172 lines
17 KiB
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172 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="442024AA85421F09F9A41EFFF2AA45CF" ID-CLB-Dataset="34437" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a15ec661-e796-4207-8509-756590c75c0e" ID-PMC="PMC4389221" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-493-1" ID-PubMed="25878545" ID-ZooBank="1FBFFA4CA71F495CAD22F2EB680FEF95" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-493-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 493" ModsDocTitle="Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)" checkinTime="1451244490299" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Noort, Simon van, Buffington, Matthew L. & Forshage, Mattias" docDate="2015" docId="2EA2D91D175128F40195AD09F1F5DA4A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 493: 1-176" docOrigin="ZooKeys 493" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353" docTitle="Neralsia Cameron 1883" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="125" masterDocId="DD2DFF8EFFC4FFA2FFD7FFE4FFB46007" masterDocTitle="Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="176" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="123" updateTime="1732636387186" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="01B86AB855AFA017AEC66AAEC61088E2" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7DCA42433038E212E81AC0A425731FB1">
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<mods:title id="A433B6C96EFD6A4677E5197FBAEB4C2D">Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="F9FD572983F39426E5C4924D52D9BDBA" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="05A58713B3AE3F5853067FC56CCCA330">Noort, Simon van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FF1D030A13F3FD8209132B7D8B4111C2">Buffington, Matthew L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="FA37F64EA1B53BC84A89BFA50E5D8BA8" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="61DC5C68B83506CAFA8B3FB1F3CEBBC5">Forshage, Mattias</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="E9A45656E9A4EC458026DF81F4F846BE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="575260184328D6470432557575D01360">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="71E3F32763596575C6D012A7A9C672A9">
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<mods:date id="A29495706DA1933C726114D3D01B6E78">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="9918159DB2D69141476209B98CDB7397" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="DAD7666B031378A39A60FD368E6B179F">493</mods:number>
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<mods:location id="9864444490176D9F9966511361748C15">
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<mods:url id="386229292BE16E50F358BB5DF38AD70E">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="24612E81B45AE7FCD72AC3C2CFBD832D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="88B625929B28376129119A6663401854" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B051BD52577D72934ADF18286F59A980" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-493-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="2EA2D91D175128F40195AD09F1F5DA4A" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152059219" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2EA2D91D175128F40195AD09F1F5DA4A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2EA2D91D175128F40195AD09F1F5DA4A" lastPageId="124" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" scope_family="Figitidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_subFamily="Figitinae" scope_superFamily="Cynipoidea">
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<subSubSection id="A3F6297344F7497527DE87804B21FAAA" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="29A8D6E887DE33B527FC6751266F0599" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
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<pageBreakToken id="40BB5A0239396C90A011F34D7127F959" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
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classification Animalia Hymenoptera Figitidae
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8E411436382D1C194FEAFE4795773643" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="FBDF249BE4D20E4400C35687364D1CE5" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
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<taxonomicName id="F97B7948BC6A7426D1F9D741D8E27175" authority="Cameron, 1883" authorityName="Cameron" authorityYear="1883" genus="Neralsia" lsidName="Neralsia" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" rank="genus">Neralsia Cameron, 1883</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7EAE8E2DD808E034A1BE289509C832B6" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" type="remarks">
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<paragraph id="4B1D98616670FB35CE5BCC66488206BA" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="29336D9A09866B2E6098AF346A2BB6BD" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
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Rare in the Afrotropical region. The genus is extremely species-rich in the Neotropical region and has recently been revised in a series of papers by
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<bibRefCitation id="5F207AC6CA448E6A3C86EE0F8AFCF54D" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="Butlleti de la Institucio Catalana d'Historia Natural" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" pagination="61 - 81" title="Las especies sudamericanas del genero Neralsia Cameron (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae: Figitinae): estudio del material tipo." volume="72" year="2004">
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<normalizedToken id="AD7F485E563CE9100E624CAB5CB124BB" originalValue="Jiménez">Jimenez</normalizedToken>
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et al. (2004
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="455C41AD18F26B3331293907671E6E97" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="Sessio d'Entomologia de la Institucio Catalana d'Historia Natural-Societat Catalana de Lepidopterologia" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" pagination="73 - 84" title="Resultados preliminares del estudio de las especies sudamericanas del genero Neralsia Cameron (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae: Figitinae)." volume="13" year="2005 a">2005a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="B4882D0B16BCB33504109C9123908BAC" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulleti de la Institucio Catalana d'Historia Natural" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" pagination="61 - 71" title="Las especies sudamericanas del genero Neralsia Cameron (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae: Figitinae): estudio del material tipo." volume="72" year="2005 b">2005b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EC05EE8AAF3C99EAD829BB4A718FD75D" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie (Nouvelle Serie)" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" pagination="165 - 179" title="Sobre los Neralsia que presentan la carena que separa las fosetas escutelares alta: descripcion de 8 nuevas especies sudamericanas (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae)." volume="22" year="2005 c">2005c</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="8636838A66F46B2324BE3505916E91AE" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="Neotropical Entomology" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" pagination="59 - 69" title="Description de nueve especies sudamaricanas del genero Neralsia Cameron, 1883, con carena escutelar baja (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae: Figitinae)." url="10.1590/S1519-566x2006000100009" volume="35" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="4F873DBA03C50EA1B1AD3839F9DE3ED6" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Biologia Tropical (International Journal of Tropical Biology)" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" pagination="795 - 828" title="Revision of the South American species of Neralsia (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) with the description of eight new species." url="10.15517/rbt.v56i2.5625" volume="56" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="15106C90744FE5C64DD37AB5A8B13EDA" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="Dugesiana" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" pagination="45 - 68" title="Revision de las especies de Neralsia de Centroamerica y las Antillas, con la descripcion de once especies nuevas (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Figitinae)." volume="15" year="2008 a">2008a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="C00484859B4CB05034AA16B2620ABAB6" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" pagination="993 - 1002" title="Revision of the species of Neralsia (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Figitinae) from North America." url="10.1603/0013-8746-101.6.993" volume="101" year="2008 b">2008b</bibRefCitation>
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);
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<bibRefCitation id="52C6E137E3DF6535581B09366307741F" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" pagination="313 - 315" title="Descripcion de nueva especie de Neralsia (Hymenoptera: Figitinae) de Bolivia." volume="45" year="2009">
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<normalizedToken id="FB483CEB456E83E8018CEF6BF7C10321" originalValue="Jiménez">Jimenez</normalizedToken>
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and Pujade-Villar (2009)
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="9CB37F4DC3D32C8903844EC84CDA44D6" author="Petersen-Silva, R" journalOrPublisher="Dugesiana" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="49 - 52" title="Descripcion de dos nuevas especies del genero Neralsia Cameron de Venezuela (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae)." volume="17" year="2010">Petersen-Silva and Pujade-Villar (2010)</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="B9A44B3F90D2E7808CF3DB814D5B5A8F" author="Petersen-Silva, R" journalOrPublisher="Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="373 - 376" title="Nuevos aportes al conocimiento de las especies del genero Neralsia Cameron (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Figitinae) en Venezuela." volume="46" year="2010">Petersen-Silva et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="B224E1E74D8DF37B0994EB63CA087C6F" author="Pujade-Villar, J" journalOrPublisher=")" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="45 - 49" title="Description of a new species of Neralsia Cameron with a wide distribution in the American continent: N. incompleta n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Figitinae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (n. s." volume="42" year="2006">Pujade-Villar et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="D155DFEA53DA15303A5468111280E718" genus="Neralsia" lsidName="Neralsia" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" rank="genus">Neralsia</taxonomicName>
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is also common throughout the Nearctic Region, but species limits have not been thoroughly established (Buffington pers. obs.).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E0AF6FD3C799F4BA13DDD1F8A2D8C33C" lastPageId="124" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="0D1CD84650D0FA12E1CE3875EF19B622" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
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<pageBreakToken id="4C7E2BCB8A09E300E0DEAEFA79021AD1" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="552DA222CBE708D7B759913E7AA40294" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
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<taxonomicName id="234FDEAF7AE650C6F75FE2AB7B81CEB5" genus="Neralsia" lsidName="Neralsia" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken id="56361C487719C52F042E0E84FB6A8C8C" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" start="start">Neralsia</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="224AAA52CD57E1F5B8D504E6C6A62DC2" genus="Xyalophora" lsidName="Xyalophora" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="genus">Xyalophora</taxonomicName>
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are the only known figitines in the Afrotropical region with a scutellar spine.
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<taxonomicName id="F4D995F13C0B1F61A47F754119E0392F" genus="Neralsia" lsidName="Neralsia" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="genus">Neralsia</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="E887BC65B155C9808D20E5EF1FCF2414" genus="Xyalophora" lsidName="Xyalophora" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="genus">Xyalophora</taxonomicName>
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by whether or not the notauli are horizontally striate: smooth in
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<taxonomicName id="8F33B1C8A7CE2C6BE5320A101DA53CCB" genus="Neralsia" lsidName="Neralsia" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="genus">Neralsia</taxonomicName>
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, striate in
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<taxonomicName id="E1AF65D1D57893A33AFFA6FEAC02C318" genus="Xyalophora" lsidName="Xyalophora" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="genus">Xyalophora</taxonomicName>
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(Jimenez et al. 2008). Also, most
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<taxonomicName id="60104631C6A9F802582EE7EB051A9B63" genus="Neralsia" lsidName="Neralsia" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="genus">Neralsia</taxonomicName>
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have a longer, more robust scutellar spine than
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<taxonomicName id="1EF395E635F532BBEE478677AFE526F1" genus="Xyalophora" lsidName="Xyalophora" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="genus">Xyalophora</taxonomicName>
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, but in specimens we have examined, this character varies with overall size of the specimen. This genus also resembles some members of
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<taxonomicName id="41CB799FA11735505045484F0840C11D" lsidName="" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Aspicerinae">Aspicerinae</taxonomicName>
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, most notably
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<taxonomicName id="622A390C9ADCC68FB91A51C224216196" genus="Prosaspicera" lsidName="Prosaspicera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="genus">Prosaspicera</taxonomicName>
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, which also possess a distinct scutellar spine, but can be separated from
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<taxonomicName id="640935415A0C448B9F3CCD5D95B9E395" genus="Prosaspicera" lsidName="Prosaspicera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="genus">Prosaspicera</taxonomicName>
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by the lack of a facial impression on the head (present in
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<taxonomicName id="371514060557EB95952D68868AA27216" genus="Prosaspicera" lsidName="Prosaspicera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="genus">Prosaspicera</taxonomicName>
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), and lack of a ligulate metasoma T2.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="04F5A03C3C39223837052515C80A9919" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
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<paragraph id="E76041868168A09CA284D65ED177BE96" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
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Figure 47.
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<taxonomicName id="4C99DF2F5CEB4A30A500FFED03D97BD4" genus="Neralsia" lsidName="Neralsia haddocki" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="haddocki">Neralsia haddocki</taxonomicName>
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(Holotype, Central African Republic). A habitus lateral view B mesosoma dorsolateral view C head anterior view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4CBCB10871C9368F3E48891044B80D90" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="0E06A1BC5CBA65EEB526A5DFA3F93DC7" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6E7B60310F26862CC5C830CC6F16E5C5" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
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Mainly Neotropical, but with single species in the Nearctic and the Afrotropical regions. Purported records from the Oriental region and the east Palearctic are unconfirmed. Afrotropical records: Central African Republic, South Africa (
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<bibRefCitation id="1BA7FA3C7D22A3F73145D36860424595" author="van Noort, S" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" pagination="37 - 69" title="Review of Afrotropical Figitinae (Figitidae, Cynipoidea, Hymenoptera) with the first record of Neralsia and Lonchidia for the region." url="10.3897/zookeys.453.8511" volume="453" year="2014">van Noort et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AE885CF1FC0DC94C9C6011EA96013F48" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" type="biology">
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<paragraph id="7C504CFAC0C1ACCEFD80044A0837C9BC" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4ED26FCD8CB92B36B4D9E6C796A7DBF1" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
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Parasitoids of calyptrate
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<taxonomicName id="59A742AC2F2737D443CCFEACF5E41DF7" lsidName="Brachycera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="suborder" suborder="Brachycera">Brachycera</taxonomicName>
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larvae in decomposing substrates (
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<bibRefCitation id="47549791B317C67A227CE45A2C0D7B96" author="Diaz, NB" journalOrPublisher="Anais da Sociedade Entomolologica do Brasil" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" pagination="469 - 474" title="About Cynipoidea of Brazil, parasitoids of dung-flies. II (Insecta, Hymenoptera)." url="10.1590/S0301-80592000000300009" volume="29" year="2000">
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<normalizedToken id="3BB7AE6636B8398A1BEA529980057FDD" originalValue="Díaz">Diaz</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2000
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="F65BFFEB3CDADBBB25FD95EE371E26FF" author="Thomas, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Economic Entomology" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" pagination="169 - 174" title="Parasites of the horn fly in Missouri." volume="65" year="1972">Thomas and Morgan 1972</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="D94AA3CE8B75183701C8AC673A593ABB" author="Buffington, ML" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="287 - 304" title="Divergence estimates and early evolutionary history of Figitidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea)." url="10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00617.x" volume="37" year="2012">Buffington et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9C5622CBDB910D86DDBC37FFBC86C334" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" type="species richness">
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<paragraph id="271518C2792E2388765B71BD7E79308E" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Species richness.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8697C1B41865B670FA999A91092BDA9F" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
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<taxonomicName id="BC2073662A2413E630D816C04256B27C" genus="Neralsia" lsidName="Neralsia haddocki" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="haddocki">Neralsia haddocki</taxonomicName>
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van Noort, Buffington & Forshage, 2014 (Central African Republic, South Africa)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |