138 lines
17 KiB
XML
138 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="275944" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/contrib.entomol.73.e110258" ID-GBIF-Dataset="895a3095-4fbb-4161-9ed8-1484d8354f7d" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2511-6428-2-167" ID-Pensoft-UUID="10AD65E0AA955F9284FBFA1EAF1286C6" ID-ZooBank="EC125FAC97844575A6912FA6AEE0AA3D" ModsDocID="2511-6428-73-2-167" checkinTime="1698951195197" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wichard, Wilfried" docDate="2023" docId="248E2E2D1B1C5C459E3642AF5F08EDFC" docLanguage="en" docName="ContribEntomol 73(2): 167-179" docOrigin="Contributions to Entomology 73 (2)" docPubDate="2023-11-02" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/contrib.entomol.73.e110258" docTitle="Palerasnitsyninae Wichard, 2023, stat. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="10AD65E0AA955F9284FBFA1EAF1286C6" lastPageNumber="167" masterDocId="10AD65E0AA955F9284FBFA1EAF1286C6" masterDocTitle="Fossil Trichoptera embedded in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber" masterLastPageNumber="179" masterPageNumber="167" pageNumber="167" updateTime="1732676746228" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="0A85D8815B98A936477F6CF5F15D4676" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F5950476F9DAF44E81E73BDAB484B2BF">
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<mods:title id="89E44310F53C36DBB36989D50775E13F">Fossil Trichoptera embedded in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="6DA9E134C6F3968C5F8119B07977F62C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="50275E1CCBFACE90A6D938F27E89767F">Wichard, Wilfried</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3DBEB98FF2201EA8BD3DD50BB2399701" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5933-6292</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="37C8F88568271FDBBC61DB0A9667AC8D">University of Koeln, Institute of Biology, Koeln, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="AA66DD20257C22F28D8E4C446FC1AE3C" type="email">wichard@uni-koeln.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1AD335BEE475EB980F459E4F1066ED68">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="0D2A2D679E2D8F5CFB689CD485CFF1FD">Contributions to Entomology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="B12B4CEF5F4FB635498C8B5EC6831F27">
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<mods:date id="F826850569FD4D19F2A223A8CFC077ED">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="45BB21E570980761C4F696601C58365F">2023-11-02</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6D9FA394F6877FCBEF8F522F41C64AF5">73</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="670D2748FA90C6D9A1364C641A72DA78">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/contrib.entomol.73.e110258</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="9ECA60B4952B0AF674C951DC13C62C11">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="97D58300C4293EC8687E95C5F5A784BA" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/contrib.entomol.73.e110258</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="248E2E2D1B1C5C459E3642AF5F08EDFC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10170848" ID-GBIF-Taxon="216248521" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10170848" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:248E2E2D1B1C5C459E3642AF5F08EDFC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/248E2E2D1B1C5C459E3642AF5F08EDFC" lastPageNumber="167" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" scope_family="Xiphocentronidae" scope_order="Trichoptera" scope_subOrder="Annulipalpia" scope_superFamily="Psychomyioidea">
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<subSubSection id="94B6DCD8EFE6176BB77A415049663026" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="EC39CE196EF1E98E708049027CAF1005" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
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Subfamily †
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<taxonomicName id="9AABF08A9F71F9604A1013F731D7763D" LSID="248E2E2D-1B1C-5C45-9E36-42AF5F08EDFC" authorityName="Wichard" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="stat. nov." subFamily="Palerasnitsyninae">Palerasnitsyninae</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="8A9B0D77A79E29AA96F3F6F16E278560" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">stat. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7A467ED26E9F467B59FBC35F42B3A01D" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="type genus">
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<paragraph id="307052D0277847ACC3840D9FA097C2F2" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Type genus.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A03C783BDD7715601067D6B5454FB39F" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
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<taxonomicName id="BC4B7577D95D3986ED46762FB22BD049" authorityName="Wichard, Ross & Ross" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" genus="Palerasnitsynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palerasnitsynus" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1278BEF3651C304347B550E12E31890F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Palerasnitsynus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Wichard, Ross & Ross, 2011.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7CBA894858CA069D7C65CFB87C5EEEDB" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="subfamily diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="CDA5A7C6AC4B7AFD2CE35D7DA617D228" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Subfamily diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F03AA498D9C77B812A71BC6CE9D4B127" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
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The species of the extinct subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="6B8AC4197BD43FD9D0A8D14A214E244C" authorityName="Wichard" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Palerasnitsyninae">Palerasnitsyninae</taxonomicName>
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are characterised by the combination of the fore and hind
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<normalizedToken id="4CDE41AB48BFA4BE823467C7BCB7D7C6" originalValue="wings’">wings'</normalizedToken>
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characters: in forewings by the presence of forks II, IV, V and by the absence of forks I and III and in hind wings by the presence of forks II and V and by the absence of the forks I, III, IV (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="4E6A91CCAFC994A1C767D33C637E6F1C" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Genus Palerasnitsynus in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. A. Typical dark sporns at the 3 rd maxillary palp segment; B. Typical presence of forks II, IV, V in forewings and of forks II and V in hind wings; C. Palerasnitsynus swarming activities." figureDoi="10.3897/contrib.entomol.73.e110258.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/928762" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">3B</figureCitation>
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). Furthermore, the adults possess latero-apical dark sporns at the 3rd maxillary palp segments (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="EDC845F1ABAEFDA6C4AAB2D92FCE2462" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Genus Palerasnitsynus in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. A. Typical dark sporns at the 3 rd maxillary palp segment; B. Typical presence of forks II, IV, V in forewings and of forks II and V in hind wings; C. Palerasnitsynus swarming activities." figureDoi="10.3897/contrib.entomol.73.e110258.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/928762" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">3A</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="80EB05C2E16781F846BB4E480563F2C3" doi="10.3897/contrib.entomol.73.e110258.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/928762" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
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<paragraph id="F4962E13A9FF28EB1F5A74E22874671A" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
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<emphasis id="1CA1DF3D8B55918022B1AB4894B052FD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="BD20932171516D8CEE71346E018CF72A" authorityName="Wichard, Ross & Ross" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" genus="Palerasnitsynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palerasnitsynus" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5D49449BF2CBBF64A542CBDCC169051C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Palerasnitsynus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber.
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<emphasis id="B35714A49F496AFCCA7D111A692D9FAF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">A.</emphasis>
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Typical dark sporns at the 3rd maxillary palp segment;
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<emphasis id="07964C4C5275512617A95857F3F7CD56" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">B.</emphasis>
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Typical presence of forks II, IV, V in forewings and of forks II and V in hind wings;
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<emphasis id="A9BDE5477C095F0DD3C54FF7EB37CDA4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">C.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="F76FE7DB8D04E816C9912712233E4D0B" authorityName="Wichard, Ross & Ross" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" genus="Palerasnitsynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palerasnitsynus" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2A4F91234B7C0D962478F201277E06CD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Palerasnitsynus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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swarming activities.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="79854935D8044D800EFB989D4A08B81E" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="systematic position">
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<paragraph id="6F2C86AA5600D662EFE147EB6E644AED" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Systematic position.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A7445406546092F5318220145A86AD0F" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
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The extinct genus
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<taxonomicName id="623D1CBF54B5F3C485C924ACB3993B46" authorityName="Wichard, Ross & Ross" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" genus="Palerasnitsynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palerasnitsynus" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="60E0C7013BF4C71671664FCA05336237" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Palerasnitsynus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with currently 10 species, was found in the Oriental mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber and initially placed in the family
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<taxonomicName id="434A328B12233B73AB752E1EEF964D04" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psychomyiidae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="6573C25CC213B08D093318BCEA94128A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.130.1449" author="Wichard, W" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" pagination="323 - 330" refId="B54" refString="Wichard, W, Ross, E, Ross, A, 2011. Palerasnitsynus gen. n. (Trichoptera, Psychomyiidae) from Burmese amber. ZooKeys 130: 323 - 330, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.130.1449" title="Palerasnitsynus gen. n. (Trichoptera, Psychomyiidae) from Burmese amber." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.130.1449" volume="130" year="2011">Wichard et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). The wing venation is remarkably reduced, with only apical forks II, IV, V in forewings and apical forks II and V in hind wings. The reduction of forewing venations with the absence of forks I and III and of hind wing venations with the absence of forks I, III and IV is observed in some Xiphocentronids, but not in the family
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<taxonomicName id="7A133A68EF07794A8A2F2B6251B9494F" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psychomyiidae</taxonomicName>
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. This combination of reduced forewings and hindwings is significantly true for the family
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<taxonomicName id="CD4FFD7FFE55339EF76A1D5ABC7E6D62" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xiphocentronidae</taxonomicName>
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. Based on these characters, it is proposed to transfer the genus
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<taxonomicName id="CF063C6752450B58134BB76EAE527C5B" authorityName="Wichard, Ross & Ross" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" genus="Palerasnitsynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palerasnitsynus" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CCD0257CC8206AE4B57202186CC27E7F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Palerasnitsynus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to family
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<taxonomicName id="CA4D4C9E51FA0CECB1115C3F2C5705E6" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xiphocentronidae</taxonomicName>
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and to establish an extinct subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="55D618A21ED07BC0DE1A9BA843E04F47" authorityName="Wichard" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Palerasnitsyninae">Palerasnitsyninae</taxonomicName>
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stat. nov. Its species are the oldest Xiphocentronids with a geological age of about 100 million years.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4635FA969B8ED4727D767438A885BD9B" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
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In Burmese amber, the species of the subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="862BB81547AC65F9B7BF4DEBCA928685" authorityName="Wichard" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Palerasnitsyninae">Palerasnitsyninae</taxonomicName>
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are certainly among the smallest caddisflies, reaching forewing lengths of only 1.8-2.6 mm (
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<bibRefCitation id="17C3DCC0438BD5C6D45622B03908A773" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.130.1449" author="Wichard, W" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" pagination="323 - 330" refId="B54" refString="Wichard, W, Ross, E, Ross, A, 2011. Palerasnitsynus gen. n. (Trichoptera, Psychomyiidae) from Burmese amber. ZooKeys 130: 323 - 330, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.130.1449" title="Palerasnitsynus gen. n. (Trichoptera, Psychomyiidae) from Burmese amber." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.130.1449" volume="130" year="2011">Wichard et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="CA64073DC8CA0F732FDDAA6F64114AFB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.18476/pale.11.a8" author="Wichard, W" journalOrPublisher="Palaeodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" pagination="151 - 166" refId="B56" refString="Wichard, W, Mueller, P, Wang, B, 2018b. The psychomyiid genus Palerasnitsynus (Insecta, Trichoptera) in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Palaeodiversity 11: 151 - 166, DOI: https://doi.org/10.18476/pale.11.a8" title="The psychomyiid genus Palerasnitsynus (Insecta, Trichoptera) in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber." url="https://doi.org/10.18476/pale.11.a8" volume="11" year="2018 b">2018b</bibRefCitation>
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). With an abundance of almost 40% of caddisflies,
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<taxonomicName id="8AE822B8DCE3C5054E1A711C0FB9D05C" authorityName="Wichard, Ross & Ross" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Xiphocentronidae" genus="Palerasnitsynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palerasnitsynus" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EB1D90031C1D730A46FED983964F4E35" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Palerasnitsynus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species dominate the picture of caddisflies in the Burmese amber. They obviously have a tendency to swarm, as up to 100 embedded individuals have been counted in some ambers (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="9B5BC74C1F6CAE683BBF126EBB216D32" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Genus Palerasnitsynus in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. A. Typical dark sporns at the 3 rd maxillary palp segment; B. Typical presence of forks II, IV, V in forewings and of forks II and V in hind wings; C. Palerasnitsynus swarming activities." figureDoi="10.3897/contrib.entomol.73.e110258.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/928762" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">3C</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |