558 lines
86 KiB
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558 lines
86 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="56ED3666923ADFDBB4C2E65A85DCD72C">A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical poison frog genus Ranitomeya (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae) 3083</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="CD5ED06F19DAA3008DB1EC9F983E2AFC">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A75148DE67EC0ED7E670B684025B6284">3083</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="16BB925F23ED3E85A5E8B686881C63D0" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3083.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<heading id="CE6D81F2950A1511C8FC9B5C3F38F910" bold="true" box="[151,575,1650,1676]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950A1511C8FC9B5C3F38F910" ID-CoL="78SQX" authority="Myers 1982" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1982" box="[151,575,1650,1676]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
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<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950A1511C8FC9B5C3F38F910" bold="true" box="[151,575,1650,1676]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950A1511C8FC9B5C3CA1F910" bold="true" box="[151,422,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Ranitomeya vanzolinii</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950A1511C9C69B5C3F38F910" author="Myers, C." box="[429,575,1650,1676]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="23" refId="ref77584" refString="Myers, C., W. (1982) Spotted poison frogs: Description of Three new Dendrobates from Western Amazonia, and resurrection of a lost species from " Chiriqui ". American Museum Novitates, 2721, 23." type="journal article" year="1982">Myers 1982</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="9525369E950A1511C8FC9BBB39B6F933" blockId="74.[151,1201,1650,1783]" box="[151,1201,1685,1711]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Account authors: J.P. Caldwell, J.L. Brown, E. Twomey, P.R. Melo-Sampaio, M.B. Souza</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="DD806515950A1511C8FC9B953C94F8C8" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9525369E950A1511C8FC9B953CD1F94F" blockId="74.[151,1201,1650,1783]" box="[151,470,1723,1747]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B950A1511C8FC9B953DE3F94F" box="[151,228,1723,1747]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="23.[151,244,1397,1418]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,167,1383]" captionTargetId="figure-307@23.[151,1436,167,1383]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 3. A consensus Bayesian phylogeny based on 1011 base pairs of aligned mitochondrial DNA sequences of the 12S (12s rRNA), 16S (16s rRNA) and cytb (cytochrome-b gene) regions. Thickened branches represent nodes with posterior probabilities 90 and greater, other values are shown on nodes. Taxon labels depict current specific epithet, number in tree, the epithet being used prior to this revision (contained in parentheses), and the collection locality. A. Top segment. B. Middle segment. C. Bottom segment of phylogeny." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244220" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5244220/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B950A1511C89A9B953C06F94F" box="[241,257,1723,1747]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="24.[151,244,1452,1473]" captionTargetBox="[168,1416,206,1417]" captionTargetId="figure-261@24.[151,1436,195,1431]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 4. Putative species tree for Andinobates, Excidobates, and Ranitomeya. Placement of species where molecular data were lacking (A. altobueyensis, A. viridis, A. abditus, A. daleswansoni and R. opisthomelas) was based on morphology. Andinobates altobueyensis and A. viridis were placed as sister taxa due to the absence of dark pigmentation on dorsal body and limbs and overall similar dorsal coloration and patterning. These species were placed as sister to A. fulguritus (sequenced) on the basis of similar dorsal coloration (bright green to greenish-yellow). Andinobates opisthomelas was placed in the bombetes group in a polytomy with A. bombetes and A. virolinensis (both sequenced) due to their similar advertisement calls and morphology, particularly their red dorsal pattern and marbled venter. Andinobates daleswansoni was placed as sister to A. dorisswansonae due to the absence of a well-defined first toe in both species. Andinobates abditus was placed in the bombetes group based on a larval synapomorphy which appears to be diagnostic of that group (wide medial gap in the papillae on the posterior labium). However, A. abditus was placed as the sister species to all other members of the bombetes group due to the absence of bright dorsal coloration and isolated geographic distribution. Andinobates abditus is currently the only species of its genus known to occur in the east-Andean versant, thus its placement remains speculative until molecular data become available. Photo credits: Thomas Ostrowski, Karl-Heinz Jungfer, Victor Luna-Mora, Giovanni Chaves-Portilla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244223" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5244223/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">4</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B950A1511C9669B953C1AF94F" box="[269,285,1723,1747]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="39.[151,244,1424,1445]" captionTargetBox="[161,1436,606,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-326@39.[151,1436,553,1404]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 9. Known elevation distributions of Ranitomeya. Dotted line is mean for all samples. Dark boxes display the total elevation range of each species, within each contains a corresponding box plot." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244239" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5244239/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">9</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B950A1511C9429B953C42F94F" box="[297,325,1723,1747]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="61.[151,244,1859,1880]" captionTargetBox="[159,1425,156,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-148@61.[151,1436,141,1854]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 23. Ranitomeya Plate 6. vanzolinii group: A & B: Ranitomeya cyanovittata: Sierra del Divisor, Ucayali, Peru (G. Knell and D. Vasquez, 1:Ω,2: 1Φ). C & D: Ranitomeya yavaricola (all from Loreto, Peru): C: Rio Blanco (G. Knell); D: Lago Preto (PPP, Ω). E– I: Ranitomeya flavovittata (all from Quebrada Blanco, Loreto, Peru (Photo credits: JLB, ET and PPP, Ω). J–K: Ranitomeya vanzolinii Atalaya, Ucayali, Peru (J. Yeager). L–V: Ranitomeya imitator (All from San Martin, Peru): L–O: Upper Canarachi Valley (‡); P– Q: Tarapoto (‡); R: Shapaja (‡); S: Chumia (‡) and T–V: Chazuta (Ω). (nΦ = number of individual in phylogeny, Ω = population sampled in phylogeny, ‡ = genetically sampled, but not included in our phylogeny)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5244283/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">23</figureCitation>
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(j, k), 28, 31
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</paragraph>
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<tableCitation id="D8180325950A1511C8FC9BF13DF3F96B" box="[151,244,1759,1783]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,241,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1A (continued on next page). Currently accepted taxa (based on Frost et al. 2011). History of alpha-taxonomic and species group (in parentheses) classification of taxa in the genera Ranitomeya and Andinobates. Dendrobates (minutus)* = by implication, "+" species which were not described at the time of classification, "*" species which were not acknowledged by the authors." pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Tables 1</tableCitation>
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,
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<tableCitation id="D8180325950A1511C9689BF13C16F96B" box="[259,273,1759,1783]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="27.[151,241,157,181]" captionText="TABLE 4A (continued on next page). Basic Tadpole Morphology." pageId="74" pageNumber="75">4</tableCitation>
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<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950A1511C97B9BF13C19F96B" bold="true" box="[272,286,1759,1783]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">–</emphasis>
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6
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<paragraph id="9525369E950A1511C8FC9A0E3C94F8C8" blockId="74.[151,1436,1824,2030]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950A1511C8FC9A0E3CBBF8AA" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1864" box="[151,444,1824,1846]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Dendrobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quinquevittatus">
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<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950A1511C8FC9A0E3CBBF8AA" box="[151,444,1824,1846]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Dendrobates quinquevittatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(non Steindachner, 1864)—Silverstone 1975 (partim): p. 33,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B950A1511CC5B9A0E397FF8AA" box="[1072,1144,1824,1846]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="42.[151,244,901,922]" captionTargetBox="[212,1377,160,887]" captionTargetId="figure-548@42.[211,1380,147,887]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 12. Ranitomeya toraro sp. nov. type series. All specimens from two localities in Brazil: Amazonas state, municipality of Castanho, at km 12 on road to Autazes (ca. 40 km south of Manaus) or Scheffer Madeireira on Rio Ituxi, ca. 170 km southwest of Lábrea (labeled with ‡). Top row, from the collections of MPEG (L-R): 13839, 13838 (holotype), 13841, 13840, 13842 and 13037(‡). Bottom row, from the collections of OMNH (L-R): 37441, 37440, 36666 (‡), 37442, 37439, 36667(‡), 37438. Black bar = 20 mm (5 mm increments). Sequenced individuals (number in phylogeny): OMNH 36666 (7), OMNH 37440 (5), OMNH 36667 (6), MPEG 13841 (4)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244251" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5244251/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
(drawing), pattern D and 14 (drawing), pattern E
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DD806515950A1510C8FC9A733FC3FE06" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950A1511C8FC9A733903F872" blockId="74.[151,1436,1824,2030]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="B58A11B0950A1511C8FC9A733903F872" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="143B108F950A1511C8FC9A733F31F8EF" author="Myers, C." box="[151,566,1885,1907]" page="9" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" year="1982">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950A1511C8FC9A733F31F8EF" ID-CoL="6CK6R" authority="Myers 1982: p. 9" authorityName="Myers" authorityPageNumber="9" authorityYear="1982" box="[151,566,1885,1907]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Dendrobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950A1511C8FC9A733C85F8EF" box="[151,386,1885,1907]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Dendrobates vanzolinii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950A1511C9E39A703F01F8EF" author="Myers, C." box="[392,518,1885,1907]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="23" refId="ref77584" refString="Myers, C., W. (1982) Spotted poison frogs: Description of Three new Dendrobates from Western Amazonia, and resurrection of a lost species from " Chiriqui ". American Museum Novitates, 2721, 23." type="journal article" year="1982">Myers 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 9
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B950A1511CA2B9A733F7AF8EF" box="[576,637,1885,1907]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="24.[151,244,1452,1473]" captionTargetBox="[168,1416,206,1417]" captionTargetId="figure-261@24.[151,1436,195,1431]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 4. Putative species tree for Andinobates, Excidobates, and Ranitomeya. Placement of species where molecular data were lacking (A. altobueyensis, A. viridis, A. abditus, A. daleswansoni and R. opisthomelas) was based on morphology. Andinobates altobueyensis and A. viridis were placed as sister taxa due to the absence of dark pigmentation on dorsal body and limbs and overall similar dorsal coloration and patterning. These species were placed as sister to A. fulguritus (sequenced) on the basis of similar dorsal coloration (bright green to greenish-yellow). Andinobates opisthomelas was placed in the bombetes group in a polytomy with A. bombetes and A. virolinensis (both sequenced) due to their similar advertisement calls and morphology, particularly their red dorsal pattern and marbled venter. Andinobates daleswansoni was placed as sister to A. dorisswansonae due to the absence of a well-defined first toe in both species. Andinobates abditus was placed in the bombetes group based on a larval synapomorphy which appears to be diagnostic of that group (wide medial gap in the papillae on the posterior labium). However, A. abditus was placed as the sister species to all other members of the bombetes group due to the absence of bright dorsal coloration and isolated geographic distribution. Andinobates abditus is currently the only species of its genus known to occur in the east-Andean versant, thus its placement remains speculative until molecular data become available. Photo credits: Thomas Ostrowski, Karl-Heinz Jungfer, Victor Luna-Mora, Giovanni Chaves-Portilla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244223" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5244223/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="D8180325950A1511CAEC9A733FD5F8EF" box="[647,722,1885,1907]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,241,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1A (continued on next page). Currently accepted taxa (based on Frost et al. 2011). History of alpha-taxonomic and species group (in parentheses) classification of taxa in the genera Ranitomeya and Andinobates. Dendrobates (minutus)* = by implication, "+" species which were not described at the time of classification, "*" species which were not acknowledged by the authors." pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
[MZUSP 51597 collected by Paulo E. Vanzolini and Miguel Petrere at Pórto Walter on Rio Juruá,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="575EF87C950A1511C9B49A523F14F80E" box="[479,531,1916,1938]" country="Brazil" name="Acre" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Acre</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ED8D760E950A1511CA759A523F5BF80E" box="[542,604,1916,1938]" name="Brazil" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
];—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950A1511CAEB9A523E24F80E" author="Vanzolini, P. E." box="[640,803,1916,1938]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref79612" refString="Vanzolini, P. E. (1986) Levantamento herpetologico da area do estado de Rondonia sob a influencia da rodovia BR 364. Relatorio de Pesquisa, 1, 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1986">Vanzolini 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="143B108F950A1511CB459A52395AF80E" author="Caldwell, J. P. & Myers, C. W." box="[814,1117,1916,1938]" page="4" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" year="1990">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950A1511CB459A52392DF80E" author="Caldwell, J. P. & Myers, C. W." box="[814,1066,1916,1938]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref75061" refString="Caldwell, J. P. & Myers, C. W. (1990) A new poison frog from Amazonian Brazil, with further revision of the quinquevittatus group of Dendrobates American Museum Novitates, 2988, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1990">Caldwell & Myers 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 4
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="143B108F950A1511CC029A52384AF80E" author="Caldwell, J. P." box="[1129,1357,1916,1938]" page="211" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" year="1997">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950A1511CC029A523805F80E" author="Caldwell, J. P." box="[1129,1282,1916,1938]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="211" refId="ref75039" refString="Caldwell, J. P. (1997) Pair bonding in spotted poison frogs. Nature, 385, 211." type="journal article" year="1997">Caldwell 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 211
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B950A1511CD329A523892F80E" box="[1369,1429,1916,1938]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,678,701]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Accumulation of described species in genera Ranitomeya and Andinobates." pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950A1511C8AC9AB43C8BF82C" author="Moreira, G. R. & Gordo, M. & Martins, M. & Galatti, U. & Oda, W. Y." box="[199,396,1946,1969]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refId="ref77525" refString="Moreira, G. R., Gordo, M., Martins, M., Galatti, U. & Oda, W. Y. (1997) Relatorio Final da Area Tematica Herpetofauna. Macrozoneamento Socio-Economico-Ecologico do Estado de Rondonia. Planafloro report, pp. 1 - 57. Planafloro, Porto Velho." type="book" year="1997">
|
||
Moreira
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950A1511C9759AB23C56F82D" box="[286,337,1947,1969]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="143B108F950A1511C9FE9AB43E01F82C" author="Caldwell, J. & de Oliveira, V." box="[405,774,1946,1968]" page="565" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" year="1999">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950A1511C9FE9AB43FBBF82C" author="Caldwell, J. & de Oliveira, V." box="[405,700,1946,1968]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="565 - 575" refId="ref75002" refString="Caldwell, J. & de Oliveira, V. (1999) Determinants of biparental care in the spotted poison frog, Dendrobates vanzolinii (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Copeia, 565 - 575." type="book chapter" year="1999">Caldwell & de Oliveira 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 565
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="D8180325950A1511CB7B9AB43E72F82C" box="[784,885,1946,1969]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStartId-0="12.[151,241,151,175]" captionStartId-1="25.[151,241,151,175]" captionText-0="TABLE 1A (continued on next page). Currently accepted taxa (based on Frost et al. 2011). History of alpha-taxonomic and species group (in parentheses) classification of taxa in the genera Ranitomeya and Andinobates. Dendrobates (minutus)* = by implication, "+" species which were not described at the time of classification, "*" species which were not acknowledged by the authors." captionText-1="TABLE 2. Bayes Factor Analyses. Bayes factor values above 10 were interpreted as strong evidence against H0. Values between 0 and 10 were interpreted as support for both hypotheses, and values less than 0 were interpreted as support against HA. HA= an unconstrained phylogeny. Often when Bayes factor values were between 0-10, Ho consensus topologies where similar to HA. Lower values often resulted in identical consensus topologies (differing only by branch lengths). * Includes R. sirensis sensu Aichinger 1991 +includes R. biolat sensu Morales 1992" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
Table 1
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950A1511CB319AB23E60F82D" box="[858,871,1948,1969]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">–</emphasis>
|
||
2
|
||
</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B950A1511CB149AB43ED8F82C" box="[895,991,1946,1969]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="7.[151,250,678,701]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,244,476,497]" captionStartId-2="23.[151,244,1397,1418]" captionTargetBox-1="[161,1425,200,447]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,167,1383]" captionTargetId-1="figure-906@16.[151,1436,193,455]" captionTargetId-2="figure-307@23.[151,1436,167,1383]" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="23" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Accumulation of described species in genera Ranitomeya and Andinobates." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Illustrated guide to morphological terminology. A. Finger and hand morphology: i. Finger I (far left) <Finger II, thenar tubercle (= inner metacarpal tubercle) present (depicted by arrow), and greatly expanded finger discs in Fingers II-IV. Inset depicts Finger I and a thenar tubercle which is clearly visible. Note that in some Ranitomeya this is trait reduced and difficult to view (as in main picture) (Ranitomeya variabilis pictured, inset of R. benedicta). ii. Finger I ≈ Finger II, thenar tubercle absent. (Adelphobates quinquevittatus pictured) iii. Weakly expanded finger discs in Fingers II-IV (Excidobates captivus pictured). B. Stripes: i. Middorsal (follows vertebral column), dorsolateral (extends from eye to either upper thigh, as pictured, or to vent), ventrolateral (running from groin to axilla) and labial stripe (stripe that extends from shoulder around upper lip)(R. sirensis pictured). ii.. Oblique lateral stripe (extends from groin to eye, as in picture stripe is incomplete anteriorly). Unlabeled arrow depicts a dorsolateral stripe that does not reach thigh, a characteristic of certain species of Andinobates (type ‘A’ in Grant et al. 2006). (Andinobates claudiae pictured). C. Limb patterns: i. Distinct limb reticulation/spotting (characteristic of most species of Ranitomeya) (R. variabilis pictured). ii. Wavy stripes (not classified as distinct limb reticulation) (R. summersi pictured). iii. Patternless. Typical of most Andinobates species (R. sirensis pictured). D. Diagnostic head patterns: i. Large black “oval” on head (R. imitator pictured). ii. Large black “pentagon” or “five-point star” on head (R. summersi pictured). iii. Black band across head entirely covering eyes (known only in a single population of this species near the Pongo de Manseriche, Peru) (R. fantastica pictured). E. Nose spots. i. Two nose spots (R. imitator pictured). ii. Single nose spot. (R. variabilis pictured). iii. Frontward-turned “U” on the tip of snout. (R. toraro pictured). F. Geographical distribution. West: distribution within Andes, west of Andes, or in Central America. East: distribution east of Andes (including Guiana Shield) or in east-Andean versant. G. Dorsal patterns: i.“Y-shape”. Space between stripes create black pattern which forms a black Y on the back. (R. variabilis pictured). ii. Merging of the obliquelateral and dorsolateral stripes (R. variabilis pictured). iii. Broken dorsolateral stripes (R. flavovittata pictured). iv. Spotting (R. imitator pictured). H. Key ventral characters: i. Distinctive throat coloration and ventral reticulation (also shown in H-ii & H-iii) (R. reticulata pictured). ii. Belly patch (R. sirensis pictured). iii. Gular spots (single or paired dark spots at corner of mouth) (R. amazonica pictured). iv. Marbled pattern (not classified as reticulation) (Andinobates virolinensis pictured)." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. A consensus Bayesian phylogeny based on 1011 base pairs of aligned mitochondrial DNA sequences of the 12S (12s rRNA), 16S (16s rRNA) and cytb (cytochrome-b gene) regions. Thickened branches represent nodes with posterior probabilities 90 and greater, other values are shown on nodes. Taxon labels depict current specific epithet, number in tree, the epithet being used prior to this revision (contained in parentheses), and the collection locality. A. Top segment. B. Middle segment. C. Bottom segment of phylogeny." figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244218" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244220" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5244218/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5244220/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
Figs. 1
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950A1511CBAF9AB23ED7F82D" box="[964,976,1948,1969]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">–</emphasis>
|
||
3
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="143B108F950A1511CB819AB439BCF82C" author="Schulte, R." box="[1002,1211,1946,1968]" page="110" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" year="1999">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950A1511CB819AB43975F82C" author="Schulte, R." box="[1002,1138,1946,1968]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refId="ref78797" refString="Schulte, R. (1999) Pfeilgiftfrosche " Artenteil - Peru ". INBICO, Wailblingen, Germany, 294 pp." type="book" year="1999">Schulte 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 110
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, Fig. DB-032, DB-38;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="143B108F950A1511C8AC9A973CD0F853" author="Symula, R. & Schulte, R. & Summers, K." box="[199,471,1977,1999]" page="452" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" year="2003">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950A1511C8AC9A973C8CF853" author="Symula, R. & Schulte, R. & Summers, K." box="[199,395,1977,1999]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="452 - 75" refId="ref79426" refString="Symula, R., Schulte, R. & Summers, K. (2003) Molecular systematics and phylogeography of Amazonian poison frogs of the genus Dendrobates. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26, 452 - 75." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Symula
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950A1511C9709A943C48F853" box="[283,335,1977,1999]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 452
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="D8180325950A1511C9899A973F29F853" box="[482,558,1977,1999]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,241,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1A (continued on next page). Currently accepted taxa (based on Frost et al. 2011). History of alpha-taxonomic and species group (in parentheses) classification of taxa in the genera Ranitomeya and Andinobates. Dendrobates (minutus)* = by implication, "+" species which were not described at the time of classification, "*" species which were not acknowledged by the authors." pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B950A1511CA509A973F87F853" box="[571,640,1977,1999]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,678,701]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Accumulation of described species in genera Ranitomeya and Andinobates." pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B950A1511CAE69A973FB2F853" box="[653,693,1977,1999]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStart-3="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="23.[151,244,1397,1418]" captionStartId-1="24.[151,244,1452,1473]" captionStartId-2="30.[151,244,1869,1890]" captionStartId-3="31.[151,244,1849,1870]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,167,1383]" captionTargetBox-1="[168,1416,206,1417]" captionTargetBox-2="[163,1428,182,1861]" captionTargetBox-3="[165,1424,155,1831]" captionTargetId-0="figure-307@23.[151,1436,167,1383]" captionTargetId-1="figure-261@24.[151,1436,195,1431]" captionTargetId-2="figure-142@30.[151,1436,163,1875]" captionTargetId-3="figure-120@31.[151,1436,149,1835]" captionTargetPageId-0="23" captionTargetPageId-1="24" captionTargetPageId-2="30" captionTargetPageId-3="31" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. A consensus Bayesian phylogeny based on 1011 base pairs of aligned mitochondrial DNA sequences of the 12S (12s rRNA), 16S (16s rRNA) and cytb (cytochrome-b gene) regions. Thickened branches represent nodes with posterior probabilities 90 and greater, other values are shown on nodes. Taxon labels depict current specific epithet, number in tree, the epithet being used prior to this revision (contained in parentheses), and the collection locality. A. Top segment. B. Middle segment. C. Bottom segment of phylogeny." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Putative species tree for Andinobates, Excidobates, and Ranitomeya. Placement of species where molecular data were lacking (A. altobueyensis, A. viridis, A. abditus, A. daleswansoni and R. opisthomelas) was based on morphology. Andinobates altobueyensis and A. viridis were placed as sister taxa due to the absence of dark pigmentation on dorsal body and limbs and overall similar dorsal coloration and patterning. These species were placed as sister to A. fulguritus (sequenced) on the basis of similar dorsal coloration (bright green to greenish-yellow). Andinobates opisthomelas was placed in the bombetes group in a polytomy with A. bombetes and A. virolinensis (both sequenced) due to their similar advertisement calls and morphology, particularly their red dorsal pattern and marbled venter. Andinobates daleswansoni was placed as sister to A. dorisswansonae due to the absence of a well-defined first toe in both species. Andinobates abditus was placed in the bombetes group based on a larval synapomorphy which appears to be diagnostic of that group (wide medial gap in the papillae on the posterior labium). However, A. abditus was placed as the sister species to all other members of the bombetes group due to the absence of bright dorsal coloration and isolated geographic distribution. Andinobates abditus is currently the only species of its genus known to occur in the east-Andean versant, thus its placement remains speculative until molecular data become available. Photo credits: Thomas Ostrowski, Karl-Heinz Jungfer, Victor Luna-Mora, Giovanni Chaves-Portilla." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Andinobates Plate 1. minutus group: A–G: Andinobates claudiae and habitat (all from Bocas del Toro, Panama. Photos T. Ostrowski); A & B: Buena Esperanza; C–F: Isla Colon; G: Cerro Brujo; H: tadpole in phytotelm; I: habitat in Bocas del Toro, Panama. J–M: Andinobates minutus (all from Colombia. Photos DMV unless noted): J & K: Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca; L: Quibdó, Chocó; M: Baudó, Chocó (photo J. Mejía-Vargas). fulguritus group: N–V: Andinobates fulguritus (all from Colombia, photos DMV unless noted): N: Baudó, Chocó (photo J. Mejía-Vargas); O: Playa de Oro, Chocó (type locality); P–R: Uraba, Chocó. S–V: Anchicayá, Valle del Cauca. (nΦ = number of individual in phylogeny, Ω = population sampled in phylogeny)." captionText-3="FIGURE 6. Andinobates Plate 2. fulguritus group: A–D: Andinobates fulguritus (all from Risaralda, Colombia. photos DMV). bombetes group: E: Andinobates abditus type locality (photo W.E. Duellman). F–I: Andinobates daleswansoni and habitat (photos J. Mejía-Vargas); F & G: from type locality; H: type locality habitat; I: overview of habitat – human encroachment continues to threaten the habitat of this species. J–M: Andinobates dorisswansonae from Tolima, Colombia (photos DMV and T. Ostrowski). N–P: Andinobates tolimense from Tolima, Colombia (photos V. Mora-Luna). Q–R: Andinobates sp. aff. tolimense from Supatá, Colombia (photos G. Chaves-Portilla and T. Ostrowski)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244220" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244223" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244225" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244229" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5244220/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5244223/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5244225/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5244229/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950A1511CAF19A943FA0F853" box="[666,679,1978,1999]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">–</emphasis>
|
||
6
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="143B108F950A1511CAAA9A973EA1F853" author="Christmann, S. P." box="[705,934,1977,1999]" page="6" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" year="2004">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950A1511CAAA9A973E72F853" author="Christmann, S. P." box="[705,885,1977,1999]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refId="ref75193" refString="Christmann, S. P. (2004) Dendrobatidae - Poison Frogs - A Fantastic Journey through Ecuador, Peru and Colombia (Volumes I, II & III)." type="book" year="2004">Christmann 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 6
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, Figs. on p. 36. 158;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="143B108F950A1511CC149A973838F853" author="Prohl, H." box="[1151,1343,1977,1999]" page="358" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" year="2005">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950A1511CC149A9739F4F853" author="Prohl, H." box="[1151,1267,1977,1999]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="354 - 365" refId="ref78165" refString="Prohl, H. (2005) Territorial behavior in Dendrobatid Frogs. Journal of Herpetology, 39, 354 - 365." type="journal article" year="2005">Pröhl 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 358
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="D8180325950A1511CD219A973892F853" box="[1354,1429,1977,1999]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,241,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1A (continued on next page). Currently accepted taxa (based on Frost et al. 2011). History of alpha-taxonomic and species group (in parentheses) classification of taxa in the genera Ranitomeya and Andinobates. Dendrobates (minutus)* = by implication, "+" species which were not described at the time of classification, "*" species which were not acknowledged by the authors." pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="143B108F950A1511C8AC9AF63CE6F872" author="Roberts, J. L. & Brown, J. L. & von May, R. & Arizabal, W. & Presar, A. & Symula, R. & Schulte, R. & Summers, K." box="[199,481,2008,2030]" page="379" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" year="2006">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950A1511C8AC9AF63C91F872" author="Roberts, J. L. & Brown, J. L. & von May, R. & Arizabal, W. & Presar, A. & Symula, R. & Schulte, R. & Summers, K." box="[199,406,2008,2030]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="377 - 385" refId="ref78254" refString="Roberts, J. L., Brown, J. L., von May, R., Arizabal, W., Presar, A., Symula, R., Schulte, R. & Summers, K. (2006 a) Phylogenetic relationships among poison frogs of the genus Dendrobates (Dendrobatidae): A molecular perspective from increased taxon sampling. Herpetological Journal, 16, 377 - 385." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Roberts
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950A1511C9779AF73C48F872" box="[284,335,2008,2030]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 379
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="D8180325950A1511C9879AF63F30F872" box="[492,567,2008,2030]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,241,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1A (continued on next page). Currently accepted taxa (based on Frost et al. 2011). History of alpha-taxonomic and species group (in parentheses) classification of taxa in the genera Ranitomeya and Andinobates. Dendrobates (minutus)* = by implication, "+" species which were not described at the time of classification, "*" species which were not acknowledged by the authors." pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B950A1511CA289AF63F8EF872" box="[579,649,2008,2030]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,678,701]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Accumulation of described species in genera Ranitomeya and Andinobates." pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B950A1511CAFE9AF63FA3F872" box="[661,676,2008,2030]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="24.[151,244,1452,1473]" captionTargetBox="[168,1416,206,1417]" captionTargetId="figure-261@24.[151,1436,195,1431]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 4. Putative species tree for Andinobates, Excidobates, and Ranitomeya. Placement of species where molecular data were lacking (A. altobueyensis, A. viridis, A. abditus, A. daleswansoni and R. opisthomelas) was based on morphology. Andinobates altobueyensis and A. viridis were placed as sister taxa due to the absence of dark pigmentation on dorsal body and limbs and overall similar dorsal coloration and patterning. These species were placed as sister to A. fulguritus (sequenced) on the basis of similar dorsal coloration (bright green to greenish-yellow). Andinobates opisthomelas was placed in the bombetes group in a polytomy with A. bombetes and A. virolinensis (both sequenced) due to their similar advertisement calls and morphology, particularly their red dorsal pattern and marbled venter. Andinobates daleswansoni was placed as sister to A. dorisswansonae due to the absence of a well-defined first toe in both species. Andinobates abditus was placed in the bombetes group based on a larval synapomorphy which appears to be diagnostic of that group (wide medial gap in the papillae on the posterior labium). However, A. abditus was placed as the sister species to all other members of the bombetes group due to the absence of bright dorsal coloration and isolated geographic distribution. Andinobates abditus is currently the only species of its genus known to occur in the east-Andean versant, thus its placement remains speculative until molecular data become available. Photo credits: Thomas Ostrowski, Karl-Heinz Jungfer, Victor Luna-Mora, Giovanni Chaves-Portilla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244223" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5244223/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">4</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950A1511CAC49AF63E60F872" author="Santos, J. C. & Coloma, L. A. & Summers, K. & Caldwell, J. P. & Ree, R. & Cannatella, D. C." box="[687,871,2008,2030]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="1000056" refId="ref78627" refString="Santos, J. C., Coloma, L. A., Summers, K., Caldwell, J. P., Ree, R. & Cannatella, D. C. (2009) Amazonian Amphibian Diversity Is Primarily Derived from Late Miocene Andean Lineages. PLoS Biol, 7, e 1000056." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Santos
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950A1511CA929AF73E2BF872" box="[761,812,2008,2030]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, by implication
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950B1510C8FC9DB73E0AFF50" blockId="75.[151,1436,152,205]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="B58A11B0950B1510C8FC9DB73E0AFF50" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950B1510C8FC9DB73C95FF32" box="[151,402,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950B1510C8FC9DB73C7FFF32" ID-CoL="78SQX" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1982" box="[151,376,152,174]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">Ranitomeya vanzolinii</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="143B108F950B1510C9F99DB63F47FF32" author="Bauer, L." box="[402,576,152,174]" page="1" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" year="1988">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950B1510C9F99DB63F0BFF32" author="Bauer, L." box="[402,524,152,174]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref74236" refString="Bauer, L. (1988) Pijlgifkikkers en verwanten: de familie Dendrobatidae. Het Paludarium, 1 Nov, 1988, 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1988">Bauer 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 1
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="143B108F950B1510CA249DB63E55FF32" author="Grant, T. & Frost, D. R. & Caldwell, J. P. & Gagliardo, R. & Haddad, C. F. B. & Kok, P. J. R. & Means, D. B. & Noonan, B. P. & Schargel, W. E. & Wheeler, W." box="[591,850,152,174]" page="171" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" year="2006">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950B1510CA249DB63E03FF32" author="Grant, T. & Frost, D. R. & Caldwell, J. P. & Gagliardo, R. & Haddad, C. F. B. & Kok, P. J. R. & Means, D. B. & Noonan, B. P. & Schargel, W. E. & Wheeler, W." box="[591,772,152,174]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 262" refId="ref76275" refString="Grant, T., Frost, D. R., Caldwell, J. P., Gagliardo, R., Haddad, C. F. B., Kok, P. J. R., Means, D. B., Noonan, B. P., Schargel, W. E. & Wheeler, W. (2006) Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia, Athesphatanura, Dendrobatidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 299, 1 - 262.," type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Grant
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950B1510CAFA9DB73FC2FF32" box="[657,709,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 171
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, Fig. 76;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="143B108F950B1510CBDC9DB639CFFF32" author="Lotters, S. & Jungfer, K. - H. & Schmidt, W. & Henkel, F. W." box="[951,1224,152,174]" page="497" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" year="2007">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950B1510CBDC9DB6397DFF32" author="Lotters, S. & Jungfer, K. - H. & Schmidt, W. & Henkel, F. W." box="[951,1146,152,174]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refId="ref77014" refString="Lotters, S., Jungfer, K. - H., Schmidt, W. & Henkel, F. W. (2007) Poison Frogs: Biology, Species and Captive Husbandry Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 668 pp." type="book" year="2007">
|
||
Lötters
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950B1510CC6C9DB7393BFF32" box="[1031,1084,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 497
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, Figs. 498
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950B1510CD5F9DB73847FF32" box="[1332,1344,153,174]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">–</emphasis>
|
||
629;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="143B108F950B1510CD1D9DB63CC6FF50" author="von May, R. & Catenazzi, A. & Angulo, A. & Brown, J. L. & Carrillo, J. & Chavez, G. & Cordova, J. H. & Curo, A. & Delgado, A. & Enciso, M. A. & Gutierrez, R. & Lehr, E. & Martinez, J. L. & Medina-Muller, M. & Miranda, A. & Neira, D. R. & Ochoa, J. A. & Quiroz, A. J. & Rodriguez, D. A. & Rodriguez, L. O. & Salas, A. W. & Seimon, T. & Seimon, A. & Siu-Ting, K. & Suarez, J. & Torres, J. & Twomey, E." page="396" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" year="2008">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950B1510CD1D9DB63C72FF50" author="von May, R. & Catenazzi, A. & Angulo, A. & Brown, J. L. & Carrillo, J. & Chavez, G. & Cordova, J. H. & Curo, A. & Delgado, A. & Enciso, M. A. & Gutierrez, R. & Lehr, E. & Martinez, J. L. & Medina-Muller, M. & Miranda, A. & Neira, D. R. & Ochoa, J. A. & Quiroz, A. J. & Rodriguez, D. A. & Rodriguez, L. O. & Salas, A. W. & Seimon, T. & Seimon, A. & Siu-Ting, K. & Suarez, J. & Torres, J. & Twomey, E." pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="376 - 396" refId="ref79912" refString="von May, R., Catenazzi, A., Angulo, A., Brown, J. L., Carrillo, J., Chavez, G., Cordova, J. H., Curo, A., Delgado, A., Enciso, M. A., Gutierrez, R., Lehr, E., Martinez, J. L., Medina-Muller, M., Miranda, A., Neira, D. R., Ochoa, J. A., Quiroz, A. J., Rodriguez, D. A., Rodriguez, L. O., Salas, A. W., Seimon, T., Seimon, A., Siu-Ting, K., Suarez, J., Torres, J. & Twomey, E. (2008 a) Current state of conservation knowledge of threatened amphibian species in Peru. Tropical Conservation Science, 1, 376 - 396." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
von May
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950B1510C8979D993C28FF51" box="[252,303,183,205]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 396
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, Appendix 2;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="143B108F950B1510CA3B9D983E0EFF50" author="Souza, M. B." box="[592,777,182,204]" page="31" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" year="2009">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950B1510CA3B9D983FCCFF50" author="Souza, M. B." box="[592,715,182,204]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refId="ref78911" refString="Souza, M. B. (2009) Anfibios: Reserva Extrativista Alto Jurua e Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor. Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Natureza Universidade Federal do AcreCampus Universitario." type="book" year="2009">Souza 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 31
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950B1510C8FC9DDD3FC3FE06" blockId="75.[151,1437,242,2030]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950B1510C8FC9DDD3CCDFE97" bold="true" box="[151,458,242,267]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" reason="1">Background information.</emphasis>
|
||
A population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950B1510CAFE9DDD3E21FE97" ID-CoL="78SQX" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1982" box="[661,806,243,267]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950B1510CAFE9DDD3E21FE97" box="[661,806,243,267]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">R. vanzolinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from near Porto Walter, State of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="575EF87C950B1510CCC59DDC39E0FE96" box="[1198,1255,242,266]" country="Brazil" name="Acre" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Acre</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ED8D760E950B1510CC9D9DDC383CFE96" box="[1270,1339,242,266]" name="Brazil" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
was the focus of intensive behavioral study (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950B1510CA409C383FD4FEB2" author="Caldwell, J. P." box="[555,723,278,302]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="211" refId="ref75039" refString="Caldwell, J. P. (1997) Pair bonding in spotted poison frogs. Nature, 385, 211." type="journal article" year="1997">Caldwell 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950B1510CAB59C383925FEB2" author="Caldwell, J. & de Oliveira, V." box="[734,1058,278,302]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="565 - 575" refId="ref75002" refString="Caldwell, J. & de Oliveira, V. (1999) Determinants of biparental care in the spotted poison frog, Dendrobates vanzolinii (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Copeia, 565 - 575." type="book chapter" year="1999">Caldwell & de Oliveira 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and included in several phylogenetic studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950B1510C95A9C143F0DFECE" author="Symula, R. & Schulte, R. & Summers, K." box="[305,522,314,339]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="452 - 75" refId="ref79426" refString="Symula, R., Schulte, R. & Summers, K. (2003) Molecular systematics and phylogeography of Amazonian poison frogs of the genus Dendrobates. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26, 452 - 75." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Symula
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950B1510C9E49C153CCFFECF" box="[399,456,315,339]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950B1510CA7E9C143FDEFECE" author="Grant, T. & Frost, D. R. & Caldwell, J. P. & Gagliardo, R. & Haddad, C. F. B. & Kok, P. J. R. & Means, D. B. & Noonan, B. P. & Schargel, W. E. & Wheeler, W." box="[533,729,314,339]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 262" refId="ref76275" refString="Grant, T., Frost, D. R., Caldwell, J. P., Gagliardo, R., Haddad, C. F. B., Kok, P. J. R., Means, D. B., Noonan, B. P., Schargel, W. E. & Wheeler, W. (2006) Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia, Athesphatanura, Dendrobatidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 299, 1 - 262.," type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Grant
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950B1510CA379C153F92FECF" box="[604,661,315,339]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Little information has been published on other populations of this species. Some confusion exists regarding the taxonomic status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950B1510CBCD9C713943FEEA" ID-CoL="6WT2X" authorityName="Schulte" authorityYear="1999" box="[934,1092,350,374]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovittata">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950B1510CBCD9C713943FEEA" box="[934,1092,350,374]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">R. flavovittata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the sister species to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950B1510CD599C713DC3FE07" ID-CoL="78SQX" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1982" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950B1510CD599C713DC3FE07" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">R. vanzolinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950B1510C8949CAD3C99FE07" ID-CoL="6WT2X" authorityName="Schulte" authorityYear="1999" box="[255,414,387,411]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovittata">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950B1510C8949CAD3C99FE07" box="[255,414,387,411]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">R. flavovittata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
account for more details).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DD806515950B1517C8AC9C893F9EF840" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950B1510C8AC9C893C9FFDB6" blockId="75.[151,1437,242,2030]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950B1510C8AC9C893C2AFE23" bold="true" box="[199,301,423,447]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" reason="1">Tadpole.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="25F23CC3950B1510C95D9C883C93FDB6" collectingDate="1996-04-04" collectingDateMax="1996-04-17" collectingDateMin="1996-04-04" collectionCode="OMNH" country="Brazil" location="Porto Walter" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" specimenCode="OMNH 36057" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Acre">
|
||
A total of seven tadpoles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950B1510CA109C893E7FFE22" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1982" box="[635,888,422,446]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950B1510CA109C893E7FFE22" box="[635,888,422,446]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Ranitomeya vanzolinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected from
|
||
<location id="90456045950B1510CC079C8939F9FE22" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1D338788950A1516C8FC9B5C3960FE30:90456045950B1510CC079C8939F9FE22" box="[1132,1278,422,446]" country="Brazil" name="Porto Walter" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" stateProvince="Acre">Porto Walter</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="575EF87C950B1510CD619C883844FE22" box="[1290,1347,422,446]" country="Brazil" name="Acre" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Acre</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ED8D760E950B1510CD3B9C883890FE22" box="[1360,1431,422,446]" name="Brazil" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, from
|
||
<date id="E124105E950B1510C8BF9CE43C89FE7E" box="[212,398,458,482]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" value="1996-04-04" valueMax="1996-04-17" valueMin="1996-04-04">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F160E9B6950B1510C8BF9CE43C89FE7E" box="[212,398,458,482]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" value="1996-04-04" valueMax="1996-04-17" valueMin="1996-04-04">4–17 April 1996</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
. A tadpole in Stage 38 (
|
||
<specimenCode id="C53C9EE5950B1510CAFD9CE43E3BFE7E" box="[662,828,458,482]" collectionCode="OMNH" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rcjv-ktyc" name="Osaka Museum of Natural History" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="Museum">OMNH 36057</specimenCode>
|
||
) was chosen for a complete description. All seven tadpoles were used to examine variation. These tadpoles ranged from stages 26 to 40, although not all stages were represented in the sample
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950B1510C8AC9F183858FD26" blockId="75.[151,1437,242,2030]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Description of OMNH 36057. Total length 27.8; body length 8.9; tail length 18.9, tail length 67.9% total length. Body depressed, maximum width 6.1, maximum depth 4.4. Snout broadly rounded in dorsal view, rounded in lateral view. Nares small, directed anterolaterally, 0.9 from tip of snout; internarial distance 1.6, interorbital distance 1.5. Distance from naris to anterior edge of eye 1.0, eye width, 1.4. Eyes dorsal, directed dorsolaterally.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950B1510C8AC9FE83F3AFCBA" blockId="75.[151,1437,242,2030]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
Spiracle sinistral, short, 1.0, forming small tube free only on outer margin, opening directed posterodorsally 5.7 from tip of snout. Spiracle located 63.8% of body length from tip of snout, just below horizontal midline of body. Vent tube dextral,
|
||
<quantity id="52629B7B950B1510C9C39E203CEFFCBA" box="[424,488,782,806]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" unit="in" value="0.5">0.5 in</quantity>
|
||
length.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950B1510C8AC9E1C39C1FC0E" blockId="75.[151,1437,242,2030]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Caudal musculature depth at body–tail junction 3.0; depth of musculature nearly uniform until it begins tapering at posterior one-third of tail. Upper fin originates 1.1 behind tail–body junction, upper fin at midtail 1.0, slightly deeper than lower fin at midtail, 0.8. Tail tip rounded, notochord ends 0.8 from end tail.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950B1510C8AC9EB039FEFBF6" blockId="75.[151,1437,242,2030]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Oral disc emarginate, located ventrally, not visible from above. Transverse width oral disc 2.4, 38.9% of body width. Lower labium free from body wall. Short, conical papillae present on entire margin of posterior labium and laterally on anterior labium; most of anterior labium free of papillae. Papillae mostly in single row, double in few places. Lower jaw sheath broadly V-shaped, deeper than upper jaw sheath. Transverse width upper jaw sheath 1.1, 44.5% transverse width oral disc. Both upper and lower jaw sheaths with finely serrated cutting edges, serrations becoming smaller on proximal lateral processes of upper sheath, absent on ends of lateral processes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950B1510C8AC99583C12FB4A" blockId="75.[151,1437,242,2030]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Labial tooth row formula 2(2)/3(1). Labial tooth row A-1 complete, 1.5; A-2 with medial gap, 0.9, right half A- 2 length, 0.3, 20.0% of A-1. P-1 with medial gap, 0.1; right half P-1 length, 0.5, 44.6% of P-2; P-2 and P-3 equal in length, 1.1.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950B1510C8AC99CD3F4EFAFA" blockId="75.[151,1437,242,2030]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950B1510C8AC99CD3C30FB66" box="[199,311,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
The two smallest tadpoles, stages 26 and 27, averaged 15.1 ± 1.2 total length. Four tadpoles in stages 34 to 38 averaged 24.8 ± 1.2 total length (range, 22.1–27.8). The single tadpole in early metamorphosis at stage 40 was 24.7; in this specimen tooth rows were becoming irregular, the spiracle opening is beginning to close, and the vent tube is partially absorbed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950B1510C8AC985C3E1BF9FE" blockId="75.[151,1437,242,2030]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
Tail length as a percentage of total length averaged 62.8 ± 0.01 (range, 60.7–67.9). In the two smallest tadpoles, the upper fin originated at the tail–body junction, whereas in the five largest tadpoles, the fin was low at the tail–body junction, but began to increase in height at an average of 1.4 ± 0.2 (range, 1.0–1.8) behind the tail–body junction. Height of the upper and lower fins was nearly equal in the two smaller tadpoles (upper, 0.40 and 0.45; lower,
|
||
<quantity id="52629B7B950B1510C88F9B2C3C35F986" box="[228,306,1538,1562]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7779999999999998" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" unit="in" value="0.7">0.70 in</quantity>
|
||
both individuals). Height of the upper fin was slightly greater in the five larger tadpoles (upper, 1.12 ± 0.10, range 0.90–1.46; lower, 1.01 ± 0.10, range, 0.80–1.38). Tail musculature depth at the tail–body junction was 2.5 ± 0.2 (range, 2.1–2.9) in the five largest tadpoles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950B1510C8AC9B413DF9F81E" blockId="75.[151,1437,242,2030]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Transverse width as a percentage of body width in the seven tadpoles averaged 39.4 ± 0.01 (range, 35.7–45.6). Transverse width of the upper jaw sheath as a percentage of the transverse width of the oral disc averaged 49.7 ± 0.01 (range, 44.5–55.6). A-2 gap is larger than the P-1 gap. Average percentage of the width of the A-2 gap compared to the total width of A-2 is 49.4 ± 0.04 (range, 37.1–60.5). Average percentage of the width of the P-1 gap compared to the total width of P-1 is 17.8 ± 0.04 (range, 8.3–33.6). P-2 and P-3 are nearly identical in length in 5 tadpoles in which both were normal and well-developed. In the smallest tadpole, P-3 was shorter than P-2 but may not have been fully developed. P-3 was deformed in one other tadpole; the ends of P-3 curved upward and fused with P-2.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950B1510C8AC9AA13915F872" blockId="75.[151,1437,242,2030]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950B1510C8AC9AA13C48F83B" box="[199,335,1935,1959]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Color in life</emphasis>
|
||
(based on tadpole observed in a small treehole, later transferred to open-air laboratory). Body dark gray, tail musculature lighter gray, fins opaque light gray. Eye black. First observed 3 March, tadpole nearing metamorphosis by 21 March and had developed small light yellow spots on dorsum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950C1517C8AC9DB63CA6FF6B" blockId="76.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950C1517C8AC9DB63CC3FF33" box="[199,452,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Color in preservative.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsum of body grayish brown. Venter opaque, intestinal coils dark grayish brown, some organs seen through venter light yellow. Tail musculature light yellow-brown. Back legs grayish brown. Fins translucent. Eyes black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950C1517C8AC9C2A3CF1FD8B" blockId="76.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950C1517C8AC9C2A3C8DFE80" bold="true" box="[199,394,259,284]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" reason="1">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950C1517C9FD9C2B3F90FE80" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1982" box="[406,663,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950C1517C9FD9C2B3F90FE80" box="[406,663,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Ranitomeya vanzolinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits biparental care and likely, as observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950C1517CC959C2B387BFE80" authorityName="Schulte" authorityYear="1986" box="[1278,1404,261,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imitator">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950C1517CC959C2B387BFE80" box="[1278,1404,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">R. imitator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a monogamous mating system (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950C1517C9839C093E31FEA3" author="Caldwell, J. & de Oliveira, V." box="[488,822,295,319]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="565 - 575" refId="ref75002" refString="Caldwell, J. & de Oliveira, V. (1999) Determinants of biparental care in the spotted poison frog, Dendrobates vanzolinii (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Copeia, 565 - 575." type="book chapter" year="1999">Caldwell & de Oliveira 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). After one to two embryos hatch, the male carries the tadpoles on its back and deposits each individually in a phytotelm. Paired males and females remain together in small territories. Males call sporadically each day, and, on average, the female mate responds to his calls every 4.8 days. The male guides the female to their tadpole, they undergo some courtship behavior, and the female deposits two (usually) unfertilized trophic eggs, which the tadpole immediately consumes. The tadpoles are continually fed until metamorphosis. For a more detailed discussion of these behaviors and their evolution see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950C1517CCDC9CF2386AFE68" author="Caldwell, J. P." box="[1207,1389,476,500]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="211" refId="ref75039" refString="Caldwell, J. P. (1997) Pair bonding in spotted poison frogs. Nature, 385, 211." type="journal article" year="1997">Caldwell (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950C1517C8FC9CD13CF6FD8B" author="Caldwell, J. & de Oliveira, V." box="[151,497,511,535]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="565 - 575" refId="ref75002" refString="Caldwell, J. & de Oliveira, V. (1999) Determinants of biparental care in the spotted poison frog, Dendrobates vanzolinii (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Copeia, 565 - 575." type="book chapter" year="1999">Caldwell & de Oliveira (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950C1517C8A59F0A3F76FC88" blockId="76.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||
In the Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá (REAJ) and Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor (PNSD) of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ED8D760E950C1517CD3B9F0A3890FDA0" box="[1360,1431,548,572]" name="Brazil" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, this species is frequently observed in primary forests during the rainy season, mainly in areas abundant in bamboo (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950C1517C8CB9F423C24FD18" box="[160,291,620,644]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Guadua" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950C1517C8CB9F423DFDFD18" box="[160,250,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Guadua</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), bromeliads, and other phytotelmata (i.e. tree holes;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950C1517CBEB9F42390DFD18" author="Souza, M. B." box="[896,1034,620,644]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" refId="ref78911" refString="Souza, M. B. (2009) Anfibios: Reserva Extrativista Alto Jurua e Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor. Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Natureza Universidade Federal do AcreCampus Universitario." type="book" year="2009">Souza 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adults frequently climb and jump on leaves, stems, and trunks of herbaceous vegetation up to 4 meters in height. In REAJ and PNSD this species uses bamboo internodes, the leaf axils of bromeliads, and other phytotelmata for tadpole deposition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950C1517CD6D9F9A3896FD50" author="Souza, M. B." box="[1286,1425,692,716]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" refId="ref78911" refString="Souza, M. B. (2009) Anfibios: Reserva Extrativista Alto Jurua e Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor. Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Natureza Universidade Federal do AcreCampus Universitario." type="book" year="2009">Souza 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In forests near Porto Walter, this species uses primarily cavities in small saplings and woody vines for tadpole deposition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950C1517C9719FD23F62FC88" author="Caldwell, J. & de Oliveira, V." box="[282,613,764,788]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="565 - 575" refId="ref75002" refString="Caldwell, J. & de Oliveira, V. (1999) Determinants of biparental care in the spotted poison frog, Dendrobates vanzolinii (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Copeia, 565 - 575." type="book chapter" year="1999">Caldwell & de Oliveira 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950C1517C8AC9E313F39FC5B" blockId="76.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950C1517C8AC9E313C6BFCA4" bold="true" box="[199,364,799,824]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" reason="1">Vocalizations.</emphasis>
|
||
Like other members of this species group, the call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950C1517CB849E0F3986FCA4" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1982" box="[1007,1153,800,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950C1517CB849E0F3986FCA4" box="[1007,1153,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">R. vanzolinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a loud trill (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B950C1517CD539E313897FCAB" box="[1336,1424,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="67.[151,244,1437,1458]" captionTargetBox="[155,1413,515,1411]" captionTargetId="figure-364@67.[151,1436,515,1421]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 28. Advertisement calls of Ranitomeya species in the vanzolinii group. A. Ranitomeya vanzolinii from Pongo de Mainique, Cuzco, Peru, recorded in captivity at 26° C; B. Ranitomeya sirensis from Ishanga near Tocache, San Martín, Peru, recorded at 25.5° C; C. Ranitomeya imitator from Varadero, Loreto, Peru, recorded at 23.5° C; D. Ranitomeya imitator from Cainarachi valley, San Martín, Peru, recorded at 22 C; E. Ranitomeya flavovittata from Rio Tahuayo, Loreto, Peru, recorded in captivity at 25° C; F. Ranitomeya yavaricola from Lago Preto, Loreto, Peru, recorded at 24° C (call courtesy Pedro Pérez-Peña)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5244301/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
). Vocalization of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950C1517C9239E6B3F44FCC0" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1982" box="[328,579,836,860]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950C1517C9239E6B3F44FCC0" box="[328,579,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Ranitomeya vanzolinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was studied at Porto Walter,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="575EF87C950C1517CBE79E6A3EC2FCC0" box="[908,965,836,860]" country="Brazil" name="Acre" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Acre</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ED8D760E950C1517CBBA9E6A391FFCC0" box="[977,1048,836,860]" name="Brazil" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, using two methods: recordings of males analyzed with Raven 1.3 (Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York), and timing of vocalizations recorded during focal observations of males engaged in distinct behaviors. Focal observations were also made of vocalizing frogs defending territories.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950C1517C8AC9EFA3E5EFB7B" blockId="76.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||
Vocalizations of 9 individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950C1517CA539EFB3FC1FC70" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1982" box="[568,710,980,1004]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950C1517CA539EFB3FC1FC70" box="[568,710,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">R. vanzolinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were recorded with a Sony WMD-6 tape recorder. Temperatures at the time of recording ranged from 24.0–27.2 C. The number of calls analyzed from these recordings per individual varied from 2 to 10 (mean 6.8 calls/individual); calls were averaged within each individual, then across individuals to obtain means for each call variable. The call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950C1517CA9D996F3E83FBC4" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1982" box="[758,900,1088,1112]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950C1517CA9D996F3E83FBC4" box="[758,900,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">R. vanzolinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a short trill audible from>
|
||
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|
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|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
Mean number of calls per minute and call duration varied depending on the individual’s behavior (see below;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950C1517CC99994A3C3BFB03" author="Caldwell, J. & de Oliveira, V." pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="565 - 575" refId="ref75002" refString="Caldwell, J. & de Oliveira, V. (1999) Determinants of biparental care in the spotted poison frog, Dendrobates vanzolinii (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Copeia, 565 - 575." type="book chapter" year="1999">Caldwell & de Oliveira, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mean number of pulses per call was 16.8 ± 1.7 (range, 8.6–23.8), and number of pulses per second was 31.3 ± 0.8 (range, 27.9–33.6). Dominant frequency ranged from 5162–5412 Hz (n = 7). Some calls revealed four harmonics; the lowest ranged from 2444–2745 Hz (n = 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950C1517C8AC99DA3DCFF8BB" blockId="76.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||
During focal observations of males engaging in three behaviors, time of vocalization (to the second) was recorded using a stopwatch. The number of calls per minute as a measure of call rate was obtained during the following behaviors: 1) calling when no female was present; 2) calling when guiding a female to a tadpole rearing chamber; and 3) calling when inside a tadpole rearing chamber with a female. At times when calling from inside a tadpole rearing chamber (i.e., tiny vinehole or treehole), the calls given were much shorter and had only a few pulses, giving the call a drawn-out “creeking” sound. When calling alone, males vocalized at a rate of 3.41 ± 0.25 calls per minute (range, 0–11; n = 6). When calling while guiding a female, males called at a rate of 8.05 ± 0.32 (range, 0–17; n = 8), and when calling while inside a rearing chamber with a female, males vocalized at a rate of 3.13 ± 0.23 (range, 0–16; n = 7). Thus, males called more intensely when guiding a female to a rearing chamber than when calling alone (Mann-Whitney U-test, p <0.001), or when they were undergoing courtship behavior with a female inside a cavity (Mann-Whitney U-test, p <0.001). Call rate did not differ when males were alone compared to being in a rearing chamber with a female (Mann-Whitney U-test, p = 0.11). Call duration also varied depending on the male’s behavior. When alone, call duration averaged 0.721 ± 0.08 sec (range,
|
||
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<geoCoordinate id="F0AE5059950C1517CD719B8A386EF920" box="[1306,1385,1700,1724]" degrees="0.799" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" precision="55" value="-0.799">–0.799</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; n = 2), when guiding a female 0.378 ± 0.12 (range,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F0AE5059950C1517CAC59BE63FE9F97C" box="[686,750,1736,1760]" degrees="0.256" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" precision="55" value="0.256">0.256</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="F0AE5059950C1517CA849BE63E39F97C" box="[751,830,1736,1760]" degrees="0.500" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" precision="55" value="-0.5">–0.500</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; n = 2), and when in a tadpole rearing chamber with a female 0.566 ± 0.09 (range,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F0AE5059950C1517C9BD9BC23F12F898" box="[470,533,1772,1796]" degrees="0.291" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" precision="55" value="0.291">0.291</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="F0AE5059950C1517CA7E9BC23F62F898" box="[533,613,1772,1796]" degrees="0.844" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" precision="55" value="-0.844">–0.844</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; n = 5). Thus, when guiding a female, shorter calls were given at a faster rate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950C1517C8AC9A1A3F9EF840" blockId="76.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||
Territories were maintained using vocal bouts in which two resident males in adjacent territories established posts about
|
||
<quantity id="52629B7B950C1517C9709A763C41F8F3" box="[283,326,1880,1904]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
apart and alternated calls (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F10B4B6F950C1517CA049A763ED7F8EC" author="Caldwell, J. & de Oliveira, V." box="[623,976,1880,1904]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="565 - 575" refId="ref75002" refString="Caldwell, J. & de Oliveira, V. (1999) Determinants of biparental care in the spotted poison frog, Dendrobates vanzolinii (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Copeia, 565 - 575." type="book chapter" year="1999">Caldwell and de Oliveira, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In one such encounter in which the timing of vocalizations was recorded for 5 minutes, the bout (defined as number of sequential call given by a male before the other male called was 1.23 ± 0.63 calls (range, 1–5 calls). Calls were alternated between the two frogs 74 times during the 5-minute observation period.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DD806515950D1516C8AC9DB93960FE30" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="9525369E950D1516C8AC9DB93960FE30" blockId="77.[151,1436,151,428]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950D1516C8AC9DB93C67FF2C" bold="true" box="[199,352,151,176]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" reason="1">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950D1516C90C9DB63F64FF2C" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1982" box="[359,611,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950D1516C90C9DB63F64FF2C" box="[359,611,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Ranitomeya vanzolinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a widespread species occurring from premontane cloud forest (approximately
|
||
<quantity id="52629B7B950D1516C89F9D923C4CFF4F" box="[244,331,188,212]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation) in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ED8D760E950D1516CA3F9D923F8DFF4F" box="[596,650,188,211]" name="Peru" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, eastward to lowland rainforests in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ED8D760E950D1516CC4F9D92396BFF48" box="[1060,1132,188,212]" name="Brazil" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
. This species is frequently observed on the east versant of Cordillera El Sira (where it has been subjected to frequent collection from smugglers for the pet trade) and in western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ED8D760E950D1516CA2B9C2A3F82FE80" box="[576,645,260,284]" name="Brazil" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the vicinity of Porto Walter,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="575EF87C950D1516CB8D9C2A395CFE87" box="[998,1115,260,284]" country="Brazil" name="Acre" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Acre state</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The distribution of this species appears to overlap with other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950D1516CA9F9C063E65FEDC" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1982" box="[756,866,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950D1516CA9F9C063E65FEDC" box="[756,866,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">vanzolinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950D1516CB9C9C073968FEA3" box="[1015,1135,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sirensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950D1516CB9C9C073968FEA3" box="[1015,1135,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">R. sirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the south of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ED8D760E950D1516CD5F9C063860FEA3" box="[1332,1383,296,319]" name="Peru" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
and possibly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950D1516C8959C633CACFEF8" box="[254,427,333,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanovittata">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950D1516C8959C633CACFEF8" box="[254,427,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">R. cyanovittata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in far eastern central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ED8D760E950D1516CAC49C623FE1FEFF" box="[687,742,332,355]" name="Peru" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
. However to date, there are no localities where two species within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="529A4D1D950D1516C9799C5E3C87FE14" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1982" box="[274,384,368,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ranitomeya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="A7EEEA8C950D1516C9799C5E3C87FE14" box="[274,384,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">vanzolinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group have been registered. This species occurs in Amazonian rainforests of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ED8D760E950D1516CC909C413847FE1B" box="[1275,1344,367,391]" name="Brazil" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(States:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="575EF87C950D1516C8FC9CBA3DCAFE30" box="[151,205,404,428]" country="Brazil" name="Acre" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Acre</collectingRegion>
|
||
and possibly Amazonas) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ED8D760E950D1516CA759CBA3F56FE37" box="[542,593,404,427]" name="Peru" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Departments:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="575EF87C950D1516CB6B9CBA3E4EFE30" box="[768,841,404,428]" country="Peru" name="Cusco" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Cusco</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="575EF87C950D1516CB3F9CBA3E9FFE37" box="[852,920,404,427]" country="Peru" name="Pasco" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Pasco</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="575EF87C950D1516CBC89CBA3EF9FE30" box="[931,1022,404,428]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
|
||
),
|
||
<figureCitation id="0DA12A1B950D1516CC7A9CBA3963FE30" box="[1041,1124,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="70.[151,244,921,942]" captionTargetBox="[341,1267,160,903]" captionTargetId="figure-508@70.[315,1279,155,906]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 31. Known distribution of Ranitomeya sirensis and R. vanzolinii. The inset map displays the geographic extent of distributions (black circles = all other Ranitomeya)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5244313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5244313/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |