="m" value="725.0" valueMax="850.0" valueMin="600.0">600– 850 m</elevation>
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||
</quantity>
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||
(‘2000–2800ft’),
|
||
<date box="[335,428,1241,1259]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" value="1860-12">
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<collectingDate box="[335,428,1241,1259]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" value="1860-12">Dec. 1860</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="299" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[824,1474,1196,1249]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[824,1083,1196,1219]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">
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10.
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<taxonomicName authority="Maas & H. Maas" authorityName="Maas & H. Maas. Inflorescence" authorityYear="2016" box="[867,1267,1196,1219]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracillimus" status="nom. nov.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[867,1083,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Costus gracillimus</emphasis>
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Maas & H.Maas
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
,
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||
<emphasis box="[1277,1383,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1277,1383,1196,1219]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">nom. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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||
—
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||
<figureCitation captionStart="Plate 2" captionStartId="18.[113,160,2086,2104]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,174,2068]" captionTargetId="figure-10@18.[792,1435,171,1123]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Plate 2 a. Costus dubius (Afzel.) K.Schum. Basal inflorescence. – b. Costus gabonensis Koechlin. Inflorescence. – c. Costus giganteus Welw. ex Ridl. Inflo- rescence. – d. Costus gracillimus Maas & H.Maas. Inflorescence with red bracts (a: photographed in Burgers’ Bush, Arnhem, The Netherlands, no specimen collected; b: Maas et al. 10465; c: Scharf 221; d: Maas et al. 10571). — Photos: a, b, d: P.J.M.Maas; c: L.Y.T.Westra." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7570047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7570047/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Plate 2d</figureCitation>
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; Map 6
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="299" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[824,1474,1271,1366]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">
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||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1907-07-25" collectionCode="P" country="Ivory Coast" location="Tepos" municipality="Bassin du Cavally" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tabou" typeStatus="holotype">
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Maas & H. Maas." authorityName="Maas & H. Maas. Inflorescence" authorityYear="2016" box="[824,1132,1271,1289]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracillimus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[824,983,1271,1289]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Costus gracillimus</emphasis>
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||
Maas & H.Maas.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="A. Chev. (1917)" authorityName="A. Chev." authorityYear="1917" box="[1161,1474,1271,1289]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pulcherrimus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1161,1340,1271,1289]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Costus pulcherrimus</emphasis>
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||
A.Chev. (1917)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
304, nom. illeg., non Kuntze (1898) 301. —
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1225,1271,1296,1314]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Type</typeStatus>
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||
:
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||
<emphasis box="[1279,1424,1296,1314]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Chevalier 19568</emphasis>
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||
(holo
|
||
<collectionCode box="[839,855,1322,1340]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">P</collectionCode>
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||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[871,975,1322,1340]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" value="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingRegion box="[983,1040,1322,1340]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Tabou</collectingRegion>
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, ‘
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<collectingMunicipality box="[1051,1214,1322,1340]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Bassin du Cavally</collectingMunicipality>
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||
, pays des
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:387687E2BB2DFFE6FFCDFBA9FC2BFBE0:B500602FBB2DFFE6FAA1FADDFA82FAA2" box="[1309,1367,1322,1340]" country="Ivory Coast" municipality="Bassin du Cavally" name="Tepos" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" stateProvince="Tabou">Tépos</location>
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,
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||
<locationDeviation pageId="19" pageNumber="299">entre Toula et Nekaougnié’</locationDeviation>
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,
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||
<date box="[982,1097,1348,1366]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" value="1907-07-25">
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<collectingDate box="[982,1097,1348,1366]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" value="1907-07-25">25 July 1907</collectingDate>
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</date>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="299" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[113,765,1282,2156]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">
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Terrestrial herb
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||
<quantity box="[278,369,1282,1305]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="m" value="4.75" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–8 m</quantity>
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tall.
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<emphasis box="[418,495,1282,1305]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Leaves</emphasis>
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||
many; sheaths to c.
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||
<quantity box="[712,763,1282,1305]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
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||
diam; ligule chartaceous, truncate,
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||
<quantity box="[499,621,1312,1335]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="20.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="15.0">15–25 mm</quantity>
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||
long; petiole
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||
<quantity box="[113,237,1341,1364]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="15.0">15–30 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; sheaths, ligule and petiole subglabrous; lamina shiny above, narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, rarely ovate, 28–52 by
|
||
<quantity box="[369,466,1400,1423]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="cm" value="11.5" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="7.0">7–16 cm</quantity>
|
||
, upper side glabrous, lower side initially densely covered with soft, erect hairs
|
||
<quantity box="[655,763,1429,1452]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, soon glabrous, base acute to obtuse, apex acuminate (acumen
|
||
<quantity box="[210,323,1488,1511]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 mm</quantity>
|
||
long).
|
||
<emphasis box="[390,530,1487,1510]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Inflorescence</emphasis>
|
||
many-flowered, ovoid, 12–20 by
|
||
<quantity box="[233,334,1517,1540]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="cm" value="8.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="7.0">7–10 cm</quantity>
|
||
, terminating a separate leafless shoot 100–150(–300) cm long; bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and capsule glabrous.
|
||
<emphasis box="[307,391,1575,1598]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Flowers</emphasis>
|
||
1 per bract; bracts red, coriaceous, broadly ovate to ovate, 3.5–6 by
|
||
<quantity box="[484,575,1605,1628]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="cm" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5 cm</quantity>
|
||
, callus
|
||
<quantity box="[658,764,1605,1628]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; appendages absent; bracteole boat-shaped,
|
||
<quantity box="[646,764,1634,1657]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.65" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="36.5" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="28.0">28–45 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, callus (3–)
|
||
<quantity box="[287,395,1663,1686]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; calyx basally white, apically pinkish red,
|
||
<quantity box="[242,360,1693,1716]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="19.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="13.0">13–25 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, lobes shallowly ovate-triangular, 3–5(–7) mm long, callus absent; corolla yellow,
|
||
<quantity box="[643,764,1722,1745]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="80.0" valueMax="85.0" valueMin="75.0">75–85 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, glabrous, tube (25–)
|
||
<quantity box="[388,510,1751,1774]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="37.5" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="35.0">35–40 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, lobes narrowly elliptic, 40–45(–50) mm long, sometimes bending towards each other forming a kind of hood over the stamen; labellum completely yellow, tubular, narrowly elliptic to ovate when spread out, 40–45 by
|
||
<quantity box="[341,460,1869,1892]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">15–20 mm</quantity>
|
||
, lateral marginal parts curved upwards, upper margin crenulate; stamen erect, not bending downwards and not closing the throat, yellow, 40–50 by
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 mm</quantity>
|
||
, apex cucullate, anther
|
||
<quantity box="[394,506,1957,1980]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="10.0">10–12 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
<emphasis box="[566,652,1956,1979]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Capsule</emphasis>
|
||
obovoid to subglobose, 15–20 by
|
||
<quantity box="[351,467,1986,2009]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="15.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="10.0">10–20 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[478,545,1986,2009]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Seeds</emphasis>
|
||
3–3.5 by
|
||
<quantity box="[648,760,1986,2009]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2–2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="299" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[824,1475,1390,2155]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">
|
||
Terrestrial herb
|
||
<quantity box="[989,1058,1390,1413]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="m" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 m</quantity>
|
||
tall.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1107,1184,1390,1413]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Leaves</emphasis>
|
||
many; sheaths
|
||
<quantity box="[1351,1474,1390,1413]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="cm" value="0.4" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.6 cm</quantity>
|
||
diam; ligule chartaceous, obliquely truncate, 10–15(–20) mm long; petiole
|
||
<quantity box="[953,1053,1449,1472]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; sheaths, ligule and petiole glabrous or rarely sparsely covered with erect hairs <
|
||
<quantity box="[1283,1341,1479,1502]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; lamina greyish to brown on upper side, lower side paler, coriaceous, narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 13–21 by
|
||
<quantity box="[1212,1300,1538,1561]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="cm" value="6.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="4.0">4–8 cm</quantity>
|
||
, slightly 4–6-pli- cate, glabrous on both sides, but margins and apex rarely covered with some hairs, base acute, apex acuminate (acumen
|
||
<quantity box="[824,939,1627,1650]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 mm</quantity>
|
||
long).
|
||
<emphasis box="[1010,1153,1627,1650]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Inflorescence</emphasis>
|
||
few-flowered, broadly ovoid to globose, 1.5–5 by
|
||
<quantity box="[1014,1117,1657,1680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="cm" value="3.25" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–5 cm</quantity>
|
||
, terminating the leafy shoot; bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and capsule glabrous, rarely rather densely covered with erect hairs <
|
||
<quantity box="[1197,1258,1716,1739]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1324,1408,1716,1739]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Flowers</emphasis>
|
||
1(–2) per bract; bracts red, orange-red to red-purple, coriaceous, broadly ovate to ovate, 1.5–2.5 by
|
||
<quantity box="[1199,1327,1776,1799]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="cm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
, callus mostly absent or present and then c.
|
||
<quantity box="[1141,1201,1805,1828]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; appendages gener- ally absent; bracteole boat-shaped,
|
||
<quantity box="[1200,1301,1835,1858]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="11.5" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="9.0">9–14 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, callus
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; calyx
|
||
<quantity box="[988,1087,1865,1888]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="8.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="7.0">7–10 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, lobes very shallowly triangular, c.
|
||
<quantity box="[848,908,1895,1918]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, callus absent; corolla fleshy,
|
||
<quantity box="[1258,1374,1895,1918]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="24.5" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="20.0">20–29 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, red, orange or yellow, glabrous, tube
|
||
<quantity box="[1167,1256,1924,1947]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="5.0">5–7 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, lobes narrowly ovate to elliptic,
|
||
<quantity box="[996,1115,1954,1977]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="18.5" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="15.0">15–22 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; labellum fleshy, red, orange or yellow, tubular, broadly obovate when spread out, 15–23 by
|
||
<quantity box="[824,947,2013,2036]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">15–20 mm</quantity>
|
||
, margin crenulate; stamen yellow, 13–15 by
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6–8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, anther
|
||
<quantity box="[948,1036,2043,2066]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="7.0">7–8 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1098,1186,2043,2066]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Capsule</emphasis>
|
||
obovoid, 9–10 by
|
||
<quantity box="[1377,1467,2043,2066]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[824,892,2073,2096]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Seeds</emphasis>
|
||
1.5–2 by
|
||
<quantity box="[1002,1086,2073,2096]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="299" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[113,765,1282,2156]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">
|
||
Distribution — Central Africa (both islands São Tomé and Principe and
|
||
<specimenCount box="[249,395,2045,2068]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis box="[408,636,2045,2068]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Wrigley & Melville 270</emphasis>
|
||
) from Annobon (Equatorial Guinea)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="299" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[113,765,1282,2156]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">
|
||
Habitat & Ecology — In rainforest. At elevations of
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" metricValueMax="14.5" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="m" value="725.0" valueMax="1450.0" valueMin="0.0">0– 1450 m</quantity>
|
||
. Flowering and fruiting: October to January.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="299" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[824,1474,173,256]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">
|
||
Field observations — Unlike most species of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1328,1403,173,196]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Costus</emphasis>
|
||
, many flowers of the same inflorescence can be at anthesis at the same time.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="299" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[824,1474,263,464]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">
|
||
IUCN Conservation Status — Based on an EOO of
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.764" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="km" value="3764.0">3764 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[857,865,292,305]" fontSize="5" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">2</superScript>
|
||
and an AOO of
|
||
<quantity box="[1039,1105,293,316]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" unit="km" value="32.0">32 km</quantity>
|
||
2 from three locations which all are only partially protected, while the remainder of these locations show severe habitat degradation (most records are actu-ally very old and the species has not recently been found in those localities), we assess this species as Endangered (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1431,1467,412,435]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">EN</collectionCode>
|
||
) B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="299" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[824,1475,487,1150]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">
|
||
Notes —
|
||
<emphasis box="[956,1032,487,510]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Costus</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1042,1148,487,510]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">giganteus</emphasis>
|
||
is unique among the African species of
|
||
<emphasis box="[944,1019,516,539]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Costus</emphasis>
|
||
by the combination of separate flowering shoots, combined with red bracts and yellow, tubular flowers. In these aspects it resembles some Neotropical species like
|
||
<emphasis box="[824,1002,605,629]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">C. erythrocoryne</emphasis>
|
||
K.Schum. The only other African species of
|
||
<emphasis box="[824,899,635,658]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Costus</emphasis>
|
||
with the same
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1059,1104,635,658]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of yellow, tubular flowers is
|
||
<emphasis box="[1401,1474,635,658]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">
|
||
C.
|
||
<emphasis box="[824,909,665,688]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">gracillimus,</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
a species of much smaller stature from the African continent. The flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[982,1117,732,756]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[982,1117,732,756]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">C. giganteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a relatively narrow labellum with upcurved lateral margins and an erect cucullate stamen. The flower presents an open throat to pollinators, in contrast with all other species of African
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1155,1230,821,844]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1155,1230,821,844]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Costus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where the single fertile stamen closes the throat and visitors have to force their way in. The filament is not flat but rolled inwards lengthwise along its margins, especially at its base. The corolla lobes bend towards each other forming a kind of hood over the stamen and the apex of the stamen is cucullate. This
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1307,1352,970,993]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of flower is unique to this species. The style of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[963,1101,1037,1061]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="19" pageNumber="299" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[963,1101,1037,1061]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">C. giganteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is often persistent after flowering. Young leaf lamina are shiny above, while older ones are dull green. The aril is relatively large, measuring up to 2 times the length of the seed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="299" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[824,1475,1390,2155]" pageId="19" pageNumber="299">Distribution — West Africa (Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="300" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[113,765,174,492]" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">
|
||
Habitat & Ecology — Mostly in rainforest, along paths or in open places and/or disturbed areas, often in wet places, at elevations of
|
||
<quantity box="[251,350,233,256]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="300" unit="m" value="425.0" valueMax="850.0" valueMin="0.0">
|
||
0–
|
||
<specimenCount box="[276,354,233,256]" pageId="20" pageNumber="300" type="generic">850 m.</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
Flowering and fruiting: all year through.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="300" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[113,765,174,492]" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">
|
||
IUCN Conservation Status — Based on all collections
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maas & H. Maas. Inflorescence" authorityYear="2016" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="20" pageNumber="300" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracillimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">C. gracillimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an AOO of
|
||
<quantity box="[348,424,292,315]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8399999999999999" pageId="20" pageNumber="300" unit="km" value="184.0">184 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[424,432,292,305]" fontSize="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">2</superScript>
|
||
from about 20 locations of which only four are partially protected, while the remainder of these locations are already lost or face severe habitat degradation. If we only use records collected since 1970, this species has only 10 locations left (with an
|
||
<collectionCode box="[440,493,409,432]" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">AOO</collectionCode>
|
||
of
|
||
<quantity box="[531,598,410,433]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="20" pageNumber="300" unit="km" value="68.0">68 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[600,608,410,423]" fontSize="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">2</superScript>
|
||
), of which the majority is lost or threatened. We therefore assess this species as Vulnerable (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[272,309,469,492]" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">VU</collectionCode>
|
||
) A2; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="300" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[113,765,514,1025]" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">
|
||
Notes —
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maas & H. Maas. Inflorescence" authorityYear="2016" box="[244,437,514,537]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="20" pageNumber="300" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracillimus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[244,437,514,537]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">Costus gracillimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a relatively small herb with a slender spiralling shoot (
|
||
<quantity box="[372,498,544,567]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="300" unit="cm" value="0.4" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.6 cm</quantity>
|
||
diam), a long ligule (
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="300" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10– 15 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) and relatively small, tubular, fleshy flowers. The leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maas & H. Maas. Inflorescence" authorityYear="2016" box="[210,349,602,626]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="20" pageNumber="300" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracillimus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[210,349,602,626]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">C. gracillimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have relatively narrow and long petioles. The labellum is about as long as the corolla, forming a tube with its longitudinally incurved margins. The majority of plants studied have red bracts with red-orange flowers. However,
|
||
<emphasis box="[113,335,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">Jongkind et al. 11941</emphasis>
|
||
from Liberia has green bracts and yellow flowers. Based on the overall similarities of this single collec- tion, we do not believe it to be a separate species but rather a lighter-coloured form of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maas & H. Maas. Inflorescence" authorityYear="2016" box="[367,511,817,840]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="20" pageNumber="300" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracillimus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[367,511,817,840]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">C. gracillimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maas & H. Maas. Inflorescence" authorityYear="2016" box="[113,308,854,878]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="20" pageNumber="300" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracillimus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[113,308,854,878]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">Costus gracillimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has often been misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="K. Schum." authorityName="K. Schum." class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="20" pageNumber="300" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deistelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[653,763,854,878]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">C. deistelii</emphasis>
|
||
K.Schum.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
That species, known only from the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[609,654,884,907]" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">type</typeStatus>
|
||
collection
|
||
<emphasis box="[113,237,914,937]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">Deistel 498</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[253,270,914,937]" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">B</collectionCode>
|
||
destroyed), now placed in the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[113,187,943,966]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="20" pageNumber="300" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="afer">
|
||
<emphasis box="[113,187,943,966]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">C. afer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maas & H. Maas. Inflorescence" authorityYear="2016" box="[332,478,943,966]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="20" pageNumber="300" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracillimus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[332,478,943,966]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="300">C. gracillimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by a shorter ligule, longer inflorescence and bracteole, and the presence of a rim at the base of the ligule not completely encircling the shoot.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |