341 lines
35 KiB
XML
341 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e72764" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-11-e72764" ID-Pensoft-UUID="483CCF09D3A05B029A3B4B4A30E4CB79" ModsDocID="1314-2828-11-e72764" checkinTime="1673667829734" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Thomas-Cabianca, Arianna, Villet, Martin H., Martinez-Sanchez, Anabel & Rojo, Santos" docDate="2023" docId="19125F96ED265F058AB1124478355115" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 11: e72764" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 11" docPubDate="2023-01-13" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e72764" docTitle="Stomorhina lunata" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="483CCF09D3A05B029A3B4B4A30E4CB79" lastPageNumber="72764" masterDocId="483CCF09D3A05B029A3B4B4A30E4CB79" masterDocTitle="South African nose flies (Diptera, Calliphoridae, Rhiniinae): taxonomy, diversity, distribution and biology" masterLastPageNumber="72764" masterPageNumber="72764" pageNumber="72764" updateTime="1673667829734" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>South African nose flies (Diptera, Calliphoridae, Rhiniinae): taxonomy, diversity, distribution and biology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Thomas-Cabianca, Arianna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2126-6222</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, E- 03080, Alicante, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">athomasbio@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Villet, Martin H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4335-5667</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Rhodes University, Southern African Forensic Entomology Research Laboratory, Grahamstown, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Martinez-Sanchez, Anabel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, E- 03080, Alicante, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rojo, Santos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2160-9643</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, E- 03080, Alicante, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-01-13</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>11</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>72764</mods:start>
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<mods:end>72764</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e72764</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e72764</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-11-e72764</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">483CCF09D3A05B029A3B4B4A30E4CB79</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:19125F96ED265F058AB1124478355115" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/19125F96ED265F058AB1124478355115" lastPageNumber="72764" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="6ZWSW" ID-ENA="1606781" LSID="19125F96-ED26-5F05-8AB1-124478355115" authority="(Fabricius, 1805)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1805" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Stomorhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stomorhina lunata" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunata">Stomorhina lunata (Fabricius, 1805)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1805" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Musca lunata" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunata">= Musca lunata</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius, 1805: 292.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: Portugal, Madeira Island.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Remarks</emphasis>
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: type series specimen in ZMUC.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Idia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Idia rostrata" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rostrata">= Idia rostrata</taxonomicName>
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Wiedemann, 1820: 22.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: South Africa, Cape of Good Hope - Promontorio bonae spei [Western Cape].
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Remarks</emphasis>
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: type series specimen in ZMUC.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1826" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Idia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Idia fasciata" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciata">= Idia fasciata</taxonomicName>
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Meigen, 1826: 9.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: France, Marseilles.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Idia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Idia syrphoidea" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syrphoidea">= Idia syrphoidea</taxonomicName>
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Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 421.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: Mauritius.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Idia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Idia cinerea" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinerea">= Idia cinerea</taxonomicName>
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Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 422.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: Isles de la mer d'Africa [Indian Ocean d'Africa].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1865" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Stomorhyna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stomorhyna maculata" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">= Stomorhyna maculata</taxonomicName>
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Rondani, 1865: 228.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: Italy, Parma.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bigot" authorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Stomorhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stomorhina melanorhina" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanorhina">= Stomorhina melanorhina</taxonomicName>
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Bigot, 1888: 592.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: South Africa, Cape of Good Hope [Western Cape].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Brauer" authorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Stomorhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stomorhina muscoidea" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muscoidea">= Stomorhina muscoidea</taxonomicName>
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Brauer, 1899: 516.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: Madagascar.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lehrer" authorityYear="1979" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Stomorhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stomorhina selgae" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="selgae">= Stomorhina selgae</taxonomicName>
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Lehrer, 1979: 89.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: Bermuda.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Afrotropical</emphasis>
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: Angola, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauricio Island (Mauritius), Oman, Namibia,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Réunion">Reunion</normalizedToken>
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Island (France), Rodriguez Island (Mauritius), South Africa (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F6961572" captionText="Figure 21. Stomorhina lunata occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e72764.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/534510" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">21</figureCitation>
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), Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Nearctic</emphasis>
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: Bermuda.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Oriental</emphasis>
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: China, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Palaearctic</emphasis>
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: Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal (including Azores Islands), Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Spain (including Canary Islands), Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Notes</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Preferred environment</emphasis>
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: montane grass and woodlands, montane meadows, grasslands, rocky hillside, indigenous montane forest and forest margins, slopes, ravines, streams and cascade areas. Different kind of biomes such as: Macchia vegetation and old lands, mesic mountain Fynbos, false Macchia slopes and coastal Macchia. Associated with human environments such as houses, a university campus, caravan parks and main tracks through forest. Recorded in low numbers in Namibia, where it is virtually restricted to the Brandberg Massif and occurs at high elevations on the edge of Nama-Karoo (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kurahashi, Hiromu" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 131" refId="B7071266" refString="Kurahashi, Hiromu, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H., 2006. The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea). Zootaxa 1322: 1 - 131" title="The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea)" volume="1322" year="2006">Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006</bibRefCitation>
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). In Mauritius, it was collected in a montane forest.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Recorded elevations</emphasis>
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: 10-2080 m a.s.l.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Seasonality</emphasis>
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: this is the most common, abundant and well-known species of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhiniinae">Rhiniinae</taxonomicName>
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, present year-round. Highest abundance in September and January to February; lowest between May and July. Only four specimens recorded in Nambia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kurahashi, Hiromu" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 131" refId="B7071266" refString="Kurahashi, Hiromu, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H., 2006. The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea). Zootaxa 1322: 1 - 131" title="The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea)" volume="1322" year="2006">Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Behaviour and ecology</emphasis>
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: collected on/and visiting flowers of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Foeniculum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Foeniculum vulgare" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgare">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Foeniculum vulgare</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Mill,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Celastraceae" genus="Gymnosporia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnosporia heterophylla" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterophylla">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Gymnosporia heterophylla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Eckl. and Zeyh.) Loes.,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Cassine" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassine" order="Celastrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Cassine</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Buddleja" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Buddleja" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Buddleja</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. L.,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Cussonia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cussonia" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Cussonia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. and
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Searsia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Searsia crenata" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Searsia crenata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Thunb.) Moffet. Additionally associated with:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Searsia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Searsia" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Searsia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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F. A. Barkley sp. (previously local
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhus" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Rhus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ebenaceae" genus="Diospyros" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diospyros" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Diospyros</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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L. sp. and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Celtis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Celtis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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L. sp.. In Mauritius, one specimen was collected on a flowering tree. The species seems to have a close relationship with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
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||
. Adults lay eggs on oothecas, where the larvae developed (
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<bibRefCitation author="Bezzi, M" journalOrPublisher="Bolletino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="43 - 104" refId="B7073199" refString="Bezzi, M, 1911. Miodarii superiori nell'Africa australe orientale. Bolletino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria 6: 43 - 104" title="Miodarii superiori nell'Africa australe orientale" volume="6" year="1911">Bezzi 1911</bibRefCitation>
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). Larvae are predators of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="locusts’">locusts'</normalizedToken>
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oothecas in Zimbabwe (
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<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="81 - 111" refId="B7073224" refString="Cuthbertson, A, 1933. The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 32 (May): 81 - 111" title="The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="32" year="1933">Cuthbertson 1933</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, Alexander" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="32 - 50" refId="B7073112" refString="Cuthbertson, Alexander, 1934. Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 33: 32 - 50" title="Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="33" year="1934">Cuthbertson 1934</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation author="Peris, Salvador V" journalOrPublisher="Anales de la Estacion Experimental de Aula Dei" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="224 - 233" refId="B7070854" refString="Peris, Salvador V, 1952. Notas sobre Rhiniini con descripcion de nuevas formas. Anales de la Estacion Experimental de Aula Dei 2 (3-4): 224 - 233" title="Notas sobre Rhiniini con descripcion de nuevas formas" volume="2" year="1952">Peris (1952a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. lunata" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="species" species="lunata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">S. lunata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
on
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Serville" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Nomadacris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nomadacris septemfasciata" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septemfasciata">
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||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Nomadacris septemfasciata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Serville) oothecas and that it was obtained from
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<normalizedToken originalValue="locusts’">locusts'</normalizedToken>
|
||
eggs ("Ex eggs") in Malawi (then Nyasaland) and Kenya. Additionally reported that larvae destroy oothecas of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Locusta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Locusta migratorioides" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="migratorioides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Locusta migratorioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Reiche, L.J. and Fairmaire) in Kenya. In the material examined,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. lunata" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="species" species="lunata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">S. lunata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was reported as being attracted to open termite mounds (Pretoria, Gauteng) and found outside the nest of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Trinervitermes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trinervitermes" order="Isoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Trinervitermes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Holmgren (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Isoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Blattaria">Blattaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Johannesburg, Gauteng).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, Alexander" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="11 - 28" refId="B7073064" refString="Cuthbertson, Alexander, 1935. Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Occasional Papers of the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia 4: 11 - 28" title="Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="4" year="1935">Cuthbertson (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. lunata" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="species" species="lunata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">S. lunata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the fungus beds of a termite nest and reared them on dead and dying termite workers and soldiers.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, D. J." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="275 - 296" refId="B7071348" refString="Lewis, D. J., 1955. Calliphoridae of medical interest in the Sudan. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt 39: 275 - 296" title="Calliphoridae of medical interest in the Sudan" volume="39" year="1955">Lewis (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. lunata" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="species" species="lunata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">S. lunata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in carrion.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Life cycle and developmental stages</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peris, Salvador V" journalOrPublisher="Eos: Revista Espanola de Entomologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="231 - 254" refId="B7071194" refString="Peris, Salvador V, 1956. Nuevas notas sobre Rhiniini con descripciones de formas nuevas (Dipt., Calliphoridae). Eos: Revista Espanola de Entomologia 16: 231 - 254" title="Nuevas notas sobre Rhiniini con descripciones de formas nuevas (Dipt., Calliphoridae)" volume="16" year="1956">Peris (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied some drawings of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. lunata" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="species" species="lunata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">S. lunata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male terminalia made by S. Patrizi accompanied by biological notes from observations in Kenya. Patrizi indicated in his notes that females of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. lunata" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="species" species="lunata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">S. lunata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were observed throwing masses of eggs over?
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shuckard" authorityYear="1840" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Anomma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Shuckard ants (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Some eggs were collected and stuck strongly to the glass walls of the container. Later, the eggs were placed in an ant farm, larvae emerged after a few hours and entered into the interior of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shuckard" authorityYear="1840" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Anomma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae completely eating them (predation). Finally, larvae migrated to the soil for pupation. Patrizi suggests that the sticky eggs are a mechanism for entering
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ants’">ants'</normalizedToken>
|
||
nests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peris, Salvador V" journalOrPublisher="Eos: Revista Espanola de Entomologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="231 - 254" refId="B7071194" refString="Peris, Salvador V, 1956. Nuevas notas sobre Rhiniini con descripciones de formas nuevas (Dipt., Calliphoridae). Eos: Revista Espanola de Entomologia 16: 231 - 254" title="Nuevas notas sobre Rhiniini con descripciones de formas nuevas (Dipt., Calliphoridae)" volume="16" year="1956">Peris 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, Alexander" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="32 - 50" refId="B7073112" refString="Cuthbertson, Alexander, 1934. Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 33: 32 - 50" title="Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="33" year="1934">Cuthbertson (1934)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied the life history of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. lunata" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="species" species="lunata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">S. lunata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Eggs (length: 1-1.25 mm) were deposited around soft soil close to a red locust ootheca, hatching in few minutes. First instar larvae were active (length: 1.5-1.75 mm) and quickly attacked the ootheca. In 3-4 days, larvae were fully fed (length: 2-14 mm), left the ootheca and migrated to soil to pupate (length pupae: 7.5-8 mm) for one-two days. Adults emerged in 7-10 days, but in cold weather, sometimes the pupal stage can last 14-15 days or longer. Adults' copulation occurred 4-5 days after they emerged and eggs started to be laid 1-2 days after copulation. Adults were fed with sugar solution, flower nectar and liquids from fresh cow-dung. Larvae stages fed on the yellow yolk of freshly-laid locust ootheca.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hall, D G" journalOrPublisher="Thomas Say Foundation, Lafayette, Indiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" refId="B7070983" refString="Hall, D G, 1947. The blowflies of North America. Thomas Say Foundation, Lafayette, Indiana" title="The blowflies of North America" year="1947">Hall (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described eggs, 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae and puparia from Cuthbertson's material and indicated that the life cycle seems to last 30 days in optimal conditions, where egg incubation was 18-24 hours, 1st instar was 14-24 hours, 2nd instar was 36-48 hours, 3rd instar was 2-3 days and pupation lasted 10-16 days in summer conditions.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Greathead, D J" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="437 - 517" refId="B7070785" refString="Greathead, D J, 1963. A review of the insect enemies of Acridoidea (Orthoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 114 (14): 437 - 517" title="A review of the insect enemies of Acridoidea (Orthoptera)" volume="114" year="1963">Greathead (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrated the 3rd instar larva (anal area, posterior spiracles and mouth parts) from a specimen collected in a locust's ootheca.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hall, D G" journalOrPublisher="Thomas Say Foundation, Lafayette, Indiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" refId="B7070983" refString="Hall, D G, 1947. The blowflies of North America. Thomas Say Foundation, Lafayette, Indiana" title="The blowflies of North America" year="1947">Hall (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the posterior spiracle, mouthparts and anal area of the 3rd instar larva as well and mouth parts of the 2nd instar larva. Immature stages are also illustrated in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, Alexander" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="11 - 28" refId="B7073064" refString="Cuthbertson, Alexander, 1935. Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Occasional Papers of the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia 4: 11 - 28" title="Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="4" year="1935">Cuthbertson (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Collection methods</emphasis>
|
||
: sweeping with hand net and Malaise, yellow pan, black light and pitfall traps. Malaise and yellow pan traps in Namibia and hand net in Mauritius (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kurahashi, Hiromu" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 131" refId="B7071266" refString="Kurahashi, Hiromu, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H., 2006. The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea). Zootaxa 1322: 1 - 131" title="The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea)" volume="1322" year="2006">Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Illustrations and photographs</emphasis>
|
||
: female habitus as in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F6961576" captionText="Figure 22. Habitus, left lateral view of Stomorhina lunata female AMGS 100730 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e72764.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/534512" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">22</figureCitation>
|
||
, fig. 10 in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Greathead, D J" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="437 - 517" refId="B7070785" refString="Greathead, D J, 1963. A review of the insect enemies of Acridoidea (Orthoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 114 (14): 437 - 517" title="A review of the insect enemies of Acridoidea (Orthoptera)" volume="114" year="1963">Greathead (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and fig. 3H in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Prado e Castro, Catarina" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="101 - 123" refId="B7071606" refString="Prado e Castro, Catarina, Szpila, Krzysztof, Martinez-Sanchez, Anabel, Rego, Carla, Silva, Isamberto, Serrano, Artur R. M., Boieiro, Mario, 2016. The blowflies of the Madeira archipelago: Species diversity, distribution and identification (Diptera, Calliphoridae s.l.). ZooKeys 2016 (634): 101 - 123" title="The blowflies of the Madeira archipelago: Species diversity, distribution and identification (Diptera, Calliphoridae s. l.)" volume="2016" year="2016">Prado e Castro et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Male habitus as in fig. 1 in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lutovinovas, Erikas" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Lithuanian Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="108 - 111" refId="B7071808" refString="Lutovinovas, Erikas, Kinduris, Rimvydas, 2018. Stomorhina lunata (Fabricius, 1805) - new to the fauna of Lithuania (Diptera: Rhiniidae). Bulletin of the Lithuanian Entomological Society 2 (30): 108 - 111" title="Stomorhina lunata (Fabricius, 1805) - new to the fauna of Lithuania (Diptera: Rhiniidae)" volume="2" year="2018">Lutovinovas and Kinduris (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Male terminalia as in fig. 32 (inaccurate) in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zumpt, Fritz" journalOrPublisher="[III] +" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 209" refId="B7073017" refString="Zumpt, Fritz, 1958. Calliphoridae (Diptera Cyclorrapha) Part II: Rhiniini. Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission G. F. de Witte (1933-1935). [III] + 92: 1 - 209" title="Calliphoridae (Diptera Cyclorrapha) Part II: Rhiniini. Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission G. F. de Witte (1933 - 1935)" volume="92" year="1958">Zumpt (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, slide 3 in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gonzalez-Mora, MD" journalOrPublisher="Eos: Revista Espanola de Entomologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="91 - 139" refId="B7071339" refString="Gonzalez-Mora, MD, Peris, Salvador V, 1988. Los Calliphoridae de Espana: 1 Rhiniinae y Chrysomyinae (Diptera). Eos: Revista Espanola de Entomologia 64: 91 - 139" title="Los Calliphoridae de Espana: 1 Rhiniinae y Chrysomyinae (Diptera)" volume="64" year="1988">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="González-Mora">Gonzalez-Mora</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Peris (1988)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and figs. 675-683 in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rognes, Knut" journalOrPublisher="Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 272" refId="B7070727" refString="Rognes, Knut, 1991. Blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 24: 1 - 272" title="Blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark" volume="24" year="1991">Rognes (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Female terminalia as in figs. 684-685 in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rognes, Knut" journalOrPublisher="Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 272" refId="B7070727" refString="Rognes, Knut, 1991. Blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 24: 1 - 272" title="Blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark" volume="24" year="1991">Rognes (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type material examined</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="I. rostrata" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="species" species="rostrata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">I. rostrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 1? / Mus. / Westerm. // Type //
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="I. rostrata" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="species" species="rostrata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">I. rostrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ Weid. / Cape of Good Hope / Jan: 1817 // [ZMUC 00025098].
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. lunata" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="species" species="lunata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">M. lunata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 1? // [ZMUC 00027332].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||
: Suppl. materials 1, 2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |