236 lines
28 KiB
XML
236 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="DED27116BC0D89FEC24B146C4E78B7CF" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e8150" ID-PMC="PMC5019016" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828--8150" ID-PubMed="27651730" ID-ZooBank="262DB958242246B692E61675C3C07DB1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1314-2828--e8150" ModsDocOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal " ModsDocTitle="A taxonomic monograph of the assassin bug genus Zelus Fabricius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): 71 species based on 10,000 specimens" checkinTime="1553126057039" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Zhang, Guanyang, Hart, Elwood R & Weirauch, Christiane" docDate="2016" docId="2A55420F942C9801F3383E0861671000" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 4: e8150" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 4" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e8150" docTitle="Zelus nugax Stal 1862" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="8150" masterDocId="570F0E795632FF88A15573625E50C567" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic monograph of the assassin bug genus Zelus Fabricius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): 71 species based on 10,000 specimens" masterLastPageNumber="8150" masterPageNumber="8150" pageNumber="8150" updateTime="1701316348929" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="035320244DA2A1D52D9CBC7CAAC4E36C">
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<mods:title id="C3D923C7EE0554CDF31AAA995B18ED12">A taxonomic monograph of the assassin bug genus Zelus Fabricius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): 71 species based on 10,000 specimens</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="8A6E25A80314A8F82677E6C6E1AC7B3A" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0276B585E6AE7B48D58D854B4DC4273D">Zhang, Guanyang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4293CCF7D9F7EEC1B06303B2FAB1D3A1">Hart, Elwood R</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="882639D9F0641B2C39F761D66896AD8F">Weirauch, Christiane</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="87DA83F4FA73407F77275766E6C99686">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="46770B16CBE5B179B20099F11779EE2D">Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="44F56A77DB4D1447636E263C9E26910B">
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<mods:date id="81293DACBC937AB83AFF5976292475EB">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="3736A54A64CC12B75E347563F0D108B1" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="1DD73F9349D80E74886717DAA0D006ED">4</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="6EB5C0346529E075E684FC874E2320E1">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e8150</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="7C324E2765D7B86D265FE889240E44A2">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="B66A3B87FA5E4ED6D32E9D1237512041" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e8150</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B3515D7DF6C306F120C06BFE77B1E206" type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828--8150</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="2A55420F942C9801F3383E0861671000" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2A55420F942C9801F3383E0861671000" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2A55420F942C9801F3383E0861671000" lastPageNumber="8150" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
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<subSubSection id="A9BF9B6926555DE6013B02FC6AB8A0A7" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="CA281E31DC015C4E5F98EC51079125B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
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<taxonomicName id="161805729E58E5402ADC994356374A1B" ID-CoL="5D25N" authority="Stal, 1862" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus nugax" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nugax">
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Zelus nugax
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<normalizedToken id="F7DBDC58CA9B8AFAC4B845CDBEB0F87A" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
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, 1862
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DF451546AAC646DA29CA4A848CF7B9C9" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="7C6EC34BA7A150D3849C781808661EC9" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
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<taxonomicName id="C10CB149DD92856851DDBA69B1B74D32" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus nugax" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nugax">Zelus nugax</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="7119D6EBE10E89199798D085966A15AE" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
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, 1862, p. 450-451, orig. descr. (subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="1194D4603CCBB0F7519710C9AD0D705C" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Heteroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heteroptera (Diplodus)" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Diplodus">Diplodus</taxonomicName>
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);
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<normalizedToken id="6A1600B6FF434015ECE60A041EE983B1" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
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, 1872, p. 91, cat. (subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="982216574FB8933344E8B38126938E16" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Heteroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heteroptera (Diplodus)" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Diplodus">Diplodus</taxonomicName>
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); Lethierry and Severin, 1896, p. 152, cat.; Champion, 1898, p. 257, 2, note and list; Kuhlgatz, 1902,, p. 266, note; Fracker, 1913, p. 239, 240, key and list (subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="8C1310A01D63E34B9DD606207BD53C3A" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Heteroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heteroptera (Diplodus)" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Diplodus">Diplodus</taxonomicName>
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); Fracker and Bruner, 1924, p. 171, list; Haviland, 1931, p. 137, 152, list and note; Leonard and Mills, 1931, p. 309-323, note; Wygodzinsky, 1947, p. 431, note; Wygodzinsky, 1949a, p. 49, checklist; Guagliumi, 1953, p. 16, note; Wygodzinsky, 1957, p. 268, junior syn. of
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<taxonomicName id="03B002B5EFAA434AB7432A667618567B" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus obscuridorsis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuridorsis">Zelus obscuridorsis</taxonomicName>
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; Sucre, et. al., 1966, p. 31, note; Hart, 1986, p. 540, redescription, note, fig., key and lectotype desig.; Maldonado, 1990, p. 330, cat.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E1624ED1576C5B6F78BA4E413A6C84FA" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
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<taxonomicName id="8A861A47ED4CA4D2AE9DC01A5FA8FF2B" family="Sparidae" genus="Diplodus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diplodus nugax" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nugax">Diplodus nugax</taxonomicName>
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: Walker, 1873, p. 124, cat; Uhler, 1886, p. 24, checklist; Hart, 1986, p. 540, lectotype desig.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7E1A99E47EF9C6715787D65620AD9AB6" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
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<taxonomicName id="5A8F1F3D47548D5B5F77C2C0BB424DE1" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus rufigeniculatus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufigeniculatus">Zelus rufigeniculatus</taxonomicName>
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Haviland, 1931, p. 137, 148, 153-154, list, fig. and orig. descr. (subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="C5E868E6C449C24A973828882E9FBA7B" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Heteroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heteroptera (Diplodus)" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Diplodus">Diplodus</taxonomicName>
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); Wygodzinsky, 1949a, p. 50, checklist; Hart, 1986, p. 540, junior syn. of
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<taxonomicName id="83F0F1B935D3F4955CF5DBD3F04F4103" lsidName="Z. nugax" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="nugax">Z. nugax</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="46A52EA1E9D3567CF9FAECBB18FCB655" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="277BAA1060AE0BC92953A01B62580F0D" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Materials</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CEABFCAD6E3EB8C08007D63666D51EF5" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
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<materialsCitation id="C27A844A552A26B77D91D4DA35F05F34" collectingDate="No date provided" collectionCode="NHRS" collectorName="Salle" country="MEXICO" location="unknown" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" specimenCode="UCR _ ENT 00041008" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Lectotype">
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Type status:
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<typeStatus id="490979B73BDC32C2D0AB1564E1431958" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Lectotype</typeStatus>
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. Occurrence: catalogNumber:
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<specimenCode id="0DEB8144A8539F39B02442A35636E1E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">UCR_ENT 00041008</specimenCode>
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; occurrenceRemarks: Lectotype of Zelusnugax
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<normalizedToken id="D408E889211CE5D9284A85879593F896" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
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, 1862, designated by Hart (1986). Verbatim label info: Mexico / Salle / nugax Stal / Lectotype Zelusnugax Stal / designated by E.R.Hart / Typus / NHRS-GULI 000000336; recordedBy:
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<collectorName id="8D86A73CCB019C7C6013AD25554DFC76" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Salle</collectorName>
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; sex:
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<specimenType id="634CAD5185C33DE3A057BB07140C7ED5" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Adult Female</specimenType>
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; otherCatalogNumbers: NHRS-GULI 000000336; Taxon: scientificName: Zelusnugax; family: Reduviidae; genus: Zelus; scientificNameAuthorship:
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<normalizedToken id="3BF3264078ACB0CF1A2E1D706B3FCA25" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
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, 1862; Location: country:
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<collectingCountry id="D7CACE035BEA4FE2016D18285665476C" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">MEXICO</collectingCountry>
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; locality:
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<location id="4B885AEAB85844675CA0ABDD0CC41CB6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2A55420F942C9801F3383E0861671000:4B885AEAB85844675CA0ABDD0CC41CB6" country="MEXICO" name="unknown" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">unknown</location>
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; Identification: identifiedBy:
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<determinerName id="5BBCDB0D36B42A64EC819914C3A68A3C" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">G. Zhang</determinerName>
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; dateIdentified: 2012; Event: eventDate:
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<collectingDate id="DDD48E12DCAEE596C2BFCDEB71D05058" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">No date provided</collectingDate>
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; Record Level: institutionCode:
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<collectionCode id="0ED4797C70581B7A984AE7B8720C7B9F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">NHRS</collectionCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="938564C458968A7534D2708FB5837908" collectingDate="1922 - 10" collectionCode="BMNH" collectorName="Haviland, M. D." country="Guyana" location="Berbice" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
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Type status:
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<typeStatus id="267C697EB4A1C033EA92BB2E7BACBBC8" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Other material</typeStatus>
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. Occurrence: occurrenceRemarks: Lectotype of Zelusrufigeniculatus Haviland, 1931, designated by Hart (1986). Bears following labels: Type / Berbice Brit. Guiana-October 1922-e. coll. M. D. Haviland-d.d. Collegium Newnhamense / Pres. By Mrs. Brindley-B.M. 1928-172 / Zelusrufigeniculatus Haviland; recordedBy:
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<collectorName id="10F0FC5C9797643BE374E26B1CC8C9D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Haviland, M.D.</collectorName>
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; sex:
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<specimenType id="CB689436952B8BB63C8AB10AB3F5C434" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Adult Female</specimenType>
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; Taxon: scientificName: Zelusnugax; family: Reduviidae; genus: Zelus; scientificNameAuthorship:
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<normalizedToken id="1284B94E48425E4240938DF5AD76004F" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
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, 1862; Location: country:
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<collectingCountry id="633E53FF0C60CB662CD47710B5DABFDC" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Guyana</collectingCountry>
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; locality:
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<location id="81EF5CA9DD5BFCD5B4661182C0E08470" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2A55420F942C9801F3383E0861671000:81EF5CA9DD5BFCD5B4661182C0E08470" country="Guyana" name="Berbice" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Berbice</location>
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; Event: eventDate:
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<collectingDate id="3349AC087748EBBB90D2A9A33403858E" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">1922-10</collectingDate>
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; Record Level: institutionCode:
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<collectionCode id="C764ADA16B57609173F6F09859342BE7" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">BMNH</collectionCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="6D76E271F1C63D5ABA13DC8C3052C2FE" collectingDate="1922 - 10" collectionCode="BMNH" collectorName="Haviland, M. D." country="Guyana" location="Berbice" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
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Type status:
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<typeStatus id="647444A10E05A1A51C402C4327B8A0A5" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Other material</typeStatus>
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. Occurrence: occurrenceRemarks: Paralectotype of Zelusrufigeniculatus Haviland, 1931, designated by Hart (1986). Bears following labels: Type / Berbice Brit. Guiana-October 1922-e. coll. M. D. Haviland-d.d. Collegium Newnhamense / Pres. By Mrs. Brindley-B.M. 1928-172 / Zelusrufigeniculatus Haviland; recordedBy:
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<collectorName id="DE8F4C3C3EEA4ABE1C25361F4F585B28" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Haviland, M.D.</collectorName>
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; sex:
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<specimenType id="F47DB9C7E7FEA514261AC79DD372232B" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Adult Female</specimenType>
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; Taxon: scientificName: Zelusnugax; family: Reduviidae; genus: Zelus; scientificNameAuthorship:
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<normalizedToken id="9A5A9E82206756F927E9B45C8638D104" originalValue="Stål">Stal</normalizedToken>
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, 1862; Location: country:
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<collectingCountry id="459C8BDEE0D843D1A68D1A43CBDD963F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Guyana</collectingCountry>
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; locality:
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<location id="21E7C4B8D78EB3AD8FC42306ACE09F2E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2A55420F942C9801F3383E0861671000:21E7C4B8D78EB3AD8FC42306ACE09F2E" country="Guyana" name="Berbice" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Berbice</location>
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; Event: eventDate:
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<collectingDate id="5ABEE4A87341DDED0CECC120E6A138F2" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">1922-10</collectingDate>
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; Record Level: institutionCode:
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<collectionCode id="17823E8C63AD709A5F829157802F296A" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">BMNH</collectionCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4B088B33CADF00EC24106AC6BB1008BA" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" type="description">
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<paragraph id="A6DB60B7ADF4DCE77B37CA050C782A67" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Description</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="295972C859EEC12FD416AFD9F9003D21" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Figs 147, 148, 149</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A39BC0F2E99FE80C54FDB84B9FFCB645" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Male: (Fig. 147a, b) Small, total length 9.54-10.78 mm (mean 10.23 mm, Suppl. material 2); slender. COLORATION: Dorsal surface brown, sometimes disc of posterior pronotal lobe and scutellum yellowish-brown. Lateral and ventral surfaces generally yellowish-brown. Femora with at least apices and often entire enlarged apical area dark reddish-brown,tibiae with variable dark reddish-brown bands. VESTITURE: Sparsely setose. Head with moderate to long erect setae and recumbent setae. Anterior pronotal lobe with short, recumbent setae dorsally confined to setal tracts, laterally with longer, recumbent to erect setae; posterior pronotal lobe with recumbent setae. Abdomen with short, recumbent and short to moderately long, erect setae. STRUCTURE: Head: Elongated, L/W = 2.48. Postocular lobe long; in dorsal view anteriorly gradually narrowing, posterior portion constant, slightly narrower. Eye smallish; lateral margin only slightly wider than postocular lobe; dorsal and ventral margins removed from surfaces of head. Labium: I: II: III = 1: 2.0: 0.4. Basiflagellomere diameter larger than that of pedicel. Thorax: Anterolateral angle with inconspicuous subtuberculate projection; medial longitudinal sulcus shallow near collar, deepening posteriorly. Posterior pronotal lobe with rugulose surface; disc distinctly elevated above humeral angle; humeral angle armed, with dentate projection. Scutellum long; apex slightly pointed dorsally. Legs: Very slender, femoral diameters subequal. Hemelytron: Slightly surpassing apex of abdomen, not more than length of abdominal segment seven; quadrate cell small; Cu and M of cubital cell subparallel, slightly converging. GENITALIA: (Fig. 148) Pygophore: Ovoid; not expanded laterally in dorsal view. Medial process cylindrical; very slender; long, only slightly shorter than paramere; laterally compressed; semi-erect; nearly straight; apex in posterior view acute, without modification. Paramere: Cylindrical; moderately long, achieving apex of medial process; directed posteriad; nearly straight; apical part not enlarged, apex somewhat truncate. Phallus: Dorsal phallothecal sclerite shield-shaped; apical portion of phallothecal sclerite distinctly tapered, slightly convex, laterally rounded, not forming angle; posterior margin of foramen deeply concave. Struts attached to dorsal phallothecal sclerite; massively fused. Basal plate arm moderately robust; widely separate; diverging; in lateral view very slightly curved; bridge moderately long; extension of basal plate not distinctly visible.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D43917CB59A626A91F7D6F3A03665E0F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Female: (Fig. 147c, d) Similar to male, except for the following. Larger than male, total length 12.25-14.14 mm (mean 12.99 mm, Suppl. material 2).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F3DD8A25D7800D7AECC1275A59589186" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="D0AEC72438B240E9BF44D8B1F4180F12" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Diagnosis</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D58A7253C6FE7F22A6DACB7D8DC362D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
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The slender, cylindrical paramere and the laterally compressed medial process can separate males of this species from most other species of the genus. Difficult to distinguish from
|
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<taxonomicName id="9A19E2AACEB10825D4041498047F47A8" lsidName="Z. pedestris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="pedestris">Z. pedestris</taxonomicName>
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, but the paramere apex is generally more truncate, the dorsal phallothecal sclerite usually without lateral indentation, and the basal plate arms are separate in most specimens (see taxon discussion).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EE81DA95A1E79A3E428D3B7360252EA" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="633CD3C02285EADE9E69B8EC3F601DF4" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EF9AFF8FB4352BBE5794966C034D5FFD" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Mexico, Central America and South America (Fig. 149). Countries with records: Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, and Venezuela.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5E251361318DA15EFB26C7DCAF273EF2" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" type="taxon discussion">
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<paragraph id="716B54C321C4ACA74DF9E8C5CE0CDE4B" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">Taxon discussion</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EF1D072763E197F1104090955DB359A9" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
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This is by far the most widespread species of the
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<taxonomicName id="D88ECA7FF8B583EBD3D24D1108DBF133" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus nugax" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nugax">Zelus nugax</taxonomicName>
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|
species group, and one of the most widespread members of the genus. In Ecuador, Mexico and Central America,
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<taxonomicName id="21620A6857032D5A432D4B85790A4D07" lsidName="Z. nugax" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="nugax">Z. nugax</taxonomicName>
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|
is apparently among the most common species of reduviids, occurring in second growth foliage and tall grasses throughout its range. Other than a variation in color from yellowish-brown to dark brown in any given area and a more noticeably produced scutellar apex in South America, there are little readily apparent external variations in the species. In the internal male genitalia, however, we find some noticeable geographic variations. In South America the basal plate arms are apparently always separate, while there seems to be tendency toward fusion of these arms as one progresses northward to Mexico.
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</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="5CAB5F5C074E2E9A78F3231D1A79E161" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
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|
The following discussion on some of the diagnostic characters may be useful for separating species when confusions arise, but as we have not clearly defined the boundaries between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6D1A59B254E62F326C26FA82A2181D11" lsidName="Z. nugax" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="nugax">Z. nugax</taxonomicName>
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|
and
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|
<taxonomicName id="DE8F5006CE1A49849384825096ED7FB9" lsidName="Z. pedestris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="pedestris">Z. pedestris</taxonomicName>
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|
, reliable identification may not be achieved at all times. We will discuss this in the next paragraph. The straight bladelike medial process of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D2C7CC39DE5CA538C416DB1372B75442" lsidName="Z. nugax" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="nugax">Z. nugax</taxonomicName>
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|
distinguishes it from
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|
<taxonomicName id="EE8F516D6BA890E9BEC52D62ABA457F1" lsidName="Z. impar" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="impar">Z. impar</taxonomicName>
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|
and
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|
<taxonomicName id="9AF02C07103B4E806B04E21DAA11F763" lsidName="Z. illotus" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="illotus">Z. illotus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, both of which have similar appearances to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5F3BE78852065E5BFB1C77BF7020C208" lsidName="Z. nugax" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="nugax">Z. nugax</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but both have recurved medial processes. The less rounded pygophore and more blunted paramere separate this species externally from most male specimens of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2ACC1D4F911B5C7EC2B1770062B81E1C" lsidName="Z. pedestris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="pedestris">Z. pedestris</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Although it is difficult to separate the females of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D7FF3195C0536DF5E6EBDD2C308E447" lsidName="Z. nugax" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="nugax">Z. nugax</taxonomicName>
|
|
from
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|
<taxonomicName id="1DD8E06A191AC3C50BF297ACA76FC9C7" lsidName="Z. illotus" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="illotus">Z. illotus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8BE591B833BFFF3850E75A2A82DFC02E" lsidName="Z. pedestris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="pedestris">Z. pedestris</taxonomicName>
|
|
, there appears to be some differences among these species. The normal lack of erect setae on the dorsal surface of the posterior pronotal lobe of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1FCA00773CA2768950567D0489B6B1B5" lsidName="Z. illotus" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="illotus">Z. illotus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and lower posterior margin of the anterior pronotal lobe of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="230816F1ABE4A8EB6D2664538308412A" lsidName="Z. pedestris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="pedestris">Z. pedestris</taxonomicName>
|
|
usually serve as diagnostic characters for someone with large series and a familiarization with all three species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="F37A76F7343D641E18D85434D55C7465" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
It remains unresolved if
|
|
<taxonomicName id="22C3C51985DC6767D5606C145717C16E" lsidName="Z. nugax" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="nugax">Z. nugax</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4009DA3D95F774C17CD4256DC241A059" lsidName="Z. pedestris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="pedestris">Z. pedestris</taxonomicName>
|
|
are distinct species. They are currently delimited based on several characters of the male genitalia, which, however, do not appear to be fixed. With regards to four characters (paramere apex shape, fusion of basal plate arms, lateral indentation on dorsal phallothecal sclerite, and basal plate arm extension) used in delimitation, the following combinations have been observed: (1) paramere apex acute, basal plate arms fused, phallothecal indentation present and basal plate arm extension present and expanded laterally (observations based on specimens from Santa Catarina, Brazil); (2) paramere apex truncate, slightly enlarged, somewhat diamond-shaped, basal plate arms fused, indentation absent and extension present, laterally expanded (La Molina, Peru); and (3) paramere apex truncate, slightly enlarged, basal plate arms separate, phallothecal indentation absent and extension absent or inconspicuous (El Valle, Panama). Following the phylogenetic species concept sensu Wheeler and Platnick (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5B2982FC64FC5BBF366137E5D5D7B1CE" author="Wheeler, QD" editor="Wheeler, QD" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" title="Species concepts and phylogenetic theory" year="2000">Wheeler and Platnick 2000</bibRefCitation>
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|
), we would call each population a different species. We restrained from doing this as we have not thoroughly examined the ranges of variations.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A2509555D784788BE9E6F72885C04D13" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150">
|
|
Both the types of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="89C4FADA55FED71C25D19D7023BB4D50" lsidName="Z. nugax" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="nugax">Z. nugax</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F3CB7DF9503FFE8FBA523D8FFBCD7271" lsidName="Z. pedestris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="pedestris">Z. pedestris</taxonomicName>
|
|
are females, further complicating the application of the names as we have not been able to distinguish females of the two species. The type of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F2B2B6747205D94C8B610842E70ACBBF" lsidName="Z. nugax" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="nugax">Z. nugax</taxonomicName>
|
|
is from Mexico and that of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CE35CFFAF68E3D16C47719E8F7B1AFED" lsidName="Z. pedestris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="pedestris">Z. pedestris</taxonomicName>
|
|
from South America (country not recorded).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E2E6F7B8603B3535C85A295D2554764B" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelus nugax" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nugax">Zelus nugax</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1ECD75A9EF5B3BBEBD7182325140F1E8" lsidName="Z. pedestris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="pedestris">Z. pedestris</taxonomicName>
|
|
overlap broadly in northern South America, but
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DEB077B950D6EDF95D5397450D4B363E" lsidName="Z. nugax" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="nugax">Z. nugax</taxonomicName>
|
|
appears to be absent South of Peru and in most of Brazil and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AB17A5B9F3DAC2D3668524A0741A0C78" lsidName="Z. pedestris" pageId="0" pageNumber="8150" rank="species" species="pedestris">Z. pedestris</taxonomicName>
|
|
not recorded from North and Central Americas. This geographic pattern currently serves as an additional means to apply the names.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |