748 lines
99 KiB
XML
748 lines
99 KiB
XML
<document id="E4DDC911E2ED1C6C36E0E8BC733A8764" ID-CLB-Dataset="297438" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.11385946" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bf403ed3-7ca5-4819-bd2a-f725b12b9e37" ID-ISSN="1525-9153" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11385946" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1716906810496" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="O’Shea, Mark, Herlihy, Brian, Paivu, Blaise, Parker, Fred, Richards, Stephen J. & Kaiser, Hinrich" docDate="2018" docId="2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9" docLanguage="en" docName="AmphibReptileCons.12.1.e154.pdf" docOrigin="Amphibian & Reptile Conservation (e 154) 12 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:D97478CDCB68366E5D4AECD282BFFB6F.2:AmphibReptileConse.2015-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="D97478CDCB68366E5D4AECD282BFFB6F" docStyleName="AmphibReptileConse.2015-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Toxicocalamus Boulenger 1896" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="32" masterDocId="DA2BDC39D673624DEE4FFFDEDD084049" masterDocTitle="Rediscovery of the rare Star Mountains Worm-eating Snake, Toxicocalamus ernstmayri O’Shea et al., 2015 (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) with the description of its coloration in life" masterLastPageNumber="34" masterPageNumber="27" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1732845192939" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="D5A9D28385D33A7D2B4252130567D2E5">Rediscovery of the rare Star Mountains Worm-eating Snake, Toxicocalamus ernstmayri O’Shea et al., 2015 (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) with the description of its coloration in life</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="3E5B290B08E27DD2D9A386CBC4DFDE8A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="5561957999242B7AB5E99E9EB12A40D2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="89AF0D83F9B15B54BC0A471C3BC0DA17">O’Shea, Mark</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EB37775431863D21D5F76F73756C325D">Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, West Midlands WV 1 1 LY, UNITED KINGDOM; West Midland Safari Park, Bewdley, Worcestershire DY 12 1 LF, UNITED KINGDOM, and Australian Venom Research Unit, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, AUSTRALIA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1B1FC28C23ADB701B0E6004A62103F54" type="email">m.oshea@wlv.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="7BD3F9AED2FE3EE288B1C69DA4217BDD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FCC1A17331A1ABE6DC2DA440DA61B802">Herlihy, Brian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="92D9BED4716243C1E98322E2D46D3496">Ok Tedi Mining Limited, P. O. Box 1, Tabubil, Western Province 332, PAPUA NEW GUINEA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="7C01D0EE8BEB5B2B18EFB6A779FF1DAC" type="email">brian.herlihy@bigpond.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="2CC8CCC125264EBACF8A80B29F2DAF40">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9A1C105D4C88F8C1A214DEB569545AEB">Paivu, Blaise</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="509EAEC88751839255707DE6B400D455">Ok Tedi Mining Limited, P. O. Box 1, Tabubil, Western Province 332, PAPUA NEW GUINEA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B138A392B45F445C1089898E47058D45" type="email">blaise.paivu@oktedi.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="8056184D804161B1DA37F90C2D2CA70F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="BC82C74E7DFBF1EB4FC63F1093DA3037">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="9600D04428098E3D96104F5F49BEE9E1">Parker, Fred</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4BA75241ABEA6964C09256FC385F4F52">P. O. Box 5623, Townsville, Queensland 4810, AUSTRALIA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2DFE0ED425BE50012DB3C28533FB8B35" type="email">fred_p1@bigpond.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="E7F97E023217CC3E2FC7A4A2B87DE590" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="1C22307BE4F9DE2214B9BF35DC8DD7CF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FAD927396F41CB6C0E1920EE67A21776">Richards, Stephen J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="980B94FAD6F07D95CA8F60D14C88D4AF">Herpetology Department, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AUSTRALIA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="23D28E1849166C745D05C639BC767BB8" type="email">steve.richards@samuseum.sa.gov.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="2DB09A3853939D6DDCAF84387BC242AE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F2D3D5A66395076FA2ADCB11B2740F1D">Kaiser, Hinrich</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="60A74F7B40D672E75F60962EE8EFF5B7">Department of Biology, Victor Valley College, 18422 Bear Valley Road, Victorville, California 92395, U. S. A.; and Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0F53DD74C2C9430C029998D8EE4AEC0A" type="email">hinrich.kaiser@vvc.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="8F7E546C10D272969CFEAD4BDF376FEC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="DC4FFBB4C50479FFB8C8E610A96AE502">Amphibian & Reptile Conservation</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="D45B5CC1F04BEB0C206E34B9A262F388">
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<mods:date id="9105BB71D60C1A67C11077BE77C95BB5">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="5AA97034577DF60AF45F6EC8A22A4E30" type="series">
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<mods:title id="7DB8DBE1271D1086CBCB46CCB1B05CC3">e 154</mods:title>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:number id="6C37C0C054FE863194104DAC269BD74B">2018-06-18</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="79A620862EC32FDEB6661D820C4018C2" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="94EF19D60BEB0FE519C33F742DCC1C55">12</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="9B9EAEAAE14EC3B328DD5A21BF9E93F8" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="EB3C691584A9B4ADB77AF34D268D4898">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="613A83E1AEBE0669A412CA59D3DDEFD5">27</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="CBA72519FF0D60581E9DB271B8E88E13">34</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="0C25449898D0075759199508347A96CB">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0200F0F86525A4B01225B95F492ACB9F" type="CLB-Dataset">297438</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5232E145E81FDA0396EFBCE2B854C8B4" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.11385946</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D669B1F664713BE437A3219AA99EB312" type="GBIF-Dataset">bf403ed3-7ca5-4819-bd2a-f725b12b9e37</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8AF19C8C702F787BFFB5B7CBF462D563" type="ISSN">1525-9153</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4385B7C7F0E5D0354722877BE37558D0" type="Zenodo-Dep">11385946</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11385968" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231573583" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11385968" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" scope_family="Elapidae" scope_subFamily="Hydrophiinae">
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<subSubSection id="E6A146DCD673624DEEC2FAA0DF7245DF" box="[141,634,1406,1430]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="AE041557D673624DEEC2FAA0DF7245DF" blockId="0.[141,746,1406,1910]" box="[141,634,1406,1430]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
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The genus
|
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<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D673624DEF5CFAA0DF7245DF" ID-CoL="7Y3Y" ID-ENA="66181" authority="Boulenger, 1896" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1896" box="[275,634,1406,1430]" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9CCFC945D673624DEF5CFAA0DCBA45DF" box="[275,434,1406,1430]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Toxicocalamus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D673624DEF8EFAA0DF7245DF" author="Boulenger GA" box="[449,634,1406,1430]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="152" refId="ref4389" refString="Boulenger GA. 1896. Description of a new genus of elapine snakes from Woodlark Island, British New Guinea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 18 (104): 152." type="journal article" year="1896">Boulenger, 1896</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E6A146DCD673624DECC6FAA0DF4E473F" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="description">
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<paragraph id="AE041557D673624DECC6FAA0DF4E473F" blockId="0.[141,746,1406,1910]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
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currently comprises fifteen taxa (fourteen species and one subspecies) of diurnal, semi-fossorial to terrestrial, secretive, vermivorous elapid snakes that are endemic to the island of New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D6AC55C7D673624DEEA7FA20DC3D465F" box="[232,309,1534,1558]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
and nearby islands. Several species are poorly represented in museum collections, and the most recently described species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D673624DEF87F9E0DC6D463F" authority="O'Shea et al., 2015" authorityName="O'Shea" authorityYear="2015" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D673624DEF87F9E0DFE2461C" box="[456,746,1598,1622]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Toxicocalamus ernstmayri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D673624DEEC2F980DC6D463F" author="O'Shea M & Parker F & Kaiser H." box="[141,357,1630,1654]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="241 - 264" refId="ref4922" refString="O'Shea M, Parker F, Kaiser H. 2015. A new species of New Guinea worm-eating snake, genus Toxicocalamus (Serpentes: Elapidae), from the Star Mountains of Western Province, Papua New Guinea, with a re- vised dichotomous key to the genus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 161 (6): 241 - 264." type="journal article" year="2015">O’Shea et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is one of four species known only from their
|
||
<typeStatus id="7100ABF5D673624DEF4BF9A0DC6646DF" box="[260,366,1662,1686]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
, the others being
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D673624DEC7BF9A0DC2A46FF" authority="(Boulenger, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1914" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D673624DEC7BF9A0DFAA46DF" box="[564,674,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">T. grandis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D673624DECFCF9A0DC1246FF" author="Boulenger GA" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="247 - 274" refId="ref4423" refString="Boulenger GA. 1914. An annotated list of the batrachi- ans and reptiles collected by the British Ornitholo- gists' Union Expedition and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 20 (5): 247 - 274." type="journal article" year="1914">Boulenger, 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D673624DEF7DF940DF3046FF" authority="Kraus, 2009" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="2009" box="[306,568,1694,1718]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mintoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D673624DEF7DF940DCAA46FC" box="[306,418,1694,1717]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">T. mintoni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D673624DEFE1F940DF3046FF" author="Kraus F." box="[430,568,1694,1718]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="460 - 467" refId="ref4773" refString="Kraus F. 2009. New species of Toxicocalamus (Squamata: Elapidae) from Papua New Guinea. Journal of Herpetology 65 (4): 460 - 467." type="journal article" year="2009">Kraus, 2009</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D673624DEC07F940DC1F469F" authority="Kraus, 2009" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="2009" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pachysomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D673624DEC07F940DFE146FF" box="[584,745,1694,1718]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">T. pachysomus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D673624DEEC2F960DC1F469F" author="Kraus F." box="[141,279,1726,1750]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="460 - 467" refId="ref4773" refString="Kraus F. 2009. New species of Toxicocalamus (Squamata: Elapidae) from Papua New Guinea. Journal of Herpetology 65 (4): 460 - 467." type="journal article" year="2009">Kraus, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D673624DEF16F960DFBA469F" authority="Kraus 2017" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="2017" box="[345,690,1726,1750]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cratermontanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D673624DEF16F960DF2A469C" box="[345,546,1726,1749]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">T. cratermontanus</emphasis>
|
||
Kraus 2017
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="7100ABF5D673624DEEC2F900DDE246BF" box="[141,234,1758,1782]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D673624DEF5FF900DC9746BC" box="[272,415,1758,1781]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D673624DEF5FF900DC9746BC" box="[272,415,1758,1781]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">T. ernstmayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<location id="AB64438CD673624DEFE2F900DFB446BF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9:AB64438CD673624DEFE2F900DFB446BF" box="[429,700,1758,1782]" country="Guinea-Bissau" name="Museum of Comparative" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Museum of Comparative</location>
|
||
Zoology, Harvard University, accession number R-145946) is also the largest specimen so far recorded for the genus, with a snout-vent length (SVL) of
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D673624DEC4FF8E0DF67471C" box="[512,623,1854,1878]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="1100.0">1,100 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and a total length of
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D673624DEEBBF880DC57473C" box="[244,351,1886,1910]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="1200.0">1,200 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D673624DEF21F880DF32473F" author="O'Shea M & Parker F & Kaiser H." box="[366,570,1886,1910]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" pagination="241 - 264" refId="ref4922" refString="O'Shea M, Parker F, Kaiser H. 2015. A new species of New Guinea worm-eating snake, genus Toxicocalamus (Serpentes: Elapidae), from the Star Mountains of Western Province, Papua New Guinea, with a re- vised dichotomous key to the genus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 161 (6): 241 - 264." type="journal article" year="2015">O’Shea et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E6A146DCD673624CED78FAA0DFC844A1" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D673624DED78FAA0D85846DC" blockId="0.[791,1395,1406,1782]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="1ED31F0AD673624DED78FAA0D9FE465F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4869269301" collectingDate="1969-12-23" collectorName="FP" country="Papua New Guinea" elevation="1468" latitude="-5.2407556" location="Wangbin Village" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="141.25887" municipality="Western Province" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="7100ABF5D673624DED26FAA0DECE45DF" box="[873,966,1406,1430]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D673624DEDA0FAA0D80445DC" box="[1007,1292,1406,1430]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D673624DEDA0FAA0D80445DC" box="[1007,1292,1406,1430]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Toxicocalamus ernstmayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an adult
|
||
<specimenCount id="B8BDDEDED673624DED58FA40DE6A45FF" box="[791,866,1438,1462]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" type="female">female</specimenCount>
|
||
, was collected by one of us (
|
||
<collectorName id="034E7081D673624DEACEFA40D9A945FF" box="[1153,1185,1438,1462]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">FP</collectorName>
|
||
) at
|
||
<location id="AB64438CD673624DEA8CFA40D87B45FF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9:AB64438CD673624DEA8CFA40D87B45FF" box="[1219,1395,1438,1462]" country="Papua New Guinea" county="It" latitude="-5.2407556" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="141.25887" municipality="Western Province" name="Wangbin Village" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Wangbin Village</location>
|
||
in the
|
||
<location id="AB64438CD673624DED2FFA60D90F459F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9:AB64438CD673624DED2FFA60D90F459F" box="[864,1031,1470,1494]" country="Papua New Guinea" county="It" latitude="-5.2407556" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="141.25887" municipality="Western Province" name="Star Mountains" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Star Mountains</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="CB8F7390D673624DEA55FA60D9A7459F" box="[1050,1199,1470,1494]" degrees="5" direction="south" minutes="14" orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" precision="1" seconds="26.72" value="-5.2407556">5°14’26.72”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="CB8F7390D673624DEAF1FA60D866459F" box="[1214,1390,1470,1494]" degrees="141" direction="east" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" precision="1" seconds="31.92" value="141.25887">141°15’31.92”E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev.
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D673624DED1BFA00DEBD45BF" box="[852,949,1502,1526]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.468" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1468.0">
|
||
<elevation id="2596F264D673624DED1BFA00DEBD45BF" box="[852,949,1502,1526]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.468" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1468.0">1,468 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
),
|
||
<location id="AB64438CD673624DED82FA00D99345BF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9:AB64438CD673624DED82FA00D99345BF" box="[973,1179,1502,1526]" country="Papua New Guinea" county="It" latitude="-5.2407556" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="141.25887" municipality="Western Province" name="North Fly District" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">North Fly District</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="4E608F2DD673624DEAE5FA00D86745BF" box="[1194,1391,1502,1526]" country="Papua New Guinea" county="It" latitude="-5.2407556" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="141.25887" municipality="The" name="Western Province" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Western Province</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D6AC55C7D673624DED58FA20DEE6465F" box="[791,1006,1534,1558]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date id="DA053397D673624DEA6EFA20D9FE465F" box="[1057,1270,1534,1558]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" value="1969-12-23">
|
||
<collectingDate id="CA41CA7FD673624DEA6EFA20D9FE465F" box="[1057,1270,1534,1558]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" value="1969-12-23">23 December 1969</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="4E608F2DD673624DEB4DFA20D823465F" box="[1282,1323,1534,1558]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">The</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
snake had been killed by a villager and handed to FP, a
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D673624DEB72F9C0D863467F" box="[1341,1387,1566,1590]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">kiap</emphasis>
|
||
<superScript id="59CEB81FD673624DEB24F9C2D87B4663" attach="left" box="[1387,1395,1564,1578]" fontSize="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">1</superScript>
|
||
patrolling the area.
|
||
<collectingCounty id="47656DDBD673624DEDB8F9E0D90F461C" box="[1015,1031,1598,1621]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">It</collectingCounty>
|
||
was originally accessioned into the museum collection as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D673624DEA79F980DE4746DF" authority="Lesson, 1830" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1830" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Micropechis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ikaheka">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D673624DEA79F980D81F463F" box="[1078,1303,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Micropechis ikaheka</emphasis>
|
||
Lesson, 1830
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, due to its superficial resemblance to that taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D673624CED78F940DFC844A1" blockId="0.[791,1395,1406,1782]" lastBlockId="1.[140,746,1072,1961]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="1ED31F0AD673624CED78F940DCE84481" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4869269302" collectingDate="2015-10-09" collectorName="BP" elevation="1670" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="28" latitude="-5.214936" location="Ok Tedi Mine" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="141.14404" municipality="Wangbin" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="North Fly District">
|
||
We here report on the second individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D673624DEB57F940DE5D469C" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D673624DEB57F940DE5D469C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">T. ernstmayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the first seen and photographed in life. The snake was sighted by one of us (
|
||
<collectorName id="034E7081D673624DEA7DF900D95D46BF" box="[1074,1109,1758,1782]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">BP</collectorName>
|
||
) at 0750 hrs on
|
||
<date id="DA053397D673624CEB47F900DDCD4401" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" value="2015-10-09">
|
||
<collectingDate id="CA41CA7FD673624CEB47F900DDCD4401" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="0" pageNumber="27" value="2015-10-09">9 October 2015</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, as it crawled across an area of active mine workings along the west wall at the
|
||
<location id="AB64438CD672624CEFE6FB8EDF484421" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9:AB64438CD672624CEFE6FB8EDF484421" box="[425,576,1104,1128]" latitude="-5.214936" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="141.14404" municipality="Wangbin" name="Ok Tedi Mine" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" stateProvince="North Fly District">Ok Tedi Mine</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="CB8F7390D672624CEC1FFB8EDFEC4421" box="[592,740,1104,1128]" degrees="5" direction="south" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" precision="1" seconds="53.77" value="-5.214936">5°12’53.77”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="CB8F7390D672624CEEC2FBAEDC3644C1" box="[141,318,1136,1160]" degrees="141" direction="east" minutes="08" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" precision="1" seconds="38.57" value="141.14404">141°08’38.57”E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev.
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D672624CEFCBFBAEDCD644C1" box="[388,478,1136,1160]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.67" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="1670.0">
|
||
<elevation id="2596F264D672624CEFCBFBAEDCD644C1" box="[388,478,1136,1160]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.67" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="1670.0">1,670 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
) approximately
|
||
<locationDeviation id="BFB60C75D672624CECDFFBAEDDDA44E1" bearing="292.5" distance="13200.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D672624CECDFFBAEDFE144C1" box="[656,745,1136,1160]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="13.2">13.2 km</quantity>
|
||
WNW
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="4E608F2DD672624CEEB5FB4EDC5444E1" box="[250,348,1168,1192]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Wangbin</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="6C7FDBB5D672624CEFFEFB4EDF7D44E1" box="[433,629,1168,1192]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">North Fly District</collectingRegion>
|
||
where the holotype was collected (
|
||
<figureCitation id="368009D2D672624CEFDAFB6EDCDD4481" box="[405,469,1200,1224]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[141,176,912,934]" captionTargetBox="[202,1334,145,899]" captionTargetId="figure-608@1.[201,1335,144,900]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Satellite map (derived from Google Earth) of the southern Star Mountains, North Fly District, Western Province, Papua New Guinea, with yellow dots on the larger map indicating two localities (Wangbin and Ok Tedi Mine), approximately 13 km apart, where Toxicocalamus ernstmayri has been recorded. The main town is Tabubil at the confluence of the Ok Tedi and Ok Mani, which flow into the Fly River. Scale = 5 km. The inset map illustrates the location of the larger map in relationship to the rest of New Guinea." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11385948" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11385948/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="4E608F2DD672624CEFA2FB6FDCF54481" box="[493,509,1201,1224]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">It</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
was observed for approximately 20 min and photographed several times.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<footnote id="CDA00959D673624DED58F8C6DEE0473D" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D673624DED58F8C6DEE0473D" blockId="0.[791,1397,1816,1908]" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<superScript id="59CEB81FD673624DED58F8C6DE15476D" attach="right" box="[791,797,1816,1828]" fontSize="5" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">1</superScript>
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D673624DED52F8C4DE4E4765" box="[797,838,1818,1836]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Kiap</emphasis>
|
||
is a pidgin word derived from the German word
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D673624DEAA0F8C4D83C4765" box="[1263,1332,1818,1836]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Kapitän</emphasis>
|
||
, which was applied to Australian pre-independence government patrol officers. Fred Parker served as a kiap from 1960–73, being based in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="6C7FDBB5D673624DEB62F894DE6B473D" country="Solomon Islands" name="Western" pageId="0" pageNumber="27">Western Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
from 1968–73.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<caption id="FAC445DFD672624CEEC2FC4EDDD24450" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11385948" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11385948" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11385948/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" startId="1.[141,176,912,934]" targetBox="[202,1334,145,899]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D672624CEEC2FC4EDDD24450" blockId="1.[141,1395,912,1049]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D672624CEEC2FC4EDDC443EC" bold="true" box="[141,204,912,934]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Satellite map (derived from Google Earth) of the southern Star Mountains, North Fly District, Western Province, Papua New Guinea, with yellow dots on the larger map indicating two localities (Wangbin and Ok Tedi Mine), approximately 13 km apart, where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D672624CEE82FC14DCC143A9" box="[205,457,970,992]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D672624CEE82FC14DCC143A9" box="[205,457,970,992]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Toxicocalamus ernstmayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded. The main town is Tabubil at the confluence of the Ok Tedi and Ok Mani, which flow into the Fly River. Scale = 5 km. The inset map illustrates the location of the larger map in relationship to the rest of New Guinea.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E6A146DCD6726248EEE2FB2EDF9146C9" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D672624CEEE2FB2EDC4845A1" blockId="1.[140,746,1072,1961]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The snake was not captured and measured, but as it can be seen completely spanning a
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D672624CEC50FACEDF724561" box="[543,634,1296,1320]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.47" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="747.0">747 mm</quantity>
|
||
tire track (
|
||
<figureCitation id="368009D2D672624CEEDAFAEEDDE04501" box="[149,232,1328,1352]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[141,176,1031,1053]" captionTargetBox="[178,1343,147,1019]" captionTargetId="figure-498@2.[176,1345,145,1021]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. The first live individual of Toxicocalamus ernstmayri, observed and photographed in broad daylight at the Ok Tedi Mine, North Fly District, Western Province, Papua New Guinea. (A) The individual’s serendipitous crossing of a 747 mm wide tire track allowed an approximation of its total length as near 850 mm. (B) The snake moves in a straight line across open ground. (C) Slower movement across a rubble pile allowed a more detailed examination of head and body scales (see Fig. 4). (D) The individual moving under the tracks of a stationary digger. Photos by Blaise Paivu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11385952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11385952/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
) its total length is certainly>
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D672624CEC51FAEEDF7C4501" box="[542,628,1328,1352]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="750.0">750 mm</quantity>
|
||
(estimated as ca.
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D672624CEE9DFA8EDC274521" box="[210,303,1360,1384]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="850.0">850 mm</quantity>
|
||
). It was observed and photographed as it crossed open ground (
|
||
<figureCitation id="368009D2D672624CEFCBFAAEDCD345C1" box="[388,475,1392,1416]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[141,176,1031,1053]" captionTargetBox="[178,1343,147,1019]" captionTargetId="figure-498@2.[176,1345,145,1021]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. The first live individual of Toxicocalamus ernstmayri, observed and photographed in broad daylight at the Ok Tedi Mine, North Fly District, Western Province, Papua New Guinea. (A) The individual’s serendipitous crossing of a 747 mm wide tire track allowed an approximation of its total length as near 850 mm. (B) The snake moves in a straight line across open ground. (C) Slower movement across a rubble pile allowed a more detailed examination of head and body scales (see Fig. 4). (D) The individual moving under the tracks of a stationary digger. Photos by Blaise Paivu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11385952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11385952/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
), rubble piles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="368009D2D672624CECCAFAAEDFD545C1" box="[645,733,1392,1416]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[141,176,1031,1053]" captionTargetBox="[178,1343,147,1019]" captionTargetId="figure-498@2.[176,1345,145,1021]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. The first live individual of Toxicocalamus ernstmayri, observed and photographed in broad daylight at the Ok Tedi Mine, North Fly District, Western Province, Papua New Guinea. (A) The individual’s serendipitous crossing of a 747 mm wide tire track allowed an approximation of its total length as near 850 mm. (B) The snake moves in a straight line across open ground. (C) Slower movement across a rubble pile allowed a more detailed examination of head and body scales (see Fig. 4). (D) The individual moving under the tracks of a stationary digger. Photos by Blaise Paivu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11385952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11385952/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
), and passed underneath a stationary digger (
|
||
<figureCitation id="368009D2D672624CEC1DFA4EDFAE45E1" box="[594,678,1424,1448]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[141,176,1031,1053]" captionTargetBox="[178,1343,147,1019]" captionTargetId="figure-498@2.[176,1345,145,1021]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. The first live individual of Toxicocalamus ernstmayri, observed and photographed in broad daylight at the Ok Tedi Mine, North Fly District, Western Province, Papua New Guinea. (A) The individual’s serendipitous crossing of a 747 mm wide tire track allowed an approximation of its total length as near 850 mm. (B) The snake moves in a straight line across open ground. (C) Slower movement across a rubble pile allowed a more detailed examination of head and body scales (see Fig. 4). (D) The individual moving under the tracks of a stationary digger. Photos by Blaise Paivu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11385952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11385952/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
), until it disappeared into the vegetation on the steep slope at the top left of
|
||
<figureCitation id="368009D2D672624CEEB3FA0EDC3545A1" box="[252,317,1488,1512]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[141,176,610,632]" captionTargetBox="[141,745,144,597]" captionTargetId="figure-838@3.[141,745,144,597]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. View of an actively worked area of the Ok Tedi Mine. The observed individual of Toxicocalamus ernstmayri eventually disappeared into the vegetation on the slope in the top left of the photograph.Photo by Blaise Paivu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11385960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11385960/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D672624CEEE2FA2EDE5444C1" blockId="1.[140,746,1072,1961]" lastBlockId="1.[791,1394,1072,1160]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The snake can be identified as a member of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D672624CEEC2F9CEDC244661" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1896" box="[141,300,1552,1576]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D672624CEEC2F9CEDC244661" box="[141,300,1552,1576]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Toxicocalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of six supralabials and the lack of the temporolabial scale (
|
||
<figureCitation id="368009D2D672624CEC5AF9EEDF514601" box="[533,601,1584,1608]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[141,176,1489,1511]" captionTargetBox="[216,1320,144,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-139@4.[216,1320,144,1469]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Confirming the individual’s identification as Toxicocalamus ernstmayri. (A) Close-up of the snake shown in Fig. 2C with insets B, C, and D indicated. (B, B’) Head and neck in extreme close-up. Color coding of head scalation includes six supralabials (orange), one anterior temporal (yellow), and two posterior temporals (blue), but no temporolabial (see Fig. 5). The head scutes appear to comply with the colubrid-elapid nine dorsal scute arrangement (i.e., two internasals, two prefrontals, one frontal, two supraoculars, and two parietals; therefore lacking any head scute fusion, although this is difficult to discern from the magnified image with accuracy. (C, C’) Based on the visible dorsal scales, the dorsal scale count on the anterior body is 15. The count is achieved by locating the vertebral scale row and counting down to the lowest dorsal scale row (eight scales), doubling the count, and subtracting one scale to account for the single vertebral scale row. (D, D’) The dorsal scale count at midbody, performed as described for the previous panel, is also 15." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11385966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11385966/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B’). The only other terrestrial Papuan elapid genus to lack a temporolabial scale is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D672624CEF6BF9AEDCAA46C1" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1858" box="[292,418,1648,1672]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Pseudonaja" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D672624CEF6BF9AEDCAA46C1" box="[292,418,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Pseudonaja</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. An anterior body dorsal scale count of eight, from the vertebral scale row to the lowest dorsal scale row, can also be discerned from the images (
|
||
<figureCitation id="368009D2D672624CEEDAF90EDDD046A1" box="[149,216,1744,1768]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[141,176,1489,1511]" captionTargetBox="[216,1320,144,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-139@4.[216,1320,144,1469]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Confirming the individual’s identification as Toxicocalamus ernstmayri. (A) Close-up of the snake shown in Fig. 2C with insets B, C, and D indicated. (B, B’) Head and neck in extreme close-up. Color coding of head scalation includes six supralabials (orange), one anterior temporal (yellow), and two posterior temporals (blue), but no temporolabial (see Fig. 5). The head scutes appear to comply with the colubrid-elapid nine dorsal scute arrangement (i.e., two internasals, two prefrontals, one frontal, two supraoculars, and two parietals; therefore lacking any head scute fusion, although this is difficult to discern from the magnified image with accuracy. (C, C’) Based on the visible dorsal scales, the dorsal scale count on the anterior body is 15. The count is achieved by locating the vertebral scale row and counting down to the lowest dorsal scale row (eight scales), doubling the count, and subtracting one scale to account for the single vertebral scale row. (D, D’) The dorsal scale count at midbody, performed as described for the previous panel, is also 15." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11385966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11385966/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C’, D’), indicating an anterior dorsal scale count of 15. There does not appear to be any head scute fusion although this is harder to discern with certainty from the images. The patterning of this snake in life can be seen clearly: it has a yellow body with large grey basal spots on each dorsal scale, and a grey cap to the head. This description agrees very closely with that given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D672624CECEBF84EDE814401" author="Parker F." box="[676,905,1072,1960]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" refId="ref4988" refString="Parker F. 1982. Snakes of Western Province. Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. 78 p." type="book" year="1982">Parker (1982: 55)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for the aberrant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D672624CEA0DFBEED82A4401" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1830" box="[1090,1314,1072,1096]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Micropechis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ikaheka">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D672624CEA0DFBEED82A4401" box="[1090,1314,1072,1096]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Micropechis ikaheka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which would become the
|
||
<typeStatus id="7100ABF5D672624CEDB6FB8ED95E4421" box="[1017,1110,1104,1128]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D672624CEAC8FB8EDE5D44C1" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D672624CEAC8FB8EDE5D44C1" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Toxicocalamus ernstmayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D672624CED78FB6FD8634601" blockId="1.[822,1395,1200,1608]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D672624CED78FB6FD8634601" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
|
||
“One snake taken at Wangbin (
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D672624CEAEEFB6ED9FE4481" box="[1185,1270,1200,1224]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
|
||
above sea level) in the Star Mountains differed so much in colouring from those at Kiunga and Ningerum that it may well represent another species. It was brought in already dead by a Wangbin villager. People there agreed with him that it was extremely rare in the area. The head was black, the lips bright yellow. The body scales were a deep yellow, each having a grey anterior tip. The amount of pigmentation on each scale decreased from the vertebral row towards the outermost laterals, and increased evenly along the body, with the tail darkest. There were no indications of any bars on the body. The ventral surfaces were uniform yellow.”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D672624FED58F9AEDF4045D7" blockId="1.[791,1397,1648,1960]" lastBlockId="2.[141,746,1190,1439]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<location id="AB64438CD672624CED58F9AEDE4846C1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9:AB64438CD672624CED58F9AEDE4846C1" box="[791,832,1648,1672]" country="Papua New Guinea" county="At" municipality="western New" name="The" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">The</location>
|
||
characters observed in the photographs of the newly observed individual are clearly diagnostic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D672624CEB10F94FDE834681" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D672624CEB10F94FDE834681" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">T. ernstmayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and allow us to make an unequivocal species determination.
|
||
<location id="AB64438CD672624CEDF0F90EDEE046A1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9:AB64438CD672624CEDF0F90EDEE046A1" box="[959,1000,1744,1768]" country="Papua New Guinea" county="At" municipality="western New" name="The" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">The</location>
|
||
only other genus with which this snake can be confused is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D672624CEA73F92ED9C84741" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1896" box="[1084,1216,1776,1800]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Micropechis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D672624CEA73F92ED9C84741" box="[1084,1216,1776,1800]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Micropechis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which exhibits a temporolabial scale (
|
||
<figureCitation id="368009D2D672624CEA43F8CED9474761" box="[1036,1103,1808,1832]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[141,176,1098,1120]" captionTargetBox="[193,1323,144,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-455@5.[193,1343,144,1083]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5. Distinguishing Toxicocalamus from Micropechis. (A,A’)Holotype of T.ernstmayri (MCZ R-145946)from Wangbin, Western Province, PNG. (B, B’) Holotype of T. grandis (BMNH 1946.1.18.34) from Setakwa River, Papua Province, Indonesian New Guinea. (C, C’) Yellow phase of Micropechis ikaheka (BMNH 1909.4.30.12) from the FakFak Peninsula, West Papua Province, Indonesian New Guinea. Color-coding of head scalation includes six supralabials (orange), a single anterior temporal (yellow), two posterior temporals (blue), and a temporolabial (red). The individual we report here clearly has the same head scute arrangement as T. ernstmayri." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11385970" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11385970/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<location id="AB64438CD672624CEA2CF8CED9C04761" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9:AB64438CD672624CEA2CF8CED9C04761" box="[1123,1224,1808,1832]" country="Papua New Guinea" county="At" municipality="western New" name="Although" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Although</location>
|
||
entirely yellow specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D672624CEDE0F8EFD9214701" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1830" box="[943,1065,1840,1864]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Micropechis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ikaheka">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D672624CEDE0F8EFD9214701" box="[943,1065,1840,1864]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">M. ikaheka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known, they are confined to the
|
||
<location id="AB64438CD672624CED3BF88ED95F4721" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9:AB64438CD672624CED3BF88ED95F4721" box="[884,1111,1872,1896]" country="Papua New Guinea" county="At" municipality="western New" name="Vogelkop Peninsula" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Vogelkop Peninsula</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="AB64438CD672624CEA20F88FD8674721" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9:AB64438CD672624CEA20F88FD8674721" box="[1135,1391,1872,1896]" country="Papua New Guinea" county="At" municipality="western New" name="West Papua Province" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">West Papua Province</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="4E608F2DD672624CED58F8AFDEA447C1" box="[791,940,1905,1928]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">western New</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
Guinea; all specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D672624CEABCF8AFD87B47C1" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1830" box="[1267,1395,1904,1928]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Micropechis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ikaheka">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D672624CEABCF8AFD87B47C1" box="[1267,1395,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">M. ikaheka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
known from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D6AC55C7D672624CEDE9F84EDED347E1" box="[934,987,1936,1960]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">PNG</collectingCountry>
|
||
are strongly banded on the posterior body.
|
||
<collectingCounty id="47656DDBD671624FEE80FB79DDE244F6" box="[207,234,1191,1215]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">At</collectingCounty>
|
||
an SVL>
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D671624FEF28FB78DCC944F7" box="[359,449,1190,1214]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="750.0">750 mm</quantity>
|
||
total length this individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D671624FEEE2FB19DC354497" box="[173,317,1223,1246]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D671624FEEE2FB19DC354497" box="[173,317,1223,1246]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">T. ernstmayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would appear to be a subadult, as it is considerably shorter than the
|
||
<typeStatus id="7100ABF5D671624FEF86FB38DF2E44B7" box="[457,550,1254,1278]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(SVL
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D671624FEC21FB39DFD644B6" box="[622,734,1255,1279]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="1200.0">1,200 mm</quantity>
|
||
). The encounter with an unusual, “golden” snake at the Ok Tedi Mine was sufficiently noteworthy, even in Papua New Guinea where snake encounters are commonplace, that it was presented in the mine’s own magazine (
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D671624FEC85FAB8DDF345D7" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Ok Tedi Weng</emphasis>
|
||
magazine, Issue 1, 2017, p. 6).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FAC445DFD671624FEEC2FBD9DFE244D9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11385952" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11385952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11385952/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" startId="2.[141,176,1031,1053]" targetBox="[178,1343,147,1019]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D671624FEEC2FBD9DFE244D9" blockId="2.[140,1395,1031,1168]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D671624FEEC2FBD9DDC64455" bold="true" box="[141,206,1031,1053]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
The first live individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D671624FEF93FBD9DFD24454" box="[476,730,1031,1053]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D671624FEF93FBD9DFD24454" box="[476,730,1031,1053]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Toxicocalamus ernstmayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, observed and photographed in broad daylight at the Ok Tedi Mine, North Fly District, Western Province, Papua New Guinea.
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D671624FEC8EFBFDDFEA4470" bold="true" box="[705,738,1059,1081]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">(A)</emphasis>
|
||
The individual’s serendipitous crossing of a 747 mm wide tire track allowed an approximation of its total length as near 850 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D671624FEC9AFB9EDFFC441F" bold="true" box="[725,756,1088,1110]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">(B)</emphasis>
|
||
The snake moves in a straight line across open ground.
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D671624FEB47FB9ED821441F" bold="true" box="[1288,1321,1088,1110]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">(C)</emphasis>
|
||
Slower movement across a rubble pile allowed a more detailed examination of head and body scales (see Fig. 4).
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D671624FEA3CFB83D99C443A" bold="true" box="[1139,1172,1117,1139]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">(D)</emphasis>
|
||
The individual moving under the tracks of a stationary digger. Photos by Blaise Paivu.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D671624FEEC2FA1DDC3C4596" blockId="2.[141,308,1475,1503]" box="[141,308,1475,1503]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<heading id="F54CA23BD671624FEEC2FA1DDC3C4596" bold="true" box="[141,308,1475,1503]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D671624FEEC2FA1DDC3C4596" bold="true" box="[141,308,1475,1503]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Topography</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D671624FEEC2F9D8D9F446F7" blockId="2.[141,746,1541,1790]" lastBlockId="2.[791,1395,1190,1855]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
|
||
The source of the Ok Tedi
|
||
<superScript id="59CEB81FD671624FEFE0F9DBDCBF465A" attach="left" box="[431,439,1541,1555]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">2</superScript>
|
||
lies at approximately
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D671624FECE2F9D9DDAA4677" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="2900.0">
|
||
<elevation id="2596F264D671624FECE2F9D9DDAA4677" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="2900.0">2,900 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
elevation in the
|
||
<location id="AB64438CD671624FEF1DF9F8DF4C4677" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9:AB64438CD671624FEF1DF9F8DF4C4677" box="[338,580,1574,1599]" country="Papua New Guinea" county="Upper Ok Tedi" municipality="From" name="central Star Mountains" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" stateProvince="West Sepik">central Star Mountains</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D671624FEC1DF9F8DC234616" author="Hyndman DC & Menzies JI" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="241 - 273" refId="ref4650" refString="Hyndman DC, Menzies JI. 1990. Rain forests of the Ok Tedi headwaters, New Guinea: An ecological analysis. Journal of Biogeography 17: 241 - 273." type="journal article" year="1990">Hyndman and Menzies 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), just north of the provincial border between
|
||
<location id="AB64438CD671624FEE9DF9B9DC214637" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9:AB64438CD671624FEE9DF9B9DC214637" box="[210,297,1639,1662]" country="Papua New Guinea" county="Upper Ok Tedi" municipality="From" name="Western" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" stateProvince="West Sepik">Western</location>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="6C7FDBB5D671624FEF14F9B8DCBF4637" box="[347,439,1638,1662]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="West Sepik" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Sandaun</collectingRegion>
|
||
(formerly
|
||
<collectingRegion id="6C7FDBB5D671624FEC67F9B9DFA94637" box="[552,673,1638,1662]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="West Sepik" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">West Sepik</collectingRegion>
|
||
) Provinces of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D6AC55C7D671624FEEA3F959DC2C46D6" box="[236,292,1671,1695]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">PNG</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and approximately
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D671624FEC4CF959DF4046D7" box="[515,584,1670,1695]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="km" value="28.0">28 km</quantity>
|
||
east of the international border with
|
||
<location id="AB64438CD671624FEFC7F979DF3A46F7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9:AB64438CD671624FEFC7F979DF3A46F7" box="[392,562,1702,1726]" country="Papua New Guinea" county="Upper Ok Tedi" municipality="From" name="Papua Province" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" stateProvince="West Sepik">Papua Province</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="AB64438CD671624FEC74F978DFE146F7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9:AB64438CD671624FEC74F978DFE146F7" box="[571,745,1702,1726]" country="Papua New Guinea" county="Upper Ok Tedi" municipality="From" name="Indonesian New" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" stateProvince="West Sepik">Indonesian New</location>
|
||
Guinea.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="4E608F2DD671624FEEA8F919DC294697" box="[231,289,1735,1758]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">From</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
its source the
|
||
<collectingCounty id="47656DDBD671624FEFF6F919DF504697" box="[441,600,1734,1758]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Upper Ok Tedi</collectingCounty>
|
||
flows rapidly south through extremely rugged mountainous terrain to meet the Ok Mani, flowing in from the southern slopes of Mount Fubilan, at an elevation of
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D671624FEACDFB19D9CF4497" box="[1154,1223,1223,1247]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
|
||
, just to the west of Tabubil. The distance travelled from the source of the Ok Tedi to the Ok Mani confluence is only ca. 28.5 river kilometers (
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D671624FEDD8FAF9DED64577" box="[919,990,1318,1343]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="km" value="23.0">23 km</quantity>
|
||
in a direct line), but the river has already lost
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D671624FEDCAFA98DED54517" box="[901,989,1350,1374]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="2500.0">2,500 m</quantity>
|
||
in elevation. The distance from Tabubil to the confluence of the Ok Tedi with the Fly River at d’Albertis Junction
|
||
<superScript id="59CEB81FD671624FEA4CFA5BD90345DA" attach="left" box="[1027,1035,1413,1427]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">3</superScript>
|
||
is a further 170 river kilometers (
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D671624FED51FA79DE7945F7" box="[798,881,1446,1471]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
in a direct line) with a further drop in elevation to
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D671624FED7AFA19DE784597" box="[821,880,1479,1503]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="70.0">70 m</quantity>
|
||
, from where the Fly meanders first southwest, then southeast to the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="6C7FDBB5D671624FEDB7FA38D92145B7" box="[1016,1065,1510,1534]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Gulf</collectingRegion>
|
||
of Papua. The town of Kiunga on the Fly River, (upstream by 45 river kilometers,
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D671624FEB17F9D9DE314677" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
|
||
in a direct line) east of d’Albertis Junction, lies at an elevation of only
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D671624FED96F999D91B4617" box="[985,1043,1607,1631]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
, yet it is approximately
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D671624FEB6FF998D87B4617" box="[1312,1395,1606,1630]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="km" value="375.0">375 km</quantity>
|
||
from the Fly delta, while the actual distance is closer to 800 river kilometers due to its meandering course across the low-lying flood plains (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D671624FEA78F978D9F946F7" author="Halse SA & Pearson GB & Jaensh RP & Kulmoi P & Gregory P & Kay WR & Storey AW" box="[1079,1265,1702,1726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="557 - 569" refId="ref4570" refString="Halse SA, Pearson GB, Jaensh RP, Kulmoi P, Gregory P, Kay WR, Storey AW. 1996. Waterbirds surveys of the Middle Fly River floodplain, Papua New Guinea. Wildlife Research 23: 557 - 569." type="journal article" year="1996">Halse et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D671624EED78F918DFAA43A1" blockId="2.[791,1395,1190,1855]" lastBlockId="3.[140,746,752,1416]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
|
||
The Ok Tedi Mine is located on the slopes of Mount Fubilan (
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D671624FED38F939DEDB46B6" box="[887,979,1767,1791]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.084" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="2084.0">2,084 m</quantity>
|
||
), “a copper mountain with a gold cap” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D671624FED51F8D9DE934756" author="Knox M." box="[798,923,1799,1823]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" refId="ref4743" refString="Knox M. 2013. Boom: The Underground History of Australia, from Gold Rush to GFC. Penguin, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 416 p." type="book" year="2013">Knox 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), at an elevation of approximately
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D671624FEB5BF8D9D8674757" box="[1300,1391,1799,1823]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="1700.0">1,700 m</quantity>
|
||
. It is approximately
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D671624FEDA9F8F9D9214777" box="[998,1065,1830,1855]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="km" value="12.0">12 km</quantity>
|
||
northwest of the nearest population center, the town of Tabubil which was established to support the mine, yet the mine lies over
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEC1FFCCEDF924361" box="[592,666,784,808]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="km" value="1.2">1.2 km</quantity>
|
||
higher. Tabubil, located at only
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEFC3FCEEDCC74301" box="[396,463,816,840]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.57" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="457.0">457 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation, is approximately
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEEE5FC8EDDF34321" box="[170,251,848,872]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="km" value="450.0">450 km</quantity>
|
||
from the coast. The steepness of the southern Star Mountains, rising by
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEFECFCAEDCF243C1" box="[419,506,880,904]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="1200.0">1,200 m</quantity>
|
||
in elevation over only
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEEC2FC4EDDDB43E1" box="[141,211,912,936]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="km" value="12.0">12 km</quantity>
|
||
in horizontal distance, contrasts with the almost imperceptible south-north increase in elevation (<
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EECE9FC6EDFE24381" box="[678,746,944,968]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
over
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEE8CFC0EDC1E43A1" box="[195,278,976,1000]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="km" value="450.0">450 km</quantity>
|
||
) of the Trans-Fly Region as a whole.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<footnote id="CDA00959D671624FEEC2F8C5DCE747E1" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D671624FEEC2F8C5DCE747E1" blockId="2.[141,746,1819,1960]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<superScript id="59CEB81FD671624FEEC2F8C5DD9B476E" attach="right" box="[141,147,1819,1831]" fontSize="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">2</superScript>
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D671624FEEDBF8C2DDA54766" box="[148,173,1820,1839]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Ok</emphasis>
|
||
= river, in the local Wopkaimin language (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D671624FEC61F8C2DF854766" author="Keig G." box="[558,653,1820,1839]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="255 - 268" refId="ref4711" refString="Keig G. 2001. Rural population growth in Papua New Guinea between 1980 and 1990. Asia Pacific View- point 42 (2 - 3): 255 - 268." type="journal article" year="2001">Keig 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the river is therefore known as the Ok Tedi, not the Ok Tedi River. In 1876 the Italian naturalist-explorer Luigi Maria d’Albertis (1841–1901) was the first foreigner to discover and navigate the lower reaches of the Ok Tedi, which he named the Alice River (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D671624FEF99F8A2DF5747C6" author="d'Albertis LM" box="[470,607,1916,1935]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" pagination="4 - 16" refId="ref4498" refString="d'Albertis LM. 1879. Journeys up the Fly River and in other parts of New Guinea. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 1 (1): 4 - 16." type="journal article" year="1879">d’Albertis 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D671624FEC28F8A2DF9C47C6" author="d'Albertis LM" box="[615,660,1916,1935]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" refId="ref4531" refString="d'Albertis LM. 1880. New Guinea: What I Did and What I Saw (2 Volumes). Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, London, England. X + 406 p." type="book" year="1880">1880</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in honor of an acquaintance, Miss Alice Hargrave.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<footnote id="CDA00959D671624FED58F885D9DD47D6" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D671624FED58F885D9DD47D6" blockId="2.[791,1395,1883,1952]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<superScript id="59CEB81FD671624FED58F885DE15472E" attach="right" box="[791,797,1883,1895]" fontSize="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">3</superScript>
|
||
D’Albertis originally called the confluence of the Alice River (Ok Tedi) with the Fly “Snake Junction” because he captured a python there (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D671624FED52F852DEAE47E9" author="d'Albertis LM" box="[797,934,1932,1952]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" refId="ref4531" refString="d'Albertis LM. 1880. New Guinea: What I Did and What I Saw (2 Volumes). Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, London, England. X + 406 p." type="book" year="1880">d’Albertis 1880</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but today it is named in his honor.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<caption id="FAC445DFD670624EEEC2FDBCDF644287" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11385960" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11385960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11385960/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" startId="3.[141,176,610,632]" targetBox="[141,745,144,597]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D670624EEEC2FDBCDF644287" blockId="3.[141,745,610,719]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D670624EEEC2FDBCDDDC423E" bold="true" box="[141,212,610,632]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
View of an actively worked area of the Ok Tedi Mine. The observed individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D670624EEFA7FDA1DFE142DC" box="[488,745,639,661]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D670624EEFA7FDA1DFE142DC" box="[488,745,639,661]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Toxicocalamus ernstmayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eventually disappeared into the vegetation on the slope in the top left of the photograph. Photo by Blaise Paivu.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D670624EEEE2FC2FDCEC45C1" blockId="3.[140,746,752,1416]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
|
||
At
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEE9EFC2EDC244441" box="[209,300,1008,1032]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="1700.0">1,700 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation, the Ok Tedi Mine is approximately
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEE93FBCEDC174461" box="[220,287,1040,1064]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="230.0">230 m</quantity>
|
||
higher than Wangbin Village (
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEC2CFBCEDFB34461" box="[611,699,1040,1064]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.468" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="1468.0">1,468 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation), the
|
||
<typeStatus id="7100ABF5D670624EEF44FBEFDC314400" box="[267,313,1073,1097]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D670624EEFFEFBEFDF364401" box="[433,574,1073,1096]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D670624EEFFEFBEFDF364401" box="[433,574,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">T. ernstmayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggesting that this snake is probably confined to mid-montane elevations in the Star Mountains. It is unlikely that it occurs as low as Tabubil (elevation <
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEFAAFB4EDF2644E1" box="[485,558,1168,1192]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
), given the complete lack of any specimens from there despite the largescale development and burgeoning human population (see below). Even within its known range, this relatively large, diurnally-active snake would seem to be rare, as this region has been fairly thoroughly investigated by biologists, including by one of us (SJR), yet no specimens have been collected or reported.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D670624EEEC2FA73DF044580" blockId="3.[141,524,1453,1481]" box="[141,524,1453,1481]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<heading id="F54CA23BD670624EEEC2FA73DF044580" bold="true" box="[141,524,1453,1481]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D670624EEEC2FA73DF044580" bold="true" box="[141,524,1453,1481]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">The Vegetation and Climate</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D670624EEEC2FA2EDF204701" blockId="3.[141,746,1520,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<location id="AB64438CD670624EEEC2FA2EDC334641" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2612A441D6736248EEC2FAA0D80847E9:AB64438CD670624EEEC2FA2EDC334641" box="[141,315,1520,1544]" county="Lower Montane" municipality="Lower Montane Rainforest" name="Ok Tedi Mine's" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Ok Tedi Mine’s</location>
|
||
elevation is close to the boundary between
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="4E608F2DD670624EEE96F9CFDF0D4661" box="[217,517,1552,1576]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Lower Montane Rainforest</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEC56F9CEDFC94661" box="[537,705,1552,1576]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="1400.0" valueMax="1800.0" valueMin="1000.0">
|
||
<elevation id="2596F264D670624EEC56F9CEDFC94661" box="[537,705,1552,1576]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="1400.0" valueMax="1800.0" valueMin="1000.0">1,000–1,800 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
elevation), and Low-altitude Midmontane Rainforest (
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEEDAF98EDC3E4621" box="[149,310,1616,1640]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="2000.0" valueMax="2200.0" valueMin="1800.0">
|
||
<elevation id="2596F264D670624EEEDAF98EDC3E4621" box="[149,310,1616,1640]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="2000.0" valueMax="2200.0" valueMin="1800.0">1,800–2,200 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
elevation), Zones 2 and 3 respectively of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D670624EEEC2F9AEDCDD46C1" author="Hyndman DC & Menzies JI" box="[141,469,1648,1672]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" pagination="241 - 273" refId="ref4650" refString="Hyndman DC, Menzies JI. 1990. Rain forests of the Ok Tedi headwaters, New Guinea: An ecological analysis. Journal of Biogeography 17: 241 - 273." type="journal article" year="1990">Hyndman and Menzies (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCounty id="47656DDBD670624EEF91F9AFDF8146C1" box="[478,649,1649,1672]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Lower Montane</collectingCounty>
|
||
Rainforest comprises mixed evergreen forest with a
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEC2BF94EDFCA46E1" box="[612,706,1680,1704]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="20.0">
|
||
<elevation id="2596F264D670624EEC2BF94EDFCA46E1" box="[612,706,1680,1704]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="20.0">20–30 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
tall canopy, dominated by emergent white oak (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D670624EEC28F96FDC3C46A1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acuminatissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D670624EEC28F96FDC3C46A1" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Castanopsis acuminatissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) at tree height of up to
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEC07F90EDF8B46A1" box="[584,643,1744,1768]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="40.0">
|
||
<elevation id="2596F264D670624EEC07F90EDF8B46A1" box="[584,643,1744,1768]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="40.0">40 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, whereas Low-altitude Midmontane Rainforest is dominated by moss-covered Myrtle (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D670624EEFCDF8CFDCEF4761" box="[386,487,1809,1832]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D670624EEFCDF8CFDCEF4761" box="[386,487,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Syzygium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and Screw Palm (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D670624EECFAF8CFDDC54701" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D670624EECFAF8CFDDC54701" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Pandanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) with a
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEF6AF8EEDC8C4701" box="[293,388,1840,1864]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="27.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="25.0">
|
||
<elevation id="2596F264D670624EEF6AF8EEDC8C4701" box="[293,388,1840,1864]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="27.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="25.0">25–30 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
canopy height.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D670624EEEE2F88ED92B4201" blockId="3.[141,746,1520,1960]" lastBlockId="3.[791,1395,144,1096]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Rainfall is high in the Upper Ok Tedi-Mount Fubilan region, with as much as
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEFC4F8AEDF0B47C1" box="[395,515,1904,1928]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="10000.0">10,000 mm</quantity>
|
||
being recorded annually at the mine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D670624EEF0CF84EDCCF47E1" author="Hearn GJ" box="[323,455,1936,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" pagination="47 - 60" refId="ref4614" refString="Hearn GJ. 1995. Landslide and erosion hazard mapping at Ok Tedi copper mine, Papua New Guinea. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 28 (1): 47 - 60." type="journal article" year="1995">Hearn 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with little seasonal variation, the lowest rainfall averaging
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEAD9FF4ED9FA40E1" box="[1174,1266,144,168]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.33" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="433.0">433 mm</quantity>
|
||
in November, and the highest averaging
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEA2AFF6ED9B64081" box="[1125,1214,176,200]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.76" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="576.0">576 mm</quantity>
|
||
in June (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D670624EEB6BFF6EDE5940A1" author="Merkel A." pageId="3" pageNumber="30" refId="ref4840" refString="Merkel A. 2017. CLIMATE-DATA. ORG. Available: https: // en. climate-data. org / location / 19240 / AM On- line Projects, Oedheim, Germany [Accessed: 03 July 2017]." type="url" year="2017">Merkel 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The area lies in a belt known as the “midaltitude fringe high rainfall zone” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D670624EEA7FFF2ED86F4141" author="Hyndman DC & Menzies JI" box="[1072,1383,240,264]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" pagination="241 - 273" refId="ref4650" refString="Hyndman DC, Menzies JI. 1990. Rain forests of the Ok Tedi headwaters, New Guinea: An ecological analysis. Journal of Biogeography 17: 241 - 273." type="journal article" year="1990">Hyndman and Menzies 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which experiences continual heavy rain, defined as over
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EED58FEEEDE6C4101" box="[791,868,304,328]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
per week (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D670624EEDAEFEEED9F74101" author="Brookfield H & Hart D." box="[993,1279,304,328]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" refId="ref4470" refString="Brookfield H, Hart D. 1971. Melanesia: A Geographical Interpretation of an Island World. Methuen, London, United Kingdom. 464 p." type="book" year="1971">Brookfield and Hart 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although the previous figures amount to
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEA21FE8ED9F54121" box="[1134,1277,336,360]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="120.0" valueMax="140.0" valueMin="100.0">100–140 mm</quantity>
|
||
of rainfall per week. Sometimes rainfall is excessive, and on at least four days a year there will be over
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEAEEFE4ED9F441E1" box="[1185,1276,400,424]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
|
||
of rainfall over a 24-hour period, and once every 1–3 years rainfall will exceed
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EED83FE0ED92F41A1" box="[972,1063,464,488]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
|
||
in a single day (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D670624EEAA8FE0EDE7B4241" author="McAlpine JR & Keig G & Falls R." pageId="3" pageNumber="30" refId="ref4804" refString="McAlpine JR., Keig G, Falls R. 1983. Climate of Papua New Guinea. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Xii + 200 p." type="book" year="1983">McAlpine et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Upper Ok Tedi-Mount Fubilan region is one of the wettest places, not only on the island of New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D6AC55C7D670624EED58FDEEDE6C4201" box="[791,868,560,584]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
but in the world
|
||
<superScript id="59CEB81FD670624EEA5BFDF1D9144274" attach="left" box="[1044,1052,559,573]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">4</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D670624EED78FD8EDEA34401" blockId="3.[791,1395,144,1096]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
|
||
The almost constant rainfall, and accompanying heavy cloud cover, results in lowered ambient temperatures. Temperatures recorded at several sites, at different elevations from Tabubil to Mount Fubilan, are lower than those expected for central New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D6AC55C7D670624EEAE4FD0ED9F042A1" box="[1195,1272,720,744]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D670624EEB47FD0EDEE84341" author="Hyndman DC & Menzies JI" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" pagination="241 - 273" refId="ref4650" refString="Hyndman DC, Menzies JI. 1990. Rain forests of the Ok Tedi headwaters, New Guinea: An ecological analysis. Journal of Biogeography 17: 241 - 273." type="journal article" year="1990">Hyndman and Menzies 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Maximum daily temperatures range from 23.0–24.7 °C, while minimums at night range from 13.8–14.6 °C (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D670624EEDF2FCEED95A4301" author="Merkel A." box="[957,1106,816,840]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" refId="ref4840" refString="Merkel A. 2017. CLIMATE-DATA. ORG. Available: https: // en. climate-data. org / location / 19240 / AM On- line Projects, Oedheim, Germany [Accessed: 03 July 2017]." type="url" year="2017">Merkel 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The nights above
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEB78FCEEDE244321" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="2200.0">2,200 m</quantity>
|
||
are even colder with lows of 6.4 °C being recorded at Finimterr (
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEDE4FCAED90143C1" box="[939,1033,880,904]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="2300.0">2,300 m</quantity>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D670624EEA6DFCAED86F43C1" author="Hyndman DC & Menzies JI" box="[1058,1383,880,904]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" pagination="241 - 273" refId="ref4650" refString="Hyndman DC, Menzies JI. 1990. Rain forests of the Ok Tedi headwaters, New Guinea: An ecological analysis. Journal of Biogeography 17: 241 - 273." type="journal article" year="1990">Hyndman and Menzies 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which means temperatures fall by 1 °C with every
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEB04FC4EDE244381" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
|
||
increase in elevation. This combination of relatively cold nighttime temperatures, almost continual rain, and dense cloud cover could in part account for the diurnal activity cycle of a relatively large snake species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D670624EED58FBEFDEAD4401" box="[791,933,1073,1096]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D670624EED58FBEFDEAD4401" box="[791,933,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">T. ernstmayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D670624EED58FBB3D93244C0" blockId="3.[791,1082,1133,1161]" box="[791,1082,1133,1161]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<heading id="F54CA23BD670624EED58FBB3D93244C0" bold="true" box="[791,1082,1133,1161]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D670624EED58FBB3D93244C0" bold="true" box="[791,1082,1133,1161]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Human Development</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D670624EED58FB6EDED84601" blockId="3.[790,1396,1200,1832]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Until the late 1960s Tabubil did not exist as a settlement. Shortly after the
|
||
<typeStatus id="7100ABF5D670624EED83FB0ED92144A1" box="[972,1065,1232,1256]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D670624EEA02FB0FD9D344A1" box="[1101,1243,1233,1256]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D670624EEA02FB0FD9D344A1" box="[1101,1243,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">T. ernstmayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected by FP (late 1969) a small mining camp was established besides an airstrip (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D670624EEDA4FACED9B54561" author="O'Shea M & Parker F & Kaiser H." box="[1003,1213,1296,1320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" pagination="241 - 264" refId="ref4922" refString="O'Shea M, Parker F, Kaiser H. 2015. A new species of New Guinea worm-eating snake, genus Toxicocalamus (Serpentes: Elapidae), from the Star Mountains of Western Province, Papua New Guinea, with a re- vised dichotomous key to the genus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 161 (6): 241 - 264." type="journal article" year="2015">O’Shea et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Fig. 9H) by the Kennecott Copper Corporation, who were engaged in the exploratory drilling on Mount Fubilan. Wangbin was a small neighboring hamlet on the edge of Lake Wangbin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D670624EED51FA4EDEE045E1" author="O'Shea M & Parker F & Kaiser H." box="[798,1000,1424,1448]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" pagination="241 - 264" refId="ref4922" refString="O'Shea M, Parker F, Kaiser H. 2015. A new species of New Guinea worm-eating snake, genus Toxicocalamus (Serpentes: Elapidae), from the Star Mountains of Western Province, Papua New Guinea, with a re- vised dichotomous key to the genus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 161 (6): 241 - 264." type="journal article" year="2015">O’Shea et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Figs. 9A–C). During 1976–1980 the Anglo-Australian mining company BHP Billiton negotiated with the Government of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D6AC55C7D670624EEA14FA0FD82545A1" box="[1115,1325,1488,1512]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
to establish the mining town of Tabubil and they subsequently established Ok Tedi Mining Limited to operate the gold and copper mine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D6706248ED78F98EDF9146C9" blockId="3.[790,1396,1200,1832]" lastBlockId="5.[141,746,1288,1664]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
|
||
The population of the Star Mountains Tabubil “census division” increased by 201%, from 556 to 1,676, in the decade 1980–1990 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D670624EEDA4F94ED95746E1" author="Keig G." box="[1003,1119,1680,1704]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" pagination="255 - 268" refId="ref4711" refString="Keig G. 2001. Rural population growth in Papua New Guinea between 1980 and 1990. Asia Pacific View- point 42 (2 - 3): 255 - 268." type="journal article" year="2001">Keig 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), directly as a result of the establishment of the Ok Tedi Mine and the development of Tabubil. Over the same period
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D670624EEAC3F90ED81946A1" author="Keig G." box="[1164,1297,1744,1768]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" pagination="255 - 268" refId="ref4711" refString="Keig G. 2001. Rural population growth in Papua New Guinea between 1980 and 1990. Asia Pacific View- point 42 (2 - 3): 255 - 268." type="journal article" year="2001">Keig (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that the population of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="6C7FDBB5D670624EEA45F92FD9C14741" box="[1034,1225,1776,1800]" country="Solomon Islands" name="Western" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Western Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
increased from 64,623 to 74,834, which amounts to only a 15.8% population increase overall. Western Province is vast, covering
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D6776249EE82F8CADC4A4765" box="[205,322,1812,1836]" metricMagnitude="7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.621799999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" unit="km" value="96218.0">96,218 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="59CEB81FD6776249EF0DF8CCDC424769" attach="left" box="[322,330,1810,1824]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">2</superScript>
|
||
(37,150 sq mi;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D6776249EFB4F8CADF734765" author="Blake DH" box="[507,635,1812,1836]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" refId="ref4344" refString="Blake DH. 1972. Western District. Pp. 1,187 - 1,193 In: Encyclopedia of Papua and New Guinea. Volume 2 L-Z. Ryan P., editor. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 1,231 p." type="book" year="1972">Blake 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and it is PNG’s largest province (by land area), and while a report by the
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D6776249EE98F88ADC6E4725" author="IUCN & A Regional Environmental Assessment" box="[215,358,1876,1900]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" refId="ref4682" refString="IUCN. 1995. The Fly River Catchment, Papua New Guinea: A Regional Environmental Assessment. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. X + 86 p." type="book" year="1995">IUCN (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gave the population of the province as 110,000, with a very low overall population density of 1.14/km
|
||
<superScript id="59CEB81FD6776249EF49F84CDC0647E9" attach="left" box="[262,270,1938,1952]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">2</superScript>
|
||
, the same report provided a population of 12,000 for Tabubil. This indicates a 716% increase in population size during the years 1990–1995, making Tabubil the largest urban population in the province, exceeding even the 8,490 population of Daru, the provincial capital in the south of the province. The 2011 census (National Statistical
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D6776249EDBBF84AD86347E5" author="National Statistical Office of Papua New Guinea" box="[1012,1387,1940,1964]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" refId="ref4880" refString="National Statistical Office of Papua New Guinea. 2014. 2011 National Population & Housing Census: Ward Population Profile: Southern Region. National Statis- tical Office, Waigani, National Capital District, Papua New Guinea. 33 p." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Office of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D6AC55C7D6776249EA12F84AD82547E5" box="[1117,1325,1940,1964]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) provided a provincial population of 201,351 with 10,270 for Tabubil, 631 for Wangbin, and 15,142 for Daru, suggesting a reversal in the relative populations sizes of Tabubil and Daru. Regardless of this apparent decline the population size and development of the Tabubil area during the last 4.5 decades has been substantial. The demographics of the Tabubil population are eclectic with company employees from around the world. However, the population of the Ok Tedi Mine remains relatively small, with employees concentrated within the actual mine compound. The surrounding midmontane rainforest remains thinly populated and under-explored.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<footnote id="CDA00959D670624EED58F895DECC47E1" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D670624EED58F895DECC47E1" blockId="3.[791,1395,1867,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<superScript id="59CEB81FD670624EED58F895DE15471E" attach="right" box="[791,797,1867,1879]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">4</superScript>
|
||
The annual rainfall at the Ok Tedi Mine is close to that received by the wettest places on Earth, listed as Mawsynram,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="6C7FDBB5D670624EEAEEF8BAD808473E" box="[1185,1280,1892,1911]" country="India" name="Meghalaya" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Meghalaya</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEB44F8BBD8654731" box="[1291,1389,1893,1912]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1873" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="11873.0">11,873 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and Cherrapunji,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="6C7FDBB5D670624EEDE0F8A2D90647C6" box="[943,1038,1916,1935]" country="India" name="Meghalaya" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Meghalaya</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="6943B8B2D670624EEA54F8A3D98947D9" box="[1051,1153,1917,1936]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.143" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="11430.0">11,430 mm</quantity>
|
||
), both in northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D6AC55C7D670624EEB08F8A2D87B47C6" box="[1351,1395,1916,1935]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D670624EED53F84BDEB147E1" author="Anonymous" box="[796,953,1941,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" refId="ref4302" refString="Anonymous. 2017. Highest rainfall annually. Guinness World Records Limited, London, England. Avail- able: http: // www. guinnessworldrecords. com / worldrecords / highest-rainfall-annually / [Accessed: 23 Sep- tember 2017]." type="url" year="2017">Anonymous 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<caption id="FAC445DFD6776249EEC2FA0FDF264687" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11385966" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11385966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11385966/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" startId="4.[141,176,1489,1511]" targetBox="[216,1320,144,1469]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D6776249EEC2FA0FDF264687" blockId="4.[141,1396,1489,1742]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6776249EEC2FA0FDDC645AF" bold="true" box="[141,206,1489,1511]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Confirming the individual’s identification as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D6776249ECC6FA0FDE8F45AE" box="[649,903,1489,1511]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6776249ECC6FA0FDE8F45AE" box="[649,903,1489,1511]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Toxicocalamus ernstmayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6776249EDDBFA0FDEBD45AE" bold="true" box="[916,949,1489,1511]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">(A)</emphasis>
|
||
Close-up of the snake shown in Fig. 2C with insets B, C, and D indicated.
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6776249EFE5FA30DCE6464D" bold="true" box="[426,494,1518,1540]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">(B, B’)</emphasis>
|
||
Head and neck in extreme close-up. Color coding of head scalation includes six supralabials (orange), one anterior temporal (yellow), and two posterior temporals (blue), but no temporolabial (see Fig. 5). The head scutes appear to comply with the colubrid-elapid nine dorsal scute arrangement (i.e., two internasals, two prefrontals, one frontal, two supraoculars, and two parietals; therefore lacking any head scute fusion, although this is difficult to discern from the magnified image with accuracy.
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6776249EF2BF9BFDCA5463E" bold="true" box="[356,429,1633,1655]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">(C, C’)</emphasis>
|
||
Based on the visible dorsal scales, the dorsal scale count on the anterior body is 15. The count is achieved by locating the vertebral scale row and counting down to the lowest dorsal scale row (eight scales), doubling the count, and subtracting one scale to account for the single vertebral scale row.
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6776249ED09F945DE8646F8" bold="true" box="[838,910,1691,1713]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">(D, D’)</emphasis>
|
||
The dorsal scale count at midbody, performed as described for the previous panel, is also 15.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="FAC445DFD6766248EEC2FB94DC2544B9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11385970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11385970" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11385970/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" startId="5.[141,176,1098,1120]" targetBox="[193,1323,144,1083]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D6766248EEC2FB94DC2544B9" blockId="5.[141,1395,1098,1264]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6766248EEC2FB94DDC34429" bold="true" box="[141,203,1098,1120]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D6766248EF2EFB95DCF84429" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1896" box="[353,496,1099,1120]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6766248EF2EFB95DCF84429" box="[353,496,1099,1120]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Toxicocalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D6766248EC68FB95DF964429" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1896" box="[551,670,1099,1120]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Micropechis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6766248EC68FB95DF964429" box="[551,670,1099,1120]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Micropechis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6766248ECE7FB94DFE24429" bold="true" box="[680,746,1098,1120]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">(A, A’)</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D6766248ED2BFB95DEEA4429" box="[868,994,1099,1120]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6766248ED2BFB95DEEA4429" box="[868,994,1099,1120]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">T. ernstmayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MCZ R-145946) from Wangbin, Western Province, PNG.
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6766248EF7EFBB9DC7F4434" bold="true" box="[305,375,1127,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">(B, B’)</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D6766248EC4FFBB6DF6C4435" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[512,612,1127,1149]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6766248EC4FFBB6DF6C4435" box="[512,612,1127,1149]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">T. grandis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BMNH 1946.1.18.34) from Setakwa River, Papua Province, Indonesian New Guinea.
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6766248EEAFFB5ADC2144D3" bold="true" box="[224,297,1156,1178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">(C, C’)</emphasis>
|
||
Yellow phase of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D6766248EF9BFB5ADF9644D0" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1830" box="[468,670,1156,1177]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Micropechis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ikaheka">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6766248EF9BFB5ADF9644D0" box="[468,670,1156,1177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Micropechis ikaheka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BMNH 1909.4.30.12) from the FakFak Peninsula, West Papua Province, Indonesian New Guinea. Color-coding of head scalation includes six supralabials (orange), a single anterior temporal (yellow), two posterior temporals (blue), and a temporolabial (red). The individual we report here clearly has the same head scute arrangement as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D6766248EEE8FB05DC2F44B9" box="[167,295,1243,1264]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6766248EEE8FB05DC2F44B9" box="[167,295,1243,1264]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">T. ernstmayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E6A146DCD6766248EEC2F97BD80847E9" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D6766248EEC2F97BDC404688" blockId="5.[141,328,1701,1729]" box="[141,328,1701,1729]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6766248EEC2F97BDC404688" bold="true" box="[141,328,1701,1729]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Conservation</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D6766248EEC2F936D99E46C9" blockId="5.[141,746,1768,1952]" lastBlockId="5.[791,1395,1288,1664]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
The incursion of roads into remote rainforest areas could lead to the persecution and disappearance of vulnerable and misunderstood species like snakes.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BB6ED4D6766248EC05F8F6DC094729" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ernstmayri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6766248EC05F8F6DC094729" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Toxicocalamus ernstmayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has always been an infrequently encountered species, as exemplified by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2A68A6D6766248EFB2F8B6DFA047C9" author="Parker F." box="[509,680,1896,1920]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" refId="ref4988" refString="Parker F. 1982. Snakes of Western Province. Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. 78 p." type="book" year="1982">Parker’s (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
comment above: “
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6766248EF67F856D93C4569" box="[296,1076,1288,1952]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">People there agreed with him that it was extremely rare in the area.</emphasis>
|
||
” That it is also a diurnal species, of moderately large size, and seemingly relatively slow moving, would suggest that this species could be more vulnerable to persecution than some other taxa. It is therefore especially heartening that this snake was at no time hindered or molested as it crossed the mine workings, and that it was thought interesting and newsworthy enough to be photographed, the images then being circulated to specialists for an identification, and then finally the sighting was featured as a full-page article in the company’s seven-page in-house publication, which finishes with this plea to its readers:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE041557D6766248ED78F977D80847E9" blockId="5.[822,1395,1704,1952]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CCFC945D6766248ED78F977D80847E9" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
“So should you be fortunate enough to see one of these snakes in the wild, please observe it from a distance and let it go on its way. They are very rare and recorded sightings are even rarer. Like all the wild life in our foot print we should appreciate its diversity, this snake and perhaps there are other animals out there are unique to this part of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D6AC55C7D6766248EAD6F8B7D9C647C9" box="[1177,1230,1897,1920]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">PNG</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the world and should be appreciated and not killed.”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |