191 lines
19 KiB
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191 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.72515" ID-GBIF-Dataset="49d419d7-7261-424c-9561-d9ffc0385fa7" ID-PMC="PMC8613173" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1071-49" ID-Pensoft-UUID="46D3C131ED2551888BD4FACB0EE4AB08" ID-PubMed="34887693" ID-ZooBank="236EEE6121374E3090105DFCDA7DFD2E" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1071-49" checkinTime="1637199300473" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wood, Hannah M., Singh, Hukam & Grimaldi, David A." docDate="2021" docId="2FD08425FCDE56039E1FA94E63D9C21F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1071: 49-61" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1071" docPubDate="2021-11-17" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.72515" docTitle="Myrmecarchaea Wunderlich 2004" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="46D3C131ED2551888BD4FACB0EE4AB08" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="46D3C131ED2551888BD4FACB0EE4AB08" masterDocTitle="Another Laurasian connection in the Early Eocene of India: Myrmecarchaea spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae)" masterLastPageNumber="61" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1668151138515" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Another Laurasian connection in the Early Eocene of India: Myrmecarchaea spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wood, Hannah M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">woodh@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Singh, Hukam</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow 226007, India</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Grimaldi, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024 - 5192, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-11-17</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1071</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>49</mods:start>
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<mods:end>61</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.72515</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.72515</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1071-49</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">236EEE6121374E3090105DFCDA7DFD2E</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">46D3C131ED2551888BD4FACB0EE4AB08</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="190303051" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2FD08425FCDE56039E1FA94E63D9C21F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2FD08425FCDE56039E1FA94E63D9C21F" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName LSID="2FD08425-FCDE-5603-9E1F-A94E63D9C21F" authority="Wunderlich, 2004" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="2004" class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Myrmecarchaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myrmecarchaea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Myrmecarchaea Wunderlich, 2004</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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The presence of a cheliceral gland mound, peg teeth running along the inner cheliceral margin, cuticle texture with scales and/or tubercles (in this case, having both), and the lack of leg spines indicate
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="2004" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Amblypygi" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Palpimanoidea">Palpimanoidea</taxonomicName>
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. The following characters indicate
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<taxonomicName authorityName="C.L.Koch & Berendt" authorityYear="1854" class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Archaeidae</taxonomicName>
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: setal bases on tubercles on the sternum, the shape of the sternum (narrow throughout, not shield shaped), the elongated chelicerae, the shape of the gland mound (pointed, positioned close to fang tip), the blunt setae on the abdomen (rather than tapering), the presence of a bump on the dorsal, basal surface of the femora, and the presence of a curve in femur IV. The specimen is referred to as
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="2004" class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Myrmecarchaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myrmecarchaea" order="Amblypygi" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Myrmecarchaea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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based on having a slightly elongated pedicel and greatly elongated legs (
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<bibRefCitation author="Wunderlich, J" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" refId="B45" refString="Wunderlich, J, 2004. Fossil and extant spiders (Araneae) of the superfamily Eresoidea s.l., with special reference to the Archaeidae and remarks on some higher taxa of the superfamily Araneoidea. In: Wunderlich J (Ed.) Beitraege zur Araneologie, 747-808." title="Fossil and extant spiders (Araneae) of the superfamily Eresoidea s. l., with special reference to the Archaeidae and remarks on some higher taxa of the superfamily Araneoidea. In: Wunderlich J (Ed.) Beitraege zur Araneologie, 747 - 808." year="2004">Wunderlich 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). Specifically, elongated legs are defined here as femur I being at least four times as long as the carapace length. Another diagnostic character for the genus may be the presence of a spur on each lateral side of the pedicel, adjacent to the anterior of the abdomen (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Images of Myrmecarchaea sp. (BSIP 41985) from Cambay amber A exuvium, ventral; arrow pointing to dorsal of abdomen B cephalothorax, dorsal; asterisks denote the coxal openings on the right side where the legs were pulled out of the ventral portion of the exuvium; arrow pointing to some silk threads that is part of a mesh that covers the dorsum of the exuvium C abdomen, lateral; arrow pointing at spinnerets; ' ds' showing the anterior dorsal abdominal sclerite, which is folded back as part of the molting process when the spider freed its body from the exuvium; ' bl' marking the booklung cover that is attached to the anterior ventral abdominal sclerite (labeled ' vs') D anterior portion of cephalothorax, ventral; for reference, the coxae on the right side are numbered and labeled (c = coxa) E distal portion of chelicerae, posterior; dashed line outlines the cheliceral gland mound on the right chelicera; arrow points to one peg tooth F posterior portion of cephalothorax, ventral; for reference, the coxae on the left side are numbered and labeled (c = coxa); arrows show the lateral spurs on the pedicel; black line shows the diastema between coxa III and coxa IV. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 0.25 mm (C-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1071.72515.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/611878" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">1F</figureCitation>
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). The presence of lateral spurs is also observed in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. petiolus" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="petiolus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">M. petiolus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Wunderlich, 2004, and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. pediculus" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="pediculus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">M. pediculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Wunderlich, 2004 (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Pedicel of different Myrmecarchaea species from Baltic amber, arrows marking lateral spurs A M. pediculus Wunderlich, 2004, pedicel, ventral, holotype specimen, No. S 3907 / 4338, from Geologisch Palaeontologisches Institute und Museum (GPIH) B M. petiolus Wunderlich, 2004, pedicel, dorsal, holotype specimen, No. S 3999 / 4337, from GPIH. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1071.72515.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/611879" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">2</figureCitation>
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; pedicel is obscured in the single known specimen of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. antecessor" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="antecessor">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">M. antecessor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020023" author="Carbuccia, B" journalOrPublisher="Earth Science Reviews" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" refId="B2" refString="Carbuccia, B, Wood, HM, Rollard, C, Nel, A, Garrouste, R, 2020. A new Myrmecarchaea (Araneae: Archaeidae) species from Oise amber (earliest Eocene, France). BSGF-Earth Sciences Bulletin 191: 24. https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020023" title="A new Myrmecarchaea (Araneae: Archaeidae) species from Oise amber (earliest Eocene, France). BSGF-Earth Sciences Bulletin 191: 24." url="https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020023" year="2020">Carbuccia et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
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). There are other palpimanoid genera with elongated legs, including both extinct (e.g.,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="2015" class="Arachnida" genus="Planarchaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planarchaea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Planarchaea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Wunderlich, 2015) and extant members (e.g.,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1881" class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Eriauchenius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eriauchenius workmani" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="workmani">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Eriauchenius workmani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Pickard-Cambridge, 1881, although with only leg I elongated). However, these other taxa do not also have an elongated pedicel, nor a pedicel with lateral spurs.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1071.72515.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/611879" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Figure 2.</emphasis>
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Pedicel of different
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="2004" class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Myrmecarchaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myrmecarchaea" order="Amblypygi" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Myrmecarchaea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species from Baltic amber, arrows marking lateral spurs
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. pediculus" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="pediculus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">M. pediculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Wunderlich, 2004, pedicel, ventral, holotype specimen, No. S3907/4338, from Geologisch
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Paläontologisches">Palaeontologisches</normalizedToken>
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Institute und Museum (GPIH)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">B</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. petiolus" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="petiolus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">M. petiolus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Wunderlich, 2004, pedicel, dorsal, holotype specimen, No. S3999/4337, from GPIH. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="2004" class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Myrmecarchaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myrmecarchaea" order="Amblypygi" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Myrmecarchaea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is comprised of three species:
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. petiolus" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="petiolus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">M. petiolus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. pediculus" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="pediculus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">M. pediculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. antecessor" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="antecessor">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">M. antecessor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The exuvium shows similarities to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. antecessor" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="antecessor">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">M. antecessor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in having a diastema between coxae III and IV (compare Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Images of Myrmecarchaea sp. (BSIP 41985) from Cambay amber A exuvium, ventral; arrow pointing to dorsal of abdomen B cephalothorax, dorsal; asterisks denote the coxal openings on the right side where the legs were pulled out of the ventral portion of the exuvium; arrow pointing to some silk threads that is part of a mesh that covers the dorsum of the exuvium C abdomen, lateral; arrow pointing at spinnerets; ' ds' showing the anterior dorsal abdominal sclerite, which is folded back as part of the molting process when the spider freed its body from the exuvium; ' bl' marking the booklung cover that is attached to the anterior ventral abdominal sclerite (labeled ' vs') D anterior portion of cephalothorax, ventral; for reference, the coxae on the right side are numbered and labeled (c = coxa) E distal portion of chelicerae, posterior; dashed line outlines the cheliceral gland mound on the right chelicera; arrow points to one peg tooth F posterior portion of cephalothorax, ventral; for reference, the coxae on the left side are numbered and labeled (c = coxa); arrows show the lateral spurs on the pedicel; black line shows the diastema between coxa III and coxa IV. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 0.25 mm (C-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1071.72515.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/611878" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">1D, F</figureCitation>
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with fig. 2 from
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020023" author="Carbuccia, B" journalOrPublisher="Earth Science Reviews" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" refId="B2" refString="Carbuccia, B, Wood, HM, Rollard, C, Nel, A, Garrouste, R, 2020. A new Myrmecarchaea (Araneae: Archaeidae) species from Oise amber (earliest Eocene, France). BSGF-Earth Sciences Bulletin 191: 24. https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020023" title="A new Myrmecarchaea (Araneae: Archaeidae) species from Oise amber (earliest Eocene, France). BSGF-Earth Sciences Bulletin 191: 24." url="https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020023" year="2020">Carbuccia et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
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). The pedicel seems slightly longer than in non-
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="2004" class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" genus="Myrmecarchaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myrmecarchaea" order="Amblypygi" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Myrmecarchaea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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archaeids, but not as extreme as the pedicel of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. petiolus" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="petiolus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">M. petiolus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. pediculus" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="pediculus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">M. pediculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The ratio of cephalothorax length to pedicel length can be used to compare these shape differences:
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. pediculus" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="pediculus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">M. pediculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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= 1.2;
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. petiolus" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="petiolus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">M. petiolus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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= 1.4;
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. antecessor" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="antecessor">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">M. antecessor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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= 2.3 (estimated from figures in
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020023" author="Carbuccia, B" journalOrPublisher="Earth Science Reviews" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" refId="B2" refString="Carbuccia, B, Wood, HM, Rollard, C, Nel, A, Garrouste, R, 2020. A new Myrmecarchaea (Araneae: Archaeidae) species from Oise amber (earliest Eocene, France). BSGF-Earth Sciences Bulletin 191: 24. https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020023" title="A new Myrmecarchaea (Araneae: Archaeidae) species from Oise amber (earliest Eocene, France). BSGF-Earth Sciences Bulletin 191: 24." url="https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020023" year="2020">Carbuccia et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
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);
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. workmani" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="workmani">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">E. workmani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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= 4.3. This ratio should be treated with caution because measurements were taken from different views for the different species out of necessity due to inconsistencies in fossil preservation. The exuvium from Cambay amber has a ratio of 4.0, and does not present a remarkably long pedicel. The adult ratio may be closer to that of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. antecessor" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="antecessor">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">M. antecessor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but because this exuvium is from a juvenile, it cannot be determined whether this is
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. antecessor" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="antecessor">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">M. antecessor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or a new species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |