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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.74.e112446" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2625-8498-74-235" ID-Pensoft-UUID="89C0A8AAD42554AFB7EAEA16DA7A228C" ID-ZooBank="9749988BC0374372AC9852F1EC586500" ModsDocID="2625-8498-74-235" checkinTime="1710236013799" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cavarzere, Vagner &amp; Silveira, Luis F." docDate="2024" docId="208704F9A09A5E6B8B384D3CEE21DCDC" docLanguage="en" docName="VertZool 74: 235-247" docOrigin="Vertebrate Zoology 74" docPubDate="2024-03-11" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.74.e112446" docTitle="Cercomacroides hypomelaena Cavarzere &amp; Silveira 2024, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="89C0A8AAD42554AFB7EAEA16DA7A228C" lastPageNumber="235" masterDocId="89C0A8AAD42554AFB7EAEA16DA7A228C" masterDocTitle="Integrative taxonomy of Cercomacroides serva (Sclater, 1858) demonstrates the validity of C. hypomelaena (Sclater, 1890) comb. nov. (Aves: Thamnophilidae)" masterLastPageNumber="247" masterPageNumber="235" pageNumber="235" updateTime="1710236013799" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="073387EE6B428FC116EBD2B7AD818162">Integrative taxonomy of Cercomacroides serva (Sclater, 1858) demonstrates the validity of C. hypomelaena (Sclater, 1890) comb. nov. (Aves: Thamnophilidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F3DBE863DEACEF6A667125979EA57FEB">Cavarzere, Vagner</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="B5D436FF6DA5D3267EB0CCAAF14FC58E" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0510-4557</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="82656C25F3D2922EA6B89D93BB776D60">Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatistica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, 18618 - 689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="5B6FEB2033BFD8E06C95EF54D8D43A29" type="email">vagner.cavarzere@unesp.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="1AD08BBB031A44407C46C35C932986E0">Silveira, Luis F.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6D8C4FF0FDE7229DF36242043FDEDEDE" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2576-7657</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="0D321D4C00F934A4D924CB5278ADDC68">Secao de Aves, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo. Avenida Nazare, 481, Ipiranga, 04263000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="F5F8E613E693776DBA2242285F8C4780">Vertebrate Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C6424D9C0CE3D2D34C5D1D47634E40B6">
<mods:date id="6283CDF5F354BC30F0CB13D8275CCDD1">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7F95BD96C12A629997C1FECD6223979A">2024-03-11</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="21E8F09CC595BEF0FAF1A468E6788786" type="volume">
<mods:number id="261763CBDE2F01335B3DD8EDACDDAC4E">74</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="F8D5993AC56C00BC8BF8FB9BE9BCF2F5">235</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="09CB3CEB825A4C5C57CB4CF4D94CE82E">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.74.e112446</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="63B0CA23E126EF5F3FCD73821F0D42BB">journal article</mods:classification>
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<subSection id="2D2CEB6C042BA08D34E8E78D3214D1FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" type="discussion">
<treatment id="208704F9A09A5E6B8B384D3CEE21DCDC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:208704F9A09A5E6B8B384D3CEE21DCDC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/208704F9A09A5E6B8B384D3CEE21DCDC" lastPageNumber="235" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">
<subSubSection id="69363BCC82CDB4556C2FFC068F731008" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="9026983CFD16C56937D32D6350ED7939" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">
<taxonomicName id="9B17C3BB7ED3541E1D4466D4D8579F10" LSID="208704F9-A09A-5E6B-8B38-4D3CEE21DCDC" authority="(Sclater 1890)" authorityName="Cavarzere &amp; Silveira" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1890" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Cercomacroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cercomacroides hypomelaena" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypomelaena" status="comb. nov.">Cercomacroides hypomelaena (Sclater 1890)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5114306D0F5588E421446F2EEAA05A71" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A2D47CFF395566A24D6E253A8FEA5767" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" type="">
<paragraph id="DCD631A84869EDAFE0A5490617071431" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">Southwestern black antbird (suggested English name)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="05C3C40C0A1962BD9609A16C52FD98DF" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">
<normalizedToken id="89B3635E2CA217EDC8919DBF1F8163F1" originalValue="Chororó-preto-do-sudoeste">Chororo-preto-do-sudoeste</normalizedToken>
(suggested Portuguese name)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AF8F8356BBE27A0E80544A8794626A4E" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" type="chresonymy">
<paragraph id="4062BBAAFAC5E89814701E84B3C99A29" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">Chresonymy.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="99C7E2A29D49A87CC1E2AE4933162FC0" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">
<taxonomicName id="453D69347F6AEF1C4148A0DA335C33AD" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Cercomacra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cercomacra hypomelaena" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypomelaena">Cercomacra hypomelaena</taxonomicName>
Sclater, 1890, Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum 15: 268. Cosnipata, S.W. Peru.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ECC495BABE541555A47A76B2B376E4DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">
<taxonomicName id="A920FDA67FF90372AAE24C96BDAE49CD" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Pyriglena" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyriglena serva" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serva">Pyriglena serva</taxonomicName>
[non
<taxonomicName id="D1E3AD46917490CFAA5BA13D2B551FA1" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Pyriglena" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyriglena serva" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serva">Pyriglena serva</taxonomicName>
Sclater, 1858] - Allen (1889), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2: 96.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F61A8FDBA483F4BEA0FEA812AAF72D7C" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">
<taxonomicName id="4F554863CC71109A5D278CFA53AEA2FC" baseAuthorityName="P. L. Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Cercomacra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cercomacra serva" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serva">Cercomacra serva</taxonomicName>
[non
<taxonomicName id="2202D1F2984DC0207CAC03F1BCA2283E" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Pyriglena" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyriglena serva" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serva">Pyriglena serva</taxonomicName>
Sclater, 1858] - Berlepsch and Stolzmann (1906), Ornis, Internationale Zeitschrift für die gesamte Ornithologie 13: 117.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="394CDE11573F74A3F4362D5293A304A3" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">
<taxonomicName id="BEE233ED879B093B374E82EA9BDC8FE0" baseAuthorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Cercomacroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cercomacroides serva" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serva">Cercomacroides serva</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="EB6509C1CECE1BBC8E83879186F8FD58" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12116" author="Tello, JG" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" pagination="546 - 565" refId="B30" refString="Tello, JG, Raposo, M, Bates, JM, Bravo, GA, Cadena, CD, Maldonado-Coelho, M, 2014. Reassessment of the systematics of the widespread Neotropical genus Cercomacra (Aves: Thamnophilidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 170: 546 - 565, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12116" title="Reassessment of the systematics of the widespread Neotropical genus Cercomacra (Aves: Thamnophilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12116" volume="170" year="2014">Tello et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 170: 555.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BDE13B223FA5AA5C834C13D79020A27E" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" type="holotype">
<paragraph id="486481C983FFE2C347CDAAB2C0E18E3B" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="636695EFBEB4398C05E28D3E953B8898" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">BMNH 1889.7.10.574 (male). Cosnipata, Peru.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9D211E37CCCDE48925C4A48E59350E67" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="EBA8B60B225250474EE10A6219037A64" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D3AD9B40E48B32B4E0E2FCA38573F0F" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">
Males indistinct from
<taxonomicName id="F65283E858E107A239540E268EC02FDD" lsidName="C. serva" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="serva">
<emphasis id="C4F24F6A4C59AF96803923A73D6C9E20" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">C. serva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Females with brown upperparts, which are concolorous with the eyebrows, a white interscapular patch, brown tail, reddish brown primaries, and an orange belly, concolorous with the auriculars and fimbriae on the outer wing coverts. The loudsong is Type 2.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EE5DD75349818F611F43046EF00F2506" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="A75C090225B54A0642EA8FB354AAA9CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="046323C5A912E76E1C377BF3EEB15B90" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">
It can be found on the southern bank of the
<normalizedToken id="108ABE9A33A1289D277054C02602C158" originalValue="Marañon">Maranon</normalizedToken>
River and on both banks of the Ucayali River, in Peru. Its westernmost limit is the base of the Andes. It also ranges south of the Amazon River east to the Madeira River, in Brazil, and its southernmost range is in northwestern Bolivia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF84A3862FFB72BD0B1AD09BE4874034" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">
Although the Ucayali is an important barrier to several taxa, the upper and middle sections of the Ucayali do not segregate the
<taxonomicName id="74E3C83A510289FA8B657F79FED354B4" lsidName="C. serva" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="serva">
<emphasis id="AD440D14D8159EB85B63C754418FDD51" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">C. serva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="04833C934C89C0E3D0A505103F069F18" lsidName="C. hypomelaena" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="hypomelaena">
<emphasis id="CBF7743B20ECE8138DEF911DEE23DE27" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">C. hypomelaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="22E70E06EF99583767BCBBB42FB53305" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">comb. nov</emphasis>
. This was already noted in a comprehensive biogeographic study, which documented only
<taxonomicName id="BFC32EF3554629375699833D4A6978D8" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Cercomacra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cercomacra hypomelaena" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypomelaena">
<emphasis id="EA7D022B701EFA1E3C54DCCB9521D7DF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">Cercomacra hypomelaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on both banks of that river (
<bibRefCitation id="786CC401B4A2BED82BC0182378353DDB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1676/13-135.1" author="Harvey, MG" journalOrPublisher="Wilson Journal of Ornithology" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" pagination="179 - 191" refId="B12" refString="Harvey, MG, Seeholzer, GF, Caceres, A. D, Winger, BM, Tello, JG, Camacho, FH, Aponte Justiniano, MA, Judy, CD, Ramirez, SF, Terrill, RS, Brown, CE, Leon, LAA, Bravo, G, Combe, M, Custodio, O, Zumaeta, AQ, Tello, AU, Bravo, WAG, Savit, AZ, Ruiz, FWP, Mauck, WM, Barden, O, 2014. The avian biogeography of an Amazonian headwater: The Upper Ucayali River, Peru. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 126: 179 - 191, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1676/13-135.1" title="The avian biogeography of an Amazonian headwater: The Upper Ucayali River, Peru." url="https://doi.org/10.1676/13-135.1" volume="126" year="2014">Harvey et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="515DDFC2D8E4784B9B06712662949757" authorityName="Cavarzere &amp; Silveira" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1890" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Cercomacroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cercomacroides hypomelaena" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypomelaena">
<emphasis id="EF710263FBD9BC4BF11B3AE9AD613F40" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">Cercomacroides hypomelaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="3A0E07D830E440D619980E0B4AAE2791" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">comb</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="1BEC4D0BBD5F46BEE6D5553A5E7FA2F5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">nov.</emphasis>
occurs on both banks of the
<normalizedToken id="03E5BE0B08CACF6D59FB5AECE967623E" originalValue="Yavarí">Yavari</normalizedToken>
(Javari) River, being limited to the north by the
<normalizedToken id="2AC5CB589BDDA3972E168231F9CEC5AF" originalValue="Marañon-Amazonas">Maranon-Amazonas</normalizedToken>
River complex. We found no indication of clinal variations of female plumage coloration across the ranges of
<taxonomicName id="A476009C2A5E3EC2731916D29B4EFC1A" lsidName="C. serva" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="serva">
<emphasis id="CBEAB943BDCB4CF5FFBA1873DA43DF8D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">C. serva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6AC4EDED43BFB217FC2840992DA4D2D0" lsidName="C. hypomelaena" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="hypomelaena">
<emphasis id="2D7A9196912569B92320C687BA81A52A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">C. hypomelaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="3E154BE12E52597F1E98203E427CE64A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">comb. nov.</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="0DCFD32BE3632BE9B1DC06B152D45598" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Dorsal view of (A) Cercomacroides serva (ANSP 189169 - N Lumbagui, Sucumbios, Ecuador; ANSP 176140 - Rio Maniti, Santa Cecilia, Loreto, Peru), and (B) Cercomacroides hypomelaena comb. nov. (ANSP 103221 - La Pampa, Sandia, Peru; ANSP 120221 - Teoponte, Rio Kaka, La Paz, Bolivia). The lack of intergradation of plumage coloration along their range is demonstrated for (C) C. serva (ANSP 83291 - R. Suno Abajo, Orellana, Ecuador; ANSP 159994 - Umbria, Putumayo, Colombia; ANSP 83292 - Abajo San Jose, Coca, Ecuador; ANSP 168085 - Montallo, Oriente, Ecuador; ANSP 176140 - Rio Maniti, Santa Cecilia, Loreto, Peru), and (D) C. hypomelaena comb. nov. (ANSP 92202 - Puerto Yessup, Junin, Peru; ANSP 120226 - Huanay, Rio Mapiri, La Paz, Bolivia; INPA 1962 - km 260, BR 319, modulo 5 do PPBio (Igapo-acu), Amazonas, Brazil; MZUSP 109099 - Left bank of Madeira River, Abuna, Rondonia, Brazil)." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.74.e112446.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/999790" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">1C, D</figureCitation>
) in contrast to what has been suggested (
<bibRefCitation id="9ECE163174D841FCF54F9398E86DE1A2" author="Zimmer, KJ" editor="del Hoyo, J" journalOrPublisher="Volume 8. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" pagination="448 - 681" refId="B33" refString="Zimmer, KJ, Isler, ML, 2003. Family Thamnophilidae (typical antbirds). In: del Hoyo, J, Elliot, A, Christie, D, Eds., Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 8. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona: 448 - 681" title="Family Thamnophilidae (typical antbirds)." volumeTitle="Handbook of the Birds of the World." year="2003">Zimmer and Isler 2003</bibRefCitation>
). The coloration of the upperparts was constant in females of each species, and from Colombia, south to Peru and Brazil, the female upperparts did not gradually fade into the lighter southwestern form (
<bibRefCitation id="9C3F21E074B28126191C471F09B51691" author="Zimmer, KJ" editor="del Hoyo, J" journalOrPublisher="Volume 8. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" pagination="448 - 681" refId="B33" refString="Zimmer, KJ, Isler, ML, 2003. Family Thamnophilidae (typical antbirds). In: del Hoyo, J, Elliot, A, Christie, D, Eds., Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 8. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona: 448 - 681" title="Family Thamnophilidae (typical antbirds)." volumeTitle="Handbook of the Birds of the World." year="2003">Zimmer and Isler 2003</bibRefCitation>
). This is especially valid when considering specimens that are separated by approximately 100 km in northwestern Peru. Female MUSM 10208 from Rio Cenepa is perfectly distinguished from female AMNH 240187 from Santa Rosa. These populations are probably not in contact, since the
<normalizedToken id="02B3C07CAD1B8DAB0A4E7BD614E6B8FE" originalValue="Marañon">Maranon</normalizedToken>
River apparently acts as a barrier, even in its narrower upper region (Fig.
<figureCitation id="D1518BCFF00FDC682201E1F221C86637" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. (A) Distribution of specimens (triangles), and recordings (circles) of Cercomacroides serva (black), and Cercomacroides hypomelaena comb. nov. (orange), examined in this study. A diamond in SE Peru represents the type-locality of C. hypomelaena comb. nov.; there is no precise type locality for C. serva (see text). Insets indicate potential contact areas in which species are separated by the Maranon (B) or the Amazon (C) River. Range map (light grey) from IUCN (2023)." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.74.e112446.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/999794" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">5B</figureCitation>
). It has been shown that the width of a river near the headwater may not act as a barrier (
<bibRefCitation id="115ABB9CB79DFB4B3BF6018C09EB49EE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1676/13-135.1" author="Harvey, MG" journalOrPublisher="Wilson Journal of Ornithology" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" pagination="179 - 191" refId="B12" refString="Harvey, MG, Seeholzer, GF, Caceres, A. D, Winger, BM, Tello, JG, Camacho, FH, Aponte Justiniano, MA, Judy, CD, Ramirez, SF, Terrill, RS, Brown, CE, Leon, LAA, Bravo, G, Combe, M, Custodio, O, Zumaeta, AQ, Tello, AU, Bravo, WAG, Savit, AZ, Ruiz, FWP, Mauck, WM, Barden, O, 2014. The avian biogeography of an Amazonian headwater: The Upper Ucayali River, Peru. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 126: 179 - 191, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1676/13-135.1" title="The avian biogeography of an Amazonian headwater: The Upper Ucayali River, Peru." url="https://doi.org/10.1676/13-135.1" volume="126" year="2014">Harvey et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
), and the fact that those females are clearly distinguishable corroborates their specific status. Furthermore, the recordings from the northern (XC335224) and southern (XC89140) banks of the Amazon River on the borders of Colombia and Brazil, which are ~30 km apart (Fig.
<figureCitation id="264EC62CB2CB6962E69FDB7C411EEFD8" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. (A) Distribution of specimens (triangles), and recordings (circles) of Cercomacroides serva (black), and Cercomacroides hypomelaena comb. nov. (orange), examined in this study. A diamond in SE Peru represents the type-locality of C. hypomelaena comb. nov.; there is no precise type locality for C. serva (see text). Insets indicate potential contact areas in which species are separated by the Maranon (B) or the Amazon (C) River. Range map (light grey) from IUCN (2023)." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.74.e112446.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/999794" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">5C</figureCitation>
), further corroborate the absence of intergradation. Via spectrogram analyses, both male loudsongs can be diagnosed as
<taxonomicName id="DF0AD17E121D30164EBCC2519AD6352B" lsidName="C. serva" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="serva">
<emphasis id="928789C8C0F67D5C658D6D5D872D3A42" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">C. serva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9CC8BB0B95045547B63C027EA0D67584" lsidName="C. hypomelaena" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="hypomelaena">
<emphasis id="976D4F399186826E9B25106873898C23" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">C. hypomelaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="90FD3D93859067AC769FCDC0EF632B52" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">comb. nov.</emphasis>
, respectively, indicating that the river is a geographic barrier. From these few contact areas where we could assess the identify of
<taxonomicName id="059AF21025BAF09B9D61161F2FBEE194" authorityName="Tello &amp; Raposo" authorityYear="2014" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Cercomacroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cercomacroides" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="383DD31D2AD22A6B099A5B468E9C4602" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">Cercomacroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, gene flow may be reduced or absent, reaffirming their specific status under the Biological Species Concept (
<bibRefCitation id="17E835315242D2D34930CA6E4585C440" author="Mayr, E" editor="Wheeler, QD" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York, NY" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" pagination="17 - 29" refId="B19" refString="Mayr, E, 2000. The biological species concept. In: Wheeler, QD, Meier, R, Eds., Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Theory: A Debate. Columbia University Press, New York, NY: 17 - 29" title="The biological species concept." volumeTitle="Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Theory: A Debate." year="2000">Mayr 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B2AD6C6DACE0DB407A23C73FF6805102" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">
Our study indicates that
<taxonomicName id="D50724A1B39C46D029B18A2883838FA4" baseAuthorityName="P. L. Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Cercomacra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cercomacra tyrannina" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tyrannina">
<emphasis id="4E9DBE6E59D6105A71ED3E6060C2598C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">Cercomacra tyrannina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sic)
<emphasis id="C9A470893AF59604FA4EBE6DED78818D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">atrogularis</emphasis>
Lletget, 1918 is not a valid taxon. The holotype, a male from Archidona, Ecuador, was collected by Marcos
<normalizedToken id="6FD47A75AE70C0385080E640843D8AD8" originalValue="Jiménez">Jimenez</normalizedToken>
de la Espada during his visits from Guayaquil to Tabatinga between 1862-1866 (J. Barreiro in litt. 2013). We evaluated this specimen via photographs, but due to the similarity of male plumages of
<taxonomicName id="1FDE4F35446A4324E7BAF0333F9DB6A2" lsidName="C. serva" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="serva">
<emphasis id="64EBAAEB0C8C4BED31926C61B60BBD39" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">C. serva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="7E34CFC303D533245560AD5354DFCB6D" lsidName="C. hypomelaena" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="hypomelaena">
<emphasis id="180D061E757CF12F0634BA9190BF6048" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">C. hypomelaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="63D1D8C3E59189F238921B5CE14870E5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">comb. nov.</emphasis>
we could not distinguish this specimen from
<taxonomicName id="2E2EF96300197DC5F57B875F0E8DA431" lsidName="C. serva" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="serva">
<emphasis id="F9DBC9793DD7EE6B451DAAB2F1428796" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">C. serva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on plumage alone.
<normalizedToken id="5EB80F25BB52879EA1360E1F4A21208A" originalValue="Lletget’s">Lletget's</normalizedToken>
type specimen originated from within the distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4354BA1DDBC5F506E8D20EEC29024537" lsidName="C. serva" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="serva">
<emphasis id="5799D4E02143092EDE56E1CC9A129EDD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">C. serva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Thus, we suggest that, pending molecular analysis,
<emphasis id="8F04BA363CF9352AB3D65E245D9BF733" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">atrogularis</emphasis>
is best synonymized with
<taxonomicName id="7385A9095FFD61BC091A19D66322E51F" lsidName="C. serva" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="serva">
<emphasis id="D95CC22D2545E588E393EE5780E91D54" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">C. serva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Sclater, 1858).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F1F23E79E32B1043C818D731DEE767B" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">
The type locality of
<taxonomicName id="AD516E1E178E39F37DE0A41023CBD6CE" lsidName="C. serva" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="serva">
<emphasis id="7498129BCA208F524E53D8291E7953C2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">C. serva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Napo, is imprecise, but the banks of this river do not act as barriers to other species of
<taxonomicName id="3FAAF4026E95A48C7B8C119282D1F2DA" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1824" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Thamnophilidae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="063CC7EF1F13CC726DA1876076BCC64F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3581.1.3" author="Cavarzere, V" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" pagination="81 - 85" refId="B2" refString="Cavarzere, V, LeCroy, M, Marcondes, RS, Costa, TVV, Silveira, LF, 2012. On the correct holotype and type locality of Cercomacra sclateri Hellmayr 1905 (Aves: Thamnophilidae). Zootaxa 3581: 81 - 85, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3581.1.3" title="On the correct holotype and type locality of Cercomacra sclateri Hellmayr 1905 (Aves: Thamnophilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3581.1.3" volume="3581" year="2012">Cavarzere et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Records from Ecuador merit a few comments. The presence of the species in the Ecuadorian
<emphasis id="F96B68306A2803008968FCD09BCACF0B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">
<normalizedToken id="76086DAEFDBE92578F2014FB19D10A5C" originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
is based on only two specimens (MNHN 1936n117, 1936n118) collected by Carlos Olalla and sons, and this information is neglected without explanation in some references (
<bibRefCitation id="7B7ABE2A97BB92053CAC7F0F367DFA03" author="Zimmer, KJ" editor="del Hoyo, J" journalOrPublisher="Volume 8. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" pagination="448 - 681" refId="B33" refString="Zimmer, KJ, Isler, ML, 2003. Family Thamnophilidae (typical antbirds). In: del Hoyo, J, Elliot, A, Christie, D, Eds., Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 8. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona: 448 - 681" title="Family Thamnophilidae (typical antbirds)." volumeTitle="Handbook of the Birds of the World." year="2003">Zimmer and Isler 2003</bibRefCitation>
). There is a great deal of discussion about some of the specimens collected by the Olalla family and kept in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), as well as in other museums (
<bibRefCitation id="85BF1C8E9A8301ED10662952B4351D6B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1206/677.1" author="Wiley, RH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" pagination="1 - 68" refId="B31" refString="Wiley, RH, 2010. Alfonso Olalla and his family: The ornithological exploration of Amazonian Peru. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 343: 1 - 68, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1206/677.1" title="Alfonso Olalla and his family: The ornithological exploration of Amazonian Peru." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/677.1" volume="343" year="2010">Wiley 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Few errors in locations can be attributed to the Olalla family, especially Alfonso, who contributed thousands of bird and mammal specimens, which are currently kept in dozens of institutions. His work significantly shaped the field of zoological studies of neotropical fauna (
<bibRefCitation id="6E0701AE128B15F6415978654F351944" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1206/677.1" author="Wiley, RH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" pagination="1 - 68" refId="B31" refString="Wiley, RH, 2010. Alfonso Olalla and his family: The ornithological exploration of Amazonian Peru. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 343: 1 - 68, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1206/677.1" title="Alfonso Olalla and his family: The ornithological exploration of Amazonian Peru." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/677.1" volume="343" year="2010">Wiley 2010</bibRefCitation>
). It is possible that these two specimens (as well as two other specimens of
<taxonomicName id="2156FCE480279D5A63D03CA7328EECCF" lsidName="C. cinerascens" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="cinerascens">
<emphasis id="BE30188163280AF0CE11F9F78D67975A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">C. cinerascens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from the same locations and from similar dates) might be the result of a location error. This is partly because the species is restricted to the Amazon Basin, but also because among all the specimens examined in this study, only these two came from this location. For C. Vaurie, the former curator of ornithology at the AMNH, some specimens sold by Olalla exclusively to the Natural History Museum in Stockholm, then curated by N. Gyldenstolpe, were also traded with other buyers, which had incorrect information on their labels (
<bibRefCitation id="AF080617800348F1586C45F1127299F6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1206/677.1" author="Wiley, RH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" pagination="1 - 68" refId="B31" refString="Wiley, RH, 2010. Alfonso Olalla and his family: The ornithological exploration of Amazonian Peru. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 343: 1 - 68, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1206/677.1" title="Alfonso Olalla and his family: The ornithological exploration of Amazonian Peru." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/677.1" volume="343" year="2010">Wiley 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Some of these specimens were found in the
<normalizedToken id="CA870FD2652964612A33C23C49CE995A" originalValue="Muséum">Museum</normalizedToken>
National
<normalizedToken id="A425EA21AA5DA19C6A3FFF1F297545EA" originalValue="d’Histoire">d'Histoire</normalizedToken>
Naturelle, Paris, and may include the examples cited here. P. E. Vanzolini, then curator of herpetology at the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de
<normalizedToken id="C701F8033985BC2DE917E147653D6BFB" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo (MZUSP), was confident of the Olalla locations, and in a letter to Vaurie, dated 1965, explained that Olalla had more employees that collected on opposite riverbanks, at least for the Amazonian cases. This would explain why the collection includes taxa that inhabit different localities collected on the same day (
<bibRefCitation id="5FC9C8A741A7F100051D4DCE5FEB0E40" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1206/677.1" author="Wiley, RH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" pagination="1 - 68" refId="B31" refString="Wiley, RH, 2010. Alfonso Olalla and his family: The ornithological exploration of Amazonian Peru. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 343: 1 - 68, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1206/677.1" title="Alfonso Olalla and his family: The ornithological exploration of Amazonian Peru." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/677.1" volume="343" year="2010">Wiley 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B2D155D3F44946408EFBC9BDFC11BD76" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">
The altitude of Carondelet, in the province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador, was questioned, since the amphibian species collected there normally occur at much higher elevations and further west than where this location was said to be, according to the gazetteers (
<bibRefCitation id="2B7C9A41130A21A665FC470C63ACC02B" author="Hoogmoed, MS" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Verhandelingen" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" pagination="1 - 32" refId="B14" refString="Hoogmoed, MS, 1989. On the identity of some toads of the genus Bufo from Ecuador, with additional remarks on Andinophryne colomai Hoogmoed, 1985 (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen 250: 1 - 32" title="On the identity of some toads of the genus Bufo from Ecuador, with additional remarks on Andinophryne colomai Hoogmoed, 1985 (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae)." volume="250" year="1989">Hoogmoed 1989</bibRefCitation>
, Paynter Jr. 1993).
<bibRefCitation id="0101C49C9EA5E554F4D045CCBA4FCC30" author="Hoogmoed, MS" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Verhandelingen" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" pagination="1 - 32" refId="B14" refString="Hoogmoed, MS, 1989. On the identity of some toads of the genus Bufo from Ecuador, with additional remarks on Andinophryne colomai Hoogmoed, 1985 (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen 250: 1 - 32" title="On the identity of some toads of the genus Bufo from Ecuador, with additional remarks on Andinophryne colomai Hoogmoed, 1985 (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae)." volume="250" year="1989">Hoogmoed (1989</bibRefCitation>
: 15) refrained from contradicting the locality itself, because Olalla specimens are generally reliable. These two specimens were collected by Manuel Olalla in February 1952, today held at MZUSP. For bats of the genus
<taxonomicName id="9CF1FB1C8D975E35B0BA0B2E164DD7A3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BE56E5646D442123E3949ED16D7A1942" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">Sturnira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which inhabit western Ecuador and Colombia, nothing unusual has been reported for rio Cachabi, the location for
<taxonomicName id="02200E49CC43257EAEE3033E5F40BE24" lsidName="S. ludovici" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="ludovici">
<emphasis id="1C87F4CDF21CB78E4239F3883D631BE4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">S. ludovici</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where a male of this species was collected by Carlos Olalla on 9 August 1935 (McCarthy et al. 2006). This date coincides with two specimens of
<taxonomicName id="53A3EE8ECA2648319237B15456816514" lsidName="C. serva" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="serva">
<emphasis id="C6DA5608765EDBCDC0CF3E3D2AF084B6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">C. serva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1 and 6 August 1935) and another two
<taxonomicName id="2564473E07B189A2940EBA6412E4B597" lsidName="C. cinerascens" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="cinerascens">
<emphasis id="EC7D64D16D091D939185C7482FFC4A4E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">C. cinerascens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(27 July and 5 August 1935).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8CAC06616324B74F669F7C757731D78C" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">
There is a record of a young male
<taxonomicName id="02C9F02D528E5C657718006A2A170EA1" lsidName="C. hypomelaena" pageId="0" pageNumber="235" rank="species" species="hypomelaena">
<emphasis id="5BA2C20496EAF95347090041AC976305" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">C. hypomelaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="350AF0EE601C83BB4BBD27AC076BBDFF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="235">comb. nov.</emphasis>
from the right bank of the Madeira River (MZUSP 109098) collected on 8 November 2010. At the time of this collection in Porto Velho,
<normalizedToken id="5FA097E0C1F15D518C8B32C26F4E7EBB" originalValue="Rondônia">Rondonia</normalizedToken>
state, Brazil, all collected specimens were processed on the same day by a person accustomed to specimen tagging. This strongly suggests that there is no location error (E. Machado, pers. comm. 2015). There were no other records available for this species on the right bank of the Madeira River. Specimens and recordings from the left (southern) bank of the
<normalizedToken id="A5BA6AFCD947902CB8D899C434355B1C" originalValue="Marañon">Maranon</normalizedToken>
River near its headwater, and from the right (eastern) bank of the Ucayali River are warranted to further elucidate if those rivers impose barriers or whether the two taxa might form a hybridization zone.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
</document>
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