256 lines
24 KiB
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256 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c9eb6df8-884d-4ab7-a470-95e6831f536d" ID-PMC="PMC5027644" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-613-1" ID-PubMed="27667928" ID-ZBK="0FDE9BAB3DD4402DB6E1177639C32D43" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-613-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 613" ModsDocTitle="The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications" checkinTime="1472587903591" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa & Panha, Somsak" docDate="2016" docId="17791942D4CBAA268A952F0775E5615B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 613: 1-157" docOrigin="ZooKeys 613" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309" docTitle="Panolia eldii M'Clelland 1842" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="FFE0FFDCF21FE33DFFCFFFB3FFF4FF93" masterDocTitle="The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications" masterLastPageNumber="157" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="33" updateTime="1668163447659" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Suraprasit, Kantapon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Jaeger, Jean-Jacques</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Chaimanee, Yaowalak</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Chavasseau, Olivier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Yamee, Chotima</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Tian, Pannipa</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Panha, Somsak</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>613</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>157</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-613-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">0FDE9BAB3DD4402DB6E1177639C32D43</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">0FDE9BAB3DD4402DB6E1177639C32D43</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127859872" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:17791942D4CBAA268A952F0775E5615B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/17791942D4CBAA268A952F0775E5615B" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Taxon classification Animalia Artiodactyla Cervidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<taxonomicName authority="M'Clelland, 1842" authorityName="M'Clelland" authorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Panolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panolia eldii" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eldii">
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Panolia eldii (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="M’Clelland">M'Clelland</normalizedToken>
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, 1842)
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Referred material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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A cranium with a right partial antler, DMR-KS-05-04-20-4; a right P2, DMR-KS-05-03-15-11; two left M1-DMR-KS-05-03-00-24 and DMR-KS-05-03-00-25; six M2-DMR-KS-05-03-00-23 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-30-5 (right), DMR-KS-05-04-3-4 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-30-6 (left posterior lobe), DMR-KS-05-03-27-7 (left), and DMR-KS-05-04-3-5 (left); five M3-DMR-KS-05-03-27-6 (right), DMR-KS-05-04-9-1 (right), DMR-KS-05-04-8-3 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-00-22 (left), and DMR-KS-05-04-9-2 (left); two left mandibles-DMR-KS-05-03-27-2 (with p2-m3) and DMR-KS-05-04-9-5 (with p2-m2); a right i1, DMR-KS-05-03-29-2; a right scapula, DMR-KS-05-06-24-4; a left humerus, DMR-KS-05-04-11-35; a right fragmentary humerus, DMR-KS-05-03-18-1 (proximal part); three radii-DMR-KS-05-03-31-10 (right), DMR-KS-05-04-11-3 (right), and DMR-KS-05-03-19-16 (left); a right metacarpus, DMR-KS-05-03-24-2; two right femora-DMR-KS-05-03-27-11 and DMR-KS-05-03-17-36; five fragmentary femora-DMR-KS-05-04-05-38 (right proximal part), DMR-KS-05-03-28-20 (right
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<pageBreakToken pageId="33" pageNumber="34" start="start">distal</pageBreakToken>
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part), DMR-KS-05-03-00-119 (right distal part), DMR-KS-05-03-19-2 (right distal part), and DMR-KS-05-08-16-1 (left proximal part); three left metatarsi-DMR-KS-05-03-25-8, DMR-KS-05-03-28-17, and DMR-KS-05-03-15-15.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Material description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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Cranium and upper dentition: DMR-KS-05-04-20-4 is an incomplete cranium, lacking the whole anterior parts (nasal, jugal, palatine, and maxilla) (Fig. 19
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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) (for measurements, see Appendix 4). This specimen is a juvenile individual according to the incompletely fused sutures. The basioccipital and basisphenoid are triangular in outline and have straight lateral edges (Fig. 19C), different from those of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Axis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Axis" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Axis</taxonomicName>
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, and as observed on the recent skull of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Panolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panolia eldii" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eldii">Panolia eldii</taxonomicName>
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(e.g., MNHN-ZMO-1937-157, MNHN-ZMO-1944-307, MNHN-ZMO-2011-190, and NMW-2975). The foramina ovale of DMR-KS-05-04-20-4 are more circular and open more anteriorly than those of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Axis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Axis" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Axis</taxonomicName>
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. The right partial antler contains a half of the slender main beam, but lacks a brow tine entirely (Fig. 19A, B). The divergent angle between the main beam and the brow tine is of about 110°, similar to recent skulls of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Panolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panolia eldii" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eldii">Panolia eldii</taxonomicName>
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(e.g., THNHM-M-125). The antler surface is smooth and the burr is poorly developed in relation to the ontogenetic stages. The preserved shed antler shows a typical character of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Panolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panolia eldii" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eldii">Panolia eldii</taxonomicName>
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, whose main beams strongly project and curve laterally (Fig. 19A).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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Figure 19. Remains of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Panolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panolia eldii" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eldii">Panolia eldii</taxonomicName>
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from Khok Sung:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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DMR-KS-05-04-20-4, a cranium in dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views D DMR-KS-05-03-15-11, a right P2 E DMR-KS-05-03-00-24, a left M1 F DMR-KS-05-03-00-23, a right M2 G DMR-KS-05-03-27-6, a left M3 H DMR-KS-05-04-9-2, a left M3 I DMR-KS-05-03-29-2, a right i1 in lingual view
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<normalizedToken originalValue="J–K">J-K</normalizedToken>
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DMR-KS-05-03-27-2, a left mandible in lateral (J) and occlusal (K) views
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<normalizedToken originalValue="L–M">L-M</normalizedToken>
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DMR-KS-05-04-9-5, a left mandible in occlusal (L) and lateral (M) views. All teeth are shown in occlusal view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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P2 exhibits a prominent medial crista which divides the fossette into two islands (Fig. 19D). The separated anterior fossette is larger than the posterior one. On the upper molars, the buccal styles, anterior cingula, and entostyles are distinct (for measurements, see Tab. 12). The entostyle is bifurcated (Fig. 19
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<normalizedToken originalValue="E–H">E-H</normalizedToken>
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). The metaconule fold (spur) is poorly developed. The posterior lobe of the M3 is reduced in width (Fig. 19G, H). The buccal wall of the posterior lobe is oblique in occlusal view.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Mandibles and lower dentition: Two mandibles (DMR-KS-05-03-27-2: Fig. 19J, K and DMR-KS-05-04-9-5: Fig. 19L, M) are nearly complete, preserving the bodies with cheek tooth rows (for measurements, see Appendix 5). The first specimen also preserves a partial ramus and is more complete than the second one in which the mandibular body is broken.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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An isolated i1 is spatulate (Fig. 19I). Lower premolars show more complex patterns compared to
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Axis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Axis" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Axis</taxonomicName>
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(e.g., the bifurcation of the metaconid on the p3, the irregular shape of the posterior valley, and the presence of more developed pre- and postprotoconulidcristids) (Fig. 19K, L). Lower molars display well-developed anterior cingulids and stylids (for measurements, see Tab. 12). The m3 is characterized by the presence of a posterior ectostylid (Fig. 19K). The shape of the posterior lobe of the m3 resembles that of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Axis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Axis axis" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="axis">Axis axis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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Postcranial remains: postcranial bones include a scapula (Fig. 20A, B), humeri (Fig. 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="C–E">C-E</normalizedToken>
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), radii, a metacarpus (Fig. 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="I–K">I-K</normalizedToken>
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), femora (Fig. 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="O–Q">O-Q</normalizedToken>
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), and metatarsi (Fig. 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="L–N">L-N</normalizedToken>
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). They are almost complete. We identify these postcranial bones based on the correlation of size and proportion with the extant specimens of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Panolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panolia eldii" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eldii">Panolia eldii</taxonomicName>
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(Tab. 13, and Appendices 1, 6-10, and 12).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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Figure 20. Postcranial remains of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Panolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panolia eldii" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eldii">Panolia eldii</taxonomicName>
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from Khok Sung:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
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DMR-KS-05-06-24-4, a right scapula in lateral (A) and distal (B) views
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<normalizedToken originalValue="C–E">C-E</normalizedToken>
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DMR-KS-05-03-18-1, a right proximal humerus in proximal (C), anterior (D), and posterior (E) views
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<normalizedToken originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
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DMR-KS-05-03-31-10, a right radius in proximal (F), anterior (G), distal (H) views
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<normalizedToken originalValue="I–K">I-K</normalizedToken>
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DMR-KS-05-03-24-2, a right metacarpus in proximal (I), anterior (J), and distal (K) views
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<normalizedToken originalValue="L–N">L-N</normalizedToken>
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DMR-KS-05-03-25-8, a left metatarsus in proximal (L), anterior (M), distal (N) views
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<normalizedToken originalValue="O–Q">O-Q</normalizedToken>
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DMR-KS-05-03-17-36, a right femur in proximal (O), posterior (P), distal (Q) views.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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Several authors consider
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Eld’s">Eld's</normalizedToken>
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deer as belonging to either the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cervus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cervus</taxonomicName>
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(e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation author="Lekagul, B" journalOrPublisher="Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" title="Mammals of Thailand." year="1988">Lekagul and McNeely 1988</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Tougard, C" journalOrPublisher="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="337 - 358" title="Biogeography and migration routes of large mammal faunas in South-East Asia during the Late Middle Pleistocene: focus on the fossil and extant faunas from Thailand." url="10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00243-1" volume="168" year="2001">Tougard 2001</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Gruwier, B" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary Science Reviews" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="35 - 53" title="Exploration of the taxonomy of some Pleistocene Cervini (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Cervidae) from Java and Sumatra (Indonesia): a geometric- and linear morphometric approach." url="10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.04.012" volume="119" year="2015">Gruwier et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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) or
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rucervus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rucervus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rucervus</taxonomicName>
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(e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation author="Grubb, P" editor="Wilson, DE" journalOrPublisher="Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="637 - 722" title="Artiodactyla." volumeTitle="Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference" year="2005">Grubb 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). However, Groves and Grubb
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<pageBreakToken pageId="34" pageNumber="35" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
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2011) suggested that placement of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Eld’s">Eld's</normalizedToken>
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deer in the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Panolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panolia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Panolia</taxonomicName>
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is an acceptable alternative based on mtDNA analysis (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pitra, C" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="880 - 895" title="Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.013" volume="33" year="2004">Pitra et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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The shed antler of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Eld’s">Eld's</normalizedToken>
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deer,
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Panolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panolia eldii" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eldii">Panolia eldii</taxonomicName>
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, is characterized by bow- or lyre-like shapes, long, noticeable, and laterally bending-main beams with a distal portion curving medially, and small ornamented branches of brow tines. The cheek teeth of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Panolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panolia eldii" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eldii">Panolia eldii</taxonomicName>
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differ from those of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Axis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Axis axis" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="axis">Axis axis</taxonomicName>
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in having a larger size, a more complex wear pattern of the mesolingual conids on the p3, more developed anterior cingulids on the lower molars, and a posterior ectostylid on the m3. The Khok Sung specimens assigned to
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Panolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panolia eldii" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eldii">Panolia eldii</taxonomicName>
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are similar in morphology to the extant specimens. As demonstrated by the body mass estimation (Tab. 14) and scatter diagrams (Figs 21 and 22),
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Panolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panolia eldii" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eldii">Panolia eldii</taxonomicName>
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from Khok Sung is also comparable in size to recent populations, to that from Thum Wiman Nakin, and to some fossil species (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cervus kendengensis" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kendengensis">Cervus kendengensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Pleistocene of Bangle and Kali
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="35" pageNumber="36" start="start">Gedeh</pageBreakToken>
|
||
in Java). However, we suggest that some isolated teeth of cervids from Thum Wiman Nakin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tougard, C" journalOrPublisher="University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" title="Les faunes de grands mammiferes du Pleistocene moyen terminal de Thailande dans leur cadre phylogenetique, paleoecologique et biochronologique." year="1998">Tougard 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) reveal an improper taxonomic identification. The P2 (TF 3371 and TF 4570), p2 (TF 3938, TF 3313, TF 3358, and TF 3983), p3 (TF 3373), and m2 (TF 4025), attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Panolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panolia eldii" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eldii">Panolia eldii</taxonomicName>
|
||
, may belong to other cervids (possibly
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rusa unicolor" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicolor">Rusa unicolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
) due to their larger sizes. Our identification thus confirms the existence of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Panolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panolia eldii" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eldii">Panolia eldii</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Thailand during the late Middle Pleistocene.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Figure 21. Scatter diagrams of upper cheek tooth (P2, M1, M2, and M3) lengths and widths of some recent and fossil large cervids. The measurements of fossil cervids from the caves of Phnom Loang, Thum Wiman Nakin, and Ma
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="U’Oi">U'Oi</normalizedToken>
|
||
are obtained from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Beden, M" journalOrPublisher="Paris" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" title="Le gisement de vertebres du Phnom Loang (Province de Kampot, Cambodge): Faune du Pleistocene moyen terminal (Loangien)." volumeTitle="Travaux et Documents de l'ORSTOM" year="1973">
|
||
Beden and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guérin">Guerin</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1973)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tougard, C" journalOrPublisher="University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" title="Les faunes de grands mammiferes du Pleistocene moyen terminal de Thailande dans leur cadre phylogenetique, paleoecologique et biochronologique." year="1998">Tougard (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bacon, AM" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="305 - 314" title="The Pleistocene Ma U'Oi cave, northern Vietnam: palaeontology, sedimentology and palaeoenvironments." url="10.1016/j.geobios.2003.03.010" volume="37" year="2004">Bacon et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Figure 22. Scatter diagrams of lower cheek tooth (p2-m3) lengths and widths of some recent and fossil large cervids. The measurements of fossil cervids from the caves of Thum Wiman Nakin, Thum Prakai Phet, and Ma
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="U’Oi">U'Oi</normalizedToken>
|
||
are obtained from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tougard, C" journalOrPublisher="University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" title="Les faunes de grands mammiferes du Pleistocene moyen terminal de Thailande dans leur cadre phylogenetique, paleoecologique et biochronologique." year="1998">Tougard (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Filoux, A" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="341 - 349" title="A Pleistocene mammal assemblage containing Ailuropoda and Pongo from Tham Prakai Phet cave, Chaiyaphum Province, Thailand." url="10.1016/j.geobios.2015.07.003" volume="48" year="2015">Filoux et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bacon, AM" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="305 - 314" title="The Pleistocene Ma U'Oi cave, northern Vietnam: palaeontology, sedimentology and palaeoenvironments." url="10.1016/j.geobios.2003.03.010" volume="37" year="2004">Bacon et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |