420 lines
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420 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e0a7142d-1eae-4254-b91a-30b70eb9b5ee" ID-PMC="PMC6690523" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-860-183" ID-PubMed="31413657" ID-ZooBank="A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C" ModsDocID="1313-2970-860-183" checkinTime="1565091121862" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Horvath, Elizabeth Anne" docDate="2019" docId="239C8D09A68713F6AACC80E6EB7E9A41" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 860: 183-306" docOrigin="ZooKeys 860" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317" docTitle="Swiftia pacifica Nutting 1912" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="199" masterDocId="D577415D00092007FFDF4B2B606EFFFB" masterDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia" masterLastPageNumber="306" masterPageNumber="183" pageNumber="192" updateTime="1668167482081" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Horvath, Elizabeth Anne</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>860</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>183</mods:start>
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<mods:end>306</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-860-183</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="158525302" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:239C8D09A68713F6AACC80E6EB7E9A41" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/239C8D09A68713F6AACC80E6EB7E9A41" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="199" pageId="9" pageNumber="192">
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="192" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="192">
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<taxonomicName LSID="239C8D09A68713F6AACC80E6EB7E9A41" authority="Nutting, 1912" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1912" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="192" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">Swiftia pacifica (Nutting, 1912)</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Swiftia kofoidi [? Swiftia pacifica] (thicker dark red " morph "), SBMNH 232036. A Colony measures 6.0 cm tall, 5.5 cm broad at widest point, demonstrating zig-zag appearance of branches due to calycular placement B Branch close-up, showing placement of prominent conical calyces on branches; calyces measure ~ 1.0 mm tall." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314850" pageId="9" pageNumber="192">Figures 3A, B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Swiftia kofoidi [? Swiftia pacifica], SBMNH 232036, SEM image. A Truncated, jagged disk-spindle / capstan-like forms B Elongated spindles C Might be a typical " fingerbiscuit-rod " form typical of the genus; seen very rarely, if at all in this species D An irregular spindle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314851" pageId="9" pageNumber="192">
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4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Swiftia pacifica, specimen 41 - 39 - 1 (Alaska Fisheries Service, Gulf of Alaska); looking in same form of that seen in Figure 3, light microscopy arrays. A (4 x) showing variety of sclerites, particularly the characteristic " fingerbiscuit-rod " seen in the genus Swiftia. Sclerites from specimen examined for Bob Stone, Alaska Fisheries Service B Higher magnification, 10 x, showing all sclerite forms, including obvious anthocodial fingerbiscuit-rods. The larger spindles measure ~ 300 µm long, smaller spindles of ~ 200 µm, and the rods range from 308 - 370 µm in length." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314852" pageId="9" pageNumber="192">5A, B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Swiftia pacifica, specimen 41 - 100 A- 2 (Alaska Fisheries Service, Gulf of Alaska, via Bob Stone), SEM image. A Long spindles B Jagged disk-spindle / capstan-like sclerites C Thick, elongated rod-like spindles D Anthocodial " fingerbiscuit-rod " forms characteristic of the genus E Irregular spindles F Odd irregular spindles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314853" pageId="9" pageNumber="192">
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6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
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</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Colonies collected / examined from the northern end of the geographic continuum, confirmed identification as Swiftia pacifica. A OCNMS OC 06 _ 0531, EPI 127 B NOAA 41 - 39 - 1 (AB 17 - 0010). Image of specimen shown in A provided by Mary Brancato (OCNMS); specimen shown in B provided by Robert Stone (NOAA)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314868" pageId="9" pageNumber="192">21A, B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Common sclerite forms seen in colonies of S. pacifica collected from the northern portion of the geographic continuum, using standard light microscopy. A NOAA 41 - 39 - 1 (AB 17 - 0010) B NOAA CB 50003 - 021 C, D NOAA CB 50003 - 032." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314869" pageId="9" pageNumber="192">
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22
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Sclerites from a specimen collected in the northern portion of the geographic continuum, in SEM. A, B From NOAA 41 - 100 A- 2 (AB 17 - 0009)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314870" pageId="9" pageNumber="192">23A, B</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="193" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="193">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="193" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="193" start="start">Swiftia</pageBreakToken>
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pacifica
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</taxonomicName>
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(Nutting, 1912): 96, 97, pl 14 (figs 2, 2a) and pl 21 (fig. 6) [=
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Stenogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenogorgia pacificus" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="193" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacificus">Stenogorgia pacificus</taxonomicName>
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Nutting, 1912]:
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<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="193" refId="B141">Muzik 1979</bibRefCitation>
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: 168-173, fig. 26, pl XXVI.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="193">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Callistephanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Callistephanus pacificus" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="193" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacificus">Callistephanus pacificus</taxonomicName>
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Nutting, 1912: 96, 97.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="193">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Allogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allogorgia exserta" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="193" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="exserta">Allogorgia exserta</taxonomicName>
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Verrill, 1928: 8.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="193">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia rosea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="193" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subspecies" species="rosea" subspecies="pacificus">Swiftia rosea pacificus</taxonomicName>
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(Nutting, 1912): stat. nov.
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<bibRefCitation author="Madsen, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Steenstrupia" pageId="96" pageNumber="279" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B136" refString="Madsen, FJ, 1970. Remarks on Swiftiarosea (Grieg) and related species. . Steenstrupia 1: 1 - 10" title="Remarks on Swiftiarosea (Grieg) and related species." volume="1" year="1970">Madsen 1970</bibRefCitation>
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: 8.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="193" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="193">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="193">
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For holotype, unknown (erroneously labeled); for type,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Albatross’">'Albatross'</normalizedToken>
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Station 4781,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="52" direction="north" minutes="14" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="30" value="52.24167">52°14'30"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="174" direction="west" minutes="13" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="-174.21666">174°13'00"W</geoCoordinate>
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, south and east of the Bering Sea. (See Remarks below.)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="193" type="type specimens">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="193">Type specimens.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="193">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="193">Holotype</emphasis>
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USNM 49513 (colony portion only);
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="193">Type</emphasis>
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USNM 30024; both specimens were examined.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="193" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="193">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="193">~23 lots (see Appendix 3: List of material examined).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="196" pageId="10" pageNumber="193" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="193">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="196" pageId="10" pageNumber="193">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="193">Colony</emphasis>
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moderately sized (up to 18-19 cm tall), planar, flabellate, flexible, rubbery in appearance (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Swiftia kofoidi [? Swiftia pacifica] (thicker dark red " morph "), SBMNH 232036. A Colony measures 6.0 cm tall, 5.5 cm broad at widest point, demonstrating zig-zag appearance of branches due to calycular placement B Branch close-up, showing placement of prominent conical calyces on branches; calyces measure ~ 1.0 mm tall." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314850" pageId="10" pageNumber="193">Figure 3A</figureCitation>
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); branches nearly forming net-like reticulations, but usually not anastomosing; generally, moderate open appearance to branches. Main stem extends upwards some few cm (above base), 1.0-2.0 mm wide; branches from main stem opposite or alternate, coming off at 45° to 90° angles, then tending upwards; distance between branches 0.5-2.0 cm; terminal branches to 2.0 cm long, l.0 mm in diameter. Polyps lateral (mostly alternate, sometimes opposite), very few on front, with back generally free of polyps, thus flat; polyps conical (sometimes tubular), three, four or five per cm, arising from small mounds (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Swiftia kofoidi [? Swiftia pacifica] (thicker dark red " morph "), SBMNH 232036. A Colony measures 6.0 cm tall, 5.5 cm broad at widest point, demonstrating zig-zag appearance of branches due to calycular placement B Branch close-up, showing placement of prominent conical calyces on branches; calyces measure ~ 1.0 mm tall." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314850" pageId="10" pageNumber="193">Figure 3B</figureCitation>
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); anthostele 0.5-2.0 mm H, 1.0-2.0 mm W (seeming rather broad and boxy), anthocodiae preserved exert up to 2.0 mm long, but often appearing as dense tuft with 1.0 mm or less
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<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="194" start="start">showing</pageBreakToken>
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above polyp mound. At distal end of terminal branches, two (or two pair) oppositely disposed polyps. Color of colony bright to deep crimson or muddy red (brick-red) in life, but both darker and lighter red (dull pink) colonies occur; polyps sometimes dark greenish-grey; sclerites bright red or orange (rods) to pale pinkish-red (most common color, usually true of spindles and capstans). Sclerites (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Swiftia kofoidi [? Swiftia pacifica], SBMNH 232036, SEM image. A Truncated, jagged disk-spindle / capstan-like forms B Elongated spindles C Might be a typical " fingerbiscuit-rod " form typical of the genus; seen very rarely, if at all in this species D An irregular spindle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314851" pageId="11" pageNumber="194">
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Figures 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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</figureCitation>
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,
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<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="195" start="start">5</pageBreakToken>
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A, B, 6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
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) symmetrical; unilaterally developed superficial capstans and spindles, 0.08 to 0.17 mm long in coenenchyme; flatter warty spindles to 0.35 mm in layer below; also eight radiates. Axial sheath sclerites short (to 0.12 mm), narrow-waisted, blunt-ended. Anthocodial bases can have numerous prominent blunt bars (fingerbiscuit rods, in shape comparable to a bacterial rod), curved or straight (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Swiftia pacifica, specimen 41 - 39 - 1 (Alaska Fisheries Service, Gulf of Alaska); looking in same form of that seen in Figure 3, light microscopy arrays. A (4 x) showing variety of sclerites, particularly the characteristic " fingerbiscuit-rod " seen in the genus Swiftia. Sclerites from specimen examined for Bob Stone, Alaska Fisheries Service B Higher magnification, 10 x, showing all sclerite forms, including obvious anthocodial fingerbiscuit-rods. The larger spindles measure ~ 300 µm long, smaller spindles of ~ 200 µm, and the rods range from 308 - 370 µm in length." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314852" pageId="12" pageNumber="195">Figures 5B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Swiftia pacifica, specimen 41 - 100 A- 2 (Alaska Fisheries Service, Gulf of Alaska, via Bob Stone), SEM image. A Long spindles B Jagged disk-spindle / capstan-like sclerites C Thick, elongated rod-like spindles D Anthocodial " fingerbiscuit-rod " forms characteristic of the genus E Irregular spindles F Odd irregular spindles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314853" pageId="12" pageNumber="195">6D</figureCitation>
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);
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<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="196" start="start">arranged</pageBreakToken>
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transversely at bases, more longitudinal at distal end. Examination of multiple specimens did not always reveal presence of rods, but when present, very obvious. Pinnular scales 0.06-0.1 mm long.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314850" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="196">
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Figure 3.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia kofoidi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kofoidi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Swiftia kofoidi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[?
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Swiftia pacifica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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] (thicker dark red
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“morph”">"morph"</normalizedToken>
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), SBMNH 232036.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">A</emphasis>
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Colony measures 6.0 cm tall, 5.5 cm broad at widest point, demonstrating zig-zag appearance of branches due to calycular placement
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">B</emphasis>
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Branch close-up, showing placement of prominent conical calyces on branches; calyces measure ~1.0 mm tall.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314851" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="196">
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Figure 4.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia kofoidi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kofoidi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Swiftia kofoidi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[?
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Swiftia pacifica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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], SBMNH 232036, SEM image.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">A</emphasis>
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Truncated, jagged disk-spindle/capstan-like forms
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">B</emphasis>
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Elongated spindles
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">C</emphasis>
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Might be a typical
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“fingerbiscuit-rod”">"fingerbiscuit-rod"</normalizedToken>
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||
form typical of the genus; seen very rarely, if at all in this species
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">D</emphasis>
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An irregular spindle.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314852" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="196">
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Figure 5.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Swiftia pacifica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, specimen 41-39-1 (Alaska Fisheries Service, Gulf of Alaska); looking in same form of that seen in
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Swiftia kofoidi [? Swiftia pacifica] (thicker dark red " morph "), SBMNH 232036. A Colony measures 6.0 cm tall, 5.5 cm broad at widest point, demonstrating zig-zag appearance of branches due to calycular placement B Branch close-up, showing placement of prominent conical calyces on branches; calyces measure ~ 1.0 mm tall." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314850" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Figure 3</figureCitation>
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, light microscopy arrays.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">A</emphasis>
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(4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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) showing variety of sclerites, particularly the characteristic
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“fingerbiscuit-rod”">"fingerbiscuit-rod"</normalizedToken>
|
||
seen in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Swiftia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Sclerites from specimen examined for Bob Stone, Alaska Fisheries Service
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">B</emphasis>
|
||
Higher magnification, 10
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
, showing all sclerite forms, including obvious anthocodial fingerbiscuit-rods. The larger spindles measure ~300
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
long, smaller spindles of ~200
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, and the rods range from 308-370
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in length.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314853" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="196">
|
||
Figure 6.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Swiftia pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, specimen 41-100A-2 (Alaska Fisheries Service, Gulf of Alaska, via Bob Stone), SEM image.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">A</emphasis>
|
||
Long spindles
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">B</emphasis>
|
||
Jagged disk-spindle/capstan-like sclerites
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">C</emphasis>
|
||
Thick, elongated rod-like spindles
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">D</emphasis>
|
||
Anthocodial
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“fingerbiscuit-rod”">"fingerbiscuit-rod"</normalizedToken>
|
||
forms characteristic of the genus
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">E</emphasis>
|
||
Irregular spindles
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">F</emphasis>
|
||
Odd irregular spindles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="196" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Species name likely refers to locality where type specimen was collected, outer Aleutian Islands, Alaska in the North Pacific.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="196" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="196">North Pacific Ocean, Aleutian Islands, Alaska down to California (not a common occurrence), and from Alaska down through western Pacific to Hawaii. Range determined from collection location information provided with specimens examined (see Appendix 3: List of material examined).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="196" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Usually bathyal, but depth range extends from ~18 to ≥ 2,000 m, based on depth information provided with specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="199" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="196">
|
||
Bayer made personal notations in his copy of
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="280" pagination="681 - 727" refId="B144" refString="Nutting, CC, 1909. Alcyonaria of the California coast. . Proceedings of the United States National Museum 35: 681 - 727" title="Alcyonaria of the California coast." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" volume="35" year="1909">Nutting (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; species is quite similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia kofoidi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kofoidi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Swiftia kofoidi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In overall shape, this species ranges from a rather open-spaced and delicately appearing colony (rarely) to one that seems bulkier. The zig-zag profile is evident but is much more rounded (less jagged-looking) than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. kofoidi" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" rank="species" species="kofoidi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">S. kofoidi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Polyp mounds in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pacifica" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are somewhat lower, more rounded than those seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. kofoidi" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" rank="species" species="kofoidi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">S. kofoidi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.43-1923.1" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="280" pagination="1 - 104" refId="B148" refString="Nutting, CC, 1912. Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the US Fisheries Steamer 'Albatross' primarily in Japanese waters during 1906. . Proceedings of the United States National Museum 43: 1 - 104" title="Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the US Fisheries Steamer ' Albatross' primarily in Japanese waters during 1906." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.43-1923.1" volume="43" year="1912">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nutting’s">Nutting's</normalizedToken>
|
||
1912
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description, he noted this
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
"very close resemblance to
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Calllistephanus" lsidName="Calllistephanus koreni" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" rank="species" species="koreni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Calllistephanus koreni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Wright and Studer" but also added that "(g)eographical considerations render it unlikely that the two are identical."
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Madsen, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Steenstrupia" pageId="96" pageNumber="279" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B136" refString="Madsen, FJ, 1970. Remarks on Swiftiarosea (Grieg) and related species. . Steenstrupia 1: 1 - 10" title="Remarks on Swiftiarosea (Grieg) and related species." volume="1" year="1970">Madsen (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that the species described here so closely agreed "with the Scandinavian
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Holaxonia" lsidName="Holaxonia rosea" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" rank="species" species="rosea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">rosea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(it too, has radiate capstans among the spicules) that it is reasonable to consider it its amphiboreal representative, and to regard it as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Holaxonia" lsidName="Holaxonia rosea" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" rank="species" species="rosea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">rosea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, stat. nov. [
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia rosea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rosea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Swiftia rosea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Grieg, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bergens Museum Aarsberetning for" pageId="94" pageNumber="277" pagination="1 - 26" refId="B101" refString="Grieg, JA, 1887. Bidrag til de norske Alcyonarier. . Bergens Museum Aarsberetning for 1886: 1 - 26" title="Bidrag til de norske Alcyonarier." volume="1886" year="1887">Grieg 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)];" an example of a discontinuous circumboreal octocoral.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="198" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">
|
||
Examination of specimens collected in the Gulf of Mexico, 2009 (provided by P Etnoyer,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="NOAA’s">NOAA's</normalizedToken>
|
||
National Ocean Service Office, South Carolina), indicated Madsen may have been correct. Three specimens were sent (without collection data). Sclerite preparations were performed, and specimens were tentatively identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pacifica" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; when informed (pers. comm. from A Quattrini, then a doctoral candidate, Temple University) that these three were actually collected from the Gulf of Mexico, further investigation was warranted. Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pallida" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" rank="species" species="pallida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">S. pallida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Madsen, 1970 had been examined and sequenced (via barcoding of those specimens), and a close match was found between
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pallida" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" rank="species" species="pallida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">S. pallida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens and other lots of the same specimens examined. Referring back to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Madsen, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Steenstrupia" pageId="96" pageNumber="279" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B136" refString="Madsen, FJ, 1970. Remarks on Swiftiarosea (Grieg) and related species. . Steenstrupia 1: 1 - 10" title="Remarks on Swiftiarosea (Grieg) and related species." volume="1" year="1970">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Madsen’s">Madsen's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1970)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discussion,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pallida" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" rank="species" species="pallida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">S. pallida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was considered by Madsen to be, at most, a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia rosea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rosea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Swiftia rosea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia rosea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subspecies" species="rosea" subspecies="pallida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">Swiftia rosea pallida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Madsen, 1970), of the north Atlantic, based on the color of its colony form (pale gray) and sclerites (colorless).
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pacifica" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Pacific Ocean, examined here (considering Madsen) looked very similar to the species
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. rosea" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" rank="species" species="rosea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">S. rosea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(which could certainly be the correct species identification for the three specimens from the Gulf of Mexico sent by Etnoyer) in its colony color, branch detail, arrangement of polyps and shape of its sclerites. It appeared that
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pacifica" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(eastern North Pacific),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. rosea" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" rank="species" species="rosea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">S. rosea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the Atlantic and its subspecies,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pallida" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" rank="species" species="pallida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">S. pallida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(a northern Atlantic bathyal form) were strongly related.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. rosea" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" rank="species" species="rosea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="196">S. rosea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the nominate form, found not only in the bathyal North Atlantic, but also in the Scandinavian sublittoral (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Madsen, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Steenstrupia" pageId="96" pageNumber="279" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B136" refString="Madsen, FJ, 1970. Remarks on Swiftiarosea (Grieg) and related species. . Steenstrupia 1: 1 - 10" title="Remarks on Swiftiarosea (Grieg) and related species." volume="1" year="1970">Madsen 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It would appear that the species described here could be the Pacific Ocean extension (of
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="197" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Atlantic species
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. rosea" pageId="14" pageNumber="197" rank="species" species="rosea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="197">S. rosea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in its distribution, having moved into the Pacific Ocean via waters circumscribing the North Pole. It can be inferred that as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pacifica" pageId="14" pageNumber="197" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="197">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appeared in the Pacific, it dispersed down the western coast of the North American continent
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="15" pageNumber="198" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
|
||
at least as far as, generally, central California), just as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. rosea" pageId="15" pageNumber="198" rank="species" species="rosea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="198">S. rosea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has apparently spread across the north Atlantic and down the eastern side of the North American continent (and presumably, into the Gulf of Mexico, perhaps as a new subspecies). The WoRMS Database (Cordeiro et al. 2019) shows the accepted status of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="199">
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="16" pageNumber="199" refId="B141">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="16" pageNumber="199" start="start">Muzik</pageBreakToken>
|
||
(1979)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted discrepancies regarding locality for the holotype. The specimen is housed in the Bishop Museum, Hawaii (as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Allogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allogorgia exserta" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="199" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="exserta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">Allogorgia exserta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, #101), with a portion of it housed at NMNH (USNM 49513). This specimen "agrees in details of color, sclerites, and polyp size and shape with the type from Alaska of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="199" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">Swiftia pacifica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 30024) collected from the Aleutians in 1906 and described by Nutting in 1912. One can conclude that there was an error in the locality of the so-called Hawaiian specimen. It is entered in the Bishop Museum catalog as
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Albatross’">'Albatross'</normalizedToken>
|
||
2742 without locality. Entry 2741 is from Station 3353 off Panama. Prior to that station, the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Albatross’">'Albatross'</normalizedToken>
|
||
had been collecting in the Pacific Northwest, so it is conceivable that this S. pacifica was collected there and later confused." It appeared that normal range for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="199" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">Swiftia pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is from central/northern California northward, but occasionally may appear south of that range. CAS has thirty cataloged records from this genus; of these, eleven lots are from Alaska, and are likely
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="199" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">Swiftia pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="199">
|
||
There appeared to be a distinct morphological trend, from southern to northern waters, along the California coast up through the coastal areas of Oregon, Washington and Alaska that required discussion; a proposed explanation for the range distribution of this species follows the descriptions of all species (with red color) found in or near the Bight covered in this paper. Briefly, an extensive examination of colonies collected from Baja California to the remote northern aspect of the Bering Sea (see Appendix 3: List of material examined) revealed a very distinctive trend in the appearance of colonies and sclerites from south to north. The sequential trends seen within the two species,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. kofoidi" pageId="16" pageNumber="199" rank="species" species="kofoidi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">S. kofoidi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pacifica" pageId="16" pageNumber="199" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(or morphs of one) are discussed in the Further Remarks section (along with variation in sclerite morphology of other eastern Pacific
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="199" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">Swiftia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species). The observation of this phenomenon has never been discerned or noted previously.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |