331 lines
35 KiB
XML
331 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.649.10213" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2626bb6f-94a4-4bba-a4c8-e8eb68c4ae95" ID-PMC="PMC5345378" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-649-1" ID-PubMed="28325970" ID-ZBK="5615ED7CAF3E41B69963F6458804186D" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-649-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 649" ModsDocTitle="Making the most of your host: the Metrosideros-feeding psyllids (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) of the Hawaiian Islands" checkinTime="1485998739022" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Percy, Diana M." docDate="2017" docId="34397176943EB101F31BB67978718BB3" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 649: 1-163" docOrigin="ZooKeys 649" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.649.10213" docTitle="Pariaconus pyramidalis Percy, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="88EEF065-97CA-428C-9A9F-520C91BA885A" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="87" masterDocId="802A4C29FFB3FFFE83131831FFFCD537" masterDocTitle="Making the most of your host: the Metrosideros-feeding psyllids (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) of the Hawaiian Islands" masterLastPageNumber="163" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="84" updateTime="1668163929468" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Making the most of your host: the Metrosideros-feeding psyllids (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) of the Hawaiian Islands</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Percy, Diana M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>649</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>163</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.649.10213</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.649.10213</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-649-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">5615ED7CAF3E41B69963F6458804186D</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">5615ED7CAF3E41B69963F6458804186D</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127896264" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:88EEF065-97CA-428C-9A9F-520C91BA885A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/34397176943EB101F31BB67978718BB3" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
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<subSubSection pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/88EEF065-97CA-428C-9A9F-520C91BA885A" authority="Percy" class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus pyramidalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyramidalis">Pariaconus pyramidalis Percy</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="83" pageNumber="84">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figures 44, 52
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–I">D-I</normalizedToken>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="S–Y">S-Y</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="84" pageNumber="85" start="start">Adult</pageBreakToken>
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colour.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="84" pageNumber="85">General body colour brown or yellow-brown, or yellow-green, the genal processes are often paler than the head. Females often appear to have a dark abdomen due to darkly pigmented egg load. Fore wing membrane clear, or slightly fuscous.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Adult structure.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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Fore wing apex rounded; spinules distributed in all cells; short setae on margins and veins (Fig. 44A). Antennae medium-long (av. length 1.06; ratio AL:HW av. 1.75); genal processes medium-short (ratio VL:GP av. 1.94), bluntly acute to acute; medium-short to short setae on vertex and thorax; distal proboscis segment short (av. length 0.09); hind tibia length subequal to head width (ratio HW:HT av. 0.97) (Fig. 44
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<normalizedToken originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
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, F, H). Male terminalia (Fig. 44
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
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): paramere longer than proctiger (ratio MP:PL av. 0.84), broad and more or less parallel-sided basally before tapering to apex with anteriorly directed hook; distal aedeagus segment shorter than paramere (ratio PL:AEL av. 1.17) with base rounded, slightly inflated, and a shallow hooked apex (ratio AEL:AELH av. 2.21). Female terminalia (Fig. 44G): proctiger long, dorsal surface slightly to moderately convex, apex acute, anal ring medium-short (ratio FP:RL av. 6.23); subgenital plate with slight to moderate medial bulge ventrally, acute apically; ovipositor apex lacking serrations, valvulae dorsalis slightly convex dorsally.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<paragraph pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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Figure 44.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus pyramidalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyramidalis">Pariaconus pyramidalis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. A fore wing B head C proboscis D male terminalia E aedeagus and paramere F head and antenna G male terminalia (posterior view) H paramere apices (dorsal view) I head and thorax J hind leg K egg (pedicel and tail indicated) L female terminalia M female proctiger (dorsal view) N female subgenital plate (ventral view) O male P female.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Egg.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Short, broad, pigmented brown to dark brown (except tip of pedicel and tail) with surface microsculpturing, long pedicel with inflated tip, tail long (Fig. 44I).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Immature.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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Colour and structure: 5th instar: Cream to orange. Elongate ovoid in outline, wing buds protruding with moderate humeral lobes (similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus hawaiiensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Pariaconus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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in Fig. 52A). Tarsi with large claws. Circumanal ring small (CPW:RW av. 16.96), u-shaped with patches of single or multiple rows of interrupted cells (Fig. 52
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
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), sometimes reduced or absent. Chaetotaxy: 5th instar: Head, thorax and abdomen with scattered long to medium-long simple setae (Fig. 52F, I). 1st instar (Fig. 52H): Setal arrangement similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus oahuensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oahuensis">Pariaconus oahuensis</taxonomicName>
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, with simple setae on anterior margin of head and otherwise narrow, blunt sectasetae (a single pair post ocular, a single pair on the apices of each wing bud, and 7-8 pairs on the abdomen); by the 2nd instar all setae are simple (as is typical of
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<taxonomicName genus="Psylloidea" lsidName="Psylloidea ohialoha" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species" species="ohialoha">ohialoha</taxonomicName>
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group) (Fig. 52G).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="host">
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<paragraph pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Host plant notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Known from both glabrous and pubescent morphotypes.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="85" pageNumber="86" start="start">Island</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Hawaii.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Distribution notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">This species is widely distributed on Hawaii. The molecular data suggests an initial diversification in the south western part of the island and subsequent spread north, west, and east.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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Although predominantly makes cone galls on leaves (Fig. 52
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<normalizedToken originalValue="S–V">S-V</normalizedToken>
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), two immatures were dissected from stem galls and one from a flower bud gall that DNA barcoded to this species, suggesting that some lability in galling exists (see Discussion). The cone gall extends from the lower surface of the leaf and the galls typically open on the upper leaf surface by a suture around the margin of the gall resembling a hinged trap door (Fig. 52W, X). The shape of the cone gall can vary depending on the host morphotype, galls on pubescent types tend to be broad and short (Fig. 52
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<normalizedToken originalValue="U–V">U-V</normalizedToken>
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), while those on glabrous types tend to be more narrow and elongate (Fig. 52
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<normalizedToken originalValue="S–T">S-T</normalizedToken>
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), in both cases gall tissue often becomes reddish in colour. Galls can be scattered across the leaf surface (Fig. 52
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<normalizedToken originalValue="X–Y">X-Y</normalizedToken>
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) or clustered (Fig. 52V), and in some cases are found clustered linearly along the leaf midrib (Fig. 52S).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Named for the shape of the pyramid-like cone gall produced on leaves (adjective in the nominative singular).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="86" pageNumber="87" type="comments">
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<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="86" pageNumber="87" start="start">Comments</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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This species is sister to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus hawaiiensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Pariaconus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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; the switch from stem/bud galling to cone leaf galling happened in situ on Hawaii, and reflects a parallel process found on Oahu in a localized population of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus oahuensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oahuensis">Pariaconus oahuensis</taxonomicName>
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, which although normally a stem/bud galler, produces a cone leaf gall in a localized population in the Koolau Mnts. Some lability apparently still exists on Hawaii because a localized population of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus pyramidalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyramidalis">Pariaconus pyramidalis</taxonomicName>
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was found with two individuals dissected from stem galls.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="86" pageNumber="87" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Holotype male (slide mounted, BMNH). See Table 2 for details of type and other material examined for this study.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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Figure 45.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus nigricapitus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricapitus">Pariaconus nigricapitus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus proboscideus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proboscideus">Pariaconus proboscideus</taxonomicName>
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immatures.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus nigricapitus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricapitus">Pariaconus nigricapitus</taxonomicName>
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: A 5th instar with anal ring detail (inset below) and enlarged cells marking ventral tissue mounds (inset right) B detail of fused marginal setae C dry mounted specimen showing domed structure (lateral view above, dorsal view below) D tarsi E antenna
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<normalizedToken originalValue="F–K">F-K</normalizedToken>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus proboscideus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proboscideus">Pariaconus proboscideus</taxonomicName>
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: F white, hedgehog-like appearance of live specimens G detail of dorsal sectasetae (stained) H tarsi I antenna J 5th instar K 5th instar abdomen with anal ring detail (inset).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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Figure 46.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus gracilis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">Pariaconus gracilis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus minutus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minutus">Pariaconus minutus</taxonomicName>
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immatures.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus gracilis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">Pariaconus gracilis</taxonomicName>
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: A 4th instar B detail of marginal setae (5th instar) C 4th instar abdomen indicating position of anal ring (stained) D antenna and tarsi E anal ring (5th instar) F 1st instar with detail of marginal sectasetae (inset)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="G–P">G-P</normalizedToken>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus minutus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minutus">Pariaconus minutus</taxonomicName>
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: G 5th instar with anal ring detail (inset below) and marginal and dorsal sectasetae detail (inset right) (form
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<taxonomicName form="minutus" genus="Psylloidea" lsidName="Psylloidea minutus" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" rank="form" species="minutus">minutus</taxonomicName>
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) H 2nd instar with marginal sectasetae detail (inset) I tarsi and antenna J 1st instar with detail of fan-shaped sectasetae (inset) K eggs scattered on upper leaf margin L, M, N raised gall tissue around empty pits on upper leaf surface: L pale coloured M red coloured N orange coloured O immatures inside pits on upper leaf surface P detail of immature seated in pit.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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Figure 47.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus dorsostriatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsostriatus">Pariaconus dorsostriatus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus namaka" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="namaka">Pariaconus namaka</taxonomicName>
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immatures.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–J">A-J</normalizedToken>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus dorsostriatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsostriatus">Pariaconus dorsostriatus</taxonomicName>
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: A 5th instar with anal ring detail (inset) B detail of immature seated in pit C detail of marginal sectasetae (5th instar, stained) D raised impressions on upper leaf surface from pit galls on lower leaf surface E immatures inside pits on lower leaf surface F empty pits on lower leaf surface G immature on lower leaf surface H 2nd instar I 1st instar J terminal antennal segment
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<normalizedToken originalValue="K–U">K-U</normalizedToken>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus namaka" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="namaka">Pariaconus namaka</taxonomicName>
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: K 5th instar (uncleared) showing overhang of sclerotized dorsal surface beyond ventral body L 5th instar M tarsi N antenna O detail of marginal sectasetae P anal ring (5th instar) Q 1st instar R, S raised impressions on upper leaf surface from pit galls on lower leaf surface T immatures inside pits on lower leaf surface with detail of immature (inset) U detail of immatures seated in pits with discoloured raised gall tissue around pits.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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Figure 48.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus hiiaka" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hiiaka">Pariaconus hiiaka</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pariaconus</taxonomicName>
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sp. immatures.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–L">A-L</normalizedToken>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus hiiaka" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hiiaka">Pariaconus hiiaka</taxonomicName>
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: A 5th instar (with eggs) B tarsi C antenna D anal ring with detail (inset) E 1st instar F enclosed leaf galls causing leaf deformation G, H variation in shape and colouration of leaf galls I, J, K examples of gall opening by hinged circular door L severely galled leaf, necrotic and lignified in situ on stem M example of three gall types (indicated) on a single branch made by at least two
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pariaconus</taxonomicName>
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species
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<normalizedToken originalValue="N–O">N-O</normalizedToken>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pariaconus</taxonomicName>
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sp. (images by Russell Messing): N undescribed species with unusual dorsal waxy filaments and similar ventral tissue mounds (indicated) to other cup/pit gallers O thick walled cup gall of undescribed species.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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Figure 49.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus caulicalix" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulicalix">Pariaconus caulicalix</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus crassiorcalix" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassiorcalix">Pariaconus crassiorcalix</taxonomicName>
|
||
immatures.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–J">A-J</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus caulicalix" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulicalix">Pariaconus caulicalix</taxonomicName>
|
||
: A 5th instar with anal ring detail (inset) B antenna and tarsi C detail of marginal sectasetae D ridged dorsal surface E 2nd instar F 1st instar (with acute sectasetae on dorsum) G, H (images by Russell Messing): G immature seated at base of cup gall H soft ventral body beneath dark sclerotized dorsal surface I, J cup gall tissue extrudes from the plant stem with dark immatures seated in the base (indicated) K-R
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus crassiorcalix" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassiorcalix">Pariaconus crassiorcalix</taxonomicName>
|
||
: K 5th instar with anal ring detail (inset) L antenna M tarsi N abdomen with detail of dorsal surface with round tubercle like scales O detail of marginal sectasetae P, Q, R cup gall tissue extrudes from the plant stem with orange-brown immatures seated in the base (indicated).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Figure 50.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus oahuensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oahuensis">Pariaconus oahuensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus ohiacola" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ohiacola">Pariaconus ohiacola</taxonomicName>
|
||
immatures.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus oahuensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oahuensis">Pariaconus oahuensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
: A 5th instar with anal ring detail (inset) B tarsi C antenna D anal ring E
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus ohiacola" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ohiacola">Pariaconus ohiacola</taxonomicName>
|
||
anal ring
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
|
||
1st instar: F
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus oahuensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oahuensis">Pariaconus oahuensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
with dorsal tubercles detail (inset left) and marginal sectasetae detail (inset right) G
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" form="ohiacola" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="form" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus ohiacola" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="form" species="ohiacola">Pariaconus ohiacola form ohiacola</taxonomicName>
|
||
with marginal fan-shaped setae detail (inset) H
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" form="angustipterus" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="form" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus ohiacola" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="form" species="ohiacola">Pariaconus ohiacola form angustipterus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–L">I-L</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus oahuensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oahuensis">Pariaconus oahuensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
galls: I bud gall J, K, L cone galls on leaves opening with valves on lower leaf surface
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="M–R">M-R</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus ohiacola" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ohiacola">Pariaconus ohiacola</taxonomicName>
|
||
: M flat leaf galls open by valves on lower leaf surface N variation in discolouration of gall tissue O circular sutures in gall centres from 1st instar pits on lower leaf surface with detail (inset) P distribution of flat leaf galls Q 1st instar seated in pit before leaf tissue enclosure makes enclosed gall R 5th instar dissected from closed flat leaf gall.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Figure 51.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus montgomeri" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montgomeri">Pariaconus montgomeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus kupua" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kupua">Pariaconus kupua</taxonomicName>
|
||
immatures.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus montgomeri" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montgomeri">Pariaconus montgomeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
: A 5th instar B antenna C tarsi D anal ring
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus kupua" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kupua">Pariaconus kupua</taxonomicName>
|
||
: E detail of marginal simple setae F anal ring with detail (inset)
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="G–H">G-H</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus montgomeri" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montgomeri">Pariaconus montgomeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
: G distribution of closed flat leaf galls H impression and discolouration on upper leaf surface (above) galls open by valves on lower leaf surface (below) I bud gall from Molokai, may be made by
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus molokaiensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molokaiensis">Pariaconus molokaiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Figure 52.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus hawaiiensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Pariaconus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus pele" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pele">Pariaconus pele</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus pyramidalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyramidalis">Pariaconus pyramidalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
immatures.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus hawaiiensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Pariaconus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
: A 5th instar B antenna C anal ring
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–I">D-I</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus pyramidalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyramidalis">Pariaconus pyramidalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
: D, E anal ring (E stained) F detail of marginal simple setae (head, stained) G 2nd instar H 1st instar I detail of marginal simple setae (wing pad, stained) J
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus hawaiiensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Pariaconus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, detail of marginal simple setae (wing pad, stained)
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="K–N">K-N</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus pele" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pele">Pariaconus pele</taxonomicName>
|
||
: K 5th instar with anal ring detail (inset) L anal ring M detail of marginal simple setae N 1st instar
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="O–R">O-R</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus hawaiiensis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Pariaconus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
: examples of developing and older necrotic and lignified stem and bud galls
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="S–W">S-W</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus pyramidalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyramidalis">Pariaconus pyramidalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
: cone galls on glabrous host morphotypes clustered along the leaf mid-vein T detail of narrow cone gall produced on glabrous host morphotype U, V broad cone galls produced on more pubescent host morphotypes W scars remaining on upper leaf surface from old cone galls
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="X–Y">X-Y</normalizedToken>
|
||
single leaf with both
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus pele" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pele">Pariaconus pele</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus pyramidalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyramidalis">Pariaconus pyramidalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
galls: X upper leaf surface with cone galls opening by hinged circular door (indicated) Y lower leaf surface with flat galls opening by valves (indicated) Z donut-type gall with central depression produced by
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" form="kohalensis" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="form" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus pele" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="form" species="pele">Pariaconus pele form kohalensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="AA–BB">AA-BB</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Pariaconus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pariaconus pele" order="Hemiptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pele">Pariaconus pele</taxonomicName>
|
||
gall variations: AA gall with central plug (indicated), opening with circular suture BB gall produced on the leaf margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Figure 53. Map indicating sampling sites for
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Psylloidea" lsidName="Psylloidea bicoloratus" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="bicoloratus">bicoloratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Figure 54. Map indicating sampling sites for
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Psylloidea" lsidName="Psylloidea minutus" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="minutus">minutus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Psylloidea" lsidName="Psylloidea kamua" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="kamua">kamua</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups (
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Psylloidea" lsidName="Psylloidea kamua" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="kamua">kamua</taxonomicName>
|
||
group taxa not mapped here were all found within the same limited geographic range).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Figure 55. Map indicating sampling sites for
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Psylloidea" lsidName="Psylloidea ohialoha" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="ohialoha">ohialoha</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |