235 lines
28 KiB
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235 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.449.6813" ID-PMC="PMC4233396" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-449-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="6920FF8C5744C128FF87527A336C6949" ID-PubMed="25408612" ID-Zenodo-Dep="578570" ID-ZooBank="75DDC58463EB4BF1BBF908C1D2954CAC" ModsDocID="1313-2970-449-1" checkinTime="1451245204622" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Gondim, Anne Isabelley, Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey & Pereira Dias, Thelma Lucia" docDate="2014" docId="196581720EBB6CD5EC4E56798F7B101D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 449: 1-56" docOrigin="ZooKeys 449" docPubDate="2014-10-22" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.449.6813" docTitle="Astropecten articulatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="6920FF8C5744C128FF87527A336C6949" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="6920FF8C5744C128FF87527A336C6949" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea)" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1668159529239" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gondim, Anne Isabelley</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Biologicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia, Laboratorio de Invertebrados Marinhos Paulo Young, Bairro Cidade Universitaria s / n, CEP. 58059 - 900, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">anneisabelley@yahoo.com.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Biologicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia, Laboratorio de Invertebrados Marinhos Paulo Young, Bairro Cidade Universitaria s / n, CEP. 58059 - 900, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Pereira Dias, Thelma Lucia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, CCBS, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratorio de Biologia Marinha, Campus I, Rua Baraunas, 351, Bairro Universitario, CEP 58429 - 500, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2014-10-22</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>449</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>56</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.449.6813</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.449.6813</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-449-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">75DDC58463EB4BF1BBF908C1D2954CAC</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">6920FF8C5744C128FF87527A336C6949</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">578570</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152056078" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:196581720EBB6CD5EC4E56798F7B101D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/196581720EBB6CD5EC4E56798F7B101D" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName LSID="19658172-0EBB-6CD5-EC4E-56798F7B101D" authority="(Say, 1825)" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten articulatus" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="articulatus">Astropecten articulatus (Say, 1825)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Asterias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asterias articulata" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="articulata">Asterias articulata</taxonomicName>
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Say, 1825: 144.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten dubius" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dubius">Astropecten dubius</taxonomicName>
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Gray, 1840: 182.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Asterias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asterias aranciaca" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="aranciaca">Asterias aranciaca</taxonomicName>
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Gould, 1841: 349 (non
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<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Asterias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asterias aranciaca" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="aranciaca">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Asterias aranciaca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Linnaeus, 1758).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten articulates" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="articulates">Astropecten articulates</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
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& Troschel, 1842: 72.
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<bibRefCitation author="Tommasi, LR" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Instituto de Biologia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 61" refId="B134" refString="Tommasi, LR, 1970. Lista de asteroides recentes do Brasil. In: Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo.: 1 - 61" title="Lista de asteroides recentes do Brasil." volumeTitle="Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo." year="1970">Tommasi 1970</bibRefCitation>
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: 6, fig. 17.
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<bibRefCitation author="Tommasi, LR" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Instituto de Biologia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B136" refString="Tommasi, LR, Castro,, SM, Sousa, EC, 1988. Echinodermata coletados durante as campanhas oceanograficas do N/Oc. "Almirante Saldanha" no Atlantico Sul Ocidental. In: Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo.: 1 - 11" title="Echinodermata coletados durante as campanhas oceanograficas do N / Oc. " Almirante Saldanha " no Atlantico Sul Ocidental." volumeTitle="Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo." year="1988">Tommasi et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
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: 5.
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<bibRefCitation author="Manso, CLC" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Biologia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="355 - 359" refId="B87" refString="Manso, CLC, 1989. Os Echinodermata da plataforma continental interna entre Cabo Frio e Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 49: 355 - 359" title="Os Echinodermata da plataforma continental interna entre Cabo Frio e Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil." volume="49" year="1989">Manso 1989</bibRefCitation>
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: 357.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten buschi" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="buschi">Astropecten buschi</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
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& Troschel, 1843 (a variety of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten articulatus" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="articulatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Astropecten articulatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Say, 1825) according to
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<bibRefCitation author="Doederlein, L" journalOrPublisher="Sibog-Exped" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 190" refId="B38" refString="Doederlein, L, 1917. Die Asteriden der Siboga-Expedition. I. Die Gattung Astropecten und ihre Stammesgeschichte. Sibog-Exped 46a: 1 - 190" title="Die Asteriden der Siboga-Expedition. I. Die Gattung Astropecten und ihre Stammesgeschichte." volume="46 a" year="1917">Doderlein (1917)</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten articulatus subsp. dubius" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="articulatus" subSpecies="dubius">Astropecten articulatus dubius</taxonomicName>
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Verrill, 1915: 165.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten articulatus subsp. var. var. valenciennesi" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="variety" species="articulatus" subSpecies="var." variety="valenciennesi">Astropecten articulatus var. valenciennesi</taxonomicName>
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A.H.Clark, 1939: 442.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten articulatus subsp. duplicatus" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="articulatus" subSpecies="duplicatus">Astropecten articulatus duplicatus</taxonomicName>
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Zoppi de Roa, 1967: 277, fig. 6. (non
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<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten duplicatus" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="duplicatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Astropecten duplicatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Gray, 1840).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Caraguatatuba,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo, 1 spec., MZUSP484, 16.X.2001, 19m.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Florida (
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<bibRefCitation author="Clark, AM" journalOrPublisher="Chapman & Hall, London, UK" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="B33" refString="Clark, AM, Downey, ME, 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3. Chapman & Hall, London, UK" title="Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3." year="1992">Clark and Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Body pentagonal, flattened dorso-ventrally. Five long and narrow arms (length of arm corresponds to approximately four times its width), which become gradually narrow towards tips. Abactinal surface with paxillae. Paxillae disposed regularly, carenals smaller than adradials. 1-6 short, thick and blunt paxillar spines in center, 10-16 in margins. Supermarginal figs granulose, with a large spine (~1.54 mm) positioned internally on the interbrachial figs. Some distal supermarginal figs have a short spine positioned more externally. Inferomarginal figs with two elongate, flattened and pointed marginal spines, positioned horizontally. Small oral spine. Three adambulacral spines divergent, the median one being the largest.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Colour.</emphasis>
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Dorsally dark blue or purple in paxillar region. Superomarginal figs white or orange. Oral surface white of beige (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hendler, G" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B55" refString="Hendler, G, Miller, JE, Pawson, DL, Kier, PM, 1995. Sea stars, sea urchins and allies: echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington" title="Sea stars, sea urchins and allies: echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean." year="1995">Hendler et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Benavides-Serrato, M" journalOrPublisher="Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar, 22. Santa Marta" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="B12" refString="Benavides-Serrato, M, Borrero-Perez, GH, Dias Sanchez, CM, 2011. Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano I: Crinoidea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar, 22. Santa Marta" title="Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano I: Crinoidea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea." year="2011">Benavides-Serrato et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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North Carolina, Florida, the Bahamas, Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, and Uruguay (
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<bibRefCitation author="Tommasi, LR" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Instituto de Biologia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 61" refId="B134" refString="Tommasi, LR, 1970. Lista de asteroides recentes do Brasil. In: Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo.: 1 - 61" title="Lista de asteroides recentes do Brasil." volumeTitle="Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo." year="1970">Tommasi 1970</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Clark, AM" journalOrPublisher="Chapman & Hall, London, UK" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="B33" refString="Clark, AM, Downey, ME, 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3. Chapman & Hall, London, UK" title="Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3." year="1992">Clark and Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Hendler, G" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B55" refString="Hendler, G, Miller, JE, Pawson, DL, Kier, PM, 1995. Sea stars, sea urchins and allies: echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington" title="Sea stars, sea urchins and allies: echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean." year="1995">Hendler et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Alvarado, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="261 - 285" publicationUrl="10.1007/s12526-010-0053-0" refId="B3" refString="Alvarado, JJ, 2011. Echinoderm diversity in the Caribbean Sea. Marine Biodiversity 41: 261 - 285, DOI: 10.1007/s12526-010-0053-0" title="Echinoderm diversity in the Caribbean Sea." url="10.1007/s12526-010-0053-0" volume="41" year="2011">Alvarado 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). In Brazil: PI, CE, RJ, SP, and RS (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lima-Verde, JS" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="9 - 13" refId="B72" refString="Lima-Verde, JS, 1969. Primeira contribuicao ao inventario dos Echinodermas do nordeste Brasileiro. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar 9: 9 - 13" title="Primeira contribuicao ao inventario dos Echinodermas do nordeste Brasileiro." volume="9" year="1969">Lima-Verde 1969</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Netto, LF" journalOrPublisher="University of Sao Paulo" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="B105" refString="Netto, LF, 2006. Echinodermata do Canal de Sao Sebastiao, Sao Sebastiao (SP). University of Sao Paulo" title="Echinodermata do Canal de Sao Sebastiao, Sao Sebastiao (SP)" year="2006">Netto 2006</bibRefCitation>
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). From 0 to 550 m in depth, being most common between 5 and 20 m (
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<bibRefCitation author="Clark, AM" journalOrPublisher="Chapman & Hall, London, UK" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="B33" refString="Clark, AM, Downey, ME, 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3. Chapman & Hall, London, UK" title="Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3." year="1992">Clark and Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Hendler, G" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B55" refString="Hendler, G, Miller, JE, Pawson, DL, Kier, PM, 1995. Sea stars, sea urchins and allies: echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington" title="Sea stars, sea urchins and allies: echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean." year="1995">Hendler et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten articulatus" order="Paxillosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="articulatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">Astropecten</pageBreakToken>
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articulatus
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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differs from the congeneric
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1833" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten cingulatus" order="Paxillosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Astropecten cingulatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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for having a spine or tubercule on the distal supermarginal figs, two flat spines on each inferomarginal fig and subambulacral spines larger that the adambulacral spines. The original description of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten articulatus" order="Paxillosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="articulatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Astropecten articulatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Say, T" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="151 - 154" refId="B124" refString="Say, T, 1825. On the species of the linnean genus Asterias inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 5: 151 - 154" title="On the species of the linnean genus Asterias inhabiting the coast of the United States." volume="5" year="1825">Say (1825)</bibRefCitation>
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is excelent, but the emphasis given by this author on the presence of spines and tubercules resulted in some uncertainty regarding the validity of
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<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten duplicatus" order="Paxillosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="duplicatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Astropecten duplicatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Gray, 1840) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Clark, AM" journalOrPublisher="Chapman & Hall, London, UK" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="B33" refString="Clark, AM, Downey, ME, 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3. Chapman & Hall, London, UK" title="Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3." year="1992">Clark and Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
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). According to
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<bibRefCitation author="Clark, AM" journalOrPublisher="British Museum (Nat. Hist), London" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="B34" refString="Clark, AM, Courtman-Stock, J, 1976. The echinoderms of southern Africa. British Museum (Nat. Hist), London" title="The echinoderms of southern Africa" year="1976">Clark and Courtman-Stock (1976)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Clark, AM" journalOrPublisher="Chapman & Hall, London, UK" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="B33" refString="Clark, AM, Downey, ME, 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3. Chapman & Hall, London, UK" title="Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3." year="1992">Clark and Downey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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the confidence in the presence of spines on the superomarginal figs as a specific criterium is doubtful. As in other species of the genus,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten articulatus" order="Paxillosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="articulatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Astropecten articulatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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presents a series of morphological variations.
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<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin from the Laboratories of Natural History of the State University of Iowa" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 232" refId="B151" refString="Verrill, AE, 1915. Report on the starfishes of the West Indies, Florida, and Brazil, including those obtained by Bahamas Expedition from the University of Iowa in 1893. Bulletin from the Laboratories of Natural History of the State University of Iowa 7: 1 - 232" title="Report on the starfishes of the West Indies, Florida, and Brazil, including those obtained by Bahamas Expedition from the University of Iowa in 1893." volume="7" year="1915">Verrill (1915)</bibRefCitation>
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provides a good discussion of these variations, and stresses the differences found between juvenile and adult individuals. We have only been able to examine a single juvenile specimen, which nevertheless presented all the diagnostic characters of the adults.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="ecological notes">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ecological notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Inhabits sandy environments. According to
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<bibRefCitation author="Benavides-Serrato, M" journalOrPublisher="Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar, 22. Santa Marta" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="B12" refString="Benavides-Serrato, M, Borrero-Perez, GH, Dias Sanchez, CM, 2011. Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano I: Crinoidea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar, 22. Santa Marta" title="Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano I: Crinoidea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea." year="2011">Benavides-Serrato et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Hendler, G" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B55" refString="Hendler, G, Miller, JE, Pawson, DL, Kier, PM, 1995. Sea stars, sea urchins and allies: echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington" title="Sea stars, sea urchins and allies: echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean." year="1995">Hendler et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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, this species is common offshore over continental shelf, being particularly abundant in North Carolina.
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten articulatus" order="Paxillosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="articulatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Astropecten articulatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a voracious and non-selective predator (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hendler, G" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B55" refString="Hendler, G, Miller, JE, Pawson, DL, Kier, PM, 1995. Sea stars, sea urchins and allies: echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington" title="Sea stars, sea urchins and allies: echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean." year="1995">Hendler et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation author="Wells, HW" journalOrPublisher="Biological Bulletin" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="265 - 271" publicationUrl="10.2307/1539382" refId="B156" refString="Wells, HW, Wells, MJ, Gray, E, 1961. Food of the sea-star Astropecten articulatus. Biological Bulletin 120: 265 - 271, DOI: 10.2307/1539382" title="Food of the sea-star Astropecten articulatus." url="10.2307/1539382" volume="120" year="1961">Wells et al. (1961)</bibRefCitation>
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recorded 91 food items for 124 specimens collected in North Carolina, gastropods, bivalves, and scaphopods being the most importante items. Small crustaceans, juveniles of
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<taxonomicName class="Echinoidea" family="Mellitidae" genus="Mellita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mellita" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mellita</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. and
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten articulatus" order="Paxillosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="articulatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Astropecten articulatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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itself were also recorded as food items for the species, although in a lower level of importance (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hendler, G" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B55" refString="Hendler, G, Miller, JE, Pawson, DL, Kier, PM, 1995. Sea stars, sea urchins and allies: echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington" title="Sea stars, sea urchins and allies: echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean." year="1995">Hendler et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |