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<mods:title id="BCEEDA1553CB3CD9F0A95D3337F5CB70">A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical poison frog genus Ranitomeya (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae) 3083</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D957C1567C8FC9E7C3CA1FCF0" ID-CoL="78SQX" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1982" box="[151,422,850,876]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567C8FC9E7C3CA1FCF0" bold="true" box="[151,422,850,876]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Ranitomeya vanzolinii</emphasis>
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species group
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<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B957C1567C8FC9E5B3DE3FC11" box="[151,228,885,909]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="23.[151,244,1397,1418]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,167,1383]" captionTargetId="figure-307@23.[151,1436,167,1383]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 3. A consensus Bayesian phylogeny based on 1011 base pairs of aligned mitochondrial DNA sequences of the 12S (12s rRNA), 16S (16s rRNA) and cytb (cytochrome-b gene) regions. Thickened branches represent nodes with posterior probabilities 90 and greater, other values are shown on nodes. Taxon labels depict current specific epithet, number in tree, the epithet being used prior to this revision (contained in parentheses), and the collection locality. A. Top segment. B. Middle segment. C. Bottom segment of phylogeny." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244220" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5244220/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B957C1567C89A9E5B3C06FC11" box="[241,257,885,909]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="24.[151,244,1452,1473]" captionTargetBox="[168,1416,206,1417]" captionTargetId="figure-261@24.[151,1436,195,1431]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 4. Putative species tree for Andinobates, Excidobates, and Ranitomeya. Placement of species where molecular data were lacking (A. altobueyensis, A. viridis, A. abditus, A. daleswansoni and R. opisthomelas) was based on morphology. Andinobates altobueyensis and A. viridis were placed as sister taxa due to the absence of dark pigmentation on dorsal body and limbs and overall similar dorsal coloration and patterning. These species were placed as sister to A. fulguritus (sequenced) on the basis of similar dorsal coloration (bright green to greenish-yellow). Andinobates opisthomelas was placed in the bombetes group in a polytomy with A. bombetes and A. virolinensis (both sequenced) due to their similar advertisement calls and morphology, particularly their red dorsal pattern and marbled venter. Andinobates daleswansoni was placed as sister to A. dorisswansonae due to the absence of a well-defined first toe in both species. Andinobates abditus was placed in the bombetes group based on a larval synapomorphy which appears to be diagnostic of that group (wide medial gap in the papillae on the posterior labium). However, A. abditus was placed as the sister species to all other members of the bombetes group due to the absence of bright dorsal coloration and isolated geographic distribution. Andinobates abditus is currently the only species of its genus known to occur in the east-Andean versant, thus its placement remains speculative until molecular data become available. Photo credits: Thomas Ostrowski, Karl-Heinz Jungfer, Victor Luna-Mora, Giovanni Chaves-Portilla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244223" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5244223/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">4</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B957C1567C9669E5B3C1AFC11" box="[269,285,885,909]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="39.[151,244,1424,1445]" captionTargetBox="[161,1436,606,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-326@39.[151,1436,553,1404]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 9. Known elevation distributions of Ranitomeya. Dotted line is mean for all samples. Dark boxes display the total elevation range of each species, within each contains a corresponding box plot." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244239" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5244239/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">9</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B957C1567C9429E5B3C68FC11" box="[297,367,885,909]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 23" captionStart-1="FIGURE 24" captionStart-2="FIGURE 25" captionStart-3="FIGURE 26" captionStart-4="FIGURE 27" captionStart-5="FIGURE 28" captionStart-6="FIGURE 29" captionStartId-0="61.[151,244,1859,1880]" captionStartId-1="62.[151,244,1869,1890]" captionStartId-2="63.[151,250,1856,1879]" captionStartId-3="64.[151,250,1875,1898]" captionStartId-4="65.[151,244,907,928]" captionStartId-5="67.[151,244,1437,1458]" captionStartId-6="69.[151,244,1125,1146]" captionTargetBox-0="[159,1425,156,1840]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1423,158,1841]" captionTargetBox-2="[164,1416,155,1822]" captionTargetBox-3="[161,1425,156,1838]" captionTargetBox-4="[159,1424,155,884]" captionTargetBox-5="[155,1413,515,1411]" captionTargetBox-6="[328,1269,365,1118]" captionTargetId-0="figure-148@61.[151,1436,141,1854]" captionTargetId-1="figure-94@62.[151,1436,143,1847]" captionTargetId-2="figure-132@63.[151,1436,143,1835]" captionTargetId-3="figure-112@64.[151,1436,145,1853]" captionTargetId-4="figure-379@65.[151,1436,145,894]" captionTargetId-5="figure-364@67.[151,1436,515,1421]" captionTargetId-6="figure-164@69.[317,1281,355,1127]" captionTargetPageId-0="61" captionTargetPageId-1="62" captionTargetPageId-2="63" captionTargetPageId-3="64" captionTargetPageId-4="65" captionTargetPageId-5="67" captionTargetPageId-6="69" captionText-0="FIGURE 23. Ranitomeya Plate 6. vanzolinii group: A &amp; B: Ranitomeya cyanovittata: Sierra del Divisor, Ucayali, Peru (G. Knell and D. Vasquez, 1:Ω,2: 1Φ). C &amp; D: Ranitomeya yavaricola (all from Loreto, Peru): C: Rio Blanco (G. Knell); D: Lago Preto (PPP, Ω). E– I: Ranitomeya flavovittata (all from Quebrada Blanco, Loreto, Peru (Photo credits: JLB, ET and PPP, Ω). J–K: Ranitomeya vanzolinii Atalaya, Ucayali, Peru (J. Yeager). L–V: Ranitomeya imitator (All from San Martin, Peru): L–O: Upper Canarachi Valley (‡); P– Q: Tarapoto (‡); R: Shapaja (‡); S: Chumia (‡) and T–V: Chazuta (Ω). (nΦ = number of individual in phylogeny, Ω = population sampled in phylogeny, ‡ = genetically sampled, but not included in our phylogeny)." captionText-1="FIGURE 24. Ranitomeya Plate 7. vanzolinii group: A–Y: Ranitomeya imitator (all from San Martin, Peru unless noted): A-B: Chazuta (Ω); C: Central Huallaga Canyon (‡); D-H: Callanayacu (‡); I-J: Lower Huallaga Canyon (‡); K-Q: Pongo de Cainarachi (Ω); R- S: Balsapuerto, Loreto (‡); T–V: Varadero, Loreto (‡) and W–Y: Curiyacu (‡). (Ω = population sampled in phylogeny, ‡ = genetically sampled, but not included in our phylogeny)." captionText-2="FIGURE 25. Ranitomeya Plate 8. vanzolinii group: A–I: Ranitomeya imitator Curiyacu, San Martin, Peru (‡). J–T: Ranitomeya sirensis (all from Peru unless noted): J-L: CICRA Station, Madre de Dios (Rio Los Amigos, Ω); M: near Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil (PRMS); N &amp; O: Central Rio Urubamba, Cusco (G. Chavez); P &amp; Q: Tingo Maria, Huánuco (ET, Ω); R: Bamboo forest, R. sirensis often uses the phytotelmata within bamboo for tadpole deposition, Tingo Maria, Huánuco (ET); S: Aguaytía, Ucayali; T: Codo del Pozuzo, Huánuco (20Φ). (nΦ = number of individual in phylogeny, Ω = population sampled in phylogeny, ‡ = genetically sampled, but not included in our phylogeny)." captionText-3="FIGURE 26. Ranitomeya Plate 9. vanzolinii group: A–P: Ranitomeya sirensis (all from Peru): A–G: Puerto Inca, Huánuco (JLB and ET, Ω); H &amp; I: Breeding pair of R. sirensis found in the type locality between the lowland and highland populations, Cordillera El Sira, Huánuco (MSR); J &amp; K: Rio Pachitea, Huánuco (J. Stenicka); L–N: Cordillera El Sira, Huánuco (B. Wilson and JLB, 10-11Φ); O: Rio Pachitea, Huánuco (J. Stenicka, 17Φ); P: Yanayacu Maquia, Ucayali. (nΦ = number of individual in phylogeny Ω = population sampled in phylogeny)." captionText-4="FIGURE 27. Ranitomeya Plate 10. vanzolinii group: A–F: Ranitomeya sirensis (all from Peru): A–D: near Contamana, Loreto (JLB and G. Gagliardi, 1-3Φ); E: uncertain locality, likely Iscozacin, Junin (7 Φ); F: Estación Biológica Paujil, Junin (L. Schulte). (nΦ = number of individual in phylogeny)." captionText-5="FIGURE 28. Advertisement calls of Ranitomeya species in the vanzolinii group. A. Ranitomeya vanzolinii from Pongo de Mainique, Cuzco, Peru, recorded in captivity at 26° C; B. Ranitomeya sirensis from Ishanga near Tocache, San Martín, Peru, recorded at 25.5° C; C. Ranitomeya imitator from Varadero, Loreto, Peru, recorded at 23.5° C; D. Ranitomeya imitator from Cainarachi valley, San Martín, Peru, recorded at 22 C; E. Ranitomeya flavovittata from Rio Tahuayo, Loreto, Peru, recorded in captivity at 25° C; F. Ranitomeya yavaricola from Lago Preto, Loreto, Peru, recorded at 24° C (call courtesy Pedro Pérez-Peña)." captionText-6="FIGURE 29. Known distribution of Ranitomeya flavovittata, R. yavaricola and R. cyanonvittata. The inset map displays the geographic extent of distributions (black circles = all other Ranitomeya)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244283" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244287" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244291" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244295" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244299" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244301" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244305" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5244283/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5244287/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5244291/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5244295/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5244299/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5244301/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/5244305/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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29
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9525369E957C1567C8FC9EB93C2BFC33" blockId="60.[151,597,850,944]" box="[151,300,919,944]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
<tableCitation id="D8180325957C1567C8FC9EB93DF3FC33" box="[151,244,919,943]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,241,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1A (continued on next page). Currently accepted taxa (based on Frost et al. 2011). History of alpha-taxonomic and species group (in parentheses) classification of taxa in the genera Ranitomeya and Andinobates. Dendrobates (minutus)* = by implication, &quot;+&quot; species which were not described at the time of classification, &quot;*&quot; species which were not acknowledged by the authors." pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Tables 1</tableCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="D8180325957C1567C9689EB93C16FC33" box="[259,273,919,943]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="27.[151,241,157,181]" captionText="TABLE 4A (continued on next page). Basic Tadpole Morphology." pageId="60" pageNumber="61">4</tableCitation>
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567C97B9EB63C19FC2C" bold="true" box="[272,286,920,944]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">–</emphasis>
6
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9525369E957C1567C8FC9EF33CA8FBE3" blockId="60.[151,1436,989,1404]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
A monophyletic assemblage of six species: 
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D957C1567CAEA9EF0390BFC69" authority="Myers 1982" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1982" box="[641,1036,989,1014]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567CAEA9EF03E7BFC69" box="[641,892,989,1013]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Ranitomeya vanzolinii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F957C1567CBE89EF0390BFC69" author="Myers, C." box="[899,1036,989,1014]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="23" refId="ref77584" refString="Myers, C., W. (1982) Spotted poison frogs: Description of Three new Dendrobates from Western Amazonia, and resurrection of a lost species from &quot; Chiriqui &quot;. American Museum Novitates, 2721, 23." type="journal article" year="1982">Myers 1982</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D957C1567CC739EF03845FC69" authority="Aichinger 1991" authorityName="Aichinger" authorityYear="1991" box="[1048,1346,989,1013]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sirensis">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567CC739EF0398BFC69" box="[1048,1164,990,1013]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">R. sirensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F957C1567CCF89EF33845FC69" author="Aichinger, M." box="[1171,1346,989,1013]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref73945" refString="Aichinger, M. (1991) A new species of poison-dart frog (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Serrania de Sira, Peru. Herpetologica, 47, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1991">Aichinger 1991</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
with its junior synonyms 
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D957C1567C932992F3F5BFB8B" authority="Morales 1992" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1992" box="[345,604,1023,1048]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Dendrobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biolat">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567C932992F3CBDFB84" box="[345,442,1024,1048]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">R. biolat</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F957C1567C9AA9ED13F5BFB8B" author="Morales, V." box="[449,604,1023,1047]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="191 - 199" refId="ref77494" refString="Morales, V. (1992) Dos especies nuevas de Dendrobates (Anura: Dendrobatidae) para Peru. Caribbean Journal of Science, 28, 191 - 199." type="journal article" year="1992">Morales 1992</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D957C1567CAF9992F3EA6FB8B" authority="Morales 1992" authorityName="Morales" authorityYear="1992" box="[658,929,1023,1048]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Dendrobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lamasi">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567CAF9992F3FFBFB84" box="[658,764,1024,1048]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">R. lamasi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F957C1567CB689ED13EA6FB8B" author="Morales, V." box="[771,929,1023,1047]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="191 - 199" refId="ref77494" refString="Morales, V. (1992) Dos especies nuevas de Dendrobates (Anura: Dendrobatidae) para Peru. Caribbean Journal of Science, 28, 191 - 199." type="journal article" year="1992">Morales 1992</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D957C1567CBC6992F39C7FB8B" authority="Schulte 1986" authorityName="Schulte" authorityYear="1986" box="[941,1216,1023,1048]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Dendrobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imitator">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567CBC6992F3921FB8B" box="[941,1062,1024,1048]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">R. imitator</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F957C1567CC469ED139C7FB8B" author="Schulte, R." box="[1069,1216,1023,1047]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="11 - 20" refId="ref78767" refString="Schulte, R. (1986) Eine neue Dendrobates - Art aus Ostperu (Amphibia: Salentia: Dendrobatidae). Sauria, 8, 11 - 20." type="journal article" year="1986">Schulte 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
with its junior synonyms 
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D957C1567C881990D3F97FBA6" authority="Schulte 1999" authorityName="Schulte" authorityYear="1999" box="[234,656,1058,1083]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Dendrobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="imitator" subSpecies="intermedius">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567C881990D3CF5FBA7" box="[234,498,1059,1083]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">R. imitator intermedius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F957C1567C990990C3F97FBA6" author="Schulte, R." box="[507,656,1058,1082]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="ref78797" refString="Schulte, R. (1999) Pfeilgiftfrosche &quot; Artenteil - Peru &quot;. INBICO, Wailblingen, Germany, 294 pp." type="book" year="1999">Schulte 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D957C1567CAA1990D3996FBA6" authority="Schulte 1999" authorityName="Schulte" authorityYear="1999" box="[714,1169,1058,1082]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Dendrobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="imitator" subSpecies="yurimaguensis">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567CAA1990D3EF7FBA6" box="[714,1008,1059,1082]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">R. imitator yurimaguensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F957C1567CB92990C3996FBA6" author="Schulte, R." box="[1017,1169,1058,1082]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="ref78797" refString="Schulte, R. (1999) Pfeilgiftfrosche &quot; Artenteil - Peru &quot;. INBICO, Wailblingen, Germany, 294 pp." type="book" year="1999">Schulte 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D957C1567CCF4990D3DD5FBC1" authority="Schulte 1999" authorityName="Schulte" authorityYear="1999" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovittata">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567CCF4990D3847FBA7" box="[1183,1344,1059,1083]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">R. flavovittata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F957C1567CD23990C3DD5FBC1" author="Schulte, R." pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="ref78797" refString="Schulte, R. (1999) Pfeilgiftfrosche &quot; Artenteil - Peru &quot;. INBICO, Wailblingen, Germany, 294 pp." type="book" year="1999">Schulte 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D957C1567C88F99683EA9FBC1" authority="Perez-Pena, Chavez, Twomey &amp; Brown 2010" authorityName="Perez-Pena, Chavez, Twomey &amp; Brown" authorityYear="2010" box="[228,942,1093,1118]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yavaricola">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567C88F99683C86FBC1" box="[228,385,1093,1117]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">R. yavaricola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F957C1567C9E499683EA9FBC1" author="Perez-Pena, P. &amp; Chavez, G. &amp; Twomey, E. &amp; Brown, J. L." box="[399,942,1093,1118]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref77960" refString="Perez-Pena, P., Chavez, G., Twomey, E. &amp; Brown, J. L. (2010) Two new species of Ranitomeya (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from eastern Amazonian Peru. Zootaxa, 2439, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="2010">Perez-Peña, Chavez, Twomey &amp; Brown 2010</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D957C1567CB9A99683CADFBE3" authority="Perez-Pena, Chavez, Twomey &amp; Brown 2010" authorityName="Perez-Pena, Chavez, Twomey &amp; Brown" authorityYear="2010" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanovittata">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567CB9A996839A6FBC1" box="[1009,1185,1094,1117]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">R. cyanovittata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F957C1567CCC599683CADFBE3" author="Perez-Pena, P. &amp; Chavez, G. &amp; Twomey, E. &amp; Brown, J. L." pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref77960" refString="Perez-Pena, P., Chavez, G., Twomey, E. &amp; Brown, J. L. (2010) Two new species of Ranitomeya (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from eastern Amazonian Peru. Zootaxa, 2439, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="2010">Perez-Peña, Chavez, Twomey &amp; Brown 2010</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DD806515957C1567C8AC99A43CC8FAE0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="9525369E957C1567C8AC99A43CC8FAE0" blockId="60.[151,1436,989,1404]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567C8AC99A43CF8FB38" bold="true" box="[199,511,1162,1188]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Definition and diagnosis.</emphasis>
Medium to large adult SVL (
<quantity id="52629B7B957C1567CB0B99A43EE3FB38" box="[864,996,1162,1188]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="19.0" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="17.0">
17 
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567CB1599A23E8BFB3F" box="[894,908,1164,1187]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">–</emphasis>
21 mm
</quantity>
); black dorsum; highly variable morphology; LTRF 2(2)/3(1), oral disc emarginated; large intestine unpigmented; larvae whitish to gray; eggs cream; territoriality present in males; promiscuous (known in 
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D957C1567CBE599FD390DFB70" box="[910,1034,1235,1260]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sirensis">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567CBE599FD390DFB70" box="[910,1034,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">R. sirensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or monogamous mating system (known in 
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D957C1567C97399D93CAAFA8C" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1982" box="[280,429,1271,1296]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567C97399D93CAAFA8C" box="[280,429,1271,1296]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">R. vanzolinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D957C1567C98399D93F6FFA8C" authorityName="Schulte" authorityYear="1986" box="[488,616,1271,1296]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Dendrobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imitator">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567C98399D93F6FFA8C" box="[488,616,1271,1296]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">R. imitator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), male parental care (observed in 
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D957C1567CB9599D93970FA8C" box="[1022,1143,1271,1296]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sirensis">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567CB9599D93970FA8C" box="[1022,1143,1271,1296]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">R. sirensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or biparental (observed in 
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D957C1567C8DC98353C48FAA8" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1982" box="[183,335,1307,1332]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567C8DC98353C48FAA8" box="[183,335,1307,1332]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">R. vanzolinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D957C1567C9E798353F09FAA8" authorityName="Schulte" authorityYear="1986" box="[396,526,1307,1332]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Dendrobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imitator">
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567C9E798353F09FAA8" box="[396,526,1307,1332]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">R. imitator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); females produce between 2 
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567CB1A98323E78FAAF" box="[881,895,1308,1331]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">–</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="839CFD17957C1567CB1498343ECAFAA8" box="[895,973,1306,1332]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="egg">4 eggs</specimenCount>
per mating. The advertisement call of species in this group consists of a loud trill, highly tonal, with notes 0.4 
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567CB98986E3906FACB" box="[1011,1025,1344,1367]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">–</emphasis>
1.1 sec in length, repeated at 2 
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C957C1567CD1A986E3878FACB" box="[1393,1407,1344,1367]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">–</emphasis>
14 notes per minute (
<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B957C1567C901984C3CC5FAE0" box="[362,450,1378,1404]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="67.[151,244,1437,1458]" captionTargetBox="[155,1413,515,1411]" captionTargetId="figure-364@67.[151,1436,515,1421]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 28. Advertisement calls of Ranitomeya species in the vanzolinii group. A. Ranitomeya vanzolinii from Pongo de Mainique, Cuzco, Peru, recorded in captivity at 26° C; B. Ranitomeya sirensis from Ishanga near Tocache, San Martín, Peru, recorded at 25.5° C; C. Ranitomeya imitator from Varadero, Loreto, Peru, recorded at 23.5° C; D. Ranitomeya imitator from Cainarachi valley, San Martín, Peru, recorded at 22 C; E. Ranitomeya flavovittata from Rio Tahuayo, Loreto, Peru, recorded in captivity at 25° C; F. Ranitomeya yavaricola from Lago Preto, Loreto, Peru, recorded at 24° C (call courtesy Pedro Pérez-Peña)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5244301/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>