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<document id="7E0FF368620E85402E983DF5E2D2F5D6" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5397.4.3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10469053" ID-ZooBank="3EE9F78B-0133-4466-872C-F14CEF87E928" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1704709575407" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Davies, Natalie, Lafleur, Alexandre, Hochberg, Rick, Walsh, Elizabeth J. &amp; Wallace, Robert L." docDate="2024" docId="2712827A4165FFA3FF7DD708FB19B48E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5397.4.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5397 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5397.4.3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Flosculariidae Remane 1933" docType="key" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="512" masterDocId="DB2BFA02416EFFACFFEAD254FF8FB36B" masterDocTitle="Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Families, monospecific species in Flosculariidae, species of Atrochidae, Conochilidae, and Limnias" masterLastPageNumber="520" masterPageNumber="497" pageNumber="508" updateTime="1704741811360" updateUser="valdenar" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="02936D9B38E2C267E9CA408A12B23422">Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Families, monospecific species in Flosculariidae, species of Atrochidae, Conochilidae, and Limnias</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="16C1FCFD3A7B9A8670B4996F87774A5B">Davies, Natalie</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="FC207FBB0FBA33D1825DC5D802EABCD8">Department of Biology, Ripon College, Ripon, WI, 54971, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="AF811FA7FF78BDC48803340142088303">Lafleur, Alexandre</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A181258B39CE433B505D0B89C32251C1">Department of Biology, Ripon College, Ripon, WI, 54971, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0B75D79FF6AFB44F3361A1FF00C50EC7">Hochberg, Rick</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="05CE694B3DE84E9C69DB44B745D56B28">University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CAE9B201363D9568D2084B29C70C639E">Walsh, Elizabeth J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="25626C6A7FE184818DF13A3DED8C51EA">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="E717E1EA8DC2D6EFFBE2F97A477D0291">Department of Biology, Ripon College, Ripon, WI, 54971, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="E7A160E74165FFA7FF7DD708FDEFB61D" box="[151,608,1372,1398]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="AF04336C4165FFA7FF7DD708FDEFB61D" blockId="11.[151,608,1372,1398]" box="[151,608,1372,1398]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
<heading id="F44C84004165FFA7FF7DD708FDEFB61D" bold="true" box="[151,608,1372,1398]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" reason="1">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4165FFA7FF7DD708FDEFB61D" bold="true" box="[151,608,1372,1398]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
Family
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4165FFA7FF1DD708FDEFB61D" ID-CoL="623SQ" ID-ENA="104789" authority="Remane, 1933" authorityName="Remane" authorityYear="1933" box="[247,608,1372,1398]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Rotifera" rank="family">Flosculariidae Remane, 1933</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="E7A160E74165FFA7FF7DD7F0FCB4B56D" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" type="description">
<paragraph id="AF04336C4165FFA7FF7DD7F0FCB4B56D" blockId="11.[151,1437,1444,1687]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4165FFA7FF7DD7F0FEB9B6D5" authorityName="Remane" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,310,1444,1470]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Rotifera" rank="family">Flosculariidae</taxonomicName>
is a cosmopolitan family comprising nine genera (
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4165FFA7FC29D7F0FBD2B6D5" box="[963,1117,1444,1470]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Beauchampia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4165FFA7FC29D7F0FBD2B6D5" box="[963,1117,1444,1470]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Beauchampia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4165FFA7FB9CD7F0FB76B6D5" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1798" box="[1142,1273,1444,1470]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4165FFA7FB9CD7F0FB76B6D5" box="[1142,1273,1444,1470]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Floscularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4165FFA7FAFBD7F0FA1AB6D5" box="[1297,1429,1444,1470]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Lacinularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4165FFA7FAFBD7F0FA1AB6D5" box="[1297,1429,1444,1470]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Lacinularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4165FFA7FF7DD79CFECFB689" authorityName="Meksuwan, Pholpunthin &amp; Segers" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,320,1480,1506]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Lacinularoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4165FFA7FF7DD79CFECFB689" box="[151,320,1480,1506]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Lacinularoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4165FFA7FEBAD79DFE25B689" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[336,426,1481,1506]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Limnias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4165FFA7FEBAD79DFE25B689" box="[336,426,1481,1506]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Limnias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4165FFA7FE50D79CFDB7B689" authorityName="Thorpe" authorityYear="1893" box="[442,568,1480,1506]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Octotrocha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4165FFA7FE50D79CFDB7B689" box="[442,568,1480,1506]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Octotrocha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4165FFA7FDA2D79CFD5EB689" authorityName="Segers &amp; Shiel" authorityYear="2008" box="[584,721,1480,1506]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Pentatrocha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4165FFA7FDA2D79CFD5EB689" box="[584,721,1480,1506]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Pentatrocha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4165FFA7FD0BD79DFCB4B689" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1832" box="[737,827,1481,1506]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Ptygura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4165FFA7FD0BD79DFCB4B689" box="[737,827,1481,1506]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Ptygura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4165FFA7FCA1D79CFC53B689" authorityName="Bory de St. Vincent" authorityYear="1826" box="[843,988,1480,1506]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Sinantherina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4165FFA7FCA1D79CFC53B689" box="[843,988,1480,1506]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Sinantherina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with approximately 60 named species and subspecies. The etymon of the family is as for the order.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="E7A160E74165FFA7FF2DD444FCCAB5FD" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="AF04336C4165FFA7FF2DD444FCCAB5FD" blockId="11.[151,1437,1444,1687]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Diagnosis. Symmetrical or asymmetrical, malleoramate trophi; typically with elongate bodies and large, circular (slightly elliptical) to lobate, heart-shaped, or ear-like corona. Animals live in a tube formed in various ways or in a secreted gelatinous matrix. They may be solitary or colonial: colonies may be intra- or interspecific. Mostly species are sessile, some are planktonic, two are facultatively sessile.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AF04336C4165FFA7FF7DD495FA13B47A" blockId="11.[151,1437,1729,2015]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
<keyLead id="144A90594165FFA7FF7DD495FA13B47A" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
<key id="DB2A645D4165FFA7FF7DD495FA13B47A" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
1 Single dorsal antenna, visible when animal contracts, conspicuously long (&gt; body width); gelatinous matrix embedded with debris; sessile; solitary; body length ≤1000 µm; oviparous; monospecific (
<figureCitation id="37802FE94165FFA7FC41D48BFC6AB59F" box="[939,997,1759,1781]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1266,1290]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1242]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[151,1436,181,1242]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Beauchampia crucigera attached to filamentous algae. A. Corona retracted; B. corona expanded. Bar = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10469067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10469067/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
)....................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4165FFA7FC16D4A8FA13B47A" ID-CoL="5WFNZ" authority="(Dutrochet, 1812)" baseAuthorityName="Dutrochet" baseAuthorityYear="1812" box="[1020,1436,1788,1810]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Beauchampia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="crucigera">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4165FFA7FC16D4A8FB64B47A" bold="true" box="[1020,1259,1788,1810]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Beauchampia crucigera</emphasis>
(Dutrochet, 1812)
</taxonomicName>
</key>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF04336C4165FFA7FF7DD54DFA13B445" blockId="11.[151,1437,1729,2015]" box="[151,1436,1817,1839]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
<keyLead id="144A90594165FFA7FF7DD54DFA13B445" box="[151,1436,1817,1839]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">1’ Two dorsal antennae, not visible when animal contracts, not conspicuously long; gelatinous matrix present or absent...... 2</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="144F2BC94165FFA7FF7DD563FA13B4ED" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
<paragraph id="AF04336C4165FFA7FF7DD563FB25B402" blockId="11.[151,1437,1729,2015]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
<keyLead id="144A90594165FFA7FF7DD563FB25B402" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
2(1) Adults with oviferon below anus......................................................................... 3 [The oviferon, a specialized egg-bearing structure where eggs attach (
<figureCitation id="37802FE94165FFA7FC95D500FC37B402" box="[895,952,1876,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,374,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-166@12.[151,1435,374,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. Scanning electron photomicrograph (SEM) of part of a colony of Sinantherina socialis. The two individuals in the center show the oviferon (OV) below the cloaca (CL). A gelatinous matrix is absent in this genus. (Bar ~ 250 µm.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10469069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10469069/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D4165FFA7FC27D500FB15B402" author="Segers, H. &amp; Shiel, R. J." box="[973,1178,1876,1898]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" pagination="19 - 31" refId="ref16799" refString="Segers, H. &amp; Shiel, R. J. (2008) Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae). Zootaxa, 1750 (1), 19 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1750.1.2" type="journal article" year="2008">Segers &amp; Shiel 2008</bibRefCitation>
).]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF04336C4165FFA7FF7DD525FA13B4ED" blockId="11.[151,1437,1729,2015]" box="[151,1436,1905,1927]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
<keyLead id="144A90594165FFA7FF7DD525FA13B4ED" box="[151,1436,1905,1927]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">2’ Adults without oviferon; gelatinous matrix or constructed tube present........................................... 4</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<paragraph id="AF04336C4165FFA0FF7DD5DBFE55B383" blockId="11.[151,1437,1729,2015]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,349]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
<keyLead id="144A90594165FFA7FF7DD5DBFA13B4B5" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
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3(2) Corona with five large lobes; transparent, amorphic, gelatinous matrix; sessile; typically solitary, occasionally small colonies (&lt;3 animals); body length 3000–3500 µm; oviparous; monospecific...........
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4165FFA7FC1CD5F8FA13B4AA" ID-CoL="7724G" authority="Segers &amp; Shiel, 2008" authorityName="Segers &amp; Shiel" authorityYear="2008" box="[1014,1436,1964,1986]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Pentatrocha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4165FFA7FC1CD5F8FB45B4AA" bold="true" box="[1014,1226,1964,1986]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Pentatrocha gigantea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D4165FFA7FB3AD5F8FA13B4AA" author="Segers, H. &amp; Shiel, R. J." box="[1232,1436,1964,1986]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" pagination="19 - 31" refId="ref16799" refString="Segers, H. &amp; Shiel, R. J. (2008) Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae). Zootaxa, 1750 (1), 19 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1750.1.2" type="journal article" year="2008">Segers &amp; Shiel, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[Specimens of this monospecific genus were hatched from dry sediments of a temporary waterbody in
<collectingCountry id="D7AC73FC4165FFA7FB19D59DFAC4B4B4" box="[1267,1355,1993,2015]" name="Australia" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D4165FFA7FAB1D59DFA13B4B5" author="Segers, H. &amp; Shiel, R. J." box="[1371,1436,1993,2014]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" pagination="19 - 31" refId="ref16799" refString="Segers, H. &amp; Shiel, R. J. (2008) Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae). Zootaxa, 1750 (1), 19 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1750.1.2" type="journal article" year="2008">Segers</bibRefCitation>
</keyStep>
</keyLead>
and Shiel 2008). The original description provides illustrations of the adult and SEM photomicrographs of the trophi. Being extremely large and with a corona of five lobes
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4162FFA0FD5DD2E1FCA2B3A1" ID-CoL="63KW5" authorityName="Segers &amp; Shiel" authorityYear="2008" box="[695,813,181,202]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Pentatrocha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="12" pageNumber="509" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4162FFA0FD5DD2E1FCA2B3A1" box="[695,813,181,202]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">Pentatrocha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be mistaken for
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4162FFA0FBF0D2E1FB19B3A1" ID-CoL="7H6C" authorityName="Bory de St. Vincent" authorityYear="1826" box="[1050,1174,181,202]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Sinantherina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="12" pageNumber="509" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4162FFA0FBF0D2E1FB19B3A1" box="[1050,1174,181,202]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">Sinantherina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or any other sessile rotifer (
<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D4162FFA0FF02D286FE4DB38C" author="Meksuwan, P &amp; Pholpunthin, P. &amp; Segers, H." box="[232,450,210,232]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref15224" refString="Meksuwan, P, Pholpunthin, P. &amp; Segers, H. (2011) Diversity of sessile rotifers (Gnesiotrocha, Monogononta, Rotifera) in Thale Noi Lake, Thailand. Zootaxa, 2997, 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2011">
Meksuwan
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4162FFA0FEB3D287FE0CB38C" box="[345,387,210,232]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">et al</emphasis>
. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
).]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF04336C4162FFA0FF7DD2A4FEE3B236" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,349]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">
3’ Corona not as above (heart-shaped); gelatinous matrix is absent; sessile or planktonic; solitary or colonial; body length 750– 2500 µm; oviparous. (
<figureCitation id="37802FE94162FFA0FE5DD359FE7FB249" box="[439,496,269,291]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,374,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-166@12.[151,1435,374,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. Scanning electron photomicrograph (SEM) of part of a colony of Sinantherina socialis. The two individuals in the center show the oviferon (OV) below the cloaca (CL). A gelatinous matrix is absent in this genus. (Bar ~ 250 µm.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10469069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10469069/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
).............................................
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4162FFA0FBF1D358FA13B248" ID-CoL="7H6C" authority="Bory de St. Vincent, 1826" authorityName="Bory de St. Vincent" authorityYear="1826" box="[1051,1436,268,291]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Sinantherina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="12" pageNumber="509" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4162FFA0FBF1D358FB11B249" bold="true" box="[1051,1182,268,290]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">Sinantherina</emphasis>
Bory de St. Vincent, 1826
</taxonomicName>
[Three species possess bulbous structures called warts (
<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D4162FFA0FCEAD37EFC30B254" author="Wallace, R. L. &amp; Dash, K. &amp; Araujo, Q. &amp; Walsh, E. J. &amp; Das, S. &amp; Hochberg, R." box="[768,959,298,320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509" pagination="10 - 20" refId="ref17538" refString="Wallace, R. L., Dash, K. M ,, Araujo, Q., Walsh, E. J., Das, S. &amp; Hochberg, R. (2023) Ultrastructural characterization of the putative defensive glands (warts) in the sessile, colonial rotifer Sinantherina socialis (Gnesiotrocha; Flosculariidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 304, 10 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2023.03.001" type="journal article" year="2023">
Wallace
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4162FFA0FCBCD37FFC07B254" box="[854,904,298,320]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">et al.</emphasis>
2023
</bibRefCitation>
) on their anterio-ventral; one species has spines. Five species.]
</paragraph>
<caption id="FBC463E44162FFA0FF7DD5C1FAAFB4B9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10469069" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10469069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10469069/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="509" startId="12.[151,250,1941,1965]" targetBox="[151,1435,374,1918]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="AF04336C4162FFA0FF7DD5C1FAAFB4B9" blockId="12.[151,1436,1941,2002]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4162FFA0FF7DD5C1FE9CB4C6" bold="true" box="[151,275,1941,1965]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Scanning electron photomicrograph (SEM) of part of a colony of
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4162FFA0FC5BD5C2FB08B4C5" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[945,1159,1942,1966]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Sinantherina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="12" pageNumber="509" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="socialis">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4162FFA0FC5BD5C2FB08B4C5" box="[945,1159,1942,1966]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">Sinantherina socialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The two individuals in the center show the oviferon (OV) below the cloaca (CL). A gelatinous matrix is absent in this genus. (Bar ~ 250 µm.)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="FBC463E44163FFA1FF7DD7DDFE8EB681" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10469071" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10469071" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10469071/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" startId="13.[151,250,1417,1441]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1393]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="AF04336C4163FFA1FF7DD7DDFE8EB681" blockId="13.[151,1436,1417,1514]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4163FFA1FF7DD7DDFE9DB6CA" bold="true" box="[151,274,1417,1441]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Examples of species in the genus
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4163FFA1FD82D7DEFD35B6CA" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[616,698,1418,1441]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Limnias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4163FFA1FD82D7DEFD35B6CA" box="[616,698,1418,1441]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Limnias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: A-B. solitary
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4163FFA1FCA7D7DEFB90B6CA" authorityName="Shrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[845,1055,1417,1441]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Limnias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="ceratophylli">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4163FFA1FCA7D7DEFB90B6CA" box="[845,1055,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Limnias ceratophylli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group; C. solitary
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4163FFA1FB37D7DEFA1BB6CA" authorityName="Weisse" authorityYear="1848" box="[1245,1428,1417,1441]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Limnias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="melicerta">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4163FFA1FB37D7DEFA1BB6CA" box="[1245,1428,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Limnias melicerta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- group; D. colonial
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4163FFA1FEBCD7FAFE64B6AE" authorityName="Shrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[342,491,1453,1477]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Limnias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="ceratophylli">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4163FFA1FEBCD7FAFE64B6AE" box="[342,491,1453,1477]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">L. ceratophylli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group; E. colonial
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4163FFA1FD5AD7FAFCA5B6AE" authorityName="Weisse" authorityYear="1848" box="[688,810,1453,1477]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Limnias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="melicerta">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4163FFA1FD5AD7FAFCA5B6AE" box="[688,810,1453,1477]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">L. melicerta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group. Symbols: a = algae; e = embryo; S = substratum. Bars ~ 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<key id="DB2A645D4163FFA1FF7DD46DFA13B4A0" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">
<keyStep id="144F2BC94163FFA1FF7DD46DFA13B4FA" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">
<paragraph id="AF04336C4163FFA1FF7DD46DFD65B418" blockId="13.[151,1437,1592,1996]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">
<keyLead id="144A90594163FFA1FF7DD46DFD65B418" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">
4(2’) Adults in a flexible straight or slightly curved pipe of hardened secretions (either as a stack of semitransparent rings or granular, stucco-like and opaque); sessile; usually solitary (occasional small, branching, colonies, typically ≤15); body length ≤ 1000 µm; oviparous. (
<figureCitation id="37802FE94163FFA1FE6BD427FE34B5E3" box="[385,443,1651,1673]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1417,1441]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[151,1436,181,1393]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Examples of species in the genus Limnias: A-B. solitary Limnias ceratophylli-group; C. solitary Limnias melicerta- group; D. colonial L. ceratophylli-group; E. colonial L. melicerta-group. Symbols: a = algae; e = embryo; S = substratum. Bars ~ 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10469071" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10469071/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
)...............................................................
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4163FFA1FB50D427FA13B5E3" ID-CoL="62YJD" authority="Schrank, 1803" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[1210,1436,1651,1673]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Limnias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4163FFA1FB50D427FA84B5E3" bold="true" box="[1210,1291,1651,1672]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Limnias</emphasis>
Schrank, 1803
</taxonomicName>
[Corona width greater than height, with one pair of lobes; corona with wide dorsal gap and ventral depression. Two groups of
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4163FFA1FF14D4FAFEC4B5A8" ID-CoL="62YJD" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[254,331,1710,1731]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Limnias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4163FFA1FF14D4FAFEC4B5A8" box="[254,331,1710,1731]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Limnias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are easily recognized by their tubes. (1) The
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4163FFA1FCF9D4FAFCE1B5A8" ID-CoL="6QC73" authorityName="Weisse" authorityYear="1848" box="[787,878,1710,1731]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Limnias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="melicerta">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4163FFA1FCF9D4FAFCE1B5A8" box="[787,878,1710,1731]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">melicerta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group (3 species) possess a tube with a ringed structure (
<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D4163FFA1FF02D49FFEE9B58A" author="Wright, H. G. S." box="[232,358,1739,1761]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" pagination="13 - 19" refId="ref18448" refString="Wright, H. G. S. (1954) The ringed tube of Limnias melicerta Weisse. Microscopy, 10, 13 - 19." type="journal article" year="1954">Wright 1954</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D4163FFA1FE84D498FDD9B58B" author="Yang, H. &amp; Hochberg, R." box="[366,598,1739,1761]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref18509" refString="Yang, H. &amp; Hochberg, R. (2018) Ultrastructure of the extracorporeal tube and &quot; cement glands &quot; in the sessile rotifer Limnias melicerta (Rotifera: Gnesiotrocha). Zoomorphology, 137, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00435 - 017 - 0371 - x" type="journal article" year="2018">Yang &amp; Hochberg 2018</bibRefCitation>
). (2) The
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4163FFA1FD58D49FFCA9B58B" ID-CoL="6QC76" authorityName="Shrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[690,806,1739,1760]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Limnias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="ceratophylli">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4163FFA1FD58D49FFCA9B58B" box="[690,806,1739,1760]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">ceratophylli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group (5 species) lacks rings, its tube resembles a stucco surface. Identification of species requires observations of the shape of the corona and the number and shape of outgrowths (horny processes or projections) on a dorsal plate just beneath the corona (
<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D4163FFA1FC82D552FBCBB470" author="Meksuwan, P. &amp; Jaturapruek, R. &amp; Maiphae, S." box="[872,1092,1798,1820]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref15173" refString="Meksuwan, P., Jaturapruek, R. &amp; Maiphae, S. (2018) Two new species of genus Limnias (Rotifera, Gnesiotrocha) from Thailand. Zookeys, 787, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 787.28098" type="journal article" year="2018">
Meksuwan
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4163FFA1FC30D552FB84B470" box="[986,1035,1798,1819]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
). One species,
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4163FFA1FB3FD552FEEDB453" ID-CoL="6QC76" authority="Shrank, 1803" authorityName="Shrank" authorityYear="1803" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Limnias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="ceratophylli">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4163FFA1FB3FD552FA13B470" box="[1237,1436,1798,1819]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Limnias ceratophylli</emphasis>
Shrank, 1803
</taxonomicName>
has been reported as epizoic on the Amazonian crocodile,
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4163FFA1FC77D577FA90B452" ID-CoL="3ZBL4" authority="(Magnusson 1985)" baseAuthorityName="Magnusson" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[925,1311,1827,1849]" class="Crocodylia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eusuchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4163FFA1FC77D577FBEEB452" box="[925,1121,1827,1849]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Melanosuchus niger</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D4163FFA1FB87D577FA97B452" author="Magnusson, W. E." box="[1133,1304,1827,1849]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" pagination="193 - 204" refId="ref15055" refString="Magnusson, W. E. (1985) Habitat selection, parasites and injuries in Amazonian crocodilians. Amazoniana, 9, 193 - 204." type="journal article" year="1985">Magnusson 1985</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The etymon of this genus (L.,
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4163FFA1FE64D514FE41B43E" box="[398,462,1856,1877]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">limnos</emphasis>
, lake) apparently refers to the general habitat of these animals. Keys to species of
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4163FFA1FB05D515FAB3B43D" ID-CoL="62YJD" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[1263,1340,1857,1878]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Limnias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4163FFA1FB05D515FAB3B43D" box="[1263,1340,1857,1878]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Limnias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are given by
<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D4163FFA1FEEAD50AFE6AB418" author="Meksuwan, P. &amp; Jaturapruek, R. &amp; Maiphae, S." box="[256,485,1886,1908]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref15173" refString="Meksuwan, P., Jaturapruek, R. &amp; Maiphae, S. (2018) Two new species of genus Limnias (Rotifera, Gnesiotrocha) from Thailand. Zookeys, 787, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 787.28098" type="journal article" year="2018">
Meksuwan
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4163FFA1FE85D50AFE2FB418" box="[367,416,1886,1907]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D4163FFA1FDF9D50AFD6EB418" author="Wallace, R. L. &amp; Korbacheh, A. &amp; Walsh, E. J." box="[531,737,1886,1908]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" pagination="307 - 318" refId="ref17668" refString="Wallace, R. L., Korbacheh, A. &amp; Walsh, E. J. (2018) Key to the currently recognized species of Limnias Schrank, 1803 (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae). Zootaxa, 4442 (2), 307 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4442.2.7" type="journal article" year="2018">
Wallace
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4163FFA1FD8CD50AFD18B418" box="[614,663,1886,1907]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
.]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF04336C4163FFA1FF7DD52FFA13B4FA" blockId="13.[151,1437,1592,1996]" box="[151,1436,1915,1937]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">
<keyLead id="144A90594163FFA1FF7DD52FFA13B4FA" box="[151,1436,1915,1937]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">4’ Not as above......................................................................................... 5</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="144F2BC94163FFA1FF7DD5CCFA13B4A0" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">
<paragraph id="AF04336C4163FFA1FF7DD5CCFA13B4C5" blockId="13.[151,1437,1592,1996]" box="[151,1436,1944,1966]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">
<keyLead id="144A90594163FFA1FF7DD5CCFA13B4C5" box="[151,1436,1944,1966]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">5(4) Corona with distinct lateral lobes......................................................................... 6</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF04336C4163FFA1FF7DD5E2FA13B4A0" blockId="13.[151,1437,1592,1996]" box="[151,1436,1974,1996]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">
<keyLead id="144A90594163FFA1FF7DD5E2FA13B4A0" box="[151,1436,1974,1996]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">5’ Corona without distinct lateral lobes...................................................................... 8</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
<caption id="FBC463E44160FFA2FF7DD67CFDCEB70E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10469073" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10469073" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10469073/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="511" startId="14.[151,250,1064,1088]" targetBox="[151,1436,182,1040]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="AF04336C4160FFA2FF7DD67CFDCEB70E" blockId="14.[151,1437,1064,1125]" pageId="14" pageNumber="511">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4160FFA2FF7DD67CFE90B72B" bold="true" box="[151,287,1064,1088]" pageId="14" pageNumber="511">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4160FFA2FECFD67CFE73B72B" box="[293,508,1064,1088]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="511">
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4160FFA2FECFD67CFE77B72B" authorityName="Thorpe" authorityYear="1893" box="[293,504,1064,1088]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Octotrocha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="14" pageNumber="511" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="speciosa">Octotrocha speciosa</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A. dorsal view; B. partial side view which illustrates the elaborate coronal lobes. Symbol: g = gelatinous matrix (tube). Bar = 250 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="FBC463E44160FFA2FF7DD5E4FCC5B487" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10469075" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10469075" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10469075/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="511" startId="14.[151,250,1968,1992]" targetBox="[485,1101,1149,1943]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="AF04336C4160FFA2FF7DD5E4FCC5B487" blockId="14.[151,1436,1968,2028]" pageId="14" pageNumber="511">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4160FFA2FF7DD5E4FE91B4A3" bold="true" box="[151,286,1968,1992]" pageId="14" pageNumber="511">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4160FFA2FECED5E4FDBAB4A3" baseAuthorityName="Colledge" baseAuthorityYear="1918" box="[292,565,1968,1992]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Lacinularoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="14" pageNumber="511" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="coloniensis">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4160FFA2FECED5E4FDBAB4A3" box="[292,565,1968,1992]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="511">Lacinularoides coloniensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: schematic dorsal view of the corona. Ciliation is indicated for only a small portion of the coronal margin. Bar = 250 µm. (Modified after Colledge, 1918).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AF04336C4161FFA3FF7DD2C3FB7AB38C" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,408]" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">
6(5) Corona with four pairs of lateral lobes (= 8 lobes) one pair smaller; gelatinous tube; solitary; body length 1500–2000 µm; oviparous; monospecific. (
<figureCitation id="37802FE94161FFA3FE08D2E1FDA8B3A1" box="[482,551,181,203]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1064,1088]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,1040]" captionTargetId="figure-26@14.[151,1436,181,1040]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Octotrocha speciosa. A. dorsal view; B. partial side view which illustrates the elaborate coronal lobes. Symbol: g = gelatinous matrix (tube). Bar = 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10469073" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10469073/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
).............................................
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4161FFA3FBA4D2E0FA13B3A1" ID-CoL="48KZK" authority="Thorpe, 1893" authorityName="Thorpe" authorityYear="1893" box="[1102,1436,180,203]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Octotrocha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="15" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="speciosa">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4161FFA3FBA4D2E0FA99B3A1" bold="true" box="[1102,1302,180,202]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Octotrocha speciosa</emphasis>
Thorpe, 1893
</taxonomicName>
[Information on this monospecific genus is provided by Koste &amp; B̂ttger (1989) and
<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D4161FFA3FBFBD286FB63B38C" author="Segers, H. &amp; Shiel, R. J." box="[1041,1260,210,232]" pageId="15" pageNumber="512" pagination="19 - 31" refId="ref16799" refString="Segers, H. &amp; Shiel, R. J. (2008) Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae). Zootaxa, 1750 (1), 19 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1750.1.2" type="journal article" year="2008">Segers &amp; Shiel (2008)</bibRefCitation>
.]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF04336C4161FFA3FF7DD2BBFA13B26E" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,408]" box="[151,1436,239,261]" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">6’ Corona otherwise..................................................................................... 7</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF04336C4161FFA3FF7DD359FA1DB2FC" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,408]" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">
7(6) Corona with 7 lobes (2 small and 5 prominent lateral lobes); sessile in a tough gelatinous tube; solitary (stem female?) or colonial; foot long; body length ≤1300 µm; oviparous; monospecific. (
<figureCitation id="37802FE94161FFA3FC62D37EFC43B254" box="[904,972,298,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1968,1992]" captionTargetBox="[485,1101,1149,1943]" captionTargetId="figure-56@14.[485,1102,1149,1944]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 11. Lacinularoides coloniensis: schematic dorsal view of the corona. Ciliation is indicated for only a small portion of the coronal margin. Bar = 250 µm. (Modified after Colledge, 1918)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10469075" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10469075/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
).....................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4161FFA3FC00D313FA13B236" authority="(Colledge, 1918)" baseAuthorityName="Colledge" baseAuthorityYear="1918" box="[1002,1436,327,349]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Lacinularoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="15" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="coloniensis">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4161FFA3FC00D313FB7BB236" bold="true" box="[1002,1268,327,349]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Lacinularoides coloniensis</emphasis>
(Colledge, 1918)
</taxonomicName>
[The corona resembles that of
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4161FFA3FE14D331FDFFB211" authorityName="Segers &amp; Shiel" authorityYear="2008" box="[510,624,357,378]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Pentatrocha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="15" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4161FFA3FE14D331FDFFB211" box="[510,624,357,378]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Pentatrocha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but this species lacks an oviferon; the corona is not as elaborate as in
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4161FFA3FAEED331FAE2B211" authorityName="Thorpe" authorityYear="1893" box="[1284,1389,357,378]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Octotrocha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="15" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4161FFA3FAEED331FAE2B211" box="[1284,1389,357,378]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Octotrocha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The genus name was derived from the genus
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4161FFA3FDB7D3D6FD44B2FC" box="[605,715,386,407]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Lacinularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="15" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4161FFA3FDB7D3D6FD44B2FC" box="[605,715,386,407]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Lacinularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; a review of this monospecific genus was done by
<bibRefCitation id="CB2A4E9D4161FFA3FB4DD3D6FA06B2FC" author="Meksuwan, P &amp; Pholpunthin, P. &amp; Segers, H." box="[1191,1417,386,408]" pageId="15" pageNumber="512" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref15224" refString="Meksuwan, P, Pholpunthin, P. &amp; Segers, H. (2011) Diversity of sessile rotifers (Gnesiotrocha, Monogononta, Rotifera) in Thale Noi Lake, Thailand. Zootaxa, 2997, 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2011">
Meksuwan
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4161FFA3FAF9D3D7FACCB2FC" box="[1299,1347,386,408]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">et al.</emphasis>
(2011)
</bibRefCitation>
.]
</paragraph>
<caption id="FBC463E44161FFA3FF7DD453FAD1B52F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10469077" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10469077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10469077/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="512" startId="15.[151,250,1543,1567]" targetBox="[151,1436,433,1520]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="AF04336C4161FFA3FF7DD453FAD1B52F" blockId="15.[151,1436,1543,1604]" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4161FFA3FF7DD453FE90B574" bold="true" box="[151,287,1543,1567]" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
Examples of
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4161FFA3FE43D453FD02B54B" box="[425,653,1543,1568]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="15" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4161FFA3FE43D453FD90B574" box="[425,543,1543,1567]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Floscularia</emphasis>
species. A
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4161FFA3FD7CD453FCFDB574" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[662,882,1543,1567]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="15" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="melicerta">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4161FFA3FD7CD453FCFDB574" box="[662,882,1543,1567]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Floscularia melicerta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
B.
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4161FFA3FC7ED45CFBF6B54B" box="[916,1145,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">
F
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4161FFA3FC43D453FBF6B54B" baseAuthorityName="Hudson" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[937,1145,1543,1568]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="15" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="conifera">Floscularia conifera</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(lateral view). Symbols an = antennae; c = corona; e = embryo; gt = gelatinous tube; pt = pellet tube; * = colony mates (out of focus). Bars = 500 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AF04336C4161FFA3FF7DD4D1FE49B591" blockId="15.[151,1437,1669,2021]" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">
7’ Corona with 4 lobes (2 pairs of distinct lateral lobes); sessile; solitary or colonial; tube composed of formed pellets, or gelatinous matrix; body length 500–2000 µm; oviparous. (
<figureCitation id="37802FE94161FFA3FD40D4F7FD7FB5D3" box="[682,752,1699,1721]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1543,1567]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,433,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-382@15.[151,1436,433,1520]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Examples of Floscularia species. A. Floscularia melicerta B. F Floscularia conifera (lateral view). Symbols an = antennae; c = corona; e = embryo; gt = gelatinous tube; pt = pellet tube; * = colony mates (out of focus). Bars = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10469077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10469077/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
)....................................
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4161FFA3FB4DD4F6FA13B5D3" authority="Cuvier, 1798" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1798" box="[1191,1436,1698,1721]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="15" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4161FFA3FB4DD4F6FA95B5D3" bold="true" box="[1191,1306,1698,1720]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Floscularia</emphasis>
Cuvier, 1798
</taxonomicName>
[Two species (
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4161FFA3FE86D494FD41B5BD" authority="(Hudson, 1886)" baseAuthorityName="Hudson" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[364,718,1728,1750]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="15" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="conifera">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4161FFA3FE86D494FDBDB5BE" box="[364,562,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Floscularia conifera</emphasis>
(Hudson, 1886)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4161FFA3FD11D494FBEEB5BD" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[763,1121,1728,1750]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="15" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="ringens">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4161FFA3FD11D494FC37B5BD" box="[763,952,1728,1750]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Floscularia ringens</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
are known to form allorecruitive colonies. Nine species.]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF04336C4161FFA3FF7DD555FEBAB4E6" blockId="15.[151,1437,1669,2021]" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">
8(5’) Corona round to slightly elliptical; animals in gelatinous matrix, often with debris (one species with fecal pellets in the matrix); usually solitary, occasionally in intra- or interspecific colonies; body length 200–1400 µm; oviparous. (
<figureCitation id="37802FE94161FFA3FB2AD54BFA8AB45F" box="[1216,1285,1823,1845]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1434,1458]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1410]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[151,1436,181,1410]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Examples of Ptygura species. A. Ptygura beauchampi Edmondson, 1940; B. Ptygura libera Myers, 1934; C. Ptygura brachiata (Hudson, 1886); D. Ptygura mucicola (Kellicott, 1889); E. Ptygura pilula (Cubitt, 1872). Symbols: an = antennae; c = corona; e = embryo; gt = gelatinous tube; fp = fecal pellets (embedded in gt); gl = Gloeotrichia sp. (cyanobacteria) attached to a vascular hydrophyte; S = substratum.. Bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10469079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10469079/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
)...........................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4161FFA3FB42D568FA13B43A" authority="Ehrenberg, 1832" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1832" box="[1192,1436,1852,1874]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Ptygura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="15" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4161FFA3FB42D568FB78B43A" bold="true" box="[1192,1271,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Ptygura</emphasis>
Ehrenberg, 1832
</taxonomicName>
The taxonomic history of
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4161FFA3FE0FD50EFDBDB404" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1832" box="[485,562,1882,1903]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Ptygura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="15" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4161FFA3FE0FD50EFDBDB404" box="[485,562,1882,1903]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Ptygura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is complicated; the genus is in need of a comprehensive review (Meksuwan 2015). [30 species.]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF04336C4161FFA3FF7DD5C0FB19B48E" blockId="15.[151,1437,1669,2021]" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">
8’ Corona heart-shaped; animals embedded in common, flocculent gelatinous matrix; sessile or planktonic; usually colonial (usually &lt;200); body length 900–2000 µm; oviparous. (
<figureCitation id="37802FE94161FFA3FD14D5E5FCCBB4AD" box="[766,836,1969,1991]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1132,1156]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1109]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[151,1436,181,1109]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 14. Examples of Lacinularia. A. SEM dorsal view; B. Complete colony attached to Ceratophyllum demersum Linnaeus, 1753; C. Closeup of a colony. Symbols: a = algal filament; b = body; c = corona; gm = gelatinous matrix (embryos are embedded within); m = mouth; S = substratum. Bars = 1,000 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10469081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10469081/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
)........................
<taxonomicName id="68BB48EF4161FFA3FB9FD5E5FA13B4AD" authority="Schweigger, 1820" authorityName="Schweigger" authorityYear="1820" box="[1141,1436,1969,1991]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Lacinularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="15" pageNumber="512" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DCFEF7E4161FFA3FB9FD5E5FB65B4AC" bold="true" box="[1141,1258,1969,1991]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="512">Lacinularia</emphasis>
Schweigger, 1820
</taxonomicName>
[In field samples, colonies of 1000s of individuals have been seen (EJW, pers. obs. Seven species.]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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