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<document id="5A41EBC324767E93E5FCB33852D97E27" ID-DOI="10.1002/tax.12421" ID-ISSN="1996-8175" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14047350" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="karina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="karina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="karina" IM.tables_approvedBy="karina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="karina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="karina" checkinTime="1730917004438" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schneider, Julio V., Jungcurt, Tanja, Cardoso, Domingos, Amorim, André Márcio, Töpel, Mats, Andermann, Tobias, Poncy, Odile, Berberich, Thomas &amp; Zizka, Georg" docDate="2021" docId="181BB66C65170D4995C1FC77004FFC93" docLanguage="en" docName="TAXON.70.1.48-71.pdf" docOrigin="TAXON 70 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12421" docStyle="DocumentStyle:239A75409313D6488D9D82529296B06F.1:TAXON.2020-.journal_article.open" docStyleId="239A75409313D6488D9D82529296B06F" docStyleName="TAXON.2020-.journal_article.open" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Ochneae" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="64" masterDocId="E422CE1465180D589505FF8C020BFFE1" masterDocTitle="Phylogenomics of the tropical plant family Ochnaceae using targeted enrichment of nuclear genes and 250 + taxa" masterLastPageNumber="71" masterPageNumber="48" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1734919053130" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="3C6D9085713D281194FB2EDB9352C1F8">Phylogenomics of the tropical plant family Ochnaceae using targeted enrichment of nuclear genes and 250 + taxa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="89FF56ED69B8B44D5B017A4EC9E13B6A">Schneider, Julio V.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="889D9697BB5C18D4995D1CF4F3888E7F">1,2 * Tanja Jungcurt, &amp; 1,3 * Domingos Cardoso, &amp; 1,3 &amp; Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Mertonstrasse 17 - 21, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany &amp; 1,2 * Tanja Jungcurt, &amp; Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Entomology III, Mertonstrasse 17 - 21, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E7A8CA52464EEAD17F528B597E4707EB">Jungcurt, Tanja</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3E20DD1D16E5FAC6847A715D181B1881">1,2 * Tanja Jungcurt, &amp; 1,3 * Domingos Cardoso, &amp; 1,3 &amp; Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Mertonstrasse 17 - 21, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany &amp; 1,3 * Domingos Cardoso, &amp; 1,3 &amp; Goethe-University, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Max-von-Laue-Str.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CE8060FE52F77BAEC01EF3C269E80FA3">Cardoso, Domingos</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="26CE493E7DF887FCD8D4BFFD8CAD5EC4">André Márcio Amorim, &amp; Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, Ondina, 40170 - 115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3B6E64E40C11CFFD0C2766FAD2726C74">Amorim, André Márcio</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4FF9454975AC4E634BB9FC223836EE27">5,6 &amp; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), km 16 Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, 45662 - 900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil &amp; 5,6 &amp; Herbário André Maurício Vieira de Carvalho, CEPEC, CEPLAC, CP 07, CEP 45600 - 970, Itabuna, BA, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FE213F0DE83B402BCD1C0C21FFB38675">Töpel, Mats</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5F58BDA336355C35B5F2042F87499363">7,8 Tobias Andermann, &amp; University of Gothenburg, Marine Sciences, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden &amp; 7,8 Tobias Andermann, &amp; 8,9 Odile Poncy, &amp; Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="49C4EC1A35CCC06A77F27A89551FAA85">Andermann, Tobias</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A0C9BD3CAB3BCDB49B3E3836E692EC72">7,8 Tobias Andermann, &amp; 8,9 Odile Poncy, &amp; Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden &amp; 8,9 Odile Poncy, &amp; University of Gothenburg, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Medicinaregatan 18, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C522C83F8E48EC805B020F9D8DE0B937">Poncy, Odile</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="FCD17E99CA3FADFB6AE4FEA8CEFC569E">Thomas Berberich &amp; Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 05, 75231 France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F70230B052AA35DD495DBA37A1D5CC04">Berberich, Thomas</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C3CE6DA57324B5F4DC2CF57B7F3E2369">&amp; Georg Zizka &amp; Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center, Lab-Center, Georg-Voigt-Strasse</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C7C5BFC27993AFF922F7D2D9D439BBFB">Zizka, Georg</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5E3885D86D3315CAF188315D80C873B0">1,2 * Tanja Jungcurt, &amp; 1,3 * Domingos Cardoso, &amp; 1,3 &amp; Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Mertonstrasse 17 - 21, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany &amp; 1,3 * Domingos Cardoso, &amp; 1,3 &amp; Goethe-University, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Max-von-Laue-Str.</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="181BB66C65170D4995C1FC77004FFC93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14545452" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14545452" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:181BB66C65170D4995C1FC77004FFC93" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/181BB66C65170D4995C1FC77004FFC93" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D5795C1FC77035FFBF3" bold="true" box="[196,340,1019,1043]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D5795C1FC77032CFBF2" box="[196,295,1019,1043]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" subFamily="Sauvagesieae" tribe="Ochneae">Ochneae</taxonomicName>
.
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<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D57943CFC71035FFBF3" bold="true" box="[313,340,1021,1042]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579467FC7703B6FBF3" box="[354,445,1019,1042]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Ochneae">Ochneae</taxonomicName>
as defined in
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65170D579768FC7702D7FBD3" author="Schneider, J. V. &amp; Bissiengou, P. &amp; Amaral, M. C. E. &amp; Fay, M. F. &amp; Thines, M. &amp; Sosef, M. S. M. &amp; Zizka, G. &amp; Chatrou, L." pageId="15" pageNumber="63" pagination="199 - 214" refId="ref22117" refString="Schneider, J. V., Bissiengou, P., Amaral, M. C. E., Fay, M. F., Thines, M., Sosef, M. S. M., Zizka, G. &amp; Chatrou, L. 2014. Phylogenetics, ancestral state reconstruction, and a new infrafamilial classification of the pantropical Ochnaceae s. l. (Medusagynaceae, Ochnaceae s. str., Quiinaceae) based on five DNA regions. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 78: 199 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2014.05.018" type="journal article" year="2014">Schneider &amp; al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
contains the African Lophirinae (with
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579786FB9700DDFBD3" box="[643,726,1051,1074]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Lophira" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579786FB9700DDFBD3" box="[643,726,1051,1074]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Lophira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the sole genus) as sister to a clade of the neotropical Elvasiinae (with
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D5795D1FBD70329FB93" box="[212,290,1115,1138]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Elvasia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D5795D1FBD70329FB93" box="[212,290,1115,1138]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Elvasia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579450FBD703D5FB93" box="[341,478,1115,1138]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Perissocarpa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579450FBD703D5FB93" box="[341,478,1115,1138]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Perissocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the pantropical Ochninae (
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D57959AFBF70333FB73" box="[159,312,1147,1170]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Brackenridgea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D57959AFBF70333FB73" box="[159,312,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Brackenridgea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D57944DFBF7000DFB73" box="[328,518,1147,1170]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Campylospermum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D57944DFBF7000DFB73" box="[328,518,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Campylospermum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579713FBF70057FB73" box="[534,604,1147,1170]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Idertia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579713FBF70057FB73" box="[534,604,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Idertia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579769FBF700B9FB73" box="[620,690,1147,1170]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579769FBF700B9FB73" box="[620,690,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Ochna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D5797C7FBF70113FB73" box="[706,792,1147,1170]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D5797C7FBF70113FB73" box="[706,792,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Ouratea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579592FB170330FB53" box="[151,315,1179,1202]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Rhabdophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579592FB170330FB53" box="[151,315,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Rhabdophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). This classification was supported in the present study, too, with all clades receiving strong support, including the sister relationship of
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D5794CEFB570013FB13" box="[459,536,1243,1266]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Elvasia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D5794CEFB570013FB13" box="[459,536,1243,1266]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Elvasia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D57974EFB5700D9FB13" box="[587,722,1243,1266]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Perissocarpa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D57974EFB5700D9FB13" box="[587,722,1243,1266]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Perissocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was analyzed here for the first time using molecular data.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="900D077A65170D5795C1FA970081F933" blockId="15.[151,799,187,1970]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">
Ochninae is the most species-rich clade of
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579776FA9700E3FAD3" box="[627,744,1307,1330]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ochnaceae</taxonomicName>
, containing approximately two-thirds of the family’ s species. The associated radiations most likely benefitted from the emergence of the savanna biome in the Old and New World as inferred from the time frame of the divergence events and the actual species distributions. The split into the six currently accepted genera occurred over a very short period of about a maximum of 5–10 million years during the Miocene (Schneider &amp; al., 2017), which is certainly also one reason for the hitherto unclear relationships among them. In the present study, all backbone nodes of Ochninae were recovered with strong support, thus resolving its relationships for the first time. The first split divides Ochninae into the neotropical
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D57976BF91700CDF953" box="[622,710,1691,1714]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D57976BF91700CDF953" box="[622,710,1691,1714]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Ouratea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the remaining genera, which are all palaeotropical.
</paragraph>
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Perhaps most remarkable within the palaeotropical clade is the polyphyly of
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D57947FF9770030F8F3" box="[378,571,1787,1810]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Campylospermum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D57947FF9770030F8F3" box="[378,571,1787,1810]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Campylospermum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was already revealed in
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65170D57941DF89703EAF8D3" author="Bissiengou, P." box="[280,481,1819,1842]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" refId="ref16075" refString="Bissiengou, P. 2014. Systematics, evolution and historical biogeography of the family Ochnaceae with emphasis on the genus Campylospermum. Dissertation. Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands." type="book" year="2014">Bissiengou (2014)</bibRefCitation>
, but which is here recovered with strong support. Clade A of
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D5794F9F8B700B6F8B3" box="[508,701,1851,1874]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Campylospermum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D5794F9F8B700B6F8B3" box="[508,701,1851,1874]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Campylospermum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
contains all Central and West African species of this genus (except
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579592F8F703B5F873" authority="(Oliv.) Tiegh." authorityName="Tiegh." baseAuthorityName="Oliv." box="[151,446,1915,1938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Campylospermum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elongatum">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579592F8F7032DF873" box="[151,294,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">C. elongatum</emphasis>
(Oliv.) Tiegh.
</taxonomicName>
) and forms a clade with the African
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D5795C0F8170366F853" box="[197,365,1947,1970]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Rhabdophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D5795C0F8170366F853" box="[197,365,1947,1970]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Rhabdophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Clade B of
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D5794F9F81700B6F853" box="[508,701,1947,1970]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Campylospermum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D5794F9F81700B6F853" box="[508,701,1947,1970]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Campylospermum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
contains the Malagasy (here, only
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579160FF370755FF33" authority="Tiegh." authorityName="Tiegh." box="[1125,1374,187,210]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Campylospermum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtusifolium">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579160FF370706FF33" box="[1125,1293,187,210]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">C. obtusifolium</emphasis>
Tiegh.
</taxonomicName>
included) and East African species (plus
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579194FF57072AFF13" box="[1169,1313,219,242]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Campylospermum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elongatum">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579194FF57072AFF13" box="[1169,1313,219,242]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">C. elongatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and is sister to
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579640FF7701EAFEF3" box="[837,993,251,274]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Brackenridgea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579640FF7701EAFEF3" box="[837,993,251,274]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Brackenridgea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both being sister to the West to Central African
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579677FE9701B1FED3" box="[882,954,283,306]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Idertia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579677FE9701B1FED3" box="[882,954,283,306]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Idertia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is important to mention that both clades share their own set of characters: Clade A usually has terminal inflorescences, and the embryos are either accumbent or incumbent and similar or dissimilar in size, whereas clade B shares usually axillary inflorescences, accumbent embryos that are similar in size, and a distinct reticulate tertiary leaf venation (
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65170D579649FE570619FE13" author="Bissiengou, P." box="[844,1042,475,498]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" refId="ref16075" refString="Bissiengou, P. 2014. Systematics, evolution and historical biogeography of the family Ochnaceae with emphasis on the genus Campylospermum. Dissertation. Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands." type="book" year="2014">Bissiengou, 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65170D57912FFE5706B2FE13" author="Sosef, M. S. M." box="[1066,1209,475,498]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" pagination="119 - 135" refId="ref22465" refString="Sosef, M. S. M. 2008. Revision du genre africain Rhabdophyllum Tiegh. (Ochnaceae), avec sa distribution au Cameroun et au Gabon. Adansonia, ser. 3, 30: 119 - 135." type="journal article" year="2008">Sosef (2008)</bibRefCitation>
also noted that the leaf venation of
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D5796CAFE770791FDF3" authority="(Tiegh.) Farron" authorityName="Farron" baseAuthorityName="Tiegh." box="[975,1434,507,530]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Campylospermum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lecomtei">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D5796CAFE7706E7FDF3" box="[975,1260,507,530]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Campylospermum lecomtei</emphasis>
(Tiegh.) Farron
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579640FD970635FDD3" authority="Sosef" authorityName="Sosef" box="[837,1086,539,562]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Campylospermum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paucinervatum">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579640FD9701F7FDD3" box="[837,1020,539,562]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">C. paucinervatum</emphasis>
Sosef
</taxonomicName>
, both belonging to our clade A, resembles that of
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D5796CDFDB7067AFDB3" box="[968,1137,571,594]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Rhabdophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D5796CDFDB7067AFDB3" box="[968,1137,571,594]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Rhabdophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, thus providing further support from morphology for the here inferred sister-group relationship between both groups. However, we are awaiting a modern revision of the Malagasy species (
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65170D5791ADFD170769FD53" author="Bissiengou, P." box="[1192,1378,667,690]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" refId="ref16075" refString="Bissiengou, P. 2014. Systematics, evolution and historical biogeography of the family Ochnaceae with emphasis on the genus Campylospermum. Dissertation. Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands." type="book" year="2014">Bissiengou, 2014</bibRefCitation>
only treated the continental species) before making the necessary nomenclatural changes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="900D077A65170D579677FD770635F9B3" blockId="15.[837,1485,187,1970]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579677FD770600FCF3" box="[882,1035,763,786]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Brackenridgea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579677FD770600FCF3" box="[882,1035,763,786]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Brackenridgea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
originally comprised only species from SE Asia,
<collectingCountry id="E8A547EA65170D579686FC9701E9FCD3" box="[899,994,795,818]" name="Australia" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Australia</collectingCountry>
and Oceania (
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65170D579178FC97075EFCD3" author="Van Tieghem, M. P." box="[1149,1365,795,818]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" pagination="161 - 416" refId="ref23003" refString="Van Tieghem, M. P. 1902. Sur les Ochnacees. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 8, 16: 161 - 416." type="journal article" year="1902">Van Tieghem, 1902</bibRefCitation>
). The morphologically similar genus
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579169FCB7074FFCB3" authority="Tiegh." authorityName="Tiegh." box="[1132,1348,827,850]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Pleuroridgea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579169FCB706FEFCB3" box="[1132,1269,827,850]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Pleuroridgea</emphasis>
Tiegh.
</taxonomicName>
was erected by
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65170D57966DFCD70643FC93" author="Van Tieghem, M. P." box="[872,1096,859,882]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" pagination="161 - 416" refId="ref23003" refString="Van Tieghem, M. P. 1902. Sur les Ochnacees. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 8, 16: 161 - 416." type="journal article" year="1902">Van Tieghem (1902)</bibRefCitation>
to unite species that share embryos with laterally disposed cotyledons and lateral, deeply divided caducous stipules, initially all from continental Africa. This concept was followed by
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65170D579157FC370766FC33" author="Perrier de la Bathie, H." box="[1106,1389,955,978]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" pagination="333 - 369" refId="ref20660" refString="Perrier de la Bathie, H. 1941. Revision des Ochnacees de la region malgache. Notul. Syst. (Paris) 10: 333 - 369." type="journal article" year="1941">Perrier de la Bathie (1941)</bibRefCitation>
but with an expanded
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D5796D6FC570656FC13" box="[979,1117,987,1010]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Pleuroridgea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D5796D6FC570656FC13" box="[979,1117,987,1010]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Pleuroridgea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to include new Malagasy species. Subsequent authors (
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65170D579122FC7706C9FBF3" author="Robson, N. K. B." box="[1063,1218,1019,1042]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" refId="ref20915" refString="Robson, N. K. B. 1963. Ochnaceae. Pp. 224 - 262 in: Excell, A. W., Fernandes, A. &amp; Wild, H. (eds.), Flora Zambesiaca, vol. 2 (1). London." type="book" year="1963">Robson, 1963</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65170D5791D4FC770176FBD3" author="Du Toit, P. C. V. &amp; Obermeyer, A. A." pageId="15" pageNumber="63" refId="ref17094" refString="Du Toit, P. C. V. &amp; Obermeyer, A. A. 1976. Ochnaceae. Pp. 1 - 13 in: Ross, J. H. (ed.), Flora of southern Africa, vol. 22. Pretoria: Government Printer." type="book" year="1976">Du Toit &amp; Obermeyer, 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65170D579689FB97064BFBD3" author="Verdcourt, B." box="[908,1088,1051,1074]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 60" refId="ref23035" refString="Verdcourt, B. 2005. Ochnaceae. Pp. 1 - 60 in: Beentje, H. J. &amp; Ghazanfar, S. A. (eds.), Flora of tropical East Africa. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens." type="book chapter" year="2005">Verdcourt, 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65170D579155FB970753FBD3" author="Callmander, M. W. &amp; Buerki, S. &amp; Phillipson, P. B." box="[1104,1368,1051,1074]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" pagination="374 - 375" refId="ref16427" refString="Callmander, M. W., Buerki, S. &amp; Phillipson, P. B. 2010. The genus Brackenridgea A. Gray (Ochnaceae) in Madagascar. Candollea 65: 374 - 375. https: // doi. org / 10.15553 / c 2010 v 652 a 16" type="journal article" year="2010">Callmander &amp; al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
), however, merged both genera under a broad concept of
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579028FBB707CDFBB3" box="[1325,1478,1083,1106]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Brackenridgea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579028FBB707CDFBB3" box="[1325,1478,1083,1106]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Brackenridgea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, judging the morphological differences too small for maintaining them separate. However, it is remarkable that in our phylogeny the former
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D5796F1FB170686FB53" box="[1012,1165,1179,1202]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Brackenridgea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D5796F1FB170686FB53" box="[1012,1165,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Brackenridgea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B9F5661365170D57919DFB1706C3FB53" box="[1176,1224,1179,1202]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" sensu="stricto">s.str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579001FB170785FB53" box="[1284,1422,1179,1202]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Pleuroridgea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579001FB170785FB53" box="[1284,1422,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Pleuroridgea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
form well-supported geographically distinct clades within a monophyletic
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D57969AFB57063DFB13" box="[927,1078,1243,1266]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Brackenridgea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D57969AFB57063DFB13" box="[927,1078,1243,1266]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Brackenridgea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. One clade unites the Asian-OceanianAustralian species
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579108FB77070BFAF3" authority="Bartell., B." authorityName="Bartell., B." box="[1037,1280,1275,1298]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Brackenridgea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579108FB77068DFAF3" box="[1037,1158,1275,1298]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">B. palustris</emphasis>
Bartell.,
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D5791ECFB77070BFAF3" box="[1257,1280,1275,1298]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">B.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579003FB770779FAF3" box="[1286,1394,1275,1298]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">foxworthii</emphasis>
Furtado (=
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579661FA970632FAD3" authority="Bartell." authorityName="Bartell." box="[868,1081,1307,1330]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Brackenridgea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579661FA9701D5FAD3" box="[868,990,1307,1330]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">B. palustris</emphasis>
Bartell.
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579149FA9706F5FAD3" authority="A. Gray" authorityName="A. Gray" box="[1100,1278,1307,1330]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Brackenridgea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579149FA9706A2FAD3" box="[1100,1193,1307,1330]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">B. nitida</emphasis>
A.Gray
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579020FA9706AFFAB3" authority="(F. Muell.) P. O. Karis" authorityName="P. O. Karis" baseAuthorityName="F. Muell." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Brackenridgea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="nitida" subSpecies="australiana">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579020FA97078AFAD3" box="[1317,1409,1307,1330]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">B. nitida</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579640FAB701B5FAB3" box="[837,958,1339,1362]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">australiana</emphasis>
(F.Muell.) P.O.Karis
</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D5791E7FAB707AAFAB3" authority="Tiegh." authorityName="Tiegh." box="[1250,1441,1339,1362]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Brackenridgea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forbesii">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D5791E7FAB7075BFAB3" box="[1250,1360,1339,1362]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">B. forbesii</emphasis>
Tiegh.
</taxonomicName>
, the second one unites the African-Malagasy species
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D57903BFAD70609FA73" authority="(H. Perrier) Callm." authorityName="Callm." baseAuthorityName="H. Perrier" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Brackenridgea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="madecassa">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D57903BFAD707C6FA93" box="[1342,1485,1371,1394]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">B. madecassa</emphasis>
(H.Perrier) Callm.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D57910EFAF70162FA53" authority="(De Wild. &amp; T. Durand) N. Robson" authorityName="N. Robson" baseAuthorityName="De Wild. &amp; T. Durand" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Brackenridgea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenaria">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D57910EFAF7068AFA73" box="[1035,1153,1403,1426]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">B. arenaria</emphasis>
(De Wild. &amp; T.Durand) N.Robson
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D5796A7FA170680FA53" authority="Oliv." authorityName="Oliv." box="[930,1163,1435,1458]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Brackenridgea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zanguebarica">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D5796A7FA170645FA53" box="[930,1102,1435,1458]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">B. zanguebarica</emphasis>
Oliv.
</taxonomicName>
, the latter itself divided into a Malagasy and a continental (African) clade. Thus, the disjunct African-Asian distribution, which is shared with
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579052FA570795FA13" box="[1367,1438,1499,1522]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579052FA570795FA13" box="[1367,1438,1499,1522]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Ochna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D579640FA77060CF9F3" box="[837,1031,1531,1554]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Campylospermum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D579640FA77060CF9F3" box="[837,1031,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Campylospermum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, most likely resulted from a single crosscontinental dispersal event, perhaps involving
<collectingCountry id="E8A547EA65170D579049F99707C7F9D3" box="[1356,1484,1563,1586]" name="Madagascar" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
as an intermediate step.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="900D077A65170D489677F9D70351FA73" blockId="15.[837,1485,187,1970]" lastBlockId="16.[103,751,187,1970]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">
Here, we present the by far most comprehensive phylogenetic framework for
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965170D57912BF9F7067EF973" box="[1070,1141,1659,1682]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865170D57912BF9F7067EF973" box="[1070,1141,1659,1682]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="63">Ochna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, comprising about 50% of its species. While a modern taxonomic revision of this genus is still lacking, this framework serves as important baseline data for future infrageneric classification. Earlier attempts for an infrageneric classification included the one by
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65170D57903EF9770184F8D3" author="Van Tieghem, M. P." pageId="15" pageNumber="63" pagination="161 - 416" refId="ref23003" refString="Van Tieghem, M. P. 1902. Sur les Ochnacees. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 8, 16: 161 - 416." type="journal article" year="1902">Van Tieghem (1902)</bibRefCitation>
. He segregated 15 genera using characters such as anther dehiscence (poricidal versus longicidal), carpel number or embryo morphology (
<typeStatus id="4F09B9D865170D579176F8D70697F893" box="[1139,1180,1883,1906]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" type="isotype">iso-</typeStatus>
versus heterocotyledonous). More recent regional treatments on African (
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65170D579028F8F707C3F873" author="Robson, N. K. B." box="[1325,1480,1915,1938]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" refId="ref20915" refString="Robson, N. K. B. 1963. Ochnaceae. Pp. 224 - 262 in: Excell, A. W., Fernandes, A. &amp; Wild, H. (eds.), Flora Zambesiaca, vol. 2 (1). London." type="book" year="1963">Robson, 1963</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65170D579640F817068AF853" author="Du Toit, P. C. V. &amp; Obermeyer, A. A." box="[837,1153,1947,1970]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" refId="ref17094" refString="Du Toit, P. C. V. &amp; Obermeyer, A. A. 1976. Ochnaceae. Pp. 1 - 13 in: Ross, J. H. (ed.), Flora of southern Africa, vol. 22. Pretoria: Government Printer." type="book" year="1976">Du Toit &amp; Obermeyer, 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65170D57918AF8170748F853" author="Verdcourt, B." box="[1167,1347,1947,1970]" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 60" refId="ref23035" refString="Verdcourt, B. 2005. Ochnaceae. Pp. 1 - 60 in: Beentje, H. J. &amp; Ghazanfar, S. A. (eds.), Flora of tropical East Africa. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens." type="book chapter" year="2005">Verdcourt, 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65170D489054F8170339FF33" author="Callmander, M. W. &amp; Phillipson, P. B." lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" pagination="142 - 144" refId="ref16377" refString="Callmander, M. W. &amp; Phillipson, P. B. 2012. Notes on the genus Ochna L. (Ochnaceae) in Madagascar. Candollea 67: 142 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.15553 / c 2012 v 671 a 14" type="journal article" year="2012">Callmander &amp; Phillipson, 2012</bibRefCitation>
) or Asian (
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D4894ADFF370020FF33" author="Kanis, A." box="[424,555,187,210]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref18997" refString="Kanis, A. 1968. A revision of the Ochnaceae of the Indo-Pacific area. Blumea 16: 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="1968">Kanis, 1968</bibRefCitation>
) species of
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D4897ADFF3700E4FF33" box="[680,751,187,210]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4897ADFF3700E4FF33" box="[680,751,187,210]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ochna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
did not follow
<collectorName id="3D4762AC65080D489401FF570390FF13" box="[260,411,218,242]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Van Tieghem’</collectorName>
s narrow concept. In the present study, there is a remarkable congruence of our phylogeny with the infrageneric classification of
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D4894C4FE97006AFED3" author="Robson, N. K. B." box="[449,609,283,306]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" refId="ref20915" refString="Robson, N. K. B. 1963. Ochnaceae. Pp. 224 - 262 in: Excell, A. W., Fernandes, A. &amp; Wild, H. (eds.), Flora Zambesiaca, vol. 2 (1). London." type="book" year="1963">Robson (1963)</bibRefCitation>
, who divided the genus into three sections based on carpel shape and anther dehiscence (see also
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D489443FED703F1FE93" author="Verdcourt, B." box="[326,506,347,370]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 60" refId="ref23035" refString="Verdcourt, B. 2005. Ochnaceae. Pp. 1 - 60 in: Beentje, H. J. &amp; Ghazanfar, S. A. (eds.), Flora of tropical East Africa. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens." type="book chapter" year="2005">Verdcourt, 2005</bibRefCitation>
). Our clade A contains species belonging to Robson’ s
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D4894B3FEF7008EFE73" authority="sect. Ochna" box="[438,645,379,402]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Ochna">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4894B3FEF703F6FE73" box="[438,509,379,402]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ochna</emphasis>
sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48973BFEF7008EFE73" box="[574,645,379,402]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ochna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is characterized by bi-porous anthers.
<collectorName id="3D4762AC65080D4894E1FE170030FE53" box="[484,571,411,434]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Clade B</collectorName>
contains species of his
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4895A9FE3702B4FE33" box="[172,191,443,466]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O</emphasis>
. sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489403FE37039BFE33" box="[262,400,443,466]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Schizanthera</emphasis>
in which anthers open by longitudinal slits. In contrast, his species-poor
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48971FFE570026FE13" box="[538,557,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O</emphasis>
. sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48976AFE5700E3FE13" box="[623,744,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Renicarpus</emphasis>
, which differs by having reniform drupelets that are attached near the centre of the long side of the drupelet, appears to be polyphyletic according to the placement of
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489766FDB70338FD93" authority="Burch. ex DC." authorityName="DC." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arborea">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489766FDB70281FD93" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ochna arborea</emphasis>
Burch. ex DC.
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D48946EFDD7009DFD93" authority="Hook. However" authorityName="Hook. However" box="[363,662,603,626]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pulchra">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48946EFDD703EBFD93" box="[363,480,603,626]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O. pulchra</emphasis>
Hook. However
</taxonomicName>
, a more comprehensive taxon sampling of this section is required for a sound evaluation of its status. Besides the two large clades, there are two smaller clades. One contains the morphologically close
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D48940DFD5703DDFD13" authority="Baker" authorityName="Baker" box="[264,470,731,754]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polycarpa">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48940DFD57039AFD13" box="[264,401,731,754]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O. polycarpa</emphasis>
Baker
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D48970FFD570331FCF3" authority="(H. Perrier) Callm. &amp; Phillipson" authorityName="Callm. &amp; Phillipson" baseAuthorityName="H. Perrier" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="louvelii">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48970FFD57007CFD13" box="[522,631,731,754]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O. louvelii</emphasis>
(H.Perrier) Callm. &amp; Phillipson
</taxonomicName>
, which are from
<collectingCountry id="E8A547EA65080D4894EEFD77006CFCF3" box="[491,615,763,786]" name="Madagascar" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D489770FD770326FCD3" author="Callmander, M. W. &amp; Phillipson, P. B." pageId="16" pageNumber="64" pagination="142 - 144" refId="ref16377" refString="Callmander, M. W. &amp; Phillipson, P. B. 2012. Notes on the genus Ochna L. (Ochnaceae) in Madagascar. Candollea 67: 142 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.15553 / c 2012 v 671 a 14" type="journal article" year="2012">Callmander &amp; Phillipson, 2012</bibRefCitation>
). The other one is sister to the rest of
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D4897ACFC9700E5FCD3" box="[681,750,795,818]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4897ACFC9700E5FCD3" box="[681,750,795,818]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ochna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and comprises
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489403FCB703F6FCB3" authority="Baill." authorityName="Baill." box="[262,509,827,850]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="andravinensis">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489403FCB703B2FCB3" box="[262,441,827,850]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O. andravinensis</emphasis>
Baill.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D48970DFCB700C9FCB3" authority="Hook." authorityName="Hook." box="[520,706,827,850]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pulchra">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48970DFCB70073FCB3" box="[520,632,827,850]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O. pulchra</emphasis>
Hook.
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489562FCD703ECFC93" authority="(Tiegh.) Bamps. How" authorityName="Bamps. How" baseAuthorityName="Tiegh." box="[103,487,859,882]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latisepala">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489562FCD702F9FC93" box="[103,242,859,882]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O. latisepala</emphasis>
(Tiegh.) Bamps. How
</taxonomicName>
these smaller clades are integrated into an infrageneric classification and how species of
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489586FC17029DFC53" box="[131,150,923,946]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O</emphasis>
. sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4895DDFC170341FC53" box="[216,330,923,946]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Reniformis</emphasis>
are accommodated, is, however, beyond the scope of the present study and needs to be assessed in the framework of a modern taxonomic revision of this genus. From an ecological perspective remarkable is the observation that several of the species for which a fire-adapted geoxylic growth
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489562FBB702CDFBB3" box="[103,198,1083,1106]" form="has" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" rank="form">form has</taxonomicName>
been reported (which are elements of the so-called underground forests; see
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D48947CFBD703F4FB93" author="White, F." box="[377,511,1115,1138]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" pagination="57 - 71" refId="ref23080" refString="White, F. 1976. The underground forests of Africa: A preliminary review. Gard. Bull. Singapore 24: 57 - 71." type="journal article" year="1976">White, 1976</bibRefCitation>
) were positioned in a subclade of clade
<collectorName id="3D4762AC65080D489418FBF70368FB73" box="[285,355,1147,1170]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">C. The</collectorName>
geoxylic species include, for example,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489562FB170325FB53" authority="Oliv." authorityName="Oliv." box="[103,302,1179,1202]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leptoclada">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489562FB1702FFFB53" box="[103,244,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O. leptoclada</emphasis>
Oliv.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489432FB170032FB53" authority="De Wild." authorityName="De Wild." box="[311,569,1179,1202]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="katangensis">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489432FB1703DAFB53" box="[311,465,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O. katangensis</emphasis>
De Wild.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489746FB170327FB33" authority="Burtt Davy &amp; Greenway" authorityName="Burtt Davy &amp; Greenway" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="confusa">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489746FB1700B8FB53" box="[579,691,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O. confusa</emphasis>
Burtt Davy &amp; Greenway
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D48945BFB37006EFB33" authority="Hiern. From" authorityName="Hiern. From" box="[350,613,1211,1234]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48945BFB3703D6FB33" box="[350,477,1211,1234]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O. pygmaea</emphasis>
Hiern. From
</taxonomicName>
a biogeographical perspective noteworthy are our findings that the Asian species (
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D4895C4FB7703E4FAF3" authority="(Lour.) Merr." authorityName="Merr." baseAuthorityName="Lour." box="[193,495,1275,1298]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="integerrima">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4895C4FB770356FAF3" box="[193,349,1275,1298]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O. integerrima</emphasis>
(Lour.) Merr.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D4894FDFB7700AFFAF3" authority="DC." authorityName="DC." box="[504,676,1275,1298]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtusata">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4894FDFB770079FAF3" box="[504,626,1275,1298]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O. obtusata</emphasis>
DC.
</taxonomicName>
) included in this study form a clade that is nested in clade D and that the Malagasy species (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D48947AFAB70053FAB3" authority="Baill." authorityName="Baill." box="[383,600,1339,1362]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brachypoda">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48947AFAB70013FAB3" box="[383,536,1339,1362]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O. brachypoda</emphasis>
Baill.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489764FAB702ACFA93" authority="Baker" authorityName="Baker" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrantha">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489764FAB700E5FAB3" box="[609,750,1339,1362]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O. macrantha</emphasis>
Baker
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D4895B4FAD70331FA93" box="[177,314,1371,1394]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polycarpa">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4895B4FAD70331FA93" box="[177,314,1371,1394]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O. polycarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489443FAD703FDFA93" box="[326,502,1371,1394]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="andravinensis">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489443FAD703FDFA93" box="[326,502,1371,1394]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O. andravinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are spread across three major clades of
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D48940BFAF70358FA73" box="[270,339,1403,1426]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ochna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48940BFAF70358FA73" box="[270,339,1403,1426]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ochna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="900D077A65080D489591FA170604FC33" blockId="16.[103,751,187,1970]" lastBlockId="16.[789,1438,187,1970]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">
The largest genus of
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489461FA1703DEFA53" box="[356,469,1435,1458]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ochnaceae</taxonomicName>
is
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D4894EAFA17004FFA53" box="[495,580,1435,1458]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4894EAFA17004FFA53" box="[495,580,1435,1458]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ouratea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is among the larger woody genera of the New World with about 200 (
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D48956BFA57037BFA13" author="Amaral, M. C. E. &amp; Bittrich, V." box="[110,368,1499,1522]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" refId="ref15715" refString="Amaral, M. C. E. &amp; Bittrich, V. 2014. Ochnaceae. Pp. 253 - 268 in: Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 11. Heidelberg: Springer. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 39417 - 1 _ 19" type="book" year="2014">Amaral &amp; Bittrich, 2014</bibRefCitation>
) to 310 accepted species (Schneider, unpub. data), comparable in size to other well-known radiations in tropical plant families such as
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D4894F0F9970055F9D3" authority="Mill." authorityName="Mill." box="[501,606,1563,1586]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Inga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4894F0F997002FF9D3" box="[501,548,1563,1586]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Inga</emphasis>
Mill.
</taxonomicName>
(ca. 300 spp.,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489562F9B702C7F9B3" box="[103,204,1595,1618]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D4895DEF9B703E9F9B3" author="Richardson, J. E. &amp; Pennington, R. T. &amp; Pennington, T. D. &amp; Hollingsworth, P. M." box="[219,482,1595,1618]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" pagination="2242 - 2245" refId="ref20856" refString="Richardson, J. E., Pennington, R. T., Pennington, T. D. &amp; Hollingsworth, P. M. 2001. Rapid diversification of a species-rich genus of neotropical rainforest trees. Science 293: 2242 - 2245. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 1061421" type="journal article" year="2001">Richardson &amp; al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D4894FDF9B70080F9B3" authority="Aubl." authorityName="Aubl." box="[504,651,1595,1618]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Ocotea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4894FDF9B7004FF9B3" box="[504,580,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ocotea</emphasis>
Aubl.
</taxonomicName>
(ca. 300 spp.,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D4895A1F9D70318F993" box="[164,275,1627,1650]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D489424F9D703D9F993" author="Madrinan, S." box="[289,466,1627,1650]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" refId="ref19437" refString="Madrinan, S. 2004. Lauraceae (Avocado Family). Pp. 204 - 206 in: Smith, N., Mori, S. A., Henderson, A., Stevenson, D. W. &amp; Heald, S. V. (eds.), Flowering plants of the neotropics. Princeton: Princeton University Press." type="book" year="2004">Madriñán, 2004</bibRefCitation>
),
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4894EDF9D70026F993" box="[488,557,1627,1650]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Clusia</emphasis>
L. (ca. 300 spp.,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489562F9F702D2F973" box="[103,217,1659,1682]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Clusiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Clusiaceae</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D4895E1F9F703DDF973" author="Gustafsson, M. H. G. &amp; Winter, K. &amp; Bittrich, V." box="[228,470,1659,1682]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" refId="ref18271" refString="Gustafsson, M. H. G., Winter, K. &amp; Bittrich, V. 2007. Diversity, phylogeny and classification of Clusia. Pp. 95 - 116 in: Luttge, U. (ed.), Clusia: A woody neotropical genus of remarkable plasticity and diversity. Ecological Studies 194. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 37243 - 1 _ 7" type="journal volume" year="2007">Gustafsson &amp; al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
), or
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489703F9F700E4F973" authority="Ruiz &amp; Pav." authorityName="Ruiz &amp; Pav." box="[518,751,1659,1682]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" genus="Guatteria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489703F9F70061F973" box="[518,618,1659,1682]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Guatteria</emphasis>
Ruiz &amp; Pav.
</taxonomicName>
(ca. 265 spp.,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D4895FAF917038EF953" box="[255,389,1691,1714]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Annonaceae</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D489497F917006AF953" author="Erkens, R. H. J. &amp; Chatrou, L. W. &amp; Koek-Noorman, J. &amp; Maas, J. W. &amp; Maas, P. J. M." box="[402,609,1691,1714]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" pagination="757 - 774" refId="ref17328" refString="Erkens, R. H. J., Chatrou, L. W., Koek-Noorman, J., Maas, J. W. &amp; Maas, P. J. M. 2007. Classification of a large and widespread genus of neotropical trees, Guatteria (Annonaceae) and its three satellite genera Guatteriella, Guatteriopsis and Heteropetalum. Taxon 56: 757 - 774. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25065858" type="journal article" year="2007">Erkens &amp; al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
). The lack of a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus hampers the interpretation of the here presented phylogeny. However, different infrageneric classification systems are available. First attempts for an infrageneric classification of this genus were largely based on unreliable characters such as leaf indumentum and texture (
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D489446F8D703DAF893" author="Erhard, I." box="[323,465,1883,1906]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" pagination="241 - 254" refId="ref17293" refString="Erhard, I. 1849. Synopsis specierum Gomphiae Schreb. (Familia Ochnacearum DC. Decandria monogynia L.) in America meridionali hus usque lectarum. Flora 32: 241 - 254." type="journal article" year="1849">Erhard, 1849</bibRefCitation>
). Later,
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D489726F8D700BEF893" author="Engler, A." box="[547,693,1883,1906]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" refId="ref17218" refString="Engler, A. 1876 (&quot; 1872 - 1877 &quot;). Ochnaceae. Pp. 301 - 332, pl. 62 - 77 in: Martius, C. F. P. (ed.), Flora Brasiliensis, vol. 12 (2). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: apud Frid. Fleischer. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 454" type="book" year="1876">Engler (1876)</bibRefCitation>
erected the two series,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D48941BF8F70026F873" box="[286,557,1915,1938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="series" series="Cardiocarpae">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48941BF8F70379F873" box="[286,370,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ouratea</emphasis>
ser.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48949BF8F70026F873" box="[414,557,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Cardiocarpae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and ser.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489787F8F700E3F873" box="[642,744,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Oocarpae</emphasis>
, using fruit characters for the then known 76 species. The first differs by its obcordate drupelets from the second, which is characterized by mostly ovoid to obovoid drupelets. With Van Tieghem’ s (1902) classification, the number of subdivisions increased drastically. He distinguished 22 genera for his subtribe
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489675FEB7061BFEB3" box="[880,1040,315,338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Orthospermeae">Orthospermeae</taxonomicName>
(which corresponds to modern
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489058FEB7013EFE93" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489058FEB7013EFE93" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ouratea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D489670FED70667FE93" author="Sastre, C. &amp; Offroy, B." box="[885,1132,347,370]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" pagination="55 - 98" refId="ref21564" refString="Sastre, C. &amp; Offroy, B. 2016. Revision nomenclaturale des binomes du genre neotropical Ouratea Aublet (Ochnaceae) decrits par van Tieghem. Adansonia 38: 55 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / a 2016 n 1 a 5" type="journal article" year="2016">Sastre &amp; Offroy, 2016</bibRefCitation>
) using differences in inflorescence
<typeStatus id="4F09B9D865080D48967CFEF701ADFE73" box="[889,934,379,402]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
and insertion, indumentum, number of styles, embryo shape or the persistence of stipules, among others. Subsequent authors disregarded Van Tieghem’ s system (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D489610FE57018CFE13" author="Gilg, E." box="[789,903,475,498]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" refId="ref17999" refString="Gilg, E. 1925. Ochnaceae. Pp. 53 - 87 in: Engler, A. (ed.), Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien, ed. 2, vol. 21. Leipzig: Engelmann." type="book" year="1925">Gilg, 1925</bibRefCitation>
). Perhaps the more satisfying classification of
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D48905BFE57013FFDF3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48905BFE57013FFDF3" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ouratea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was introduced by
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D48910CFE770692FDF3" author="Sastre, C." box="[1033,1177,507,530]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" pagination="47 - 67" refId="ref21360" refString="Sastre, C. 1988. Studies on the Flora of the Guianas 34. Synopsis generis Ouratea Aublet (Ochnaceae). Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 1: 47 - 67." type="journal article" year="1988">Sastre (1988)</bibRefCitation>
. He subdivided
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489042FE770797FDF3" box="[1351,1436,507,530]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489042FE770797FDF3" box="[1351,1436,507,530]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ouratea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into the six sections
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4896EDFD9701F0FDD3" box="[1000,1019,539,562]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O</emphasis>
. sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489138FD9706C6FDD3" box="[1085,1229,539,562]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Cardiocarpae</emphasis>
(Engl.) Sastre, sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489610FDB70188FDB3" box="[789,899,571,594]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Kaieteuria</emphasis>
(Dwyer) Sastre, sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489170FDB706FAFDB3" box="[1141,1265,571,594]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Polyouratea</emphasis>
(Tiegh.) Sastre, sect.
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D48964DFDD70197FD93" box="[840,924,603,626]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48964DFDD70197FD93" box="[840,924,603,626]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ouratea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4896DCFDD70630FD93" box="[985,1083,603,626]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ouratella</emphasis>
(Tiegh.) Sastre and sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489033FDD70797FD93" box="[1334,1436,603,626]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Persistens</emphasis>
Sastre. This classification was superseded by his more recent one (
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D489642FD1701C0FD53" author="Sastre, C." box="[839,971,667,690]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" pagination="193 - 200" refId="ref21403" refString="Sastre, C. 1995. Novelties in the neotropical genus Ouratea Aublet (Ochnaceae). Novon 5: 193 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3392246" type="journal article" year="1995">Sastre, 1995</bibRefCitation>
), in which
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48913CFD170647FD53" box="[1081,1100,667,690]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O</emphasis>
. sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48918EFD1706E3FD53" box="[1163,1256,667,690]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Caducae</emphasis>
Sastre was newly erected, whereas sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489104FD370667FD33" box="[1025,1132,699,722]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Persistens</emphasis>
was placed in the synonymy of sect.
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489662FD5701B5FD13" box="[871,958,731,754]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489662FD5701B5FD13" box="[871,958,731,754]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ouratea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Characters of diagnostic value for the different sections are, for example, the possession of 2–4 fused sepals in
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48967EFC970185FCD3" box="[891,910,795,818]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">O</emphasis>
. sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4896D0FC97064DFCD3" box="[981,1094,795,818]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Kaieteuria</emphasis>
, fruits with the drupelets borne horizontally in sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4896F0FCB70682FCB3" box="[1013,1161,827,850]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Cardiocarpae</emphasis>
. Other important characters are the number of carpels (e.g.,
<quantity id="574AAA9F65080D489183FCD706DDFC93" box="[1158,1238,858,882]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" metricValueMax="2.54" metricValueMin="1.524" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" unit="in" value="8.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="6.0">6–10 in</quantity>
sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48900AFCD70786FC93" box="[1295,1421,859,882]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Polyouratea</emphasis>
), fruits with persistent sepals (sect.
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489171FCF706C1FC73" box="[1140,1226,891,914]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489171FCF706C1FC73" box="[1140,1226,891,914]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ouratea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the position of the inflorescence (terminal versus axillary, the first characteristic of sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4896A7FC37060BFC33" box="[930,1024,955,978]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Caducae</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="900D077A65080D489647FC570606FA53" blockId="16.[789,1438,187,1970]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">
Here, based on our phylogenetic analysis, including roughly half the species reported for
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D4891A6FC7706F1FBF3" box="[1187,1274,1019,1042]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4891A6FC7706F1FBF3" box="[1187,1274,1019,1042]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ouratea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we tentatively defined five major clades for the ease of discussion, all except clade D with maximum support. Mapping Sastre’ s (1995) sections for species for which we took the relevant information from his publications (
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D4896FCFBF70677FB73" author="Sastre, C." box="[1017,1148,1147,1170]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" pagination="47 - 67" refId="ref21360" refString="Sastre, C. 1988. Studies on the Flora of the Guianas 34. Synopsis generis Ouratea Aublet (Ochnaceae). Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 1: 47 - 67." type="journal article" year="1988">Sastre, 1988</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D489180FBF706B7FB73" author="Sastre, C." box="[1157,1212,1147,1170]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" pagination="193 - 200" refId="ref21403" refString="Sastre, C. 1995. Novelties in the neotropical genus Ouratea Aublet (Ochnaceae). Novon 5: 193 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3392246" type="journal article" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D4891C1FBF706F0FB73" author="Sastre, C." box="[1220,1275,1147,1170]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" pagination="105 - 118" refId="ref21437" refString="Sastre, C. 2001. New Ouratea species (Ochnaceae) from Venezuela and adjacent countries. Novon 11: 105 - 118. https: // doi. org / 10. 2307 / 3393218" type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D489001FBF70731FB73" author="Sastre, C." box="[1284,1338,1147,1170]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" pagination="77 - 91" refId="ref21535" refString="Sastre, C. 2007. Six nouvelles especes d' Ouratea (Ochnaceae) des Guyanes. Adansonia, ser. 3, 29: 77 - 91." type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
) revealed that all sections were polyphyletic (suppl. Fig. S5). In particular,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D48963BFB37064EFB33" box="[830,1093,1211,1234]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Kaieteuria">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D48963BFB37019EFB33" box="[830,917,1211,1234]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ouratea</emphasis>
sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4896D1FB37064EFB33" box="[980,1093,1211,1234]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Kaieteuria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D4891B4FB37071CFB33" box="[1201,1303,1211,1234]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ouratella</emphasis>
were spread across most of the clades. Topological artefacts as resulting from methodological issues and sometimes associated with either the concatenation or the coalescent approach can be ruled out as an explanation for the lack of congruence between our phylogeny and the sectional classification because all five major clades are recovered identically with both methods of phylogenetic inference.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="900D077A65080D499647FA37004FFC93" blockId="16.[789,1438,187,1970]" lastBlockId="17.[151,799,187,882]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">
We also evaluated Van Tieghem’ s (1902) classification but did not find any congruent pattern. His genus
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489013FA570152F9F3" authority="Tiegh." authorityName="Tiegh." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Trichouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489013FA570796FA13" box="[1302,1437,1499,1522]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Trichouratea</emphasis>
Tiegh.
</taxonomicName>
is the only one which coincides in part with a subclade of our clade E. However, it is also polyphyletic and intermingled with species from two other genera he had defined. Therefore, many of the characters used for the infrageneric classification are supposedly homoplastic. This is most likely due to the explosive radiation during the early history of
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965080D489042F9170796F953" box="[1351,1437,1691,1714]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865080D489042F9170796F953" box="[1351,1437,1691,1714]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="64">Ouratea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as inferred from the short branches along its backbone, and which also might explain why previous morphology-based infrageneric classifications in such speciose angiosperm genera often fail in defining monophyletic groups (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D489032F897017DF8B3" author="Simon, M. F. &amp; Grether, R. &amp; de Queiroz, L. P. &amp; Sarkinen, T. E. &amp; Dutra, V. F. &amp; Hughes, C. E." pageId="16" pageNumber="64" pagination="1201 - 1221" refId="ref22307" refString="Simon, M. F., Grether, R., de Queiroz, L. P., Sarkinen, T. E., Dutra, V. F. &amp; Hughes, C. E. 2011. The evolutionary history of Mimosa (Leguminosae): Toward a phylogeny of the sensitive plants. Amer. J. Bot. 98: 1201 - 1221. https: // doi. org / 10.3732 / ajb. 1000520" type="journal article" year="2011">Simon &amp; al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D489680F8B70682F8B3" author="Goldenberg, R. &amp; Reginato, M. &amp; Michelangeli, F. A." box="[901,1161,1851,1874]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" pagination="537 - 551" refId="ref18214" refString="Goldenberg, R., Reginato, M. &amp; Michelangeli, F. A. 2018. Disentangling the infrageneric classification of megadiverse taxa from Mata Atlantica: Phylogeny of Miconia section Chaenanthera (Melastomataceae: Miconieae). Taxon 67: 537 - 551. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 673.15" type="journal article" year="2018">Goldenberg &amp; al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65080D48919DF8B70799F8B3" author="Moonlight, P. W. &amp; Ardi, W. H. &amp; Padilla, L. A. &amp; Chung, K. - F. &amp; Fuller, D. &amp; Girmansyah, D. &amp; Hollands, R. &amp; Jara-Munoz, A. &amp; Kiew, R. &amp; Leong, W. - C. &amp; Liu, Y. &amp; Mahardika, A. &amp; Marasinghe, L. D. K. &amp; Connor, M. &amp; Peng, C. - I. &amp; Perez, A. J. &amp; Phutthai, T. &amp; Pullan, M. &amp; Rajbhandary, S. &amp; Reynel, C. &amp; Rubite, R. R. &amp; Sang, J. &amp; Scherberich, D. &amp; Shui, Y. - M. &amp; Tebbitt, M. C. &amp; Thomas, D. C. &amp; Wilson, H. P. &amp; Zaini, N. H. &amp; Hughes, M." box="[1176,1426,1851,1874]" pageId="16" pageNumber="64" pagination="267 - 323" refId="ref20171" refString="Moonlight, P. W., Ardi, W. H., Padilla, L. A., Chung, K. - F., Fuller, D., Girmansyah, D., Hollands, R., Jara-Munoz, A., Kiew, R., Leong, W. - C., Liu, Y., Mahardika, A., Marasinghe, L. D. K., O' Connor, M., Peng, C. - I., Perez, A. J., Phutthai, T., Pullan, M., Rajbhandary, S., Reynel, C., Rubite, R. R., Sang, J., Scherberich, D., Shui, Y. - M., Tebbitt, M. C., Thomas, D. C., Wilson, H. P., Zaini, N. H. &amp; Hughes, M. 2018. Dividing and conquering the fastest-growing genus: Towards a natural sectional classification of the mega-diverse genus Begonia (Begoniaceae). Taxon 67: 267 - 323. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 672.3" type="journal article" year="2018">Moonlight &amp; al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
). Only at the level of smaller subclades, we discern some congruence with character combinations that defined Sastre’ s sections. For example, in clade D, we found a subclade uniting
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D499592FF3703B7FF33" authority="(Planch.) Urb." authorityName="Urb." baseAuthorityName="Planch." box="[151,444,187,210]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guildingii">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D499592FF370316FF33" box="[151,285,187,210]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O. guildingii</emphasis>
(Planch.) Urb.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D4994C2FF370110FF33" authority="(Tiegh.) Steyerm." authorityName="Steyerm." baseAuthorityName="Tiegh." box="[455,795,187,210]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grosourdyi">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D4994C2FF37005CFF33" box="[455,599,187,210]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O. grosourdyi</emphasis>
(Tiegh.) Steyerm.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D499592FF5703C8FF13" authority="(Bonpl.) Engl." authorityName="Engl." baseAuthorityName="Bonpl." box="[151,451,219,242]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mexicana">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D499592FF570315FF13" box="[151,286,219,242]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O. mexicana</emphasis>
(Bonpl.) Engl.
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D4994F8FF570110FF13" authority="Sastre" authorityName="Sastre" box="[509,795,219,242]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudoguildingii">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D4994F8FF5700C5FF13" box="[509,718,219,242]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O. pseudoguildingii</emphasis>
Sastre
</taxonomicName>
, which all share the set of characters of
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D499721FF770113FEF3" box="[548,792,251,274]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Ouratella">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D499721FF770071FEF3" box="[548,634,251,274]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">Ouratea</emphasis>
sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D4997B1FF770113FEF3" box="[692,792,251,274]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">Ouratella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Another subclade of clade D unites species belonging to
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D499592FEB702A1FEB3" box="[151,170,315,338]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O</emphasis>
. sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D4995EDFEB7035CFEB3" box="[232,343,315,338]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">Kaieteuria</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D499461FEB70042FEB3" authority="Sastre" authorityName="Sastre" box="[356,585,315,338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steyermarkii">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D499461FEB70009FEB3" box="[356,514,315,338]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O. steyermarkii</emphasis>
Sastre
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D499754FEB702BBFE93" authority="Engl., O." authorityName="Engl., O." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thyrsoidea">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D499754FEB700D0FEB3" box="[593,731,315,338]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O. thyrsoidea</emphasis>
Engl.,
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D499592FED702BBFE93" box="[151,176,347,370]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D4995B3FED702F5FE93" box="[182,254,347,370]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">clarkia</emphasis>
Sastre,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D499455FED7005FFE93" authority="Sastre" authorityName="Sastre" box="[336,596,347,370]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arbobrevicalyx">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D499455FED70000FE93" box="[336,523,347,370]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O. arbobrevicalyx</emphasis>
Sastre
</taxonomicName>
), and there is also a clade uniting the Caribbean species
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D499710FEF70110FE73" authority="(DC.) Baill." authorityName="Baill." baseAuthorityName="DC." box="[533,795,379,402]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="illicifolia">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D499710FEF7009FFE73" box="[533,660,379,402]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O. illicifolia</emphasis>
(DC.) Baill.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D499592FE1703B6FE53" authority="(Tiegh.) Urb." authorityName="Urb." baseAuthorityName="Tiegh." box="[151,445,411,434]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="agrophylla">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D499592FE170322FE53" box="[151,297,411,434]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O. agrophylla</emphasis>
(Tiegh.) Urb.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D4994CDFE170111FE53" authority="(A. Rich.) M. Gomez" authorityName="M. Gomez" baseAuthorityName="A. Rich." box="[456,794,411,434]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elliptica">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D4994CDFE170036FE53" box="[456,573,411,434]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O. elliptica</emphasis>
(A.Rich.) M.Gómez
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D499592FE37036FFE33" authority="Urb." authorityName="Urb." box="[151,356,443,466]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lenticellosa">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D499592FE370326FE33" box="[151,301,443,466]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O. lenticellosa</emphasis>
Urb.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D499468FE37006CFE33" authority="(Sw.) Engl." authorityName="Engl." baseAuthorityName="Sw." box="[365,615,443,466]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laurifolia">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D499468FE3703E6FE33" box="[365,493,443,466]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O. laurifolia</emphasis>
(Sw.) Engl.
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D49979DFE370359FE13" authority="(Planch.) Urb." authorityName="Urb." baseAuthorityName="Planch." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D49979DFE3702B9FE13" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O. jamaicensis</emphasis>
(Planch.) Urb.
</taxonomicName>
, some of which have been included in Van Tieghem’ s (1902)
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D499457FE7703ECFDF3" box="[338,487,507,530]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">Camptouratea</emphasis>
. In clade E, we observe a subclade uniting species of
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D49949FFD9700A5FDD3" box="[410,686,539,562]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Polyouratea">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D49949FFD9703FBFDD3" box="[410,496,539,562]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">Ouratea</emphasis>
sect.
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D499735FD9700A5FDD3" box="[560,686,539,562]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">Polyouratea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D4997BBFD9702D2FDB3" authority="Sastre" authorityName="Sastre" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scottii">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D4997BBFD970114FDD3" box="[702,799,539,562]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O. scottii</emphasis>
Sastre
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D4995E7FDB703CBFDB3" authority="Ducke" authorityName="Ducke" box="[226,448,571,594]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="discophora">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D4995E7FDB7037FFDB3" box="[226,372,571,594]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O. discophora</emphasis>
Ducke
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57B27CF965090D4994CCFDB700A6FDB3" authority="Maguire" authorityName="Maguire" box="[457,685,571,594]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decagyna">
<emphasis id="A2C6DB6865090D4994CCFDB70040FDB3" box="[457,587,571,594]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="65">O. decagyna</emphasis>
Maguire
</taxonomicName>
). Although we may find consistent character combinations for smaller species groups, it might be difficult to find such combinations for the major clades in view of the short branches during early divergence events creating a scenario of incomplete lineage sorting at deeper time (
<bibRefCitation id="F4237A8B65090D499496FD570050FD13" author="Xu, B. &amp; Yang, Z." box="[403,603,731,754]" pageId="17" pageNumber="65" pagination="1353 - 1368" refId="ref23275" refString="Xu, B. &amp; Yang, Z. 2016. Challenges in species tree estimation under the multispecies coalescent model. Genetics 204: 1353 - 1368. https: // doi. org / 10.1534 / genetics. 116.190173" type="journal article" year="2016">Xu &amp; Yang, 2016</bibRefCitation>
) and many clades with not yet well-fixed traits. However, morphological characters of diagnostic value that describe the here retrieved major clades will have to be searched and evaluated in an urgently needed taxonomic revision of that genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</emphasis>
</treatment>
</document>
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