301 lines
35 KiB
XML
301 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="8F95EE913BE5FE395E9CF86E5A380D8F" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.835.32562" ID-GBIF-Dataset="73cc9d6c-1e95-47e1-b96e-979e9cab7094" ID-PMC="PMC6477842" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970--125" ID-PubMed="31043851" ID-ZooBank="27A56703BFCC4B0FB8D828F517F2840E" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970--125" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys " ModsDocTitle="Prognathodesgeminus, a new species of butterflyfish (Teleostei, Chaetodontidae) from Palau" checkinTime="1554436832879" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="M. Copus, Joshua, L. Pyle, Richard, D. Greene, Brian & E. Randall, John" docDate="2019" docId="1E8F962BB1FFD90D19925A48BF48E763" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 835: 125-137" docOrigin="ZooKeys 835" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.835.32562" docTitle="Prognathodes geminus Copus, Pyle, Greene & Randall, 2019, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="BEAB3B7F-B4B1-44F7-8181-2FF950CA466A" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="125" masterDocId="FFDFFF9BFFAF8128FFB04935FFB00C3A" masterDocTitle="Prognathodesgeminus, a new species of butterflyfish (Teleostei, Chaetodontidae) from Palau" masterLastPageNumber="137" masterPageNumber="125" pageNumber="125" updateTime="1701316425403" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="E4D5D454FF457FF8C1E98F1D6F03C208" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DC7D9DA088B19914294C405C51214DE3">
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<mods:title id="6C14A398B1F7E020F755C39BE63E6D40">Prognathodesgeminus, a new species of butterflyfish (Teleostei, Chaetodontidae) from Palau</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B335AC9B4809B6AA68C42ADD2538C6B2" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="905602F490C761E9765A464BC41D0ED9">M. Copus, Joshua</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="115B2189CCFDC5A0A8A0C3D02D4CAEF4" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="466E4C111051F7708814715E1423DF27">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="23F493C82DDDF8ACB594A8A7C5833D92">L. Pyle, Richard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="AEDD1ABBA40B39A8B20ADEACE6EAF517" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="FC12D5DD231082E7E1E236C185A378F5">D. Greene, Brian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="1D05F1E276782E6ABE1566813FDE05E1" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="484B4B373E2DA6678DB5C1BB5319F104">E. Randall, John</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0F099A827D49BE3DE59E3231592DBD58">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="74E2B3623B7605A9445A05B3D08A7736">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="907D3C8349FFC8C50CDE7D98D9F6BCFB">
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<mods:date id="F8D095525ABA33781ED9365E7AB207D3">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="210F3F799FBC28602987E11EF1479436" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="0DF4B3BAE9282A332E534CA78E47746B">835</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="37DCADCB89027B69E9C90FD7CD22B710">125</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="D7738C612938219F40A6DDE96D41FE80">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.835.32562</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="FD38E442075350A8C755665579506971">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="43209C67E85B67A26FC803FD13B27D22" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.835.32562</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AF637C2E9CA3DD6EA1294D75190B5369" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970--125</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="25EAB4CBA613AB1F0492BBF6B4746CC8" type="ZooBank">27A56703BFCC4B0FB8D828F517F2840E</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="1E8F962BB1FFD90D19925A48BF48E763" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154599935" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BEAB3B7F-B4B1-44F7-8181-2FF950CA466A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1E8F962BB1FFD90D19925A48BF48E763" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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<subSubSection id="3A3121F1C7CD0A2CF53CCC86416A6E18" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="FC62E67E5F96223F93354E05D5F74A86" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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<taxonomicName id="5381C9AFF1790137D16A240DCD7AA4AD" LSID="http://zoobank.org/BEAB3B7F-B4B1-44F7-8181-2FF950CA466A" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Prognathodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prognathodes geminus" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminus">Prognathodes geminus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="208E9FE374335AEF927BB2AA1A375AC4" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figures 1, 2, 3
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3EE78FAE078A5336BE712D64C4AAEAFC" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" type="type locality">
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<paragraph id="D81475F4AA1127298A8832110FA60D42" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Type Locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="72BAE38DC6103399E2F73D5AB26EC7DD" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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Caroline Islands; Palau; Ngemelis Island, northwest side, "Blue Holes" (
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<geoCoordinate id="691AEAA0321ED198E0B9AF9008CB7ED4" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.13791">7.13791°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="BBF2D84C1E0C7AAE6E6C03F14781BEDF" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="134.22182">134.22181E</geoCoordinate>
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), 116 m.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="958874DD7C857EC69B8E77F5F71971DB" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" type="holotype">
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<paragraph id="18D3BFAC166E74E59930EC277065ED63" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FEF4B3BA5A1F71A428FCB3D439BF7A8B" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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BPBM 40857, GenBank MG895424, Barcode of Life PROGE001-17, 73.1 mm SL, Caroline Islands; Palau; Ngemelis Island, northwest side, "Blue Holes",
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<geoCoordinate id="6870C83E9AF21AAEF6EE445BADBC4868" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.13791">7.13791N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="B48DFD81A88AC5C07449D035ECDEE40E" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="134.22182">134.22181E</geoCoordinate>
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; 27 April 2007; around limestone rock outcrop with limestone rubble; 116 m; hand nets; RL Pyle.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1E244B5724F68529900FF20358A76BF0" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" type="paratype">
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<paragraph id="87AB0E72D55D424A7E7AE215BEA4A70B" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Paratype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C3176BF91950D3E984FC8FF6117A1A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">USNM 440390, GenBank MG895423, Barcode of Life PROGE002-17, 1:70.0 mm SL, same location, habitat, collecting method, and date as holotype, BD Greene.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1918061AFC7B1C8467FFA3D3E595287F" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="1F9DDE96CB91F0A10BAC78B8D8285AEB" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4FC36BE17CF56E450DB29BC7970A6555" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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A species of
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<taxonomicName id="70BF7FDCAF14F9C5B7362791D49985EE" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Prognathodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prognathodes" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Prognathodes</taxonomicName>
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(sensu
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<bibRefCitation id="BF3B1BB1337440B5ACCAC864699EC3C6" author="Smith, WL" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" pagination="287 - 306" title="The evolution of the laterophysic connection with a revised phylogeny and taxonomy of butterflyfishes (Teleostei: Chaetodontidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00374.x" volume="19" year="2003">Smith et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
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) distinguished by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin soft rays 17-19; anal-fin soft rays 15; head 2.48-2.49 in SL; body depth 1.71-1.76 in SL; pelvic-fin spine length 4.18-4.46 in SL; body color white with three broad dark brown bands, the first intersecting the eye.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DC35A7428648A2174C6196634801BDBA" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" type="description">
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<paragraph id="4870B01186C42DF645C52984E2B625A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3C97174ACC6A9A2A970701AF8FB3B73C" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Dorsal fin XIII,17 (19), last soft ray branched to base; anal fin III,15, last soft ray branched to base; pectoral-fin rays 15; pelvic-fin rays I,5; principal branched caudal rays 15; pored lateral-line scales 26 (27); scale rows above lateral line to origin of dorsal fin 11 (10); scale rows below lateral line to origin of anal fin 21 (20); gill rakers on upper limb 5 (6), on lower limb 10; vertebrae 24.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9EEB799E5A64966C66B8ACBE507B2306" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Body deep, depth 1.71 (1.76) in SL, and compressed, width 4.36 (3.2) in depth; head length 2.49 (2.48) in SL; snout produced, its length 2.37 (2.52) in head; orbit diameter 3.30 (3.53) in head; interorbital slightly convex, least bony width 4.59 (4.78) in head; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.59 (4.78) in head.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="86504DCE9F9E8D92A88F04802BF1344A" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Mouth small, upper jaw 2.37 (2.52) in head, slightly diagonal, the gape forming an angle of about 20° to the horizontal, upper jaw slightly protruding; teeth in jaws densely setiform, longest 7.8 in orbit diameter; nostrils anterior to eye horizontally in line with center of iris, the anterior in a short membranous tube with a well-developed posterior flap, the posterior slightly larger, ovate, with a low fleshy rim. Lower edge of lacrimal smooth; margin of preopercle finely serrate; margins of other opercular bones smooth.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D2D9FE5BE09670348419285AE67248B1" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Lateral line forming a broad arc, ending below the base of third to fifth soft dorsal rays and within the second black band of the body. Scales ctenoid, moderately large on body except for chest and near origins of dorsal and anal fins, where small; head fully scaled except anterior portions of both jaws and around nostrils, scales on the head small; scales on fleshy sheath surrounding base of dorsal and anal fins moderately large anteriorly and proximally, reducing in size posteriorly and distally; scales on caudal peduncle and covering base of caudal fin small.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="44D90F5B03FDA9B00672638E31355AE2" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Origin of dorsal fin slightly anterior to upper end of gill opening, its base 1.5 (1.51) in SL; first dorsal-fin spine shortest, its length 4.03 in head; second dorsal-fin spine 1.85 (1.88),in head; fourth dorsal-fin spine longest, its length 1.18 (1.26) in head; third dorsal-fin spine nearly as long as fourth, its length 1.23(1.28) in head; fifth dorsal-fin spine shorter, its length 1.28 (1.29) in head; dorsal-fin spines progressively shorter posteriorly, the last 1.96 (1.89) in head; membranes between anterior dorsal-fin spines deeply incised, progressively less so posteriorly; first dorsal-fin soft ray the longest, approximately same length as last dorsal-fin spine, 1.87 (broken in paratype) in head, dorsal-fin soft rays progressively shorter posteriorly; first anal-fin spine shortest, its length 2.67 (2.56) in head; second anal-fin spine longest, its length 1.33 (1.38) in head; third anal-fin spine 1.44 (1.53) in head; first anal-fin soft ray longest, its length 1.40 (damaged in paratype) in head, anal-fin soft rays progressively shorter posteriorly; caudal fin damaged; pectoral fins damaged; pelvic spine 1.68 (1.8) in head; first soft ray of pelvic fin broken in both specimens.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BB7BA172FB0EA090E7F57121A9E220FA" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Color in life as in Figures 1 and 2. Body white with three dark brown bands, the first beginning narrowly at origin of dorsal fin, curving slightly as it passes, mostly one-half eye diameter in width, to eye; second band originating at tips of third to fifth dorsal spines and basal half of fifth spine, crossing body ventrally, progressively narrower below lateral line to end on mid-abdomen one-half eye diameter in width; third dark brown band originating from outer third of eighth dorsal spine and tip of first two soft rays of fin, passing obliquely, equal in width, to lateral line, then narrowing to half that width at mid-base of soft portion of anal fin, and crossing fin to end on outer half of third anal spine; a yellowish brown bar, one-half eye diameter in average width (narrowing gradually to mid-peduncle depth), across caudal peduncle and base of caudal fin; remainder of caudal fin whitish; a yellowish brown band of pupil width passing obliquely from eye, narrowing on its anterior half, to end at tip of snout; eye silvery white with an oblique dark brown band in alignment with nape band across eye, the dorsal part half-pupil width, and the ventral part one-half that; opercular membrane bright yellow; margin of soft portion of anal fin dark yellowish brown, about pupil width on last rays and membranes, progressively narrower to first rays; a similar terminal margin on dorsal fin; pectoral fins translucent with a semicircular light gray bar at base, preceded on upper half by a bright yellow bar. about half-pupil diameter in width, in alignment with yellow margin of operculum; spine and first ray of pelvic fins white, the white continuing progressively shorter on remaining rays that are dark orange-yellow, the membranes translucent dark yellowish.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="83D7E2E93EB9635A6EFCCE704382FFF1" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Color in alcohol similar to life color, except body a uniform dull yellow, bands dark brown, and orange areas pale brown.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E1943FF41A8462C1B89F0D5BF1A1D4D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Morphometric data for selected characters of type specimens are provided in Table 1.</paragraph>
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<caption id="3A096314BE365A38F078571FAEB8D4FA" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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<paragraph id="8AE0569E4F48C7EE406890D136E705FC" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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Figure 1. Holotype of
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<taxonomicName id="15415867731495278167D2780FDF0EB4" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Prognathodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prognathodes geminus" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminus">Prognathodes geminus</taxonomicName>
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(BPBM 40857), collected at a depth of 116 m at Palau. Photograph by RL Pyle.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="5A739F34124F9B94C7A9A73666CC6EAE" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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<paragraph id="F3FAC6CCF81FD0034CCB6515ACF149F4" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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Figure 2. Paratype of
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<taxonomicName id="F200BABB224336C122E81F57B52F0EB4" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Prognathodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prognathodes geminus" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminus">Prognathodes geminus</taxonomicName>
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(USNM 440390), collected at a depth of 116 m at Palau. Photograph by RL Pyle.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="713A7FD5CE7096663D3E80029F8793DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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<paragraph id="00A2658687853887FF9E113A2BA11AAB" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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Table 1. Morphometric and meristic data for selected characters of type specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4D6BC7D428519BD02A08796F51827142" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Prognathodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prognathodes geminus" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminus">Prognathodes geminus</taxonomicName>
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. Values of morphometric data (other than SL) are represented as % of SL.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="2C59A09B1BF17B3FE36D0EB309C09971" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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<table id="7DF834D9A323C28CCB2399E7A99F08D7" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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<tr id="BFC23DE750A5A456A25B33B5B80577EA" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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<th id="04CDC53F98AA4AB8191DB753517D4A9A" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rowspan="2">Morphometrics</th>
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<th id="F28CEEC5F5F4AE790BD9B8AF874913FC" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Holotype</th>
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<th id="B624E6984289BB37BAE7BB4B43076748" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Paratype</th>
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</tr>
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<tr id="97BFBB56590BE4F31EE012805CCD7AAA" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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<th id="F38965B27604CFA44DC1970DC8B329DE" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
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<named-content id="AD353840B7EA3D2DA70E254F77A127BE" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">BPBM</named-content>
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40857
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</th>
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<th id="C6FE0859F6F4A2B38FF8551B445CDFA8" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
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<named-content id="0534A12B6DA8065DC88B1C3C85DCC7D0" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">USNM</named-content>
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440390
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</th>
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</tr>
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<tr id="C74551E2EB340675A2DC4C951FE72571" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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<td id="7F57A80388862AEBA53E1EE62AEA83E6" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">SL</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="7153A6E3192EE23E60773B398C1B5FA4" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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<td id="A2860D3ED0FFCACC82FEEFEB16DFC61A" colspan="3" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Meristics</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="22BE79FDD7742981723A8865106FEB70" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="17E88117C1DDAEECF2C4F46A2EC8F737" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="353701992D4DEBB7A8B131196BDB88E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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<taxonomicName id="86CF4DD5F14B158878DC248645FFB55F" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Prognathodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prognathodes geminus" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminus">Prognathodes geminus</taxonomicName>
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is positively known only from Palau. However, individuals of what appear to be this species were collected by aquarium-fish collector Tim Bennett in the Coral Sea at a depth of 140 m (Fenton Walsh, pers. comm.), and video taken from a depth of about 120 m in New Caledonia (and reviewed by co-author Pyle) show what appears to be a similar fish. A similar species was recently described from the Hawaiian Islands (
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<taxonomicName id="5C25DC7F4AD2B93F5E9D9C58355FF369" lsidName="P. basabei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="basabei">P. basabei</taxonomicName>
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), but numerous deep dives by the authors and others in regions between Palau and the Hawaiian Islands have not yielded any observations of this species, nor any other members of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="C19AAA4E699A26D0E6093FBBCF2D42BF" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Prognathodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prognathodes" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Prognathodes</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C5B00950A9CA99E929C225ADD1487D3F" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" type="habitat">
|
|
<paragraph id="066A0C7A46A904DA8FA3261F32BCF123" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Habitat.</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="84CE7847F567EE1FA00844E2E61D099F" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Type specimens and other individuals observed from submersible by Patrick L Colin (pers. comm.) in Palau were seen in association with limestone outcroppings on steep slopes at depths of 110-150 m. The type specimens were collected in an area with broken limestone rubble (Figure 3).</paragraph>
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|
<caption id="DD806B7BAE947BC97146F598CB3DB4EC" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
|
|
<paragraph id="DE3FCD26DD4F5DBA8539BA3A6288B94C" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
|
|
Figure 3. Holotype of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2F426BA216E4A2928AC77C0ABCE7310F" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Prognathodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prognathodes geminus" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminus">Prognathodes geminus</taxonomicName>
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in its natural habitat at a depth of 116 m off Ngemelis, Palau. Photograph by JL Earle.
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|
</paragraph>
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|
</caption>
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|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="D635A7E768EAF4B389758031709575BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="BC827BFD41961D31E8670DF9CA01E579" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Etymology.</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="B91820F395F9A3392E7B82720BE9C7B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
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We name this species
|
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<taxonomicName id="BA8D89C99A1A718EB723884E25262325" lsidName="geminus" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="geminus">geminus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, Latin adjective for
|
|
<normalizedToken id="7E5B4972993CA81E9FF6DA6E53C0D0B0" originalValue="“twin”">"twin"</normalizedToken>
|
|
, in reference to its similarity in color to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="24405C6EE56A2399575ACC4D3F81253B" lsidName="P. basabei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="basabei">P. basabei</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the Hawaiian Islands.
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|
</paragraph>
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|
<subSection id="280114CB4BEFA84045F023F524C996C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" type="morphological comparisons">
|
|
<paragraph id="A457C5D638D7F8506A84AAEBB36F14DB" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Morphological comparisons</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="DC458F3B17FFAECA5E9CF2914C06B37C" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DEB8C7402989766579A9C833AD8E31B0" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Prognathodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prognathodes geminus" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminus">Prognathodes geminus</taxonomicName>
|
|
appears to be most similar in color and morphology to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7F11A6EE8068B4CAE13FC0DF9B13333D" lsidName="P. basabei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="basabei">P. basabei</taxonomicName>
|
|
collected at similar depths in the Hawaiian Archipelago. These two species differ from each other in number of dorsal-fin soft rays (17-19 for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="01480A854CB78269A2C24BB69EFE13A1" lsidName="geminus" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="geminus">geminus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, compared to 21-22 for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="23B31598878F8247F5116362A9EED0CF" lsidName="basabei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="basabei">basabei</taxonomicName>
|
|
) and anal-fin soft rays (15 compared to 16-17).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70ECA3C5E53E4D405A1A598EF1BFE665" lsidName="P. geminus" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="geminus">P. geminus</taxonomicName>
|
|
has a larger head (2.48-2.49 in SL, compared to 2.63-2.80 in SL), its body more elongate, the depth 1.71-1.76 in SL, compared to 1.58-1.69 for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C652A8B11C5AF8BA3C0103BA17858A5E" lsidName="P. basabei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="basabei">P. basabei</taxonomicName>
|
|
, more slender, the width 7.46-7.95 in SL compared to 6.40-7.04, and a shorter pelvic-fin spine (4.18-4.46 in SL, compared to 3.63-4.07 in SL)1 than the Palau species. The two species also differ in certain aspects of life color. The posterior edge of the first black band of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1971D071355C315220594A5D82C17566" lsidName="P. geminus" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="geminus">P. geminus</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Figures 1-3) ends at the origin of the first dorsal spine while it includes the first dorsal spine in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="17919322C6B0BC646AE0F28F94704A64" lsidName="P. basabei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="basabei">P. basabei</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Figure 4). The anterior edge of the second black band of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="455355DE6A14A7005C991DDD197145EA" lsidName="P. geminus" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="geminus">P. geminus</taxonomicName>
|
|
originates at the third dorsal-fin spine, whereas this band originates on the fourth dorsal-fin spine in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EA9B39A7A1520E18D2F17CED30DA2F6D" lsidName="P. basabei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="basabei">P. basabei</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Moreover, both of the dark bands on
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1B58ABD0420DBC6D5C577014F9FA94CF" lsidName="P. geminus" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="geminus">P. geminus</taxonomicName>
|
|
are proportionally broader dorsally, tapering more substantially ventrally than in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A038B2EB5BC5493FC52F71075CF35B24" lsidName="P. basabei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="basabei">P. basabei</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Also, the pale areas between dark bands are white in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C2383340CAF0A2C5802D607C8104EFC1" lsidName="P. geminus" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="geminus">P. geminus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but pale yellow in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3C1CA5C1EC3F2F668D1192DBC36FA488" lsidName="P. basabei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="basabei">P. basabei</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and the orangish coloration on the pelvic fins and posterior margin of the soft dorsal and anal fins of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D4D0FC872304F0BBC0CAB6EE42060280" lsidName="P. geminus" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="geminus">P. geminus</taxonomicName>
|
|
are much darker (brownish) than in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="659EAFCE25BD534C91FBF1974C5D1DAB" lsidName="P. basabei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="basabei">P. basabei</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="4F5C2E7E43C29618CCE6C9884E9D3524" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
|
|
<paragraph id="2EDA34210849B10482D8BF6CBB13DE50" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
|
|
Figure 4. Holotype of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C27E5B5EB61AB06D40C179E935D142B2" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Prognathodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prognathodes basabei" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="basabei">Prognathodes basabei</taxonomicName>
|
|
(BPBM 41290), collected at a depth of 61 m off Pearl and Hermes Atoll, northwestern Hawaiian islands. Photograph by RL Pyle.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="A672577B774D8115BDC453134D0FF79A" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="75AD8EA9556A003A4039A38E26E39B67" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Prognathodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prognathodes geminus" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geminus">Prognathodes geminus</taxonomicName>
|
|
is also similar in color and morphology to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4445E111B31ECE5533E921D6889AA893" lsidName="P. guezei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="guezei">P. guezei</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Figure 5) from the western Indian Ocean. It differs from that species morphologically in number of dorsal-fin soft rays (17-19 for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="325BAA5C0B9AEF9C7372ED58D2C3B4E8" lsidName="geminus" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="geminus">geminus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, compared to 20 for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A0081D9BC68E47029BFF70E1F7D02D95" lsidName="guezei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="guezei">guezei</taxonomicName>
|
|
), body depth (1.71-1.76 in SL, compared to 1.87-1.95 in SL), and body width (7.46-7.95 in SL, compared to 7.16-7.27). There are also several differences in life color between the two species. In particular,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="56399E26A6200E155A93A7495DE9312F" lsidName="P. guezei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="guezei">P. guezei</taxonomicName>
|
|
has more pronounced and discrete yellow bars on the body between the black bands, compared with more white in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9B4FC360C530D9E6D78AA7870E7C4BBC" lsidName="P. geminus" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="geminus">P. geminus</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The two black bands on the body of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A2185A271881E92509FB20075E5A2EA5" lsidName="P. guezei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="guezei">P. guezei</taxonomicName>
|
|
taper even more substantially than they do in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2A74120D2F9498D8DB03E5A993EA540F" lsidName="P. geminus" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="geminus">P. geminus</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Also, the orangish coloration on the pelvic fins and posterior margin of the soft dorsal and anal fins of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="740BE0F2573DE4C0E1D825B8625E4BF1" lsidName="P. guezei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="guezei">P. guezei</taxonomicName>
|
|
are much paler and more yellowish than in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="47A344DA02CAE16F7E6479807278AD43" lsidName="P. geminus" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="geminus">P. geminus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="D15C1B4DB04A202A7D443BD526FBE571" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
|
|
<paragraph id="915063930A3609D49ED9D98C725FCF91" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
|
|
Figure 5.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AE0F9C849CA311A73461204DF54C7781" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Prognathodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prognathodes guezei" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guezei">Prognathodes guezei</taxonomicName>
|
|
at a depth of 117 m off Sodwana Bay, South Africa. Photograph by RL Pyle.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSection>
|
|
<subSection id="2D950C50E254CE74D74E95346384D516" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" type="genetic comparisons">
|
|
<paragraph id="D41CAE2CCEBD6BE2E5C726C0BE474905" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">Genetic comparisons</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BC0F84D24CF80691A5FE96691B84D2C0" pageId="0" pageNumber="125">
|
|
A comparison of mtDNA COI sequences obtained from the holotype and paratype of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7DDB7969DC92C0345A3555F8E747BD1C" lsidName="P. geminus" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="geminus">P. geminus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and from the holotype and two paratypes of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="42FB16B4DD071E6DE0C569F4E4D512EC" lsidName="P. basabei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="basabei">P. basabei</taxonomicName>
|
|
reveal 8% uncorrected sequence divergence, consistent with species-level divergences in other fish taxa (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="73F30413143E1BA0A0038803B9737ADA" author="Johns, GC" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" pagination="1481 - 1490" title="A comparative summary of genetic distances in the vertebrates from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025875" volume="15" year="1998">Johns and Avise 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C381DB5539A8C5AAB889AC3583F60CAD" author="Bowen, BW" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" url="https://doi.org/10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1029:POTTAR]2.0.CO;2" year="2001">Bowen et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="834A782FDADC40528D044466FEBC8A67" author="Bellwood, DR" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" pagination="140 - 155" title="Evolution and biogeography of marine angelfishes (Pisces: Pomacanthidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.04.015" volume="33" year="2004">Bellwood et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
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|
,
|
|
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,
|
|
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,
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="285B94A7DB3E98DD7C1C5B5A63E5BF4D" author="Rocha, LA" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" pagination="770 - 782" title="Mitochondrial DNA and color pattern variation in three western Atlantic Halichoeres (Labridae), with the revalidation of two species." url="https://doi.org/10.1643/CG-04-106" volume="4" year="2004">Rocha 2004</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
|
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|
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). By contrast, the two specimens of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EE1DF2564A1AA39EC57A2CC1158F6E26" lsidName="P. geminus" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="geminus">P. geminus</taxonomicName>
|
|
did not differ from each other genetically at COI, and the tree specimens of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4FA0F006F3344ED02E23B3887FC47B03" lsidName="P. basabei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="basabei">P. basabei</taxonomicName>
|
|
differ only by 0.02%. While no tissue samples or DNA sequences have been reported for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="977E3AFAEB608734796BE0E79656740F" lsidName="P. guezei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="guezei">P. guezei</taxonomicName>
|
|
, we expect that given the geographic distributions of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D277074EC689F7E28C5A25F423DC2E4B" lsidName="P. guezei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="guezei">P. guezei</taxonomicName>
|
|
in the western Indian Ocean, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="15896906DF4F736EAAD38E9FC667831C" lsidName="P. geminus" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="geminus">P. geminus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5F27E0C8360A86E486149C20CA289659" lsidName="P. basabei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="basabei">P. basabei</taxonomicName>
|
|
in the Pacific Ocean, a much greater genetic divergence between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7155E61472F1DE82FC95C962E7BCE2A5" lsidName="P. guezei" pageId="0" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="guezei">P. guezei</taxonomicName>
|
|
and the other two species likely exists.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSection>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |