201 lines
15 KiB
XML
201 lines
15 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.39.6500" ID-PMC="PMC4152890" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-39-35" ID-Pensoft-UUID="610FFFABFFC8FFE57A1CDF7A246E4934" ID-PubMed="25197224" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576228" ModsDocID="1314-2003-39-35" checkinTime="1451251722387" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Havran, J. Christopher, Harbin, Susan Ching & Portner, Talia" docDate="2014" docId="26B3A62F61AF585CB751751E49AE9717" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 39: 35-48" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 39" docPubDate="2014-06-23" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.39.6500" docTitle="Viola kauaensis subsp. var. var. hosakae Havran & Ching Harbin 2014, comb. et. stat. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="610FFFABFFC8FFE57A1CDF7A246E4934" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="610FFFABFFC8FFE57A1CDF7A246E4934" masterDocTitle="Viola kauaensis var. hosakae (Violaceae), a new variety of endemic Hawaiian violet" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="44" updateTime="1668141152033" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Viola kauaensis var. hosakae (Violaceae), a new variety of endemic Hawaiian violet</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Havran, J. Christopher</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, 205 Day Dorm Rd, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">havran@campbell.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Harbin, Susan Ching</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>O'ahu Plant Extinction Prevention Program, 2551 Waimano Home Rd, Rm 202, Pearl City, HI 96782, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Portner, Talia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>O'ahu Plant Extinction Prevention Program, 2551 Waimano Home Rd, Rm 202, Pearl City, HI 96782, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2014-06-23</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>39</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>35</mods:start>
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<mods:end>48</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.39.6500</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.39.6500</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-39-35</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">610FFFABFFC8FFE57A1CDF7A246E4934</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576228</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182228565" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:26B3A62F61AF585CB751751E49AE9717" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/26B3A62F61AF585CB751751E49AE9717" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName LSID="26B3A62F-61AF-585C-B751-751E49AE9717" authority="(H. St. John) Havran & Ching Harbin" authorityName="Havran & Ching Harbin" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="H. St. John" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Viola kauaensis subsp. var. var. hosakae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="kauaensis" status="comb. et. stat. nov." subSpecies="var." variety="hosakae">Viola kauaensis A. Gray var. hosakae (H.St.John) Havran & Ching Harbin</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="9" pageNumber="44">comb. et. stat. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Viola kauaensis var. hosakae on O'ahu. A Habitat composed of mossy slope B Individual in fruit. (Photo credits: A J. C. H., B Joel Lau)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10710" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Figure 1B</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Type of Viola kauaensis var. hosakae." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10712" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">, 3</figureCitation>
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Additional figures: St. John (1989) Bot. Jarb. Syst. 111(2) 165-204 (Figure 4).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="basionym">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Basionym.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="H. St. John" authorityYear="1989" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hosakae">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Viola hosakae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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H.St.John, Botanische
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Jarbücher">Jarbuecher</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="für">fuer</normalizedToken>
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Systematik, 111(2), 173, 1989.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="type">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Type.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hawai`i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="O`ahu">O'ahu</normalizedToken>
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Island,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ko`olau">Ko'olau</normalizedToken>
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Range, divide between head of Kawainui and Kaipaupau Gulches, rare in bog, 860 m elev.,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">E.Y. Hosaka 2504</emphasis>
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; July 3, 1938 (holotype: BISH! Sheet no: 72125).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Rhizomatous herb, rhizome</emphasis>
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creeping rhizome stipules 1.5-3.0 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, often overlapping and scaly in appearance; vertical stems produced from rhizome, internodes on vertical stem longer than on rhizome, stipules 2.0-5.0 mm long, 1.0-2.5 mm wide.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Flowers</emphasis>
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solitary on terminal peduncle, flower subtended by opposite pair of small linear bracts on peduncles.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Chasmogamous flower</emphasis>
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characteristics as in
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<bibRefCitation author="St. John, H" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jarbuecher fuer Systematik" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" pagination="165 - 204" refId="B11" refString="St. John, H, 1989. Hawaiian plant studies 135: Revision of the Hawaiian species of Viola (Violaceae). Botanische Jarbuecher fuer Systematik 111 (2): 165 - 204" title="Hawaiian plant studies 135: Revision of the Hawaiian species of Viola (Violaceae)." volume="111" year="1989">St. John (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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: dorsal sepal 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.4 mm, elliptic; lateral sepal 4.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.4 mm, obovate elliptic; ventral sepal 5.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.4 mm, lance elliptic; dorsal petals 15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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3.3 mm, with a 4 mm claw and an elliptic blade; lateral petals 14
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2.6 mm, with a broad 4 mm claw and an elliptic blade; ventral petal 16 mm long, with a curved 6 mm channeled claw, and an elliptic blade that is 5 mm wide; dorsal stamen 3.9 mm long, filament 0.5 mm long, stout, oblique, anther 2.5 mm long, narrowly obovoid ellipsoid, sterile tip 1.3 mm long, ovate; lateral stamen 3.9 mm long, filament 0.5 mm long and broad, anther 2.3 mm long, narrowly cuneoid, sterile tip 1.3 mm long, ovate, acute; ventral stamen 3.6 mm long, filament 0.5 mm long and wide, anther 2.3 mm long oblanceoloid, sterile tip 1.5 mm long, lanceolate, nectary 1.5 mm high, 0.8 mm wide, arcuate oblong, basal; pistil 2.8 mm long; style 1 mm long; stigma discoid, divergent at 45°; chasmogamous flowers not seen (see methods).
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Cleistogamous flowers</emphasis>
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with linear sepals 5, green, 5-6 mm long, 1 mm wide, bases auriculate, apices acuminate, enclosing all other floral organs; petals 5 or fewer, up to 3 mm long, 1 mm wide, white, with withered appearance; stamens 2, 1.5 mm long, filament 1 mm long, anthers 0.5 mm long and at end of filament, anther in direct contact with stigmatic surface of pistil; pistil 2 mm long, ovary 1.5 mm long, style 0.5 mm long, curved at approximately 180˚ towards ovary.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Fruit</emphasis>
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a capsule, capsule valves 7-9 mm long.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
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Hawaiian Islands,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="O`ahu">O'ahu</normalizedToken>
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: Poamoho summit region of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ko`olau">Ko'olau</normalizedToken>
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Mountains.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="specimens examined">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Specimens Examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Hawaiian Islands:</emphasis>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="O`ahu">O'ahu</normalizedToken>
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: Laie, 19 Dec 1937,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Hosaka 1927</emphasis>
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(BISH); Main divide, crest of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ko`olau">Ko'olau</normalizedToken>
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Mts, above Kaipapau Gulch, 31 May 1937,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Fosberg 13973</emphasis>
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(BISH); Main divide, crest of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ko`olau">Ko'olau</normalizedToken>
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Mts, above Kaipapau Gulch, 24 Jul 1937,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Fosberg 14229</emphasis>
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(BISH); About one half mile south of Poamoho trail along the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ko`olau">Ko'olau</normalizedToken>
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Summit trail, 20 May 2013,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Havran 2013.4</emphasis>
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(BISH); About
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<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="45" start="start">one</pageBreakToken>
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half mile south of Poamoho trail along the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ko`olau">Ko'olau</normalizedToken>
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Summit trail, 20 May 2013,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Havran 2013.5</emphasis>
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(BISH);
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ko`olau">Ko'olau</normalizedToken>
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Mt summit, on small hill at Puu Pauau, between Poamoho and Schofield-Waikane trail, on west side of Summit trail, about 50 ft. from trail, 12 Mar 1995,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Perlman 14704</emphasis>
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(PTBG);
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ko`olau">Ko'olau</normalizedToken>
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Mts. Between summit of Poamoho trail and Schofield trail, along summit crest on small hill, about 0.5 miles south of cabin, 7 Sep 1987,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Perlman 6456</emphasis>
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(PTBG).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="conservation status">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Conservation status.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kauaensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Viola kauaensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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var.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">hosakae</emphasis>
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appears very rare on
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<normalizedToken originalValue="O`ahu">O'ahu</normalizedToken>
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. Despite frequent and thorough conservation work by multiple organizations in the summit area of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ko`olau">Ko'olau</normalizedToken>
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Mountains, only one population of the variety is known to exist. The population is threatened by grazing ungulates. In addition, island tropical montane environments, like the ones harboring
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kauaensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Viola kauaensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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var.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">hosakae</emphasis>
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, are incredibly susceptible to global climate change (
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<bibRefCitation author="Loope, LL" journalOrPublisher="Climatic Change" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" pagination="503 - 517" refId="B7" refString="Loope, LL, Giambelluca, TW, 1988. Vulnerability of island tropical montane cloud forests to climate change, with special reference to East Maui, Hawai'i. Climatic Change 39 (2-3): 503 - 517" title="Vulnerability of island tropical montane cloud forests to climate change, with special reference to East Maui, Hawai'i." volume="39" year="1988">Loope and Giambelluca 1998</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kauaensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Viola kauaensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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var.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">hosakae</emphasis>
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is best classified as Critically Endangered (CR) according to the IUCN Red List Criteria as it meets the following criteria: B. Area of occupancy less than 10 km2, number of populations = 1, and continuing decline inferred from extent of occurrence and area of occupancy as indicated from herbarium records and personal communication; C. Number of mature individuals less than 250 and an estimated continuing decline (C2) with less than 50 mature individuals in each subpopulation (C2i).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
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The Plant Extinction Prevention Program (PEPP) branch on
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<normalizedToken originalValue="O`ahu">O'ahu</normalizedToken>
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will work to preserve this taxon on by collecting and germinating seeds when possible. Efforts are underway to enclose the population within an ungulate fence by the end of 2014. An additional population can be started with propagules from the extant population. The cleistogamous reproduction of the variety should help to facilitate seed production in the absence of pollinators at a new location.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |