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<document id="61C0AAE600569D25EB880306E39FEF4E" ID-CLB-Dataset="55595" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab118" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e285e5e2-a1c5-4a7e-ae03-01a19f9867c2" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6536781" ID-ZooBank="DACBA4A5-8D5F-479B-AFA5-E38B380F8962" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="jonas" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="jonas" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1652084918445" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Laboury, Antoine, Bennion, Rebecca F., Thuy, Ben, Weis, Robert &amp; Fischer, Valentin" docDate="2022" docId="2663F827FFD5AC51124FF0C6FAAFF9A9" docLanguage="en" docName="zlab118.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="181" masterDocId="DA5A805FFFD6AC581164F30AFFBFFFA8" masterDocTitle="Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria)" masterLastPageNumber="194" masterPageNumber="172" pageNumber="175" updateTime="1731589745639" updateUser="jonas">
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<mods:title id="4F385AAE4F0D6D05E0DB8795BA60F8D9">Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9339B9C606ED16CFBC390E6F64B2B5FC">Bennion, Rebecca F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="98480496FC2D7C713EEA5271534534EA">Thuy, Ben</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4CCE1F4E367A1EE85FBC9BD871814E0C">Weis, Robert</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="82BE5C528B27DCDC57B47183F62A1528">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DD0601A314121DCF3599CEAF3E750C4A">2022-02-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="37533659DADBAF3DBC79745457D828FA">195</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="3A25FF8596BD66C7EA6EB725098B8D52" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab118</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="2663F827FFD5AC51124FF0C6FAAFF9A9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536848" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195298217" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6536848" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2663F827FFD5AC51124FF0C6FAAFF9A9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2663F827FFD5AC51124FF0C6FAAFF9A9" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="181" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
<subSubSection id="E6D01ABAFFD5AC5B124FF0C6FB1DFBAA" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD5AC5B124FF0C6FB1DFBAA" blockId="3.[811,1422,971,1026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD5AC5B124FF0C6FA31FC4C" authority="(Seeley, 1880)" baseAuthorityName="Seeley" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[811,1422,971,996]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zetlandicus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B124FF0C6FB66FC4A" bold="true" box="[811,1241,972,995]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">TEMNODONTOSAURUS ZETLANDICUS</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD5AC5B158DF0C1FA39FC4C" author="Seeley HG" box="[1257,1414,971,996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" pagination="635 - 647" refId="ref14950" refString="Seeley HG. 1880. On the skull of an Ichthyosaurus from the Lias of Whitby, apparently indicating a new species (I. zetlandicus, Seeley), preserved in the Woodwardian Museum of the University of Cambridge. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 36: 635 - 647." type="journal article" year="1880">SEELEY, 1880</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<heading id="F53DFE5DFFD5AC5B157CF0E7FB1DFBAA" box="[1048,1186,1002,1026]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" reason="3">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B157CF0E7FB1DFBAA" bold="true" box="[1048,1186,1002,1026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">COMB. NOV.</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E6D01ABAFFD5AC5B124DF719FA83FA5C" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD5AC5B124DF719FB4AFB80" blockId="3.[809,1423,1042,1524]" box="[809,1269,1042,1064]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
1880
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD5AC5B1202F718FB2FFB8F" authority="(Seeley, 1880)" baseAuthorityName="Seeley" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[870,1168,1042,1063]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Ichthyosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zetlandicus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B1202F718FB2FFB8F" box="[870,1168,1042,1063]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">Ichthyosaurus zetlandicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– Seeley
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD5AC5B124DF73BFB60FBEE" blockId="3.[809,1423,1042,1524]" box="[809,1247,1073,1095]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
1881
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD5AC5B1202F73BFB3DFBEE" authority="Owen, 1881" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1881" box="[870,1154,1073,1094]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Ichthyosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longifrons">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B1202F73BFB3DFBEE" box="[870,1154,1073,1094]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">Ichthyosaurus longifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– Owen
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD5AC5B124DF75AFA9BFBCE" blockId="3.[809,1423,1042,1524]" box="[809,1316,1104,1126]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
1889b
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD5AC5B1210F75AFB22FBCD" authority="(Seeley, 1880)" baseAuthorityName="Seeley" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[884,1181,1104,1125]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Ichthyosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zetlandicus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B1210F75AFB22FBCD" box="[884,1181,1104,1125]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">Ichthyosaurus zetlandicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– Lydekker
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD5AC5B124DF765FC12FB0B" blockId="3.[809,1423,1042,1524]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
1890
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD5AC5B1216F764FB79FB2B" authority="(Seeley, 1880)" baseAuthorityName="Seeley" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[882,1222,1134,1155]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Ichthyosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zetlandicus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B1216F764FB79FB2B" box="[882,1222,1134,1155]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">Ichthyosaurus zetlandicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– Woodward &amp; Sherborn
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD5AC5B124DF7A6FB52FB69" blockId="3.[809,1423,1042,1524]" box="[809,1261,1196,1217]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
1891
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD5AC5B1202F7A6FB2FFB69" authority="(Seeley, 1880)" baseAuthorityName="Seeley" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[870,1168,1196,1217]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Ichthyosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zetlandicus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B1202F7A6FB2FFB69" box="[870,1168,1196,1217]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">Ichthyosaurus zetlandicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– Fraas
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD5AC5B124DF7C1FB42FB48" blockId="3.[809,1423,1042,1524]" box="[809,1277,1226,1248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
1922
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD5AC5B1202F7C1FB29FB77" authority="(Seeley, 1880)" baseAuthorityName="Seeley" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[870,1174,1226,1248]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Stenopterygius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zetlandicus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B1202F7C1FB29FB77" box="[870,1174,1226,1248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">Stenopterygius zetlandicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– Huene
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD5AC5B124DF7E3FB4BFB57" blockId="3.[809,1423,1042,1524]" box="[809,1268,1257,1279]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
1925
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD5AC5B1202F7E3FB29FB56" authority="(Seeley, 1880)" baseAuthorityName="Seeley" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[870,1174,1257,1278]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Stenopterygius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zetlandicus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B1202F7E3FB29FB56" box="[870,1174,1257,1278]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">Stenopterygius zetlandicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– Hauff
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD5AC5B124DF602FA9BFAB5" blockId="3.[809,1423,1042,1524]" box="[809,1316,1288,1309]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
1974
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD5AC5B1202F602FB28FAB5" authority="(Owen, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Owen" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[870,1175,1288,1309]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Stenopterygius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B1202F602FB28FAB5" box="[870,1175,1288,1309]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">Stenopterygius acutirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD5AC5B15D7F602FA9BFAB5" author="McGowan C" box="[1203,1316,1288,1309]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" pagination="61 - 80" refId="ref14386" refString="McGowan C. 1997. A transitional ichthyosaur fauna. In: Callaway JM, Nicholls EL, eds. Ancient marine reptiles. San Diego: Academic Press, 61 - 80." type="book chapter" year="1997">McGowan</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD5AC5B124DF62DFC5AFAF3" blockId="3.[809,1423,1042,1524]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
1997
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD5AC5B120BF62CFB4AFA94" authority="(Owen, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Owen" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[879,1269,1318,1340]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B120BF62CFB4AFA94" box="[879,1269,1318,1340]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">Temnodontosaurus acutirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– Maisch &amp; Hungerbühler
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD5AC5B124DF66EFC0CFA30" blockId="3.[809,1423,1042,1524]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
2000
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD5AC5B1217F66EFAB3FAD1" authority="(Owen, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Owen" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[883,1292,1380,1401]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B1217F66EFAB3FAD1" box="[883,1292,1380,1401]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">Temnodontosaurus acutirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD5AC5B1451F66EFC0CFA30" author="Maisch MW &amp; Matzke AT" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" pagination="116 - 127" refId="ref13701" refString="Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2003. The cranial osteology of the ichthyosaur Leptonectes tenuirostris from the Lower Jurassic of England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 116 - 127." type="journal article" year="2003">Maisch &amp; Matzke</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD5AC5B124DF6ABFAEBFA1E" blockId="3.[809,1423,1042,1524]" box="[809,1364,1441,1463]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
2003
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD5AC5B1202F6ABFB78FA1F" authority="(Owen, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Owen" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[870,1223,1441,1463]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B1202F6ABFB78FA1F" box="[870,1223,1441,1463]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">Temnodontosaurus acutirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– McGowan
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD5AC5B124DF6CAFAB8FA7E" blockId="3.[809,1423,1042,1524]" box="[809,1287,1472,1494]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
2010 ‘
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD5AC5B120FF6CAFB25FA7D" authority="(Owen, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Owen" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[875,1178,1472,1493]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Ichthyosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B120FF6CAFBB3FA7D" box="[875,1036,1472,1493]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">Ichthyosaurus</emphasis>
’
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B157CF6CAFB25FA7D" box="[1048,1178,1472,1493]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">acutirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– Maisch
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD5AC5B124DF6D5FA83FA5C" blockId="3.[809,1423,1042,1524]" box="[809,1340,1502,1524]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
2019
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B1202F6D4FB6DFA5C" box="[870,1234,1502,1524]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
?
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD5AC5B1215F6D4FB6DFA5C" authority="(Owen, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Owen" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[881,1234,1502,1524]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">Temnodontosaurus acutirostris</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
– Lomax
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E6D01ABAFFD5AC5B124DF517FC6DF964" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD5AC5B124DF517FC6DF964" blockId="3.[809,1425,1565,1740]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
<materialsCitation id="1EA2436CFFD5AC5B124DF517FCC2F9FA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3765336301" collectionCode="CAMSM" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" specimenCode="J35176" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B124DF517FA9CF99B" box="[809,1315,1565,1587]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
<typeStatus id="7171F793FFD5AC5B124DF517FC31F99A" box="[809,910,1565,1586]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
, stratum typicum and locus typicus:
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="C8DBD1F4FFD5AC5B144BF517FA2FF99A" box="[1327,1424,1565,1586]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">CAMSM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="FE6CE14AFFD5AC5B124DF536FCC2F9FA" box="[809,893,1596,1618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
<accessionNumber id="B199D4D2FFD5AC5B124DF536FCC2F9FA" box="[809,893,1596,1618]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/J35176" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" type="EnaNcbi">J35176</accessionNumber>
</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
, a three-dimensionally preserved skull missing the mandible and the anterior third of the rostrum, from the Whitby Mudstone Formation, Lower Toarcian, likely from the Loftus Alum Quarry close to Whitby, Yorkshire,
<collectingCountry id="D6DD09A1FFD5AC5B12C7F5BDFC71F964" box="[931,974,1719,1740]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">UK</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E6D01ABAFFD5AC5C124DF40AFDF2FCD6" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="176" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD5AC5C124DF40AFDF2FCD6" blockId="3.[809,1425,1792,1906]" lastBlockId="4.[163,779,197,894]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="176" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD5AC5B124DF40AFA2FF8BD" box="[809,1424,1792,1813]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
Emended diagnosis:
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD5AC5B1540F40AFA2FF8BD" box="[1060,1424,1792,1813]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zetlandicus">Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is characterized by the following unique combination of unusual features among early neoichthyosaurians: a digitate anterior end of the jugal which covers the maxilla, externally separates the maxilla and the lacrimal and slightly overlaps the subnarial process of the premaxilla (shared with
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C137DF209FD69FEB0" baseAuthorityName="von Huene" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[537,726,259,280]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuertingensis">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C137DF209FD69FEB0" box="[537,726,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">T. nuertingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C11C7F228FEFFFE9E" baseAuthorityName="Theodori" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[163,320,289,311]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C11C7F228FEFFFE9E" box="[163,320,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); bifurcated posterior end of the jugal, resulting in the separation of the ascending process and a smaller anteroventrally oriented process (shared with
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C105BF274FE65FE3A" baseAuthorityName="Theodori" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[319,474,381,403]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C105BF274FE65FE3A" box="[319,474,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); presence of a prominent mediolaterally oriented ridge which forms the anterior margin of the supratemporal fenestra (shared with
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C11C7F2D0FE87FE46" baseAuthorityName="Theodori" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[163,312,473,495]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C11C7F2D0FE87FE46" box="[163,312,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); slender projection of the supratemporal which covers the postfrontal dorsally and does not reach the anterior margin of the supratemporal fenestra (shared with
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C10D6F13CFDECFDE2" baseAuthorityName="Theodori" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[434,595,565,587]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C10D6F13CFDECFDE2" box="[434,595,565,587]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); presence of a prominent sagittal crest on the parietal and a slender parietal fork that partially overlaps the frontal (shared with
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C11B8F198FECEFD0E" baseAuthorityName="Theodori" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[220,369,657,679]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C11B8F198FECEFD0E" box="[220,369,657,679]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); absence of a postnarial descending process; presence of two posterior processes of the nasal, the lateral ending by an interdigitated suture, overlapping the anterior edge of the postfrontal which thus is bifurcated and adopts a V-shape, resulting in the separation of a medial and an anterodorsal process; and dorsal region of the lacrimal less extended than in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C11C7F062FE86FCD5" baseAuthorityName="Theodori" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[163,313,872,893]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C11C7F062FE86FCD5" box="[163,313,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and marked by a notch.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E6D01ABAFFD2AC5C11C7F0AEFAA5FE47" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" type="description">
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD2AC5C11C7F0AEFCB3F9D2" blockId="4.[163,780,932,1904]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C11C7F0AEFEBBFC7F" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">
Comparative description of the
<typeStatus id="7171F793FFD2AC5C1356F0AEFD27FC11" box="[562,664,932,953]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
CAMSM
<accessionNumber id="B199D4D2FFD2AC5C11C7F0C8FF40FC7F" box="[163,255,962,983]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/J35176" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" type="EnaNcbi">J35176</accessionNumber>
:
</emphasis>
First described by Seeley in 1880, this specimen (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD2AC5C107AF0EBFE3EFC5E" box="[286,385,993,1015]" captionStart-0="Figure 2" captionStart-1="Figure 3" captionStart-2="Figure 4" captionStartId-0="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionStartId-1="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionStartId-2="8.[164,242,1846,1868]" captionTargetBox-0="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetBox-1="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetBox-2="[326,1281,1175,1805]" captionTargetId-0="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetId-1="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetId-2="figure-628@8.[323,1283,1172,1807]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionText-0="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." captionText-1="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." captionText-2="Figure 4. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, Basicranium in posterior view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536801" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/6536801/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Figs 2–4</figureCitation>
) is a cranium measuring
<quantity id="6932E4D4FFD2AC5C13C9F0EBFCB5FC5E" box="[685,778,993,1014]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="720.0">720 mm</quantity>
long; the mandible is not preserved. The end of the rostrum appears to have been broken off and we estimate the cranium and the snout to be respectively
<quantity id="6932E4D4FFD2AC5C11C7F756FEB8FBD9" box="[163,263,1116,1137]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="990.0">990 mm</quantity>
and
<quantity id="6932E4D4FFD2AC5C1028F756FE0FFBD9" box="[332,432,1116,1138]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="680.0">680 mm</quantity>
long
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C1098F756FDEDFBD9" box="[508,594,1116,1137]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">in vivo</emphasis>
by prolonging the lateral edges of the premaxilla. The rostrum is straight, unlike in ‘
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C10E4F793FD9CFB06" authorityName="De la Beche &amp; Conybeare" authorityYear="1821" box="[384,547,1177,1198]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Ichthyosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C10E4F793FD9CFB06" box="[384,547,1177,1198]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Ichthyosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C134BF790FD0DFB07" baseAuthorityName="Owen" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[559,690,1178,1199]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C134BF790FD0DFB07" box="[559,690,1178,1199]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">acutirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C13A6F793FF63FB65" author="Owen R" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="12 - 130" refId="ref14718" refString="Owen R. 1865 - 1881. A monograph of the fossil Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, part third: Plesiosaurus, Dimorphodon, and Ichthyosaurus. London: Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society, 12 - 130." type="book chapter" year="1865">Owen, 1865</bibRefCitation>
–1881) even if this feature could be due to the taphonomic flattening. Some badly preserved teeth are located on the premaxilla and the maxilla (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD2AC5C13A6F7FFFCBDFAA2" box="[706,770,1269,1291]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) and are marked by striations on the crown. The dorsal part of the basicranium is poorly preserved (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD2AC5C13F0F638FD6DFAEF" box="[660,722,1330,1352]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[164,242,1846,1868]" captionTargetBox="[326,1281,1175,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-628@8.[323,1283,1172,1807]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, Basicranium in posterior view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536801/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
); the posterior edge of the parietals, the supraoccipital, the exoccipitals and the dorsal part of the basioccipital are missing. Aside from these elements, the skull is well preserved in three dimensions. All elements of the braincase are made of finished bone and therefore do not have a rugose texture, especially the basioccipital for which the condyle is as smooth as the extracondylar area and for which the opisthotic facets are protruding. This suggests an adult or at least subadult ontogenetic stage for CAMSM
<accessionNumber id="B199D4D2FFD2AC5C1014F56FFE7CF9D3" box="[368,451,1637,1659]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/J35176" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" type="EnaNcbi">J35176</accessionNumber>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C10B4F56FFD42F9D2" author="Miedema F &amp; Maxwell EE" box="[464,765,1637,1659]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="1675164" refId="ref14442" refString="Miedema F, Maxwell EE. 2019. Ontogeny of the braincase in Stenopterygius (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Jurassic of Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39: e 1675164." type="journal article" year="2019">Miedema &amp; Maxwell, 2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD2AC5C11DFF58EFAA5FE47" blockId="4.[163,780,932,1904]" lastBlockId="4.[827,1444,197,1905]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C1197F589FE38F931" bold="true" box="[243,391,1667,1689]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">premaxilla</emphasis>
is markedly elongated and not fully preserved (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD2AC5C1013F5A8FE7AF91F" box="[375,453,1698,1720]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Figs 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD2AC5C10B3F5A8FE5AF91F" box="[471,485,1698,1719]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">3</figureCitation>
). The medial suture is clearly visible. Laterally, the premaxilla is marked by the presence of the premaxillary fossa and forms the supranarial and subnarial processes, as in other early parvipelvians even if this character may be variable in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C1048F436FCB8F8F9" authority="(Maxwell &amp; Cortes, 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Maxwell &amp; Cortes" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[300,775,1851,1874]" class="Reptilia" family="Stenopterygiidae" genus="Hauffiopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C1048F436FE71F8F9" box="[300,462,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Hauffiopteryx</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C10BBF431FD44F8F9" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Cortes D" box="[479,763,1851,1874]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="31" refId="ref14039" refString="Maxwell EE, Cortes D. 2020. A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany. Palaeontologia Electronica 23: a 31." type="journal article" year="2020">Maxwell &amp; Cortés, 2020</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The supranarial process forms approximately half of the dorsal margin of the naris as in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C125FF3E9FA1CFF51" authority="(McGowan, 1974)" baseAuthorityName="McGowan" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[827,1443,227,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eurycephalus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C125FF3E9FB78FF50" box="[827,1223,227,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Temnodontosaurus eurycephalus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C15BEF3EEFA26FF51" author="McGowan C" box="[1242,1433,228,249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref14234" refString="McGowan C. 1974. A revision of the longipinnate ichthyosaurs of the Lower Jurassic of England, with description of the new species (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria). Life Science Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum 97: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="1974">McGowan, 1974</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C12ECF208FA20FEB0" authority="(Maisch, 1998 b)" baseAuthorityName="Maisch" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[904,1439,258,280]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C12ECF208FB5CFEBF" box="[904,1251,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Temnodontosaurus trigonodon</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C1595F208FA2BFEB0" author="Maisch MW" box="[1265,1428,258,280]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="401 - 431" refId="ref13373" refString="Maisch MW. 1998 b. Short review of the ichthyosaurs of the Posidonienschiefer with remarks on the taxonomy of the Stenopterygiidae and Temnodontosauridae. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 209: 401 - 431." type="journal article" year="1998">Maisch, 1998b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The suture of the supranarial process with the nasal is crenulated while the posterior extremity of subnarial process contacts the anterior end of the jugal as in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C125FF277FB28FE3A" authority="(Maisch, 1998 b)" baseAuthorityName="Maisch" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[827,1175,381,403]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C125FF277FC6AFE3A" box="[827,981,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C1281F277FB33FE3B" author="Maisch MW" box="[997,1164,381,403]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="401 - 431" refId="ref13373" refString="Maisch MW. 1998 b. Short review of the ichthyosaurs of the Posidonienschiefer with remarks on the taxonomy of the Stenopterygiidae and Temnodontosauridae. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 209: 401 - 431." type="journal article" year="1998">Maisch, 1998b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The subnarial process also contacts the anterior edge of the lacrimal. Some badly preserved tooth roots are located on its ventral surface but cannot be precisely described.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E6D01ABAFFD2AC5C1237F2FDFC57FB39" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD2AC5C1237F2FDFBAEFC12" blockId="4.[827,1444,197,1905]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C12E8F2FDFC4DFDA5" bold="true" box="[908,1010,503,525]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">maxilla</emphasis>
is dorsoventrally low, slender and extends anteriorly as far as the nasal (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD2AC5C1477F11CFAE8FD83" box="[1299,1367,534,556]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). This particular feature is typical of
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C15D8F13FFA1DFDE2" authorityName="Lydekker" authorityYear="1889" box="[1212,1442,565,586]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C15D8F13FFA1DFDE2" box="[1212,1442,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Temnodontosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C1227F159FB12FDC1" author="Maisch MW &amp; Hungerbuhler A" box="[835,1197,595,617]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref13543" refString="Maisch MW, Hungerbuhler A. 1997. Revision of Temnodontosaurus nuertingensis (v. Huene, 1931), a large ichthyosaur from the Lower Pliensbachian (Lower Jurassic) of Nurtingen, South Western Germany. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Palaontologie) 248: 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1997">Maisch &amp; Hungerbühler, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C15D8F159FA23FDC1" author="Martin JE &amp; Fischer V &amp; Vincent P &amp; Suan G" box="[1212,1436,595,617]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="995 - 1005" refId="ref13769" refString="Martin JE, Fischer V, Vincent P, Suan G. 2012. A longirostrine Temnodontosaurus (Ichthyosauria) with comments on Early Jurassic ichthyosaur niche partitioning and disparity. Palaeontology 55: 995 - 1005." type="journal article" year="2012">
Martin
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C147CF15EFAEBFDC0" box="[1304,1364,595,617]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C125FF178FBF7FD2F" author="Swaby EJ &amp; Lomax DR" box="[827,1096,626,648]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="2715 - 2731" refId="ref15048" refString="Swaby EJ, Lomax DR. 2020. A revision of Temnodontosaurus crassimanus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) of Whitby, Yorkshire, UK. Historical Biology 33: 2715 - 2731." type="journal article" year="2020">Swaby &amp; Lomax, 2020</bibRefCitation>
) among early parvipelvians. The maxilla of
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C156DF19BFB7FFD0E" box="[1033,1216,657,678]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zetlandicus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C156DF19BFB7FFD0E" box="[1033,1216,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">T. zetlandicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to have a comparable size to that of ‘
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C15E9F1BAFB20FD6D" box="[1165,1183,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">I.</emphasis>
’
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C15CBF1BAFA83FD6D" baseAuthorityName="Owen" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1199,1340,688,709]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C15CBF1BAFA83FD6D" box="[1199,1340,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">acutirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD2AC5C1434F1A5FA23FD6D" box="[1360,1436,687,709]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Figs 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD2AC5C125FF1C4FCF6FD4B" box="[827,841,718,739]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="14.[163,243,1196,1218]" captionTargetBox="[322,1282,198,1154]" captionTargetId="figure-418@14.[319,1285,195,1157]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 8. Photograph of the holotype of ‘Ichthyosaurus’ acutirostris (NHMUK PV OR 14553). A, the whole specimen. B, interpretation of the skull." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536814" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536814/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">8</figureCitation>
) and lower than in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C152AF1C5FAA7FD4C" baseAuthorityName="von Huene" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[1102,1304,719,740]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuertingensis">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C152AF1C5FAA7FD4C" box="[1102,1304,719,740]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">T. nuertingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which has a higher maxilla (
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C1578F1E7FA2DFCAA" author="Maisch MW &amp; Hungerbuhler A" box="[1052,1426,749,771]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref13543" refString="Maisch MW, Hungerbuhler A. 1997. Revision of Temnodontosaurus nuertingensis (v. Huene, 1931), a large ichthyosaur from the Lower Pliensbachian (Lower Jurassic) of Nurtingen, South Western Germany. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Palaontologie) 248: 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1997">Maisch &amp; Hungerbühler, 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover, the maxilla lacks a narial process and does not participate in the ventral margin of the external naris. The posterior part of the maxilla is covered by the jugal, thus excluding an external contact with the lacrimal as in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C128DF08DFB37FC33" baseAuthorityName="Maisch" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1001,1160,902,924]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C128DF08DFB37FC33" box="[1001,1160,902,924]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C15FEF08CFAFAFC34" author="Maisch MW" box="[1178,1349,902,924]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="401 - 431" refId="ref13373" refString="Maisch MW. 1998 b. Short review of the ichthyosaurs of the Posidonienschiefer with remarks on the taxonomy of the Stenopterygiidae and Temnodontosauridae. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 209: 401 - 431." type="journal article" year="1998">Maisch, 1998b</bibRefCitation>
; Pardo-Pérez
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C12E7F0AFFC03FC12" box="[899,956,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD2AC5C1237F0C9FC57FB39" blockId="4.[827,1444,197,1905]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C12E1F0C9FB87FC71" bold="true" box="[901,1080,963,985]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">external naris</emphasis>
has a typical droplet shape (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD2AC5C141CF0C9FCF6FC5F" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) and is larger than in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C1504F0E8FB9AFBBE" authority="De la Beche &amp; Conybeare, 1821" authorityName="De la Beche &amp; Conybeare" authorityYear="1821" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Ichthyosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C1504F0E8FAB6FC5F" box="[1120,1289,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Ichthyosaurus</emphasis>
De la Beche &amp; Conybeare, 1821
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C155CF70BFADCFBBF" author="Massare JA &amp; Lomax DR" box="[1080,1379,1025,1047]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="5" refId="ref13889" refString="Massare JA, Lomax DR. 2016. A new specimen of Ichthyosaurus conybeari (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from Watchet, Somerset, England, U. K., and a re-examination of the species. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36: 5." type="journal article" year="2016">Lomax &amp; Massare, 2016</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C125FF72AFC02FB9D" authorityName="McGowan" authorityYear="1996" box="[827,957,1056,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptonectidae" genus="Leptonectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C125FF72AFC02FB9D" box="[827,957,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Leptonectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C12AFF715FB6AFB9C" author="Maisch MW &amp; Matzke AT" box="[971,1237,1055,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="116 - 127" refId="ref13701" refString="Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2003. The cranial osteology of the ichthyosaur Leptonectes tenuirostris from the Lower Jurassic of England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 116 - 127." type="journal article" year="2003">Maisch &amp; Matzke, 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C1584F715FA2AFB9C" author="McGowan C" box="[1248,1429,1055,1076]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="409 - 427" refId="ref14277" refString="McGowan C. 1989. Leptopterygius tenuirostris and other long-snouted ichthyosaurs from the English Lower Lias. Palaeontology 32: 409 - 427." type="journal article" year="1989">McGowan, 1989</bibRefCitation>
). The anterior extremity is thinner than the posterior border which is exclusively formed by a shallow notch of the lacrimal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E6D01ABAFFD2AC5D1237F790FDE9F8D6" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="177" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD2AC5D1237F790FDE9F8D6" blockId="4.[827,1444,197,1905]" lastBlockId="5.[145,762,1774,1918]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="177" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C12E8F790FC6AFB07" bold="true" box="[908,981,1178,1199]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">nasal</emphasis>
is wide and robust, forming a fairly large portion of the dorsal region (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD2AC5C1580F7B3FAE2FB66" box="[1252,1373,1209,1231]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
). The anterior part of the nasal cannot be precisely distinguished due to the reconstructed area but appears to end abruptly as in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C15DEF61FFA21FAE1" authority="(Blake, 1876) (Swaby &amp; Lomax, 2020)" authorityName="Swaby &amp; Lomax" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Blake" baseAuthorityYear="1876" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassimanus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C15DEF61FFC6EFAE1" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Temnodontosaurus crassimanus</emphasis>
(Blake, 1876) (
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C15ECF639FA2BFAE0" author="Swaby EJ &amp; Lomax DR" box="[1160,1428,1331,1353]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="2715 - 2731" refId="ref15048" refString="Swaby EJ, Lomax DR. 2020. A revision of Temnodontosaurus crassimanus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) of Whitby, Yorkshire, UK. Historical Biology 33: 2715 - 2731." type="journal article" year="2020">Swaby &amp; Lomax, 2020</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C125FF659FAD0FACF" authority="(Maisch &amp; Hungerbuhler, 1997)" baseAuthorityName="Maisch &amp; Hungerbuhler" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[827,1391,1362,1384]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuertingensis">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C125FF659FC4AFAC0" box="[827,1013,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">T. nuertingensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C1561F658FAD8FACF" author="Maisch MW &amp; Hungerbuhler A" box="[1029,1383,1362,1384]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref13543" refString="Maisch MW, Hungerbuhler A. 1997. Revision of Temnodontosaurus nuertingensis (v. Huene, 1931), a large ichthyosaur from the Lower Pliensbachian (Lower Jurassic) of Nurtingen, South Western Germany. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Palaontologie) 248: 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1997">Maisch &amp; Hungerbühler, 1997</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C125FF67BFB41FA2E" authority="(Pardo-Perez et al., 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Pardo-Perez" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[827,1278,1393,1415]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C125FF67BFC6BFA2E" box="[827,980,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C1287F67BFB4CFA2E" author="Pardo-Perez JM &amp; Kear BP &amp; Mallison H &amp; Gomez M &amp; Moroni M &amp; Maxwell EE" box="[995,1267,1393,1415]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="0204951" refId="ref14787" refString="Pardo-Perez JM, Kear BP, Mallison H, Gomez M, Moroni M, Maxwell EE. 2018. Pathological survey on Temnodontosaurus from the Early Jurassic of southern Germany. PLoS One 13: e 0204951." type="journal article" year="2018">
Pardo-Pérez
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C1513F67BFB10FA2E" box="[1143,1199,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The posterior half of the two nasals form a well demarcated internasal cavity. Posteriorly, the nasal forms two processes (one medial and one lateral) overlapping the anterior part of the postfrontal (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD2AC5C158FF6E1FAE0F9A9" box="[1259,1375,1515,1537]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
). The medial process has no digitation and exclusively contacts the postfrontal medially. Therefore, there is no nasal-parietal contact, at least externally. The lateral process is located more laterally and marked by a three-finger digitation. Laterally, the nasal forms approximately half of the dorsal margin of the external naris and a lateral wing is absent, as is the case in all early parvipelvians with the exception of
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C12BFF40AFCC4F89C" authority="(Conybeare, 1822)" baseAuthorityName="Conybeare" baseAuthorityYear="1822" class="Reptilia" family="Leptonectidae" genus="Leptonectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuirostris">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C12BFF40AFABBF8BD" box="[987,1284,1792,1813]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Leptonectes tenuirostris</emphasis>
(Conybeare, 1822)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C12E8F414FB1EF89B" author="Maisch MW &amp; Matzke AT" box="[908,1185,1822,1844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="116 - 127" refId="ref13701" refString="Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2003. The cranial osteology of the ichthyosaur Leptonectes tenuirostris from the Lower Jurassic of England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 116 - 127." type="journal article" year="2003">Maisch &amp; Matzke, 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C15CBF414FA25F89B" author="Massare JA &amp; Wahl WR &amp; Lomax DR" box="[1199,1434,1822,1844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="128 - 139" refId="ref13935" refString="Massare JA, Wahl WR, Lomax DR. 2021. Narial structures in Ichthyosaurus and other Early Jurassic ichthyosaurs as precursors to a completely subdivided naris. Paludicola 13: 128 - 139." type="journal article" year="2021">
Massare
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C147EF415FAEBF89B" box="[1306,1364,1822,1844]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
, 2021
</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD2AC5C120BF437FA1CF8FA" authority="Maxwell et al., 2012" authorityName="Maxwell" authorityYear="2012" box="[879,1443,1852,1874]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Stenopterygius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aaleniensis">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C120BF437FB13F8F9" box="[879,1196,1852,1874]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">Stenopterygius aaleniensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C15D7F436FA1CF8FA" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Fernandez MS &amp; Schoch RR" box="[1203,1443,1852,1874]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="41692" refId="ref14124" refString="Maxwell EE, Fernandez MS, Schoch RR. 2012. First diagnostic marine reptile remains from the Aalenian (Middle Jurassic): a new ichthyosaur from southwestern Germany. PLoS One 7: e 41692." type="journal article" year="2012">
Maxwell
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C1444F437FAE4F8F9" box="[1312,1371,1852,1874]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD2AC5C1220F456FB8AF8D8" author="Massare JA &amp; Wahl WR &amp; Lomax DR" box="[836,1077,1883,1905]" pageId="4" pageNumber="176" pagination="128 - 139" refId="ref13935" refString="Massare JA, Wahl WR, Lomax DR. 2021. Narial structures in Ichthyosaurus and other Early Jurassic ichthyosaurs as precursors to a completely subdivided naris. Paludicola 13: 128 - 139." type="journal article" year="2021">
Massare
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD2AC5C12D5F456FC52F8D8" box="[945,1005,1883,1905]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
, 2021
</bibRefCitation>
). Furthermore, the nasal does not make a postnarial descending process, unlike
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD3AC5D11F5F406FD7CF88B" authority="(Conybeare, 1822)" baseAuthorityName="Conybeare" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[145,707,1804,1827]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platyodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD3AC5D11F5F406FE57F889" box="[145,488,1804,1825]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="177">Temnodontosaurus platyodon</emphasis>
(Conybeare, 1822)
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.
<collectionCode id="C8DBD1F4FFD3AC5D11F5F426FF42F8E9" box="[145,253,1836,1857]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="5" pageNumber="177" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
R1158),
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD3AC5D1014F426FD86F8E9" baseAuthorityName="Maisch &amp; Hungerbuhler" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[368,569,1836,1857]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuertingensis">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD3AC5D1014F426FD86F8E9" box="[368,569,1836,1857]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="177">T. nuertingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Maisch, 1997;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD3AC5D11F5F440FE2EF8F7" author="Massare JA &amp; Wahl WR &amp; Lomax DR" box="[145,401,1866,1887]" pageId="5" pageNumber="177" pagination="128 - 139" refId="ref13935" refString="Massare JA, Wahl WR, Lomax DR. 2021. Narial structures in Ichthyosaurus and other Early Jurassic ichthyosaurs as precursors to a completely subdivided naris. Paludicola 13: 128 - 139." type="journal article" year="2021">
Massare
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD3AC5D1060F440FEFBF8F7" box="[260,324,1866,1887]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="177">et al.</emphasis>
, 2021
</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD3AC5D10B9F440FD3AF8F7" box="[477,645,1866,1887]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD3AC5D10B9F440FD3AF8F7" box="[477,645,1866,1887]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="177">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD3AC5D13FDF440FF68F8D6" author="Maisch MW" pageId="5" pageNumber="177" pagination="401 - 431" refId="ref13373" refString="Maisch MW. 1998 b. Short review of the ichthyosaurs of the Posidonienschiefer with remarks on the taxonomy of the Stenopterygiidae and Temnodontosauridae. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 209: 401 - 431." type="journal article" year="1998">Maisch, 1998b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD3AC5D1181F462FDF9F8D6" author="Maisch MW &amp; Hungerbuhler A" box="[229,582,1896,1918]" pageId="5" pageNumber="177" pagination="335 - 345" refId="ref13598" refString="Maisch MW, Hungerbuhler A. 2001. New evidence for a discrete supratemporal bone in the Jurassic Ichthyosaur Temnodontosaurus. Historical Biology 15: 335 - 345." type="journal article" year="2001">Maisch &amp; Hungerbühler, 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="FAB519B9FFD3AC5D11EAF59EFD3BF960" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="177" startId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" targetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD3AC5D11EAF59EFD3BF960" blockId="5.[142,1425,1684,1736]" pageId="5" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD3AC5D11EAF59EFF4AF901" bold="true" box="[142,245,1684,1706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="177">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD3AC5D1265F59EFBFCF902" authorityName="Laboury &amp; Bennion &amp; Thuy &amp; Weis &amp; Fischer" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Laboury &amp; Bennion &amp; Thuy &amp; Weis &amp; Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[769,1091,1684,1706]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zetlandicus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD3AC5D1265F59EFBFCF902" box="[769,1091,1684,1706]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="177">Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="878D2858FFD3AC5D152DF59EFB0CF902" box="[1097,1203,1684,1706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="177" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(CAMSM
<accessionNumber id="B199D4D2FFD3AC5D147AF59EFAD3F902" box="[1310,1388,1684,1706]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/J35176" pageId="5" pageNumber="177" type="EnaNcbi">J35176</accessionNumber>
). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="E6D01ABAFFD3AC511225F5E4FE36FC13" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="181" pageId="5" pageNumber="177" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD3AC5F1225F5E4FD6AFEFE" blockId="5.[809,1425,1774,1918]" lastBlockId="7.[145,762,197,1875]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="5" pageNumber="177">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD3AC5D1217F5E4FC61F8AC" bold="true" box="[883,990,1774,1796]" pageId="5" pageNumber="177">lacrimal</emphasis>
has a broad hatchet shape, as is usual for ichthyosaurians (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD3AC5D154FF406FBCEF88A" box="[1067,1137,1804,1826]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="177">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The posterior margin participates to the anterior and anteroventral margins of the orbit while the anterior margin also forms the posterior margin of the external naris without forming a rounded bulge or a prominent process within the naris, as can be seen in many specimens of
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD0AC5E1357F40EFE17F890" authority="(Massare et al., 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Massare" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD0AC5E1357F40EFCB4F8B1" box="[563,779,1796,1817]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="178">Temnodontosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD0AC5E11CFF429FE21F890" author="Massare JA &amp; Wahl WR &amp; Lomax DR" box="[171,414,1827,1849]" pageId="6" pageNumber="178" pagination="128 - 139" refId="ref13935" refString="Massare JA, Wahl WR, Lomax DR. 2021. Narial structures in Ichthyosaurus and other Early Jurassic ichthyosaurs as precursors to a completely subdivided naris. Paludicola 13: 128 - 139." type="journal article" year="2021">
Massare
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD0AC5E107DF42EFEEAF890" box="[281,341,1827,1849]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
, 2021
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The lacrimal is marked by a notch on the dorsal edge unlike in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD0AC5E1355F44BFE57F8DE" authority="(Godefroit, 1993 a)" baseAuthorityName="Godefroit" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platyodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD0AC5E1355F44BFEACF8DD" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="178">Temnodontosaurus platyodon</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD0AC5E1045F46AFE60F8DD" author="Godefroit P" box="[289,479,1888,1910]" pageId="6" pageNumber="178" pagination="25 - 71" refId="ref12571" refString="Godefroit P. 1993 a. Les grands ichthyosaures sinemuriens d'Arlon. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Sciences de la Terre 63: 25 - 71." type="journal article" year="1993">Godefroit, 1993a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD0AC5E1097F46BFD15F8DE" box="[499,682,1889,1910]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptonectidae" genus="Leptonectes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD0AC5E1097F46BFDCAF8DE" box="[499,629,1889,1910]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="178">Leptonectes</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD0AC5E13DDF46AFC48F953" author="Maisch MW &amp; Matzke AT" box="[697,1015,1765,1910]" pageId="6" pageNumber="178" pagination="116 - 127" refId="ref13701" refString="Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2003. The cranial osteology of the ichthyosaur Leptonectes tenuirostris from the Lower Jurassic of England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 116 - 127." type="journal article" year="2003">Maisch &amp; Matzke, 2003</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD0AC5E156BF5EFFC5DF8B2" class="Reptilia" family="Suevoleviathanidae" genus="Suevoleviathan" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD0AC5E156BF5EFFB7AF952" box="[1039,1221,1765,1786]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="178">Suevoleviathan</emphasis>
Maisch, 1998 spp. (Maisch, 2001)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD0AC5E1288F40EFB7EF8B2" box="[1004,1217,1796,1818]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Ichthyosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD0AC5E1288F40EFB32F8B1" box="[1004,1165,1796,1817]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="178">Ichthyosaurus</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD0AC5E15ABF40FFCCBF891" author="Massare JA &amp; Lomax DR" pageId="6" pageNumber="178" pagination="5" refId="ref13889" refString="Massare JA, Lomax DR. 2016. A new specimen of Ichthyosaurus conybeari (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from Watchet, Somerset, England, U. K., and a re-examination of the species. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36: 5." type="journal article" year="2016">Lomax &amp; Massare, 2016</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD0AC5E12E8F429FA9CF890" authority="Appleby, 1979" authorityName="Appleby" authorityYear="1979" box="[908,1315,1827,1849]" class="Reptilia" family="Protoichthyosauridae" genus="Protoichthyosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD0AC5E12E8F429FBCCF890" box="[908,1139,1827,1848]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="178">Protoichthyosaurus</emphasis>
Appleby, 1979
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD0AC5E1451F429FC52F8FF" author="Lomax DR &amp; Massare JA" pageId="6" pageNumber="178" pagination="164 - 178" refId="ref13133" refString="Lomax DR, Massare JA. 2018. A second specimen of Protoichthyosaurus applebyi (Reptila: Ichthyosauria) and additional information on the genus and species. Paludicola 11: 164 - 178." type="journal article" year="2018">Lomax &amp; Massare, 2018</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD0AC5E155CF448FA96F8FF" box="[1080,1321,1858,1879]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Stenopterygius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD0AC5E155CF448FB51F8FF" box="[1080,1262,1858,1879]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="178">Stenopterygius</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD0AC5E1459F44BFC67F8DD" author="Caine H &amp; Benton MJ" pageId="6" pageNumber="178" pagination="1069 - 1093" refId="ref11992" refString="Caine H, Benton MJ. 2011. Ichthyosauria from the Upper Lias of Strawberry Bank, England. Palaeontology 54: 1069 - 1093." type="journal article" year="2011">Caine &amp; Benton, 2011</bibRefCitation>
) and is not as extended dorsally as in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F11F5F3CCFE8FFF72" box="[145,304,197,219]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F11F5F3CCFE8FFF72" box="[145,304,197,219]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where the dorsal notch is also absent (
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F11FDF3EEFE82FF52" author="Maisch MW" box="[153,317,228,250]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="401 - 431" refId="ref13373" refString="Maisch MW. 1998 b. Short review of the ichthyosaurs of the Posidonienschiefer with remarks on the taxonomy of the Stenopterygiidae and Temnodontosauridae. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 209: 401 - 431." type="journal article" year="1998">Maisch, 1998b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F102DF3EEFD1EFF51" author="Maisch MW &amp; Hungerbuhler A" box="[329,673,228,250]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="335 - 345" refId="ref13598" refString="Maisch MW, Hungerbuhler A. 2001. New evidence for a discrete supratemporal bone in the Jurassic Ichthyosaur Temnodontosaurus. Historical Biology 15: 335 - 345." type="journal article" year="2001">Maisch &amp; Hungerbühler, 2001</bibRefCitation>
; Pardo-Pérez
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F11BBF209FEA1FEBF" box="[223,286,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018). Moreover, the suture with the prefrontal is slightly crenulated. The ventral edge is more convex and entirely in contact with the jugal.
</paragraph>
<caption id="FAB519B9FFD0AC5E11C0F586FB20F917" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="178" startId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" targetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD0AC5E11C0F586FB20F917" blockId="6.[163,1443,1676,1727]" pageId="6" pageNumber="178">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD0AC5E11C0F586FEB4F909" bold="true" box="[164,267,1676,1698]" pageId="6" pageNumber="178">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD0AC5E1277F586FBEAF90A" authorityName="Laboury &amp; Bennion &amp; Thuy &amp; Weis &amp; Fischer" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Laboury &amp; Bennion &amp; Thuy &amp; Weis &amp; Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[787,1109,1676,1698]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zetlandicus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD0AC5E1277F586FBEAF90A" box="[787,1109,1676,1698]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="178">Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="878D2858FFD0AC5E153FF586FB7AF90A" box="[1115,1221,1676,1698]" pageId="6" pageNumber="178" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(CAMSM
<accessionNumber id="B199D4D2FFD0AC5E1454F586FAC1F90A" box="[1328,1406,1676,1698]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/J35176" pageId="6" pageNumber="178" type="EnaNcbi">J35176</accessionNumber>
). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD1AC5F11CDF254FD45FCAB" blockId="7.[145,762,197,1875]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F11BBF254FED8FEDC" bold="true" box="[223,359,350,372]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">prefrontal</emphasis>
accounts for approximatively one third of the dorsal margin of the orbit (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD1AC5F1333F277FD21FE3A" box="[599,670,381,403]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Figs 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD1AC5F13CFF277FD55FE3B" box="[683,746,381,403]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">3A, B</figureCitation>
). The anterior extremity contacts the lacrimal and this suture appears to be weakly crenulated. The prefrontal does not form a narial process, and hence does not participate to the rim of the external naris, a feature that is shared with most early parvipelvians with the exception of
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F1049F13FFDC0FDE2" authority="Maisch, 2008" authorityName="Maisch" authorityYear="2008" box="[301,639,565,587]" class="Reptilia" family="Stenopterygiidae" genus="Hauffiopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1049F13FFE6BFDE2" box="[301,468,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Hauffiopteryx</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F10BAF13FFDC0FDE2" author="Maisch MW" box="[478,639,565,587]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="227 - 271" refId="ref13479" refString="Maisch MW. 2008. Revision der Gattung Stenopterygius Jaekel, 1904 emend. von Huene, 1922 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) aus dem unteren Jura Westeuropas. Palaeodiversity 1: 227 - 271." type="journal article" year="2008">Maisch, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F13F6F13FFEFFFDC1" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Cortes D" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="31" refId="ref14039" refString="Maxwell EE, Cortes D. 2020. A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany. Palaeontologia Electronica 23: a 31." type="journal article" year="2020">Maxwell &amp; Cortés, 2020</bibRefCitation>
). The prefrontal is not dorsomedially extended and does not contact the frontal or the parietal, unlike in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F101FF198FF67FD6D" authority="(Maisch &amp; Matzke, 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Maisch &amp; Matzke" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Reptilia" family="Leptonectidae" genus="Leptonectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F101FF198FDB9FD0F" box="[379,518,658,679]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Leptonectes</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F137EF19BFF73FD6D" author="Maisch MW &amp; Matzke AT" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="116 - 127" refId="ref13701" refString="Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2003. The cranial osteology of the ichthyosaur Leptonectes tenuirostris from the Lower Jurassic of England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 116 - 127." type="journal article" year="2003">Maisch &amp; Matzke, 2003</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F1183F1BAFD7FFD6D" authority="(Maxwell et al., 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Maxwell" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[231,704,688,710]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Stenopterygius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1183F1BAFE20FD6D" box="[231,415,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Stenopterygius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F10D1F1BAFD08FD6D" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Fernandez MS &amp; Schoch RR" box="[437,695,688,710]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="41692" refId="ref14124" refString="Maxwell EE, Fernandez MS, Schoch RR. 2012. First diagnostic marine reptile remains from the Aalenian (Middle Jurassic): a new ichthyosaur from southwestern Germany. PLoS One 7: e 41692." type="journal article" year="2012">
Maxwell
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F134DF1BAFDD6FD6D" box="[553,617,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F11F5F1C4FDD5FD4C" authority="(Maxwell &amp; Cortes, 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Maxwell &amp; Cortes" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[145,618,718,740]" class="Reptilia" family="Stenopterygiidae" genus="Hauffiopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F11F5F1C4FE8CFD4B" box="[145,307,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Hauffiopteryx</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F1020F1C4FDDFFD4C" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Cortes D" box="[324,608,718,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="31" refId="ref14039" refString="Maxwell EE, Cortes D. 2020. A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany. Palaeontologia Electronica 23: a 31." type="journal article" year="2020">Maxwell &amp; Cortés, 2020</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The suture with the postfrontal seems to be slightly interdigitated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD1AC5F11CDF006FDF0FA0D" blockId="7.[145,762,197,1875]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">
Externally, the
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1006F001FE01FC89" bold="true" box="[354,446,779,801]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">frontal</emphasis>
is a small lanceolate bone that forms a narrow triangular process anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD1AC5F13AAF020FF6EFCF7" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
). The posterior part is wider and is covered by the slender parietal fork, as in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F109CF062FF5BFC34" authority="(Maisch, 1998 b)" baseAuthorityName="Maisch" baseAuthorityYear="1998" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F109CF062FD2EFCD5" box="[504,657,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F13C4F062FF64FC34" author="Maisch MW" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="401 - 431" refId="ref13373" refString="Maisch MW. 1998 b. Short review of the ichthyosaurs of the Posidonienschiefer with remarks on the taxonomy of the Stenopterygiidae and Temnodontosauridae. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 209: 401 - 431." type="journal article" year="1998">Maisch, 1998b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and therefore differs from
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F1328F08CFE02FC12" authority="(Maxwell &amp; Cortes, 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Maxwell &amp; Cortes" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Reptilia" family="Stenopterygiidae" genus="Hauffiopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1328F08CFD46FC33" box="[588,761,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Hauffiopteryx</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F11FDF0AFFE0DFC12" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Cortes D" box="[153,434,933,955]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="31" refId="ref14039" refString="Maxwell EE, Cortes D. 2020. A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany. Palaeontologia Electronica 23: a 31." type="journal article" year="2020">Maxwell &amp; Cortés, 2020</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F10ADF0AFFF6CFC71" authority="(McGowan, 1973)" baseAuthorityName="McGowan" baseAuthorityYear="1973" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Ichthyosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F10ADF0AFFDD1FC12" box="[457,622,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Ichthyosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F131BF0AFFF76FC71" author="McGowan C" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 109" refId="ref14201" refString="McGowan C. 1973. The cranial morphology of the Lower Liassic latipinnate ichthyosaurs of England. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 24: 1 - 109." type="journal article" year="1973">McGowan, 1973</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F1184F0CEFED8FC71" baseAuthorityName="Maisch &amp; Matzke" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[224,359,964,985]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptonectidae" genus="Leptonectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1184F0CEFED8FC71" box="[224,359,964,985]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Leptonectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F101CF0CEFD2FFC71" author="Maisch MW &amp; Matzke AT" box="[376,656,964,986]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="116 - 127" refId="ref13701" refString="Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2003. The cranial osteology of the ichthyosaur Leptonectes tenuirostris from the Lower Jurassic of England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 116 - 127." type="journal article" year="2003">Maisch &amp; Matzke, 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F13FAF0CEFEAEFC5F" author="Vincent P &amp; Taquet P &amp; Fischer V &amp; Bardet N &amp; Falconnet J &amp; Godefroit P" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="7 - 20" refId="ref15185" refString="Vincent P, Taquet P, Fischer V, Bardet N, Falconnet J, Godefroit P. 2014. Mary Anning's legacy to French vertebrate palaeontology. Geological Magazine 151: 7 - 20." type="journal article" year="2014">
Vincent
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F11F5F0E9FF74FC5F" box="[145,203,994,1016]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F1043F0E8FD46FC50" authority="(Lomax et al., 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Lomax" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[295,761,994,1016]" class="Reptilia" family="Protoichthyosauridae" genus="Protoichthyosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1043F0E8FDB6FC5F" box="[295,521,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Protoichthyosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F137DF0E9FD4FFC5F" author="Lomax DR &amp; Massare JA &amp; Evans M" box="[537,752,994,1016]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="640 - 650" refId="ref13168" refString="Lomax DR, Massare JA, Evans M. 2020. New information on the skull roof of Protoichthyosaurus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) and intraspecific variation in some dermal skull elements. Geological Magazine 157: 640 - 650." type="journal article" year="2020">
Lomax
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1314F0E9FD15FC5F" box="[624,682,994,1016]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
, 2020
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F11A6F70BFDDAFBBE" authority="(Maxwell et al., 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Maxwell" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[194,613,1025,1047]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Stenopterygius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F11A6F70BFED5FBBE" box="[194,362,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Stenopterygius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F101DF70BFDE2FBBE" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Fernandez MS &amp; Schoch RR" box="[377,605,1025,1047]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="41692" refId="ref14124" refString="Maxwell EE, Fernandez MS, Schoch RR. 2012. First diagnostic marine reptile remains from the Aalenian (Middle Jurassic): a new ichthyosaur from southwestern Germany. PLoS One 7: e 41692." type="journal article" year="2012">
Maxwell
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1085F708FDA6FBBE" box="[481,537,1025,1047]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
in which the parietal anterior termination is broader. The frontal only participates in the formation of the anterior margin of the parietal foramen as in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F133CF754FEFAFB39" authority="(Maisch, 1998 b)" baseAuthorityName="Maisch" baseAuthorityYear="1998" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F133CF754FD46FBDA" box="[600,761,1117,1139]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F11FDF776FE82FB3A" author="Maisch MW" box="[153,317,1148,1170]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="401 - 431" refId="ref13373" refString="Maisch MW. 1998 b. Short review of the ichthyosaurs of the Posidonienschiefer with remarks on the taxonomy of the Stenopterygiidae and Temnodontosauridae. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 209: 401 - 431." type="journal article" year="1998">Maisch, 1998b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but unlike in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F1088F776FEE3FB18" authority="(Maxwell &amp; Cortes, 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Maxwell &amp; Cortes" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Reptilia" family="Stenopterygiidae" genus="Hauffiopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1088F776FD37FB39" box="[492,648,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Hauffiopteryx</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F13F3F776FEF0FB07" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Cortes D" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="31" refId="ref14039" refString="Maxwell EE, Cortes D. 2020. A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany. Palaeontologia Electronica 23: a 31." type="journal article" year="2020">Maxwell &amp; Cortés, 2020</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F1008F791FF66FB66" authority="(Maisch &amp; Matzke, 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Maisch &amp; Matzke" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Reptilia" family="Leptonectidae" genus="Leptonectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1008F791FE43FB18" box="[364,508,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Leptonectes</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F1375F790FF73FB66" author="Maisch MW &amp; Matzke AT" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="116 - 127" refId="ref13701" refString="Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2003. The cranial osteology of the ichthyosaur Leptonectes tenuirostris from the Lower Jurassic of England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 116 - 127." type="journal article" year="2003">Maisch &amp; Matzke, 2003</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F118EF7B3FD4BFB66" authority="(Lomax et al., 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Lomax" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[234,756,1209,1231]" class="Reptilia" family="Protoichthyosauridae" genus="Protoichthyosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F118EF7B3FE5FFB66" box="[234,480,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Protoichthyosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F1092F7B3FD58FB66" author="Lomax DR &amp; Massare JA &amp; Evans M" box="[502,743,1209,1231]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="640 - 650" refId="ref13168" refString="Lomax DR, Massare JA, Evans M. 2020. New information on the skull roof of Protoichthyosaurus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) and intraspecific variation in some dermal skull elements. Geological Magazine 157: 640 - 650." type="journal article" year="2020">
Lomax
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1332F7B0FD27FB66" box="[598,664,1209,1231]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
, 2020
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F11F5F7D2FD80FB45" authority="(Maxwell et al., 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Maxwell" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[145,575,1240,1262]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Stenopterygius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F11F5F7D2FE83FB45" box="[145,316,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Stenopterygius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F1028F7D2FD88FB45" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Fernandez MS &amp; Schoch RR" box="[332,567,1240,1262]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="41692" refId="ref14124" refString="Maxwell EE, Fernandez MS, Schoch RR. 2012. First diagnostic marine reptile remains from the Aalenian (Middle Jurassic): a new ichthyosaur from southwestern Germany. PLoS One 7: e 41692." type="journal article" year="2012">
Maxwell
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F10D3F7D2FE4EFB45" box="[439,497,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
or
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1302F7D2FD46FB45" box="[614,761,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Wahlisaurus</emphasis>
Lomax, 2016, in which frontals also form the lateral margin of the parietal foramen. Laterally, the frontal does not reach the supratemporal fenestra, as in all early parvipelvians (
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F10D2F658FDCAFACF" author="McGowan C" box="[438,629,1362,1383]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 109" refId="ref14201" refString="McGowan C. 1973. The cranial morphology of the Lower Liassic latipinnate ichthyosaurs of England. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 24: 1 - 109." type="journal article" year="1973">McGowan, 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F13E1F658FE96FA2E" author="Maisch MW &amp; Matzke AT" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="116 - 127" refId="ref13701" refString="Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2003. The cranial osteology of the ichthyosaur Leptonectes tenuirostris from the Lower Jurassic of England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 116 - 127." type="journal article" year="2003">Maisch &amp; Matzke, 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F1052F67BFDA6FA2E" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Fernandez MS &amp; Schoch RR" box="[310,537,1393,1415]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="41692" refId="ref14124" refString="Maxwell EE, Fernandez MS, Schoch RR. 2012. First diagnostic marine reptile remains from the Aalenian (Middle Jurassic): a new ichthyosaur from southwestern Germany. PLoS One 7: e 41692." type="journal article" year="2012">
Maxwell
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F10FAF678FE69FA2E" box="[414,470,1393,1415]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F1342F67BFD4CFA2F" author="Marek RD &amp; Moon BC &amp; Williams M &amp; Benton MJ" box="[550,755,1393,1415]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="723 - 742" refId="ref13734" refString="Marek RD, Moon BC, Williams M, Benton MJ. 2015. The skull and endocranium of a Lower Jurassic ichthyosaur based on digital reconstructions. Palaeontology 58: 723 - 742." type="journal article" year="2015">
Marek
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F131CF678FD0FFA2E" box="[632,688,1393,1415]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015
</bibRefCitation>
; Lomax, 2016;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F104BF69AFDFFFA0D" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Cortes D" box="[303,576,1424,1446]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="31" refId="ref14039" refString="Maxwell EE, Cortes D. 2020. A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany. Palaeontologia Electronica 23: a 31." type="journal article" year="2020">Maxwell &amp; Cortés, 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD1AC5F11CDF6A4FB26FEDC" blockId="7.[145,762,197,1875]" lastBlockId="7.[809,1426,197,1874]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1185F6A4FE9AFA6C" bold="true" box="[225,293,1454,1476]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">jugal</emphasis>
is slender and forms the ventral and posteroventral margins of the orbit (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD1AC5F130CF6C7FD0FFA4A" box="[616,688,1485,1507]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The posterior extremity of the jugal contacts the postorbital and the quadratojugal, unlike in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F132EF500FE0EF996" authority="(Maxwell &amp; Cortes, 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Maxwell &amp; Cortes" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Reptilia" family="Stenopterygiidae" genus="Hauffiopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F132EF500FD46F9B7" box="[586,761,1546,1567]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Hauffiopteryx</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F11FDF523FE16F996" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Cortes D" box="[153,425,1577,1599]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="31" refId="ref14039" refString="Maxwell EE, Cortes D. 2020. A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany. Palaeontologia Electronica 23: a 31." type="journal article" year="2020">Maxwell &amp; Cortés, 2020</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F108EF523FF6DF9F5" authority="(Maisch, 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Maisch" baseAuthorityYear="2008" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Stenopterygius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F108EF523FD2DF996" box="[490,658,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Stenopterygius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F13C5F523FF77F9F5" author="Maisch MW" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="227 - 271" refId="ref13479" refString="Maisch MW. 2008. Revision der Gattung Stenopterygius Jaekel, 1904 emend. von Huene, 1922 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) aus dem unteren Jura Westeuropas. Palaeodiversity 1: 227 - 271." type="journal article" year="2008">Maisch, 2008</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. This extremity appears bifurcated, resulting in the separation of the ascending process and a small anteroventrally oriented process (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD1AC5F137BF58FFD2DF932" box="[543,658,1669,1691]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Fig. 2C, D</figureCitation>
). Such a bifurcation is also found in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F10AFF5AEFDDDF911" baseAuthorityName="Maisch" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[459,610,1700,1721]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F10AFF5AEFDDDF911" box="[459,610,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and could be due to an anteroventral process of the quadratojugal (
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F11FFF5EBFD92F95E" author="Maisch MW &amp; Hungerbuhler A" box="[155,557,1761,1783]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="335 - 345" refId="ref13598" refString="Maisch MW, Hungerbuhler A. 2001. New evidence for a discrete supratemporal bone in the Jurassic Ichthyosaur Temnodontosaurus. Historical Biology 15: 335 - 345." type="journal article" year="2001">Maisch &amp; Hungerbühler, 2001</bibRefCitation>
). However, the ascending process is broader in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F109BF40AFD28F8BC" baseAuthorityName="Maisch" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[511,663,1791,1813]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F109BF40AFD28F8BC" box="[511,663,1791,1813]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F13C2F5F5FE2AF89B" author="Maisch MW &amp; Hungerbuhler A" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="335 - 345" refId="ref13598" refString="Maisch MW, Hungerbuhler A. 2001. New evidence for a discrete supratemporal bone in the Jurassic Ichthyosaur Temnodontosaurus. Historical Biology 15: 335 - 345." type="journal article" year="2001">Maisch &amp; Hungerbühler, 2001</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F10C7F414FD08F89B" author="Pardo-Perez JM &amp; Kear BP &amp; Mallison H &amp; Gomez M &amp; Moroni M &amp; Maxwell EE" box="[419,695,1822,1844]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="0204951" refId="ref14787" refString="Pardo-Perez JM, Kear BP, Mallison H, Gomez M, Moroni M, Maxwell EE. 2018. Pathological survey on Temnodontosaurus from the Early Jurassic of southern Germany. PLoS One 13: e 0204951." type="journal article" year="2018">
Pardo-Pérez
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F135CF415FDCEF89B" box="[568,625,1822,1844]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018
</bibRefCitation>
). The anterior extremity of the jugal is digitated, contacting the subnarial process of the premaxilla and covering the posterior part of the maxilla (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD1AC5F15C9F3E9FB51FF51" box="[1197,1262,227,249]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). This contact between the jugal and the premaxilla is also present in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F1229F228FC4AFE9E" baseAuthorityName="Maisch" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[845,1013,289,311]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1229F228FC4AFE9E" box="[845,1013,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F156FF22BFB7FFE9F" author="Maisch MW" box="[1035,1216,289,311]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="401 - 431" refId="ref13373" refString="Maisch MW. 1998 b. Short review of the ichthyosaurs of the Posidonienschiefer with remarks on the taxonomy of the Stenopterygiidae and Temnodontosauridae. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 209: 401 - 431." type="journal article" year="1998">Maisch, 1998b</bibRefCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD1AC5F15B7F22BFA95FE9E" box="[1235,1322,289,311]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="18.[163,241,1261,1283]" captionTargetBox="[168,1446,198,1219]" captionTargetId="figure-316@18.[163,1449,195,1222]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 12. Anatomical comparison between the skulls of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. and Temnodontosaurus trigonodon. A, B, interpretation of the lateral and the dorsal view of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176), respectively. C, interpretation of Temnodontosaurus trigonodon (SMNS 15950), modified from Swaby &amp; Lomax (2020). The blue-coloured labels indicate shared features whereas the red-coloured labels indicate morphological differences with Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536824/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
) and in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F124DF24AFAE3FEFD" authority="(Maisch &amp; Hungerbuhler, 1997)" baseAuthorityName="Maisch &amp; Hungerbuhler" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[809,1372,319,341]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuertingensis">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F124DF24AFC5DFEFD" box="[809,994,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">T. nuertingensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F1297F235FAECFEFD" author="Maisch MW &amp; Hungerbuhler A" box="[1011,1363,319,341]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref13543" refString="Maisch MW, Hungerbuhler A. 1997. Revision of Temnodontosaurus nuertingensis (v. Huene, 1931), a large ichthyosaur from the Lower Pliensbachian (Lower Jurassic) of Nurtingen, South Western Germany. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Palaontologie) 248: 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1997">Maisch &amp; Hungerbühler, 1997</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but not in other early parvipelvians.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD1AC5F1225F277FB00FBFB" blockId="7.[809,1426,197,1874]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F121EF277FB81FE3B" bold="true" box="[890,1086,381,403]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">quadratojugal</emphasis>
appears to form the frame of the postorbital region and is well exposed (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD1AC5F1400F291FC88FE67" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) as in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F12F7F2B0FA2EFE78" authority="(Lomax &amp; Massare, 2016)" baseAuthorityName="Lomax &amp; Massare" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[915,1425,442,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Ichthyosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F12F7F2B0FBFCFE67" box="[915,1091,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Ichthyosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F1531F2B0FA38FE78" author="Massare JA &amp; Lomax DR" box="[1109,1415,442,464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="5" refId="ref13889" refString="Massare JA, Lomax DR. 2016. A new specimen of Ichthyosaurus conybeari (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from Watchet, Somerset, England, U. K., and a re-examination of the species. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36: 5." type="journal article" year="2016">Lomax &amp; Massare, 2016</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F1239F2D3FB81FE46" box="[861,1086,473,494]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1239F2D3FB81FE46" box="[861,1086,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Temnodontosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F152BF2D3FAB3FE46" author="McGowan C" box="[1103,1292,473,494]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref14234" refString="McGowan C. 1974. A revision of the longipinnate ichthyosaurs of the Lower Jurassic of England, with description of the new species (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria). Life Science Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum 97: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="1974">McGowan, 1974</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F147FF2D3FCCEFDA5" author="Godefroit P" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="25 - 71" refId="ref12571" refString="Godefroit P. 1993 a. Les grands ichthyosaures sinemuriens d'Arlon. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Sciences de la Terre 63: 25 - 71." type="journal article" year="1993">Godefroit, 1993a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F12E7F2FDFB46FDA5" author="Maisch MW &amp; Hungerbuhler A" box="[899,1273,503,525]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="335 - 345" refId="ref13598" refString="Maisch MW, Hungerbuhler A. 2001. New evidence for a discrete supratemporal bone in the Jurassic Ichthyosaur Temnodontosaurus. Historical Biology 15: 335 - 345." type="journal article" year="2001">Maisch &amp; Hungerbühler, 2001</bibRefCitation>
) and unlike in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F122AF11CFAE9FD84" authority="(Maxwell &amp; Cortes, 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Maxwell &amp; Cortes" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[846,1366,534,556]" class="Reptilia" family="Stenopterygiidae" genus="Hauffiopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F122AF11CFC42FD83" box="[846,1021,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Hauffiopteryx</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F1577F11CFAF2FD83" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Cortes D" box="[1043,1357,534,556]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="31" refId="ref14039" refString="Maxwell EE, Cortes D. 2020. A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany. Palaeontologia Electronica 23: a 31." type="journal article" year="2020">Maxwell &amp; Cortés, 2020</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F124DF13FFC5DFDE2" baseAuthorityName="Maisch" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[809,994,565,586]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Stenopterygius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F124DF13FFC5DFDE2" box="[809,994,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Stenopterygius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F1292F13FFB77FDE3" author="Godefroit P" box="[1014,1224,565,587]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="67 - 84" refId="ref12602" refString="Godefroit P. 1993 b. The skull of Stenopterygius longifrons (Owen, 1881). Revue de Paleobiologie de Geneve volume special 7: 67 - 84." type="journal article" year="1993">Godefroit, 1993b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F15BEF13FFA3FFDE2" author="Maisch MW" box="[1242,1408,565,587]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="227 - 271" refId="ref13479" refString="Maisch MW. 2008. Revision der Gattung Stenopterygius Jaekel, 1904 emend. von Huene, 1922 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) aus dem unteren Jura Westeuropas. Palaeodiversity 1: 227 - 271." type="journal article" year="2008">Maisch, 2008</bibRefCitation>
). The quadratojugal is wide, especially the ventral part where it extends to the level of the posterior digitation of the jugal (as in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F15EEF19BFA95FD0E" baseAuthorityName="Maisch" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1162,1322,657,678]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F15EEF19BFA95FD0E" box="[1162,1322,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F145FF19BFB89FD6D" author="Maisch MW &amp; Hungerbuhler A" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="335 - 345" refId="ref13598" refString="Maisch MW, Hungerbuhler A. 2001. New evidence for a discrete supratemporal bone in the Jurassic Ichthyosaur Temnodontosaurus. Historical Biology 15: 335 - 345." type="journal article" year="2001">Maisch &amp; Hungerbühler, 2001</bibRefCitation>
). The quadratojugal forms a large dorsal process, which nearly reaches the dorsal margin of the squamosal (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD1AC5F1508F1E7FB0EFCAA" box="[1132,1201,749,771]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The articulation surface with the quadrate is strongly concave medioventrally. The anterior edge the quadratojugal seems to slightly cover the posterior margin of the postorbital. Posterodorsally, the quadratojugal contacts the squamosal along a relatively smooth suture. The postorbital region is large compared to the orbit but less than in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F1505F0CEFABFFC70" baseAuthorityName="Maisch" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1121,1280,963,985]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1505F0CEFABFFC70" box="[1121,1280,963,985]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
even if this ratio looks variable within the species (ratio length of the postorbital region to length of the orbit: ~0.5 for
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F1236F72AFC48FB9C" authorityName="Laboury &amp; Bennion &amp; Thuy &amp; Weis &amp; Fischer" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Laboury &amp; Bennion &amp; Thuy &amp; Weis &amp; Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[850,1015,1055,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zetlandicus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1236F72AFC48FB9C" box="[850,1015,1055,1077]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">T. zetlandicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vs. ~0.6–1.0 for
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F15DAF72AFAE2FB9C" baseAuthorityName="Maisch" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1214,1373,1055,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F15DAF72AFAE2FB9C" box="[1214,1373,1055,1077]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see Supporting Information,
<tableCitation id="E3487C8AFFD1AC5F152EF734FB11FBFB" box="[1098,1198,1086,1108]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="13.[143,207,196,217]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 1. Measurements (anteroposterior length," httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FAB519B9FFDBAC5511EBF3CEFEF6FEE7" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" tableUuid="FAB519B9FFDBAC5511EBF3CEFEF6FEE7">Table S1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD1AC5F1225F757FBCEFA2E" blockId="7.[809,1426,197,1874]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F121EF757FBB6FBDA" bold="true" box="[890,1033,1117,1138]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">squamosal</emphasis>
is a relatively large triangular element within the postorbital region (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD1AC5F1582F771FA98FB38" box="[1254,1319,1147,1169]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) and has a morphology similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F15F2F791FB80FB66" authority="(Maisch &amp; Hungerbuhler, 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Maisch &amp; Hungerbuhler" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F15F2F791FA91FB07" box="[1174,1326,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFD1AC5F145AF790FB8AFB66" author="Maisch MW &amp; Hungerbuhler A" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" pagination="335 - 345" refId="ref13598" refString="Maisch MW, Hungerbuhler A. 2001. New evidence for a discrete supratemporal bone in the Jurassic Ichthyosaur Temnodontosaurus. Historical Biology 15: 335 - 345." type="journal article" year="2001">Maisch &amp; Hungerbühler, 2001</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The posteroventral process of the squamosal is long and reaches the articulation between the quadratojugal and the condyle of the quadrate. Laterally, the suture with the quadratojugal is well extended and dorsally, the squamosal contacts the supratemporal and the postfrontal by an anterodorsal process (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD1AC5F1547F67BFBDDFA2E" box="[1059,1122,1393,1415]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD1AC5F1225F685FC01F8BD" blockId="7.[809,1426,197,1874]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">
The crescent-shaped
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1504F685FABDFA0D" bold="true" box="[1120,1282,1423,1445]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">postorbital</emphasis>
forms the posterior margin of the orbit (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFD1AC5F15FEF6A4FB61FA6B" box="[1178,1246,1454,1476]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Dorsally, the facet with the postfrontal is reduced in comparison to
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFD1AC5F122CF6E1FB0AF9A9" authority="(Maisch, 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Maisch" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[840,1205,1515,1537]" class="Reptilia" family="Suevoleviathanidae" genus="Suevoleviathan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F122CF6E1FC41F9A8" box="[840,1022,1515,1536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">Suevoleviathan</emphasis>
(Maisch, 2001)
</taxonomicName>
and ventrally, the postorbital contacts the jugal. The orbital crest is not prominent on postorbital, thus resulting in a lack of clear delimitation of the part involved in the formation of the orbit and the part forming the postorbital region. The postorbital thins dorsally and ventrally, buttressing the postfrontal and the dorsal margin of the jugal. Posteriorly, the postorbital contacts the quadratojugal and seems to be slightly overlapped by this element.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFD1AC501225F414FE63FC8A" blockId="7.[809,1426,197,1874]" lastBlockId="8.[163,780,197,1108]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFD1AC5F1211F414FC55F89C" bold="true" box="[885,1002,1822,1844]" pageId="7" pageNumber="179">parietals</emphasis>
are relatively well preserved except at their posterior part and have a curved aspect (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDEAC5011C8F3CFFE9BFF73" box="[172,292,197,219]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
). The anterior extremity of the parietal is marked by a slender parietal fork that covers the posterior part of the frontal as in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDEAC501356F209FD71FEBF" baseAuthorityName="Maisch &amp; Hungerbuhler" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[562,718,258,280]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC501356F209FD71FEBF" box="[562,718,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDEAC5013BBF208FF7DFE9E" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="18.[163,241,1261,1283]" captionTargetBox="[168,1446,198,1219]" captionTargetId="figure-316@18.[163,1449,195,1222]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 12. Anatomical comparison between the skulls of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. and Temnodontosaurus trigonodon. A, B, interpretation of the lateral and the dorsal view of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176), respectively. C, interpretation of Temnodontosaurus trigonodon (SMNS 15950), modified from Swaby &amp; Lomax (2020). The blue-coloured labels indicate shared features whereas the red-coloured labels indicate morphological differences with Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536824/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
, B, C;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDEAC501076F22BFE7EFE9F" author="Maisch MW" box="[274,449,289,311]" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" pagination="401 - 431" refId="ref13373" refString="Maisch MW. 1998 b. Short review of the ichthyosaurs of the Posidonienschiefer with remarks on the taxonomy of the Stenopterygiidae and Temnodontosauridae. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 209: 401 - 431." type="journal article" year="1998">Maisch, 1998b</bibRefCitation>
). As a result, the posterior and lateral margins of the parietal foramen are formed externally by this element and this foramen is nearly enclosed by the parietals except at its anterior edge (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDEAC50118AF296FED3FE19" box="[238,364,412,434]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDEAC501018F296FE35FE19" box="[380,394,412,433]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[163,241,1052,1074]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1009]" captionTargetId="figure-457@12.[163,1449,195,1012]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Braincase comparison of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176) (A) and the referred specimen of Temnodontosaurus cf. zetlandicus (MNHNL TU885) (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536812" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536812/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">7</figureCitation>
). This strongly contrasts with
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDEAC5011C7F2B1FDF7FE78" authority="(Marek et al., 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Marek" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[163,584,442,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Stenopterygiidae" genus="Hauffiopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC5011C7F2B1FEF5FE78" box="[163,330,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Hauffiopteryx</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDEAC501039F2B0FD82FE78" author="Marek RD &amp; Moon BC &amp; Williams M &amp; Benton MJ" box="[349,573,442,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" pagination="723 - 742" refId="ref13734" refString="Marek RD, Moon BC, Williams M, Benton MJ. 2015. The skull and endocranium of a Lower Jurassic ichthyosaur based on digital reconstructions. Palaeontology 58: 723 - 742." type="journal article" year="2015">
Marek
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC5010D1F2B1FE4CFE67" box="[437,499,442,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDEAC501332F2B1FE06FE47" authority="(Maxwell et al., 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Maxwell" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Stenopterygius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC501332F2B1FCB5FE78" box="[598,778,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Stenopterygius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDEAC5011C8F2D3FE10FE46" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Fernandez MS &amp; Schoch RR" box="[172,431,473,495]" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" pagination="41692" refId="ref14124" refString="Maxwell EE, Fernandez MS, Schoch RR. 2012. First diagnostic marine reptile remains from the Aalenian (Middle Jurassic): a new ichthyosaur from southwestern Germany. PLoS One 7: e 41692." type="journal article" year="2012">
Maxwell
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC501045F2D0FEDEFE46" box="[289,353,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC501099F2D3FD24FE46" box="[509,667,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Wahlisaurus</emphasis>
(Lomax, 2016), where the parietal foramen is nearly completely enclosed by the frontals. The interparietal suture is surrounded by a prominent parasagittal ridge (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDEAC50118AF15EFEDEFDC1" box="[238,353,596,618]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
), which is present on both elements, thus forming a paired structure as in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDEAC501308F179FCB4FD2F" baseAuthorityName="Maisch &amp; Hungerbuhler" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[620,779,626,648]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC501308F179FCB4FD2F" box="[620,779,626,648]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDEAC5011C8F19BFEBDFD0E" box="[172,258,657,679]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="18.[163,241,1261,1283]" captionTargetBox="[168,1446,198,1219]" captionTargetId="figure-316@18.[163,1449,195,1222]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 12. Anatomical comparison between the skulls of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. and Temnodontosaurus trigonodon. A, B, interpretation of the lateral and the dorsal view of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176), respectively. C, interpretation of Temnodontosaurus trigonodon (SMNS 15950), modified from Swaby &amp; Lomax (2020). The blue-coloured labels indicate shared features whereas the red-coloured labels indicate morphological differences with Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536824/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). This ridge becomes thinner and flatter posteriorly and ends anteriorly at the posterior edge of the parietal foramen. Dorsally, the suture between the parietal and the supratemporal adopts a sinusoidal configuration.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFDEAC5011DFF020FBBFFEB0" blockId="8.[163,780,197,1108]" lastBlockId="8.[827,1444,197,1108]" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC501190F021FE7FFCE8" bold="true" box="[244,448,811,832]" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">supratemporal</emphasis>
is a strongly curved bone (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDEAC5011C9F043FE8FFCF7" box="[173,304,841,863]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
). It forms the posterior and lateral margins of the supratemporal fenestra, forming an elongated anteromedial process that covers the postfrontal laterally and reaches the anterior ridge of the supratemporal fenestra (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDEAC501376F0CEFD3AFC71" box="[530,645,964,986]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
) formed by the dorsal part of the postfrontal (see below) as in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDEAC5011C7F708FE87FBBE" baseAuthorityName="Maisch &amp; Hungerbuhler" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[163,312,1025,1047]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC5011C7F708FE87FBBE" box="[163,312,1025,1047]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDEAC501023F70BFE2DFBBE" box="[327,402,1025,1047]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="18.[163,241,1261,1283]" captionTargetBox="[168,1446,198,1219]" captionTargetId="figure-316@18.[163,1449,195,1222]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 12. Anatomical comparison between the skulls of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. and Temnodontosaurus trigonodon. A, B, interpretation of the lateral and the dorsal view of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176), respectively. C, interpretation of Temnodontosaurus trigonodon (SMNS 15950), modified from Swaby &amp; Lomax (2020). The blue-coloured labels indicate shared features whereas the red-coloured labels indicate morphological differences with Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536824/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). The suture with the postfrontal is digitated and the contact with the squamosal is extensive (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDEAC501036F734FE24FBFB" box="[338,411,1086,1108]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The descending process of the supratemporal forms the lateral margin of the braincase, where it contacts the occipital lamella of the quadrate (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDEAC5012D5F208FC4FFEBF" box="[945,1008,258,280]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[164,242,1846,1868]" captionTargetBox="[326,1281,1175,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-628@8.[323,1283,1172,1807]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, Basicranium in posterior view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536801/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFDEAC511237F22BFF67FE3B" blockId="8.[827,1444,197,1108]" lastBlockId="9.[145,762,197,1875]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="181" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">
The left postfrontal is completely preserved while the anterolateral portion of the right one is damaged (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDEAC501220F254FC2DFEDB" box="[836,914,350,372]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[142,220,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[289,1281,198,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-109@5.[286,1284,195,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in left lateral view. C, D, in right lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536791/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Figs 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDEAC5012C0F254FC56FEDC" box="[932,1001,350,372]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">3A, B</figureCitation>
). The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC501559F254FB66FEDC" bold="true" box="[1085,1241,350,372]" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">postfrontal</emphasis>
is an extensive structure participating in the dorsal and postorbital regions of the cranium. Anteriorly, this element is partially covered by the posterior processes of the nasal, giving it a V-shape dorsally, resulting in the bifurcation of a medial and a lateral process, which it is not seen in any early parvipelvians (
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDEAC501420F11CFC3FFDE3" author="Maisch MW" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" pagination="401 - 431" refId="ref13373" refString="Maisch MW. 1998 b. Short review of the ichthyosaurs of the Posidonienschiefer with remarks on the taxonomy of the Stenopterygiidae and Temnodontosauridae. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 209: 401 - 431." type="journal article" year="1998">Maisch, 1998b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDEAC5012EBF13FFB1CFDE2" author="Maisch MW &amp; Matzke AT" box="[911,1187,565,587]" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" pagination="116 - 127" refId="ref13701" refString="Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2003. The cranial osteology of the ichthyosaur Leptonectes tenuirostris from the Lower Jurassic of England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 116 - 127." type="journal article" year="2003">Maisch &amp; Matzke, 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDEAC5015D5F13FFA22FDE2" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Fernandez MS &amp; Schoch RR" box="[1201,1437,565,587]" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" pagination="41692" refId="ref14124" refString="Maxwell EE, Fernandez MS, Schoch RR. 2012. First diagnostic marine reptile remains from the Aalenian (Middle Jurassic): a new ichthyosaur from southwestern Germany. PLoS One 7: e 41692." type="journal article" year="2012">
Maxwell
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC501479F13CFAE8FDE2" box="[1309,1367,565,587]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDEAC50125FF15EFBA4FDC1" author="Vincent P &amp; Taquet P &amp; Fischer V &amp; Bardet N &amp; Falconnet J &amp; Godefroit P" box="[827,1051,596,618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" pagination="7 - 20" refId="ref15185" refString="Vincent P, Taquet P, Fischer V, Bardet N, Falconnet J, Godefroit P. 2014. Mary Anning's legacy to French vertebrate palaeontology. Geological Magazine 151: 7 - 20." type="journal article" year="2014">
Vincent
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC5012F8F15EFC6AFDC1" box="[924,981,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDEAC50154CF15EFB44FDC1" author="Marek RD &amp; Moon BC &amp; Williams M &amp; Benton MJ" box="[1064,1275,595,618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" pagination="723 - 742" refId="ref13734" refString="Marek RD, Moon BC, Williams M, Benton MJ. 2015. The skull and endocranium of a Lower Jurassic ichthyosaur based on digital reconstructions. Palaeontology 58: 723 - 742." type="journal article" year="2015">
Marek
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC501518F15EFB0AFDC1" box="[1148,1205,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015
</bibRefCitation>
; Lomax, 2016;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDEAC50125FF179FBEDFD20" author="Massare JA &amp; Lomax DR" box="[827,1106,626,648]" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" pagination="5" refId="ref13889" refString="Massare JA, Lomax DR. 2016. A new specimen of Ichthyosaurus conybeari (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from Watchet, Somerset, England, U. K., and a re-examination of the species. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36: 5." type="journal article" year="2016">Lomax &amp; Massare, 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDEAC501504F179FA8CFD2F" author="Lomax DR &amp; Massare JA &amp; Evans M" box="[1120,1331,626,648]" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" pagination="640 - 650" refId="ref13168" refString="Lomax DR, Massare JA, Evans M. 2020. New information on the skull roof of Protoichthyosaurus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) and intraspecific variation in some dermal skull elements. Geological Magazine 157: 640 - 650." type="journal article" year="2020">
Lomax
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC5015D1F179FB51FD2F" box="[1205,1262,626,648]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
, 2020
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDEAC501424F178FC46FD0E" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Cortes D" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" pagination="31" refId="ref14039" refString="Maxwell EE, Cortes D. 2020. A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany. Palaeontologia Electronica 23: a 31." type="journal article" year="2020">Maxwell &amp; Cortés, 2020</bibRefCitation>
). The suture with the prefrontal is not well preserved but appears undulated. The postfrontal forms the entire anterior margin of the supratemporal fenestra where this element forms an extensive mediolaterally oriented ridge (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDEAC501423F006FCF3FCE8" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDEAC50123EF021FCD7FCE8" box="[858,872,811,832]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[163,241,1052,1074]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1009]" captionTargetId="figure-457@12.[163,1449,195,1012]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Braincase comparison of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176) (A) and the referred specimen of Temnodontosaurus cf. zetlandicus (MNHNL TU885) (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536812" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536812/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">7</figureCitation>
). This unusual structure is actually shared with
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDEAC50125FF040FC67FCF6" baseAuthorityName="Maisch &amp; Hungerbuhler" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[827,984,841,863]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC50125FF040FC67FCF6" box="[827,984,841,863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDEAC50128DF043FB85FCF6" box="[1001,1082,841,863]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="18.[163,241,1261,1283]" captionTargetBox="[168,1446,198,1219]" captionTargetId="figure-316@18.[163,1449,195,1222]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 12. Anatomical comparison between the skulls of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. and Temnodontosaurus trigonodon. A, B, interpretation of the lateral and the dorsal view of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176), respectively. C, interpretation of Temnodontosaurus trigonodon (SMNS 15950), modified from Swaby &amp; Lomax (2020). The blue-coloured labels indicate shared features whereas the red-coloured labels indicate morphological differences with Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536824/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). A short ridge is also present in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDEAC50123AF06DFA1DFCD5" authority="Appleby, 1979" authorityName="Appleby" authorityYear="1979" box="[862,1442,871,893]" class="Reptilia" family="Protoichthyosauridae" genus="Protoichthyosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prostaxalis">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC50123AF06DFB57FCD4" box="[862,1256,871,892]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Protoichthyosaurus prostaxalis</emphasis>
Appleby, 1979
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDEAC501227F08DFBDEFC33" author="Lomax DR &amp; Massare JA" box="[835,1121,902,924]" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" pagination="164 - 178" refId="ref13133" refString="Lomax DR, Massare JA. 2018. A second specimen of Protoichthyosaurus applebyi (Reptila: Ichthyosauria) and additional information on the genus and species. Paludicola 11: 164 - 178." type="journal article" year="2018">Lomax &amp; Massare, 2018</bibRefCitation>
). However, this postfrontal ridge appears shorter than in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDEAC5015F7F0ACFA8FFC12" authorityName="Laboury &amp; Bennion &amp; Thuy &amp; Weis &amp; Fischer" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Laboury &amp; Bennion &amp; Thuy &amp; Weis &amp; Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[1171,1328,933,955]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zetlandicus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC5015F7F0ACFA8FFC12" box="[1171,1328,933,955]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">T. zetlandicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(medially vanished around mid-supratemporal fenestra width) and also appears to be oriented along the anteromedial-posterolateral axis whereas this ridge is mediolaterally oriented in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDEAC5015CAF72AFAE5FB9C" authorityName="Laboury &amp; Bennion &amp; Thuy &amp; Weis &amp; Fischer" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Laboury &amp; Bennion &amp; Thuy &amp; Weis &amp; Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[1198,1370,1055,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zetlandicus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC5015CAF72AFAE5FB9C" box="[1198,1370,1055,1077]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">T. zetlandicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDEAC50140BF715FCC4FBFC" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Figs 3A, B</figureCitation>
). Apart from these three species, the presence of a postfrontal ridge which forms the anterior edge of the supratemporal fenestra is absent in all other early parvipelvians (
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC5110E7F209FD82FEB0" author="McGowan C" box="[387,573,259,280]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 109" refId="ref14201" refString="McGowan C. 1973. The cranial morphology of the Lower Liassic latipinnate ichthyosaurs of England. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 24: 1 - 109." type="journal article" year="1973">McGowan, 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC51132FF208FD4CFEB0" author="Maisch MW" box="[587,755,258,280]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="47 - 78" refId="ref13325" refString="Maisch MW. 1998 a. A new ichthyosaur genus from the Posidonia Shale (Lower Toarcian, Jurassic) of Holzmaden, SW-Germany with comments on the phylogeny of post- Triassic ichthyosaurs. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 209: 47 - 78." type="journal article" year="1998">Maisch, 1998a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC5111F5F22BFE1FFE9E" author="Maisch MW &amp; Matzke AT" box="[145,416,289,311]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="116 - 127" refId="ref13701" refString="Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2003. The cranial osteology of the ichthyosaur Leptonectes tenuirostris from the Lower Jurassic of England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 116 - 127." type="journal article" year="2003">Maisch &amp; Matzke, 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC5110C9F22BFD2CFE9E" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Fernandez MS &amp; Schoch RR" box="[429,659,289,311]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="41692" refId="ref14124" refString="Maxwell EE, Fernandez MS, Schoch RR. 2012. First diagnostic marine reptile remains from the Aalenian (Middle Jurassic): a new ichthyosaur from southwestern Germany. PLoS One 7: e 41692." type="journal article" year="2012">
Maxwell
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC511373F228FDF0FE9E" box="[535,591,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC5113C4F22BFEB3FEFD" author="Vincent P &amp; Taquet P &amp; Fischer V &amp; Bardet N &amp; Falconnet J &amp; Godefroit P" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="7 - 20" refId="ref15185" refString="Vincent P, Taquet P, Fischer V, Bardet N, Falconnet J, Godefroit P. 2014. Mary Anning's legacy to French vertebrate palaeontology. Geological Magazine 151: 7 - 20." type="journal article" year="2014">
Vincent
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC5111F5F24AFF76FEFD" box="[145,201,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC51107CF24AFE5AFEFE" author="Marek RD &amp; Moon BC &amp; Williams M &amp; Benton MJ" box="[280,485,320,342]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="723 - 742" refId="ref13734" refString="Marek RD, Moon BC, Williams M, Benton MJ. 2015. The skull and endocranium of a Lower Jurassic ichthyosaur based on digital reconstructions. Palaeontology 58: 723 - 742." type="journal article" year="2015">
Marek
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC51100EF24AFE1DFEFD" box="[362,418,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015
</bibRefCitation>
; Lomax, 2016;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC5113F4F24AFE89FEDC" author="Massare JA &amp; Lomax DR" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="5" refId="ref13889" refString="Massare JA, Lomax DR. 2016. A new specimen of Ichthyosaurus conybeari (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from Watchet, Somerset, England, U. K., and a re-examination of the species. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36: 5." type="journal article" year="2016">Lomax &amp; Massare, 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC511020F255FDA9FEDC" author="Lomax DR &amp; Massare JA &amp; Evans M" box="[324,534,350,372]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="640 - 650" refId="ref13168" refString="Lomax DR, Massare JA, Evans M. 2020. New information on the skull roof of Protoichthyosaurus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) and intraspecific variation in some dermal skull elements. Geological Magazine 157: 640 - 650." type="journal article" year="2020">
Lomax
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC5110FDF255FE6DFEDB" box="[409,466,350,372]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">et al.</emphasis>
, 2020
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC511340F254FF77FE3A" author="Maxwell EE &amp; Cortes D" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="31" refId="ref14039" refString="Maxwell EE, Cortes D. 2020. A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany. Palaeontologia Electronica 23: a 31." type="journal article" year="2020">Maxwell &amp; Cortés, 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="FAB519B9FFDEAC5011C0F43CFBD5F8C2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536801" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6536801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536801/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" startId="8.[164,242,1846,1868]" targetBox="[326,1281,1175,1805]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="AE754931FFDEAC5011C0F43CFBD5F8C2" blockId="8.[163,1443,1846,1898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC5011C0F43CFEB4F8E3" bold="true" box="[164,267,1846,1868]" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDEAC501277F43CFBEAF8E4" authorityName="Laboury &amp; Bennion &amp; Thuy &amp; Weis &amp; Fischer" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Laboury &amp; Bennion &amp; Thuy &amp; Weis &amp; Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[787,1109,1846,1868]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zetlandicus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDEAC501277F43CFBEAF8E4" box="[787,1109,1846,1868]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="180">Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="878D2858FFDEAC50153FF43CFB7AF8E4" box="[1115,1221,1846,1868]" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(CAMSM
<accessionNumber id="B199D4D2FFDEAC501454F43CFAC1F8E4" box="[1328,1406,1846,1868]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/J35176" pageId="8" pageNumber="180" type="EnaNcbi">J35176</accessionNumber>
). A, B, Basicranium in posterior view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFDFAC5111CDF296FE36FC13" blockId="9.[145,762,197,1875]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC511184F296FE33FE1A" bold="true" box="[224,396,412,434]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">basioccipital</emphasis>
is partially preserved, having its dorsal part damaged (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDFAC5110CBF2B0FE51FE78" box="[431,494,442,464]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[164,242,1846,1868]" captionTargetBox="[326,1281,1175,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-628@8.[323,1283,1172,1807]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, Basicranium in posterior view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536801/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Thus, its contribution to the foramen magnum cannot be characterized. The condyle is prominent and is clearly separated from the extracondylar area, a character shared by members of
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDFAC51104FF13FFF6AFDC1" authority="(Swaby &amp; Lomax, 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Swaby &amp; Lomax" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC51104FF13FFDABFDE2" box="[299,532,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Temnodontosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC511343F13FFF73FDC1" author="Swaby EJ &amp; Lomax DR" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="2715 - 2731" refId="ref15048" refString="Swaby EJ, Lomax DR. 2020. A revision of Temnodontosaurus crassimanus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) of Whitby, Yorkshire, UK. Historical Biology 33: 2715 - 2731." type="journal article" year="2020">Swaby &amp; Lomax, 2020</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and more generally, non-ophthalmosaurid parvipelvians (
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC51102CF178FE49FD20" author="Motani R" box="[328,502,626,648]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="473 - 496" refId="ref14619" refString="Motani R. 1999 b. Phylogeny of the Ichthyopterygia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 473 - 496." type="journal article" year="1999">Motani, 1999b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC511363F178FD50FD20" author="Fischer V &amp; Maisch MW &amp; Naish D &amp; Kosma R &amp; Liston J &amp; Joger U &amp; Kruger FJ &amp; Pardo Perez J &amp; Tainsh J &amp; Appleby RM" box="[519,751,626,648]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="29234" refId="ref12425" refString="Fischer V, Maisch MW, Naish D, Kosma R, Liston J, Joger U, Kruger FJ, Pardo Perez J, Tainsh J, Appleby RM. 2012. New ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurs from the European Lower Cretaceous demonstrate extensive ichthyosaur survival across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. PLoS One 7: e 29234." type="journal article" year="2012">
Fischer
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC51130DF179FD19FD2F" box="[617,678,626,648]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
) and the notochordal pit is located on the centre of the condyle. The extracondylar area is slightly expanded laterally and seems to be well developed ventrally and marked by the presence of a basal tubera, thus being saddle-shaped ventrally, unlike in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDFAC511327F006FEECFCF7" authority="(Quenstedt, 1856) (Miedema &amp; Maxwell, 2019)" authorityName="Miedema &amp; Maxwell" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Quenstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Stenopterygius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadriscissus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC511327F006FEF9FCE8" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Stenopterygius quadriscissus</emphasis>
(Quenstedt, 1856) (
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC51133BF021FEF6FCF6" author="Miedema F &amp; Maxwell EE" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="1675164" refId="ref14442" refString="Miedema F, Maxwell EE. 2019. Ontogeny of the braincase in Stenopterygius (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Jurassic of Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39: e 1675164." type="journal article" year="2019">Miedema &amp; Maxwell, 2019</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC5110FDF043FDDEFCF6" box="[409,609,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Chacaicosaurus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC511309F043FF76FCD5" author="Fernandez M" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="291 - 297" refId="ref12085" refString="Fernandez M. 1994. A new long-snouted ichthyosaur from the Early Bajocian of Neuquen basin (Argentina). Ameghiniana 31: 291 - 297." type="journal article" year="1994">Fernández, 1994</bibRefCitation>
. The protrusion of the opisthotic and stapedial facets is discernible, resulting in concave and well-delimited facets.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E6D01ABAFFDFAC5111CDF0CEFEC9FAC0" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="AE754931FFDFAC5111CDF0CEFEC9FAC0" blockId="9.[145,762,197,1875]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC511184F0CEFE8AFC71" bold="true" box="[224,309,964,985]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">stapes</emphasis>
possesses a robust shaft that is only slightly waisted (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDFAC511001F0E8FE16FC5F" box="[357,425,994,1016]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[164,242,1846,1868]" captionTargetBox="[326,1281,1175,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-628@8.[323,1283,1172,1807]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, Basicranium in posterior view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536801/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The proximal head seems to be massive as in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDFAC5110E8F708FD4BFBBE" authority="(Maisch, 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Maisch" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[396,756,1025,1047]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonodon">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC5110E8F708FD8EFBBE" box="[396,561,1025,1047]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">T. trigonodon</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC511321F70BFD57FBBE" author="Maisch MW" box="[581,744,1025,1047]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="115 - 122" refId="ref13442" refString="Maisch MW. 2002. A braincase of Temnodontosaurus cf. trigonodon (von Theodori, 1843) (Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Jurassic of Germany. Geologica et Palaeontologica 36: 115 - 122." type="journal article" year="2002">Maisch, 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDFAC5111F5F72AFD05FB9E" authority="(Mantell, 1851)" baseAuthorityName="Mantell" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[145,698,1056,1078]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptopterygiidae" genus="Eurhinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC5111F5F72AFE54FB9D" box="[145,491,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Eurhinosaurus longirostris</emphasis>
(Mantell, 1851)
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.
<collectionCode id="C8DBD1F4FFDFAC5111F5F734FF63FBFB" box="[145,220,1086,1107]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">SMNS</collectionCode>
18648),
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDFAC51105BF734FD79FBFC" authority="(Marek et al., 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Marek" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[319,710,1086,1108]" class="Reptilia" family="Stenopterygiidae" genus="Hauffiopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC51105BF734FE62FBFB" box="[319,477,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Hauffiopteryx</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC511089F734FD02FBFC" author="Marek RD &amp; Moon BC &amp; Williams M &amp; Benton MJ" box="[493,701,1086,1108]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="723 - 742" refId="ref13734" refString="Marek RD, Moon BC, Williams M, Benton MJ. 2015. The skull and endocranium of a Lower Jurassic ichthyosaur based on digital reconstructions. Palaeontology 58: 723 - 742." type="journal article" year="2015">
Marek
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC511324F735FDC6FBFB" box="[576,633,1086,1108]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDFAC5111F5F757FF68FB39" authority="(Miedema &amp; Maxwell, 2019)" baseAuthorityName="Miedema &amp; Maxwell" baseAuthorityYear="2019" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Stenopterygius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadriscissus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC5111F5F757FE55FBDA" box="[145,490,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Stenopterygius quadriscissus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC511098F757FF71FB39" author="Miedema F &amp; Maxwell EE" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="1675164" refId="ref14442" refString="Miedema F, Maxwell EE. 2019. Ontogeny of the braincase in Stenopterygius (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Jurassic of Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39: e 1675164." type="journal article" year="2019">Miedema &amp; Maxwell, 2019</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
but unlike in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDFAC5110C0F776FF6BFB18" authority="(McGowan, 1973)" baseAuthorityName="McGowan" baseAuthorityYear="1973" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Ichthyosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC5110C0F776FDE3FB39" box="[420,604,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Ichthyosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC511310F776FF75FB07" author="McGowan C" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 109" refId="ref14201" refString="McGowan C. 1973. The cranial morphology of the Lower Liassic latipinnate ichthyosaurs of England. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 24: 1 - 109." type="journal article" year="1973">McGowan, 1973</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDFAC511186F790FD7CFB18" authority="(Lomax et al., 2019)" baseAuthorityName="Lomax" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[226,707,1178,1200]" class="Reptilia" family="Protoichthyosauridae" genus="Protoichthyosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC511186F790FE75FB07" box="[226,458,1178,1199]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Protoichthyosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC5110B8F791FD04FB07" author="Lomax DR &amp; Porro LB &amp; Larkin NR" box="[476,699,1178,1200]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="6112" refId="ref13209" refString="Lomax DR, Porro LB, Larkin NR. 2019. Descriptive anatomy of the largest known specimen of Protoichthyosaurus prostaxalis (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) including computed tomography and digital reconstruction of a three-dimensional skull. PeerJ 7: e 6112." type="journal article" year="2019">
Lomax
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC511352F791FDCDFB07" box="[566,626,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">et al.</emphasis>
, 2019
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDFAC5111F5F7B3FD4DFB66" authority="Martin et al., 2012" authorityName="Martin" authorityYear="2012" box="[145,754,1209,1231]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="azerguensis">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC5111F5F7B3FDB8FB67" box="[145,519,1209,1231]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Temnodontosaurus azerguensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC511374F7B3FD4DFB66" author="Martin JE &amp; Fischer V &amp; Vincent P &amp; Suan G" box="[528,754,1209,1231]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="995 - 1005" refId="ref13769" refString="Martin JE, Fischer V, Vincent P, Suan G. 2012. A longirostrine Temnodontosaurus (Ichthyosauria) with comments on Early Jurassic ichthyosaur niche partitioning and disparity. Palaeontology 55: 995 - 1005." type="journal article" year="2012">
Martin
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC511309F7B0FD15FB66" box="[621,682,1209,1231]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The medial surface of the proximal head is concave, matching the slightly convex corresponding facet on the basioccipital. The distal facet for articulation with the quadrate is elliptic and weakly expanded with respect to the shaft.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E6D01ABAFFDFAC5111CDF67BFAAFF9A9" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" type="description">
<paragraph id="AE754931FFDFAC5111CDF67BFEEAF95F" blockId="9.[145,762,197,1875]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">
Both
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC51118BF67BFEC4FA2E" bold="true" box="[239,379,1393,1414]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">quadrates</emphasis>
are poorly preserved (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDFAC5113C4F67BFD57FA2E" box="[672,744,1393,1415]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[164,242,1846,1868]" captionTargetBox="[326,1281,1175,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-628@8.[323,1283,1172,1807]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, Basicranium in posterior view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536801/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The dorsal suture with the supratemporal and the laterally to the right quadrate with the stapes is nevertheless visible. The condyle, located at the ventrolateral end of the posterior face, is better preserved and massive. With a reniform aspect, the dorsolateral edge adopts a shape complementary to the contact facet of the quadratojugal and is therefore largely convex. The ventral edge of the condyle is more concave and would serve to accommodate the surangular which is not preserved. The ventromedial edge contacts the quadrate wing of the pterygoid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFDFAC5111CDF5F5FBF7FDE3" blockId="9.[145,762,197,1875]" lastBlockId="9.[809,1426,197,1537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC5111B9F5F5FEE2F8BD" bold="true" box="[221,349,1791,1813]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">pterygoid</emphasis>
is a long robust element, markedly constricted at mid-length (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDFAC5110B7F414FDF6F89C" box="[467,585,1822,1844]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Fig. 3C, D</figureCitation>
), as is usually the case in parvipelvians (
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC51108CF437FD10F8FA" author="McGowan C" box="[488,687,1853,1874]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 109" refId="ref14201" refString="McGowan C. 1973. The cranial morphology of the Lower Liassic latipinnate ichthyosaurs of England. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 24: 1 - 109." type="journal article" year="1973">McGowan, 1973</bibRefCitation>
). The markedly concave borders of the pterygoid delimit the suborbital fenestra laterally and the large interpterygoid vacuity. The narrow palatine ramus of the pterygoid sharply terminates medially of the internal naris. Laterally, the pterygoid contacts the palatine, and also the vomer more anteriorly by a long straight suture, and there is no postpalatine process. The pterygoid expands posteriorly, forming two horizontal lamellae in the region of the quadrate ramus. The larger lateral lamella contacts the condyle of the quadrate and the smaller medial one contacts the ventral extremity of the extracondylar area of the basioccipital.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFDFAC511225F159FAEEFCAA" blockId="9.[809,1426,197,1537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC51121BF159FC48FDC1" bold="true" box="[895,1015,595,617]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">palatine</emphasis>
is fairly elongated and forms posteriorly the anterior margin of the suborbital fenestra (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDFAC5112F8F19BFBADFD0E" box="[924,1042,657,679]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Fig. 3C, D</figureCitation>
). Its concave medial edge forms the lateral margin of the internal naris. The anterior half of the palatine becomes considerably thinner and its extremity ends by a junction with the vomer.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFDFAC511225F001FB42FC5F" blockId="9.[809,1426,197,1537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC511213F006FC75FC89" bold="true" box="[887,970,780,801]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">vomer</emphasis>
is also elongated; its widest portion is set posteriorly, where it forms the medial margin of the internal naris (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDFAC511572F043FB2FFCF6" box="[1046,1168,841,863]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Fig. 3C, D</figureCitation>
). The vomer extends anteriorly as a slit-like process, contacting the premaxilla and the palatine. Posteriorly the vomer is not well extended as in
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDFAC511523F0AFFABBFC12" baseAuthorityName="Maisch &amp; Hungerbuhler" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[1095,1284,933,954]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuertingensis">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC511523F0AFFABBFC12" box="[1095,1284,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">T. nuertingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and almost excludes a contact between the pterygoid and the palatine (
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC5112F2F0E8FB52FC5F" author="Maisch MW &amp; Hungerbuhler A" box="[918,1261,994,1016]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref13543" refString="Maisch MW, Hungerbuhler A. 1997. Revision of Temnodontosaurus nuertingensis (v. Huene, 1931), a large ichthyosaur from the Lower Pliensbachian (Lower Jurassic) of Nurtingen, South Western Germany. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Palaontologie) 248: 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1997">Maisch &amp; Hungerbühler, 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFDFAC511225F70BFBF0FACF" blockId="9.[809,1426,197,1537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC51121EF70AFB8FFBBE" bold="true" box="[890,1072,1024,1046]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">basisphenoid</emphasis>
appears crescent shaped in ventral view as its anterior edge is concave (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDFAC511472F715FA3DFB9D" box="[1302,1410,1055,1077]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Fig. 3C, D</figureCitation>
). The posterior surface in contact with the basioccipital is hidden laterally by the pterygoids, as well as the basipterygoidal processes laterally. The basisphenoid is medially crossed throughout its entire length by the parasphenoid; even though the carotid foramina is not visible, this extension of the parasphenoid indicates that this foramen was paired like all members of
<taxonomicName id="69CA32B2FFDFAC51124DF61FFBB2FA82" baseAuthorityName="Swaby &amp; Lomax" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[809,1037,1301,1322]" class="Reptilia" family="Temnodontosauridae" genus="Temnodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC51124DF61FFBB2FA82" box="[809,1037,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Temnodontosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC51157BF61FFB11FA82" author="Fraas EE" box="[1055,1198,1301,1322]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref12546" refString="Fraas EE. 1913. Ein unverdruckter Ichthyosaurus - Schadel. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur Vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg 69: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1913">Fraas, 1913</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC5115DAF61FFA35FA82" author="von Huene F" box="[1214,1418,1301,1322]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="305 - 320" refId="ref12917" refString="von Huene F. 1931. Neue Ichthyosaurier aus Wurttemberg. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaontologie. Beilage. Abteilung B 65: 305 - 320." type="journal article" year="1931">von Huene, 1931</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC51124DF639FC4DFAE0" author="Godefroit P" box="[809,1010,1331,1353]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="25 - 71" refId="ref12571" refString="Godefroit P. 1993 a. Les grands ichthyosaures sinemuriens d'Arlon. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Sciences de la Terre 63: 25 - 71." type="journal article" year="1993">Godefroit, 1993a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC511567F639FA9CFAE0" author="Maisch MW &amp; Matzke AT" box="[1027,1315,1331,1353]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref13672" refString="Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2000. The Ichthyosauria. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkude, Serie B (Geologie und Palaontologie) 298: 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="2000">Maisch &amp; Matzke, 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC511450F639FCDFFACF" author="Maisch MW" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="115 - 122" refId="ref13442" refString="Maisch MW. 2002. A braincase of Temnodontosaurus cf. trigonodon (von Theodori, 1843) (Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Jurassic of Germany. Geologica et Palaeontologica 36: 115 - 122." type="journal article" year="2002">Maisch, 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CA5B34C0FFDFAC511208F658FB80FACF" author="Martin JE &amp; Fischer V &amp; Vincent P &amp; Suan G" box="[876,1087,1362,1384]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181" pagination="995 - 1005" refId="ref13769" refString="Martin JE, Fischer V, Vincent P, Suan G. 2012. A longirostrine Temnodontosaurus (Ichthyosauria) with comments on Early Jurassic ichthyosaur niche partitioning and disparity. Palaeontology 55: 995 - 1005." type="journal article" year="2012">
Martin
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC5112A0F659FC43FACF" box="[964,1020,1362,1384]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE754931FFDFAC511225F67BFAAFF9A9" blockId="9.[809,1426,197,1537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">
The
<emphasis id="9CBE9523FFDFAC511219F67AFB80FA2E" bold="true" box="[893,1087,1392,1414]" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">parasphenoid</emphasis>
forms a relatively robust cultriform process (
<figureCitation id="36F155B4FFDFAC511579F685FB26FA0D" box="[1053,1177,1423,1445]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[355,1251,198,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-119@6.[352,1254,195,1636]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph and interpretation of the holotype of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. (CAMSM J35176). A, B, in dorsal view. C, D, in ventral view. Abbreviation: ECA, extracondylar area of the basioccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6536793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6536793/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="181">Fig. 3C, D</figureCitation>
). The parasphenoid extends from the posterior end of the basisphenoid to approximately half the length of the palate region but does not reach the interpterygoidal suture.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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