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<document id="A1354A11D1F057FEC74E9DFB4D754BCA" ID-CLB-Dataset="305627" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.10" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0bebb184-403d-416b-8cab-3d986ebe7885" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-ZooBank="06A4E13C-94D3-445B-BB05-9A362352DCC6" checkinTime="1447226046388" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Fernandes, Itanna O., Souza, Jorge L. P., C, Fernando Fernández, Delabie, Jacques H. C. &amp; Schultz, Ted R." docDate="2015" docId="1B34382C5F2CFFD914CED950D1D06B25" docLanguage="en" docName="28898.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3956 (2)" docTitle="Simopelta anomma Fernandes, Souza, C, Delabie &amp; Schultz, 2015, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="299" masterDocId="E70D40545F2EFFDD1459D876D06E6F7D" masterDocTitle="A new species of Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) from Brazil and Costa Rica" masterLastPageNumber="300" masterPageNumber="295" pageNumber="297" updateTime="1732856954840" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="01EE992BAFF1881EE1C4DCFAE1739090" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="AE71A5E3A91348930F5E3073317CF900">
<mods:title id="DC88DDBA6CBF0E8E07D7BE76DF0E137B">A new species of Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) from Brazil and Costa Rica</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="50185CAD1F3290813C4EEED3A18AEEDC" type="personal">
<mods:role id="04F58CE3ED440FDD611EB23415655389">
<mods:roleTerm id="3B88EDE4869E0872B7E5723DE200606C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="870681198958C13AB17DFB18AF44AB42">Fernandes, Itanna O.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="E01288AD88491BB8E8039212A668B8FA" type="personal">
<mods:role id="6B1F1D037B92C83AA13C783D8386C024">
<mods:roleTerm id="95D99C6B1911B69F01E84B398FD82CA1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="6B761FBDC8D23476DAD3119036C9491A">Souza, Jorge L. P.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="83B5EE03A7BAAA9380C043554A36C7EA" type="personal">
<mods:role id="BCDD605F50E355777075CAE37483A284">
<mods:roleTerm id="051CC6D6F485A5199878CCF5C966EB82">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D404A5AB994A29FB02650276E085BCDD">C, Fernando Fernández</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="990C126C437216983DCC91B567576108" type="personal">
<mods:role id="504F0EF1233465895F0D9FF1A1D632E9">
<mods:roleTerm id="A2FD7FD4DA1FA5FE9CA64752E3F875E5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="7523C3315D8D495E95D838D4A7FD947F">Delabie, Jacques H. C.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="86D1FBBAFA4F0E3315B414B4880DC942" type="personal">
<mods:role id="DABADB618436CDADB5D06F5C0BA932E8">
<mods:roleTerm id="E8CF182CCA1482641C4F8BEDEBEDBA0C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="3F81BCF4FD61D82DB0FF10D72BB9FBC9">Schultz, Ted R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="1A9D371BDA9DF61B8D9C5E26231DA20F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="A2F3598E06127D061D99B87067B72FAA" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="FE3F8C883EA7E63559F42E8A4DD84B23">
<mods:title id="12FC08F3BEC48705CDE6FB7298A3010F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="E81C4D6961977FA39992291AD1704B6E">
<mods:date id="D4DAF21EE92EC43377EE63F6A9316922">2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="4904A041102F41066586427EB89F35B8" type="volume">
<mods:number id="D28D3899E830D3AFE5EDBF0DEE68BEF2">3956</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="293D246D63EF74180DE345C5FCB3CADA" type="issue">
<mods:number id="75C26301D2E871EC688A835E219FDE49">2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="BD91252682171BF3863E1519B8A19934" unit="page">
<mods:start id="5943AFC0ABDC803983D3552E1CE1EB13">295</mods:start>
<mods:end id="9F65CD305F4B351D2166C26A86FCB747">300</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="79ED4CFE0D5D449D0FF6ECEABABEFE58">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="70CAF048F8DF6479F569650E8BD28655" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.10</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D02DA8BFDBFD9F0F46CBE51E7A6D49CE" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F59F3F3EB4C771FF80D5D14AEB69AA1D" type="ZooBank">06A4E13C-94D3-445B-BB05-9A362352DCC6</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="1B34382C5F2CFFD914CED950D1D06B25" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6093404" ID-GBIF-Taxon="114926102" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6093404" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1B34382C5F2CFFD914CED950D1D06B25" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1B34382C5F2CFFD914CED950D1D06B25" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="299" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" scope_family="Formicidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_subFamily="Ponerinae">
<subSubSection id="DB87DAB15F2CFFDF14CED950D18B6E3D" box="[151,485,294,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="9322893A5F2CFFDF14CED950D18B6E3D" box="[151,485,294,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<heading id="C86A3E565F2CFFDF14CED950D18B6E3D" bold="true" box="[151,485,294,320]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" reason="1">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF14CED950D18B6E3D" bold="true" box="[151,485,294,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2CFFDF14CED950D1EE6E3D" box="[151,384,294,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF14CED950D1EE6E3D" bold="true" box="[151,384,294,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Simopelta anomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BADAE8535F2CFFDF15DED950D18B6E3D" box="[391,485,294,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DB87DAB15F2CFFDF14CED93FD1406E1C" box="[151,302,329,353]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="description">
<paragraph id="9322893A5F2CFFDF14CED93FD1406E1C" box="[151,302,329,353]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
(
<figureCitation id="0BA695BF5F2CFFDF14C6D93FD14B6E1C" box="[159,293,329,353]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="3.[151,263,1954,1975]" captionTargetBox="[343,1242,206,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[325,1261,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Holotype of Simopelta anomma sp. nov.. in full – face, lateral, and dorsal view." pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
Figures
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF14A2D93FD14B6E1C" box="[251,293,329,353]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3</number>
</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DB87DAB15F2CFFDF14CED9E4D5246D20" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="9322893A5F2CFFDF14CED9E4D4176E8C" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<materialsCitation id="23F583675F2CFFDF14CED9E4D5F36EB0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1227780299" collectingDate="2014-01-19" collectionCode="INPA" collectorName="A. H. C. Oliveira" country="Brazil" latitude="-9.138333" location="Rio Madeira (modulo da Ilha do Bufalo" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-64.48944" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" specimenCode="USNMENT 00923312" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-worker="1" stateProvince="Rondonia" typeStatus="type">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF14CED9E4D12C6ED4" bold="true" box="[151,322,401,425]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<typeStatus id="4C2637985F2CFFDF14CED9E4D0BF6ED4" box="[151,209,402,425]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Type</typeStatus>
material
</emphasis>
.
<typeStatus id="4C2637985F2CFFDF150DD9E7D1D26ED4" box="[340,444,401,425]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="859B42B35F2CFFDF159ED9E7D2756ED4" box="[455,539,401,425]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="worker">worker</specimenCount>
:
<collectingCountry id="EB8AC9AA5F2CFFDF1670D9E7D2FF6ED4" box="[553,657,401,425]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="Brazil">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="515947D85F2CFFDF16F9D9E7D37E6ED4" box="[672,784,401,425]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Rondônia</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="9642DFE15F2CFFDF1779D9E7D4976ED4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1B34382C5F2CFFD914CED950D1D06B25:9642DFE15F2CFFDF1779D9E7D4976ED4" box="[800,1273,401,425]" country="Brazil" latitude="-9.138333" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-64.48944" name="Rio Madeira (modulo da Ilha do Bufalo" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" stateProvince="Rondonia">Rio Madeira (módulo da Ilha do Búfalo</location>
),
<geoCoordinate id="F6A9EFFD5F2CFFDF1148D9E7D5F96ED4" box="[1297,1431,401,425]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" precision="15" value="-9.138333">
09°08’
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF1106D9E7D5156ED4" box="[1375,1403,401,425]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="18.0">18</number>
”S
</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="F6A9EFFD5F2CFFDF14CED9C3D1486EB0" box="[151,294,437,461]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" precision="15" value="-64.48944">
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF14CED9C3D0DA6EB0" box="[151,180,437,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="64.0">64</number>
°
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF14E4D9C3D0B56EB0" box="[189,219,437,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="29.0">29</number>
’
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF1486D9C3D0936EB0" box="[223,253,437,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="22.0">22</number>
”W
</geoCoordinate>
, km
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF1539D9C0D11E6EB0" box="[352,368,438,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2.0">2</number>
, subparcela 200,
<date id="E723AFFA5F2CFFDF1663D9C3D2CB6EB0" box="[570,677,437,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2014-01-19">
<collectingDate id="F76756125F2CFFDF1663D9C3D2CB6EB0" box="[570,677,437,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2014-01-19">
19.i.
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF163DD9C3D2CB6EB0" box="[612,677,437,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2014.0">2014</number>
</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="3E68ECEC5F2CFFDF16BFD9C0D3DE6EB0" box="[742,944,437,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">A. H. C. Oliveira</collectorName>
, pin labeled
<specimenCode id="C33B21415F2CFFDF101DD9C0D5556EB0" box="[1092,1339,438,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">USNMENT00923312</specimenCode>
(
<collectionCode id="F58C11FF5F2CFFDF1115D9C3D5FF6EB0" box="[1356,1425,437,461]" collectionName="Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazoonia, Colecao Sistematica da Entomologia" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">INPA</collectionCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="23F583675F2CFFDF14CED9AFD41B6E8C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1227780296" box="[151,1141,473,497]" collectingDate="2014-01-19" collectionCode="MZSP" collectorName="A. H. C. Oliveira" country="Brazil" latitude="-9.138333" location="One" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-64.48944" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" specimenCode="USNMENT 00923313" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Rondonia" typeStatus="paratype">
<location id="9642DFE15F2CFFDF14CED9AFD0AB6E8C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1B34382C5F2CFFD914CED950D1D06B25:9642DFE15F2CFFDF14CED9AFD0AB6E8C" box="[151,197,473,497]" country="Brazil" name="One" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" stateProvince="Rondonia">One</location>
<typeStatus id="4C2637985F2CFFDF1494D9ACD15F6E8C" box="[205,305,474,497]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">paratype</typeStatus>
: same data as the
<typeStatus id="4C2637985F2CFFDF15A3D9AFD2306E8C" box="[506,606,473,497]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">holotype</typeStatus>
, but pin labeled
<specimenCode id="C33B21415F2CFFDF174ED9AFD4616E8C" box="[791,1039,473,497]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">USNMENT00923313</specimenCode>
(
<collectionCode id="F58C11FF5F2CFFDF1047D9AFD4036E8C" box="[1054,1133,473,497]" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">MZSP</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9322893A5F2CFFDF149ED98BD5246D20" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<materialsCitation id="23F583675F2CFFDF149ED98BD5286D20" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1227780297" collectingDate="2006-07-26" collectionCode="INBio" collectorName="M. Marcos &amp; H. Gilberth &amp; C. Felix" country="Costa Rica" elevation="160" latitude="10.409721" location="La Selva Biological Station" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-84.03917" municipality="Cordillera Volcanica Central" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" specimenCode="INB 0003695155, AMI - 2 - W - 088 - 08" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-worker="1">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF149ED98BD1D06D68" bold="true" box="[199,446,509,533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Additional material.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="EB8AC9AA5F2CFFDF1593D988D21A6D68" box="[458,628,510,533]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="Costa Rica">COSTA RICA</collectingCountry>
,
<specimenCount id="859B42B35F2CFFDF16DDD988D2816D68" box="[644,751,509,533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="worker">
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF16DDD988D2FC6D68" box="[644,658,510,533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="1.0">1</number>
worker
</specimenCount>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="734613405F2CFFDF16A7D98BD4246D68" box="[766,1098,509,533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Cordillera Volcanica Central</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="9642DFE15F2CFFDF1003D988D5F26D68" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1B34382C5F2CFFD914CED950D1D06B25:9642DFE15F2CFFDF1003D988D5F26D68" box="[1114,1436,509,533]" country="Costa Rica" latitude="10.409721" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-84.03917" municipality="Cordillera Volcanica Central" name="La Selva Biological Station" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">La Selva Biological Station</location>
(Conservation International's TEAM Project),
<geoCoordinate id="F6A9EFFD5F2CFFDF16F5DA57D3596D44" box="[684,823,545,569]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" precision="15" value="10.409721">
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF16F5DA57D2A66D44" box="[684,712,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="10.0">10</number>
°
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF168BDA57D29F6D44" box="[722,753,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="24.0">24</number>
’
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF16AFDA57D37D6D44" box="[758,787,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="35.0">35</number>
”N
</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="F6A9EFFD5F2CFFDF171EDA57D3B86D44" box="[839,982,545,569]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" precision="15" value="-84.03917">
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF171EDA57D30A6D44" box="[839,868,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="84.0">84</number>
°02’
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF17C9DA57D3C26D44" box="[912,940,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="21.0">21</number>
”W
</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="546524DF5F2CFFDF17BCDA57D4416D44" box="[997,1071,545,569]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" unit="m" value="160.0">
<elevation id="18B06E095F2CFFDF17BCDA57D4416D44" box="[997,1071,545,569]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" unit="m" value="160.0">160 m</elevation>
</quantity>
elevation,
<date id="E723AFFA5F2CFFDF10E8DA57D55D6D44" box="[1201,1331,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2006-07-26">
<collectingDate id="F76756125F2CFFDF10E8DA57D55D6D44" box="[1201,1331,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2006-07-26">
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF10E8DA57D4A16D44" box="[1201,1231,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="26.0">26</number>
.vii.
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF10AFDA57D55D6D44" box="[1270,1331,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2006.0">2006</number>
</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<location id="9642DFE15F2CFFDF111BDA57D5F26D44" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1B34382C5F2CFFD914CED950D1D06B25:9642DFE15F2CFFDF111BDA57D5F26D44" box="[1346,1436,545,569]" country="Costa Rica" latitude="10.409721" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-84.03917" municipality="Cordillera Volcanica Central" name="Winkler" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Winkler</location>
sample, pin labeled
<specimenCode id="C33B21415F2CFFDF152EDA30D2586D20" box="[375,566,582,605]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">INB0003695155</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="C33B21415F2CFFDF1618DA30D34F6D20" box="[577,801,582,605]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
AMI–
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF16D1DA30D2FB6D20" box="[648,661,582,605]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2.0">2</number>
–W–088–08
</specimenCode>
, leg.
<collectorName id="3E68ECEC5F2CFFDF1705DA30D3B46D20" box="[860,986,582,605]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">M. Marcos</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="3E68ECEC5F2CFFDF17BCDA30D48D6D20" box="[997,1251,581,605]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">H. Gilberth &amp; C. Felix</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="F58C11FF5F2CFFDF10ABDA33D5506D20" box="[1266,1342,581,605]" collectionName="Costa Rica, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio)" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">INBio</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DB87DAB15F2CFFDF149EDA1FD3916DD8" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="9322893A5F2CFFDF149EDA1FD3916DD8" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF149EDA1FD1546DFF" bold="true" box="[199,314,617,642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Diagnosis</emphasis>
(worker). Eyes absent; antennal club
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF16BCDA1FD29E6DFF" box="[741,752,617,642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="3.0">3</number>
–segmented; midtibiae covered by short, golden, stout setae; arolia reduced and translucent; ventral petiolar process rounded; body yellow.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DB87DAB15F2CFFDF149EDAC4D4F66AE7" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="description">
<paragraph id="9322893A5F2CFFDF149EDAC4D4F06D90" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF149EDAC4D1846DB4" bold="true" box="[199,490,690,713]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Measurements, workers</emphasis>
(n=
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF1646DAC7D2436DB7" box="[543,557,689,714]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2.0">2</number>
): HL:
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF1625DAC4D3626DB4" box="[636,780,690,713]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="0.472" valueMax="0.48" valueMin="0.464">0.464–0.480</number>
; HW: 0.400–
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF17F3DAC4D3846DB4" box="[938,1002,690,713]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="0.416">0.416</number>
; SL:
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF1075DAC4D4D56DB4" box="[1068,1211,690,713]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="0.304" valueMax="0.32" valueMin="0.288">0.288–0.320</number>
; WL:
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF1151DAC4D5F66DB4" box="[1288,1432,690,713]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="0.696" valueMax="0.72" valueMin="0.672">0.672–0.720</number>
; PW:
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF1497DAA0D1306D90" box="[206,350,726,749]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="0.276" valueMax="0.288" valueMin="0.264">0.264–0.288</number>
; NH:
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF15F8DAA0D25E6D90" box="[417,560,726,749]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="0.18" valueMax="0.192" valueMin="0.168">0.168–0.192</number>
; NL:
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF1629DAA0D2916D90" box="[624,767,726,749]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="0.18" valueMax="0.192" valueMin="0.168">0.168–0.192</number>
; GL:
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF1767DAA0D3A06D90" box="[830,974,726,749]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="0.9119999999999999" valueMax="0.984" valueMin="0.84">0.840–0.984</number>
; TL:
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF1053DAA0D4F46D90" box="[1034,1178,726,749]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2.26" valueMax="2.36" valueMin="2.16">2.160–2.360</number>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9322893A5F2CFFDF149EDA8FD1C76BE0" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF149EDA8FD1376C6F" bold="true" box="[199,345,761,786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Description.</emphasis>
Head rectangular, sides almost straight and parallel with one another, occipital corners rounded. Mandibles subtriangular with acute basal tooth, two closely spaced apical teeth, and no teeth or denticles between basal and apical teeth; eyes absent; antennae with
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF1684DB34D2976C24" box="[733,761,834,857]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="12.0">12</number>
segments; antennal scapes not extending beyond posterior cephalic margin; antennae with distinct
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF163ADB13D2006C00" box="[611,622,869,893]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="3.0">3</number>
-segmented club; last funicular segment as long as the preceding three together; frontal lobes elevated by a narrow and deep furrow; clypeus triangular, elevated in the middle, with a sharp and almost cylindrical median spine. Pronotum as long as the propodeum; laterocervical plate inflated; promesonotal groove well marked. Metanotal groove deep dorsally and well marked laterally; katepisternum and anepisternum not separated by a suture. Propodeum in dorsal view subrectangular with posterior superior corners slightly rounded; in lateral view, propodeal spiracles round, large, almost reaching the dorsal surface. Petiole in lateral view as long as high, subquadrate, with subparallel anterior and posterior sides; ventral petiolar process rounded. Gaster with constriction between abdominal segment III and IV; coxae, femurs, and tibiae robust; arolia reduced and translucent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9322893A5F2CFFDF149EDCDFD3616B98" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Body predominantly yellow. Mandibles and legs smooth and shiny. Head and antennae finely punctulate and shiny. Mesosoma finely punctulate and shining laterally.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9322893A5F2CFFDF149EDC87D4F66AE7" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Body covered with fine, short, golden hairs, most abundant on the dorsal surface; middle area of clypeus and mandibles along the masticatory border with long, subdecumbent, golden hairs; sparse golden hairs on the coxae, trochanters, and femurs; pectinate spur present on the legs; tibiae on the forelegs and hindlegs covered by thick, short, golden hairs on the ventral surface; tibiae on the middle legs with abundant, golden, stout setae on all surfaces; tarsus covered by short, golden, stout setae, more abundant on the ventral surface.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DB87DAB15F2CFFDF149EDDD0D5506AC0" box="[199,1342,1445,1469]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="9322893A5F2CFFDF149EDDD0D5506AC0" box="[199,1342,1445,1469]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF149EDDD0D2556AC0" bold="true" box="[199,571,1445,1469]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Etymology of the species name.</emphasis>
Greek origin:
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF1686DDD0D3606AC0" box="[735,782,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">an=</emphasis>
without and
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF17C3DDD0D3B06AC0" box="[922,990,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">omma</emphasis>
=eyes, due the absence of eyes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DB87DAB15F2CFFDF149EDDBFD1DC6978" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="9322893A5F2CFFDF149EDDBFD1DC6978" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF149EDDBFD1376A9F" bold="true" box="[199,345,1481,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Distribution</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF1531DDBFD19F6A9F" bold="true" box="[360,497,1481,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Costa Rica,</emphasis>
La Selva Biological Station (Cordillera Volcanica Central);
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF10C2DDBFD48A6A9F" bold="true" box="[1179,1252,1481,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Brazil</emphasis>
(Rondônia, Ilha do Búfalo–Rio Madeira).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DB87DAB15F2CFFD9149EDE67D1D06B25" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="299" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="9322893A5F2CFFDF149EDE67D49669A0" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF149EDE67D1226957" bold="true" box="[199,332,1553,1578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Discussion.</emphasis>
The combination of eyes absent, yellow coloration, a distinct
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF1074DE67D4576957" box="[1069,1081,1553,1578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="3.0">3</number>
-segmented antennal club, and midtibia covered by short, golden, stout setae has so far never been documented in a species of
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2CFFDF10BEDE43D5396930" box="[1255,1367,1589,1613]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF10BEDE43D5396930" box="[1255,1367,1589,1613]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Simopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As a result, we modify Schmidt and Shattuck's (
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF16D7DE2FD2A6690F" box="[654,712,1625,1650]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2014.0">2014</number>
) generic diagnosis as follows: subtriangular mandibles; raised clypeal rostrum; eyes small or absent, when present often consisting of only a single enlarged ommatidium; metapleural gland orifice with a posterior U-shaped lip; usually an absence of stout traction setae on the middle and hind legs (present in
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2CFFDF15DBDEB0D19069A0" box="[386,510,1734,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF15DBDEB0D19069A0" box="[386,510,1734,1757]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">S. anomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and usually with prominent arolia (highly reduced in
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2CFFDF1032DEB0D48669A0" box="[1131,1256,1734,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF1032DEB0D48669A0" box="[1131,1256,1734,1757]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">S. anomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9322893A5F2CFFDF149EDE9FD2CB68A7" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
The form of the clypeus, mesosoma, petiole, and the gastral constriction in
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2CFFDF1054DE9CD4E7687F" box="[1037,1161,1770,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF1054DE9CD4E7687F" box="[1037,1161,1770,1794]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">S. anomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are similar to those in
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF11DEDE9CD1606858" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2CFFDF11DEDE9CD1646858" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">S. pergandei</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but eyes are present in the latter species.
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2CFFDF16B5DF7BD45C6858" authority="Brandao" authorityName="Brandao" box="[748,1074,1805,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF16B5DF7BD3D66858" box="[748,952,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Simopelta minima</emphasis>
(Brandão)
</taxonomicName>
is also similar to
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2CFFDF1159DF78D5106858" box="[1280,1406,1806,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF1159DF78D5106858" box="[1280,1406,1806,1829]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">S. anomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in total length (
<collectionCode id="F58C11FF5F2CFFDF157CDF47D1256837" box="[293,331,1841,1866]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">TL</collectionCode>
:
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF150FDF47D1A96837" box="[342,455,1841,1866]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2.24" valueMax="2.4" valueMin="2.08">2.08–2.40</number>
) and presence of the clypeal spine, but, again, differs by the presence of eyes, as well as in its
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF148CDF23D08C6810" box="[213,226,1877,1901]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="4.0">4</number>
-segmented antennal club; lack of short, golden, stout setae on the midtibia; triangular anteroventral petiolar process; finer sculpture; and darker color.
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2CFFDF16D4DF0FD30468EF" box="[653,874,1913,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF16D4DF0FD30468EF" box="[653,874,1913,1938]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Simopelta anomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is apparently a member of the
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2CFFDF10B0DF0CD55168EF" box="[1257,1343,1914,1938]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">curvata</emphasis>
species complex created by Mackay and Mackay (
<number id="25559B1D5F2CFFDF162EDFEBD2DF68C8" box="[631,689,1949,1973]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2008.0">2008</number>
) due to the presence of an elongate spine on the median border of the clypeus and the total length less than
<quantity id="546524DF5F2CFFDF163ADFB4D2CF68A7" box="[611,673,1986,2010]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" unit="mm" value="4.0">4mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C7E2D9B25F2DFFDE14CEDFD4D43768CA" box="[151,1113,1953,1975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" targetBox="[343,1242,206,1915]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="9322893A5F2DFFDE14CEDFD4D43768CA" box="[151,1113,1953,1975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2DFFDE14CEDFD4D15468CA" bold="true" box="[151,314,1954,1975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">FIGURES 1–3.</emphasis>
Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2DFFDE1599DFD7D2ED68CA" box="[448,643,1953,1975]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2DFFDE1599DFD7D2ED68CA" box="[448,643,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">Simopelta anomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2DFFDE16D0DFD4D2B468CA" bold="true" box="[649,730,1954,1975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BADAE8535F2DFFDE16D0DFD4D2B468CA" box="[649,730,1954,1975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
. in full–face, lateral, and dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9322893A5F2AFFD9149ED8E1D3276D65" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
The robust forecoxa, lack of eyes, and clubbed (
<number id="25559B1D5F2AFFD91759D8E1D3656FCD" box="[768,779,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="3.0">3</number>
-segmented) antennae of
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2AFFD9106DD8EED4DB6FCD" box="[1076,1205,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD9106DD8EED4DB6FCD" box="[1076,1205,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">S. anomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all suggest that the species is subterranean. Most cryptobiotic ponerines have at least moderately clubbed antennae, which may facilitate movement and prey detection in lightless conditions (Schmidt &amp; Shattuck
<number id="25559B1D5F2AFFD9101DD8A9D4EF6F85" box="[1092,1153,223,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="2014.0">2014</number>
). The legs are often short and stocky, and are sometimes armed with stout setae to facilitate traction in soil or wood (present in
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD914CED95ED2046E3D" box="[151,618,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2AFFD914CED95ED2086E3D" authority="Feroponera, Promyopias" authorityName="Feroponera, Promyopias" box="[151,614,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Centromyrmex, Feroponera, Promyopias</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and most
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2AFFD91685D95ED30E6E3D" box="[732,864,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD91685D95ED30E6E3D" box="[732,864,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Cryptopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species) (Schmidt &amp; Shattuck
<number id="25559B1D5F2AFFD910E3D951D4996E3D" box="[1210,1271,295,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="2014.0">2014</number>
). According to Schmidt and Shattuck (
<number id="25559B1D5F2AFFD915C3D93AD1B86E19" box="[410,470,332,356]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="2014.0">2014</number>
), cryptobiotic ponerines are typically small-bodied, extremely so in many
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2AFFD91148D93AD5FB6E19" box="[1297,1429,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD91148D93AD5FB6E19" box="[1297,1429,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Cryptopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD914CED919D1A46EF5" box="[151,458,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2AFFD914CED919D1476EF5" box="[151,297,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolioponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dolioponera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2AFFD9156ED906D1A86EF5" box="[311,454,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2AFFD91651D906D2346EF5" box="[520,602,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD91651D906D2346EF5" box="[520,602,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Ponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. The eyes are typically greatly reduced in size or even entirely absent (including in
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD915DFD9E2D2646ED1" box="[390,522,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Boloponera</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2AFFD91642D9E2D2AF6ED1" box="[539,705,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD91642D9E2D2AF6ED1" box="[539,705,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2AFFD9168BD9E2D4E06ED1" authority="Feroponera, Promyopias" authorityName="Feroponera, Promyopias" box="[722,1166,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolioponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD9168BD9E2D30F6ED1" box="[722,865,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Dolioponera</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD9172BD9E3D3996ED1" box="[882,1015,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Feroponera</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD91051D9E3D4E06ED1" box="[1032,1166,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and some
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2AFFD91141D9E2D5F26ED1" box="[1304,1436,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD91141D9E2D5F26ED1" box="[1304,1436,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Cryptopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2AFFD91495D9CED1396EAD" box="[204,343,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD91495D9CED1396EAD" box="[204,343,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Hypoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species). Although these characteristics strongly suggest that
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2AFFD91063D9CED4D26EAD" box="[1082,1212,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD91063D9CED4D26EAD" box="[1082,1212,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">S. anomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be mostly or entirely subterranean, the fact that the three known specimens were collected by Winkler leaf-litter sifting suggests that it may occasionally forage above ground in the leaf litter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9322893A5F2AFFD9149EDA52D3A86D8D" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
The area where the workers were sampled in Rondônia (Ilha do Búfalo, Rio Madeira, km
<number id="25559B1D5F2AFFD910ECDA52D4AF6D41" box="[1205,1217,548,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="2.0">2</number>
–subparcela
<number id="25559B1D5F2AFFD91109DA52D5156D41" box="[1360,1403,548,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="200.0">200</number>
) is part of a conservation monitoring project supported by the Santo Antônio Energia Hydroelectric Plant. At the time when the ants were collected, the water level of the Madeira River had risen
<quantity id="546524DF5F2AFFD917B7DA1AD4486DF9" box="[1006,1062,620,644]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" unit="m" value="19.0">19 m</quantity>
above the maximum limit for the first time in four years of monitoring. Due to the elevation of the river water, the groundwater was also climbing, perhaps forcing normally subterranean species to the surface (Fernandes
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD9179EDAC3D46E6DB1" box="[967,1024,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">et al.</emphasis>
in press). Following the elevation of the river water no additional specimens of
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2AFFD9162CDAAED29C6D8D" box="[629,754,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD9162CDAAED29C6D8D" box="[629,754,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">S. anomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were encountered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9322893A5F2AFFD9149EDA8AD1D06B25" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
Virtually nothing is known about the life histories, population structures, or reproductive biologies of most rare ant species (Brandão
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD915DCDB57D1D06C45" box="[389,446,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">et al.</emphasis>
<number id="25559B1D5F2AFFD9159ADB69D1916C45" box="[451,511,799,824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="2008.0">2008</number>
). Rare species may have low population densities at the localities in which they are collected for a variety of reasons. They may be rare immigrants from a nearby source locality in which they are more populous, e.g., rare epigaeic foragers of a mostly subterranean species; they may be temporarily rare due to fluctuations in population size; or they may represent remnants of a declining population or the first individuals of an increasing population (Longino &amp; Colwell
<number id="25559B1D5F2AFFD916FEDBD9D28C6CB5" box="[679,738,943,968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="1997.0">1997</number>
). The rarity of this species and
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2AFFD91015DBC6D4D56CB5" box="[1100,1211,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jeckylli">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD91015DBC6D4D56CB5" box="[1100,1211,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">S. jeckylli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(reported below) is perhaps explained by inadequate sampling of their microhabitat. Winkler extraction or other common sampling techniques (see Bestelmeyer
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD915B3DB8FD2496B6D" box="[490,551,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">et al.</emphasis>
<number id="25559B1D5F2AFFD91668DB81D2056B6D" box="[561,619,1015,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="2000.0">2000</number>
) may be inadequate for sampling some cryptobiotic ant assemblages, including subterranean species. The discovery of the
<taxonomicName id="549DF2B95F2AFFD916B6DC6AD3036B49" box="[751,877,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
<emphasis id="A1E955285F2AFFD916B6DC6AD3036B49" box="[751,877,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">S. anomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
emphasizes the need for increased exploration of subterranean ant diversity.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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