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<document id="C388B4C7DFF888C542A835D3BA5C74AF" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="karina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="karina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="karina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="karina" IM.tables_approvedBy="karina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="karina" checkinTime="1732849336941" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S. &amp; Espeland, Marianne" docDate="2024" docId="1732B317FFF9FFE2FF7BD344B1BE808A" docLanguage="en" docName="zlae112.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.10:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="10" docTitle="Nivaliodes viracocha Fahraeus &amp; Pyrcz 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="EB0BCB6FFFF4FFF2FFCED575B032854B" masterDocTitle="A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1735050647935" updateUser="karina">
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<mods:title id="B4B13CF11E4F395042028481942688BA">A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="394B840080F42BB6ABDF03D8EAD7AE06">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EACFED237E37CCCB69764C221C0EB910">202</mods:number>
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<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFF9FFFFFF7BD344B1AE8307" bold="true" box="[181,412,1585,1612]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nivaliodes viracocha</emphasis>
Fåhraeus &amp; Pyrcz
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<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFF9FFFFFFBFD322B10A8324" box="[113,312,1623,1647]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nivaliodes viracocha</emphasis>
Fåhraeus &amp; Pyrcz
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<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFF9FFFFFE49D3DEB1D6838F" box="[391,484,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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Externally, this species closely resembles its congeners, 
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<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFF9FFFFFD69D3A4B2C783A3" box="[679,757,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">V. puriq</emphasis>
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, from which it differs by the lighter upperside ground colour, and even more closely 
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<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFF9FFFFFEE6D265B180826C" box="[296,434,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. negrobueno</emphasis>
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, especially when it comes to size, with both being slightly larger than 
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<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFF9FFFFFE28D25AB208820D" box="[486,570,1839,1862]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. puriq</emphasis>
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, with more elongated wings. In contrast, 
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<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFF9FFFFFEA8D23BB18B822E" box="[358,441,1870,1893]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. puriq</emphasis>
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and 
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<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFF9FFFFFE23D23BB255822E" box="[493,615,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. viracocha</emphasis>
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have a darker, blackish brown HWV ground colour and marginally larger FW costal white patch. In 
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<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFF9FFFFFE9BD2F8B1FD82EF" box="[341,463,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. viracocha</emphasis>
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the whitish HWV midcostal streak is nearly obsolete, and strongly produced basally along the vein M2.
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<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFF9FFFFFC14D0B8B44D80AD" box="[986,1151,1484,1510]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Description: male</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="07A01E84FFF9FFFFFB5ED0B9B4C580AC" box="[1168,1271,1484,1511]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1772,1796]" captionTargetBox="[267,1339,157,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-48@8.[225,1377,144,1744]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Adults. A–D, Nivaliodes puriq. A, male holotype, dorsal, Trancapampa. B, idem, ventral (Trancapampa).C, female paratype, dorsal, Trancapampa. D, idem, ventral. E–H, Nivaliodes viracocha. E, male holotype, dorsal, Viracochan.F, idem, ventral. G, female paratype, dorsal, Viracochan. H, idem, ventral." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 4E, F</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFF9FFFFFCE4D086B3548340" box="[810,870,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Head:</emphasis>
Eyes dark chocolate brown, densely hairy, with a milky white collar; palpi two times the length of head, ventrally covered with long, dorsally short, blackish brown hairy scales, and laterally with short, milky white scales; frons with a tuss of long, blackish brown hair; antennae reaching two-fisshs the length of costa, slender, dark brown, mostly naked, with a club formed gradually, composed of 11 flagellomeres, flattened dorsoventrally; thorax black, dorsally covered with short and sparse, golden brown hairy scales; mesothoracix legs covered with grey scales; FW length (25.0– 
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, mean: 
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, 
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= 9), with a subacute apex and slightly convex outer margin and with long, intermittent milky white and black fringes; upperside blackish brown, lustrous, with a white costal patch one-third of the way from distal end of discal cell and apex, spreading over four spaces, costa, R4 + 5–M1, and M2–M3 produced basally in the middle, and a faint, barely visible median patch in CuA1–CuA2, no scent patch; underside dull, blackish brown, with the white costal patch as on the upperside and the median patch obsolete, sprinkled with white scales in the subapical and apical area, and with a faint, blackish submarginal line. HW oval, with an undulating outer margin and intermittently grey and whitish fringes; HWD uniform blackish brown, lustrous; HWV ground colour blackish brown, with a heavy whitish ripple pattern covering the entire wing surface without producing any conspicuous pattern except for a zigzagging black submarginal line; the only well-marked pattern is an elongated, white midcostal band extending to vein M2, strongly produced basally along vein M1. Abdomen is covered dorsally and laterally with thick black scales and ventrally with chestnut scales.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9F240201FFFAFFFCFF4FD3EBB3CB83FD" blockId="14.[129,1017,1694,1718]" box="[129,1017,1694,1718]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFFAFFFCFF4FD3EBB0D783FD" bold="true" box="[129,229,1694,1718]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 10.</emphasis>
Map of central Peruvian Andes with known localities of three species of 
<taxonomicName id="589B7982FFFAFFFCFC40D3EBB3C683FD" authorityName="Pyrcz &amp; Mahecha-J. &amp; Boyer &amp; Lachowska-Cielik &amp; Cerdeña &amp; Farfán &amp; Garlacz &amp; Lorenc-Brudecka &amp; Bálint &amp; Fåhraeus &amp; Zając-Garlacz &amp; Espeland" authorityYear="2024" box="[910,1012,1694,1718]" class="Insecta" family="Boreidae" genus="Nivaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFFAFFFCFC40D3EBB3C683FD" bold="true" box="[910,1012,1694,1718]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nivaliodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="CBE45289FFFBFFFDFFBFD399B2FB8213" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[113,178,1772,1796]" targetBox="[264,1308,156,1732]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="9F240201FFFBFFFDFFBFD399B2FB8213" blockId="15.[112,1448,1772,1880]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFFBFFFDFFBFD399B0E7824F" bold="true" box="[113,213,1772,1796]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure 11.</emphasis>
Habitat of 
<taxonomicName id="589B7982FFFBFFFDFEF0D399B228824F" authorityName="Pyrcz, Fahraeus &amp; Boyer" authorityYear="2024" box="[318,538,1772,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Boreidae" genus="Nivaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="negrobueno">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFFBFFFDFEF0D399B228824F" bold="true" box="[318,538,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nivaliodes negrobueno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A, view from Abra Negrobueno at 4750 m. B, Lake Cuncancocha below Abra Negrobueno, 4500 m. C, rocks with 
<taxonomicName id="589B7982FFFBFFFDFE8AD27DB1898254" box="[324,443,1800,1823]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Senecio" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-D">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFFBFFFDFE8AD27DB1B48254" box="[324,390,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Senecio</emphasis>
sp. D
</taxonomicName>
, Jose Cerdeña on the steep slope where some individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="589B7982FFFBFFFDFC3ED27DB44F8254" authorityName="Pyrcz, Fahraeus &amp; Boyer" authorityYear="2024" box="[1008,1149,1799,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Boreidae" genus="Nivaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="negrobueno">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFFBFFFDFC3ED27DB44F8254" bold="true" box="[1008,1149,1799,1823]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">N. negrobueno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were observed. E, Pierre Boyer pointing to the place where the first individual of 
<taxonomicName id="589B7982FFFBFFFDFDF1D251B2FE8270" authorityName="Pyrcz, Fahraeus &amp; Boyer" authorityYear="2024" box="[575,716,1827,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Boreidae" genus="Nivaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="negrobueno">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFFBFFFDFDF1D251B2FE8270" bold="true" box="[575,716,1827,1851]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">N. negrobueno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected. F, butterfly net ring trace on the snow. G, 
<taxonomicName id="589B7982FFFBFFFDFB12D251B5BB8277" box="[1244,1417,1828,1852]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Stipa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pappostipa">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFFBFFFDFB12D251B5398270" box="[1244,1291,1828,1851]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Stipa</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFFBFFFDFAD5D250B54D8277" box="[1307,1407,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pappostipa</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
sp. bunch grasses. H, 
<taxonomicName id="589B7982FFFBFFFDFED4D235B1F58213" box="[282,455,1856,1880]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Stipa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pappostipa">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFFBFFFDFED4D235B17B821C" box="[282,329,1856,1879]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Stipa</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFFBFFFDFE96D234B18E8213" box="[344,444,1857,1880]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pappostipa</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
sp. shortly asser a snow fall.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9F240201FFFBFFE2FFBFD207B1E485AC" blockId="15.[113,763,1906,1994]" lastBlockId="16.[129,777,144,231]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFFBFFFDFFBFD207B0FE82C1" box="[113,204,1906,1930]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="07A01E84FFFBFFFDFF15D207B11182C1" box="[219,291,1906,1930]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[313,1247,161,1710]" captionTargetId="figure-86@9.[296,1275,145,1745]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Male genitalia in lateral view, with aedeagus extracted in lateral and dorsal view.A, Nivaliodes negrobueno (prep. genit CEP_7679). B, Nivaliodes puriq (prep.genit CEP_10558). C, Nivaliodes viracocha (prep. genit.CEP_10615)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
): Tegumen with a flat dorsum; uncus massive, as long as the dorsum of tegumen, with a wide base, aligned with tegumen, with a blunt tip; subunci approximately one-third the length of uncus, relatively stout; pedunculus short, with a blunt tip; saccus wide and relatively deep; valvae as long as tegumen + valva, shorter, with a more strongly humped, serrated dorsum than in other two congeners and a blunt apex; aedeagus short, wide, and tubular, compressed and spatulate in the proximal area, with an acute, bifurcated tip.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D781518AFFE4FFE2FEEAD472B23487D8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="9F240201FFE4FFE2FEEAD472B254846B" blockId="16.[129,777,262,387]" box="[292,614,262,289]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFE4FFE2FEEAD472B1EB846B" box="[292,473,262,288]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Description: female</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="07A01E84FFE4FFE2FE26D473B268846A" box="[488,602,262,289]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1772,1796]" captionTargetBox="[267,1339,157,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-48@8.[225,1377,144,1744]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Adults. A–D, Nivaliodes puriq. A, male holotype, dorsal, Trancapampa. B, idem, ventral (Trancapampa).C, female paratype, dorsal, Trancapampa. D, idem, ventral. E–H, Nivaliodes viracocha. E, male holotype, dorsal, Viracochan.F, idem, ventral. G, female paratype, dorsal, Viracochan. H, idem, ventral." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4G, H</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F240201FFE4FFE2FF4FD458B1AD84C8" blockId="16.[129,777,262,387]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
FW length 
<quantity id="5863AFE4FFE4FFE2FF35D458B177840F" box="[251,325,301,325]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
, considerably lighter coloured on both the upper- and underside, chestnut, with more prominent FW white markings, otherwise similar.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F240201FFE4FFE2FF4FD4D0B1308712" blockId="16.[129,778,421,601]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFE4FFE2FF4FD4D0B0EE84F6" box="[129,220,421,445]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="07A01E84FFE4FFE2FF21D4D0B10C84F6" box="[239,318,421,445]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1267,1291]" captionTargetBox="[184,755,146,1228]" captionTargetId="figure-683@10.[149,757,144,1238]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 6. Female genitalia in lateral view.A, Nivaliodes negrobueno (CEP_7680). B. Nivaliodes puriq (CEP_10615). C. Nivaliodes viracocha (prep. genit.CEP_10616)." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
): Papillae anales prominent, covered with long but sparse hair; postvaginal lamella strongly sclerotized, with a smooth surface, wide, enclosing a spacious antrum; ductus bursae wide, mildly sclerotized, gradually opening into a large, pear-like corpus bursae, with a smooth surface, no apparent signa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F240201FFE4FFE2FE4AD70FB23487D8" blockId="16.[129,777,633,758]" box="[388,518,633,659]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFE4FFE2FE4AD70FB23487D8" box="[388,518,633,659]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<typeStatus id="4020BCA3FFE4FFE2FE4AD70FB18087D8" box="[388,434,634,659]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Type</typeStatus>
material
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D781518AFFE4FFE2FF4FD7EAB1378604" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="9F240201FFE4FFE2FF4FD7EAB1EC87BD" blockId="16.[129,777,633,758]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFE4FFE2FF4FD7EAB0E887FC" box="[129,218,671,695]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<typeStatus id="4020BCA3FFE4FFE2FF4FD7EAB0E887FC" box="[129,218,671,695]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="2FF3085CFFE4FFE2FF2ED7D7B1E887BD" collectingDate="2022-06-01" collectingDateMax="2022-06-30" collectingDateMin="2022-06-01" collectionCode="FILS, MUSM" collectorName="C. Fahraeus" country="Peru" elevation="4180" latitude="-12.5685" location="Viracochan" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-74.3089" municipality="Viracochan" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Ayacucho" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCount id="899DC988FFE4FFE2FF2ED7D7B0C887FD" box="[224,250,674,694]" count="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
: 
<collectingCountry id="E78C4291FFE4FFE2FEC4D7EAB10E87FC" box="[266,316,671,695]" name="Peru" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Perú</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="5D5FCCE3FFE4FFE2FE88D7EAB19E87FC" box="[326,428,671,695]" country="Peru" name="Ayacucho" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ayacucho</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="7F40987BFFE4FFE2FE79D7EAB21F87FC" box="[439,557,671,695]" country="Peru" latitude="-12.5685" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-74.3089" name="Viracochan" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Ayacucho">Viracochán</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="FAAF64C6FFE4FFE2FDF9D7EAB2A887FC" box="[567,666,671,695]" degrees="12.5685" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="5" value="-12.5685">−12.5685</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="FAAF64C6FFE4FFE2FD6FD7EAB33487FC" box="[673,774,671,695]" degrees="74.3089" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="5" value="-74.3089">−74.3089</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="5863AFE4FFE4FFE2FF4FD7CAB0E0879D" box="[129,210,703,727]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="4180.0">
<elevation id="14B6E532FFE4FFE2FF4FD7CAB0E0879D" box="[129,210,703,727]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="4180.0">4180 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<date id="EB2524C1FFE4FFE2FF10D7CAB1B5879C" box="[222,391,703,727]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2022-06-01" valueMax="2022-06-30" valueMin="2022-06-01">
<collectingDate id="FB61DD29FFE4FFE2FF10D7CAB1B5879C" box="[222,391,703,727]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2022-06-01" valueMax="2022-06-30" valueMin="2022-06-01">1–30 June 2022</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="326E67D7FFE4FFE2FE5CD7CAB23A879D" box="[402,520,702,727]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. Fåhraeus</collectorName>
and local collectors leg., 
<collectionCode id="F98A9AC4FFE4FFE2FF4FD7ABB08787BD" box="[129,181,734,758]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FILS</collectionCode>
[to be deposited in 
<collectionCode id="F98A9AC4FFE4FFE2FEB1D7ABB1E687BD" box="[383,468,734,758]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">MUSM</collectionCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F240201FFE4FFE2FF4FD66DB1378604" blockId="16.[129,777,791,847]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<materialsCitation id="2FF3085CFFE4FFE2FF4FD66DB1338604" collectionCode="FILS, CEP-UJ" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="7" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFE4FFE2FF4FD66DB0D58664" box="[129,231,792,815]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<typeStatus id="4020BCA3FFE4FFE2FF4FD66DB0D18664" box="[129,227,792,815]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
Eight (
<specimenCount id="899DC988FFE4FFE2FEFCD662B1BC8664" box="[306,398,791,815]" count="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="male">seven ♂</specimenCount>
and 
<specimenCount id="899DC988FFE4FFE2FE0ED66DB2358664" box="[448,519,792,815]" count="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="female">one ♀</specimenCount>
): same data, seven 
<collectionCode id="F98A9AC4FFE4FFE2FD1ED662B3378664" box="[720,773,791,815]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FILS</collectionCode>
, one 
<collectionCode id="F98A9AC4FFE4FFE2FF62D642B1338604" box="[172,257,823,847]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">CEP-UJ</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D781518AFFE4FFE2FE5CD61BB1E086A0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="9F240201FFE4FFE2FE5CD61BB1CA86C3" blockId="16.[402,504,878,904]" box="[402,504,878,904]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFE4FFE2FE5CD61BB1CA86C3" box="[402,504,878,904]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F240201FFE4FFE2FF4FD6E0B1E086A0" blockId="16.[129,778,917,1003]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
This species is named asser its 
<typeStatus id="4020BCA3FFE4FFE2FE79D6E0B1D786E6" box="[439,485,917,941]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
locality, Viracochán, and incidentally is an allusion to Wiraqucha, the chief creator deity of the pre-Inca and Inca mythology.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D781518AFFE4FFE2FE45D17EB19981C3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="9F240201FFE4FFE2FE45D17EB1CC816E" blockId="16.[129,777,1035,1160]" box="[395,510,1035,1061]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFE4FFE2FE45D17EB1CC816E" box="[395,510,1035,1061]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F240201FFE4FFE2FF4FD144B19981C3" blockId="16.[129,777,1035,1160]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<materialsCitation id="2FF3085CFFE4FFE2FF4FD144B19581C3" location="It" municipality="Viracochan" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ayacucho">
This species is known only from its 
<typeStatus id="4020BCA3FFE4FFE2FE37D147B2158101" box="[505,551,1074,1098]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
locality above the locality of 
<collectingMunicipality id="7F40987BFFE4FFE2FF19D124B1798122" box="[215,331,1105,1129]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Viracochán</collectingMunicipality>
in the department of 
<collectingRegion id="5D5FCCE3FFE4FFE2FDE7D124B2BC8122" box="[553,654,1105,1129]" country="Peru" name="Ayacucho" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ayacucho</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="07A01E84FFE4FFE2FD50D124B2D18122" box="[670,739,1105,1129]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1694,1718]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,143,1666]" captionTargetId="figure-145@14.[129,1473,143,1666]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 10. Map of central Peruvian Andes with known localities of three species of Nivaliodes." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). 
<location id="9A4454DAFFE4FFE2FD37D124B33B8123" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1732B317FFF9FFE2FF7BD344B1BE808A:9A4454DAFFE4FFE2FD37D124B33B8123" box="[761,777,1105,1128]" municipality="Viracochan" name="It" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Ayacucho">It</location>
occurs in open puna habitats
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D781518AFFE4FFE2FEAFD1DDB1BE808A" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="9F240201FFE4FFE2FEAFD1DDB21A818A" blockId="16.[129,778,1192,1473]" box="[353,552,1192,1218]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFE4FFE2FEAFD1DDB21A818A" box="[353,552,1192,1218]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Range of temperature</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F240201FFE4FFE2FF4FD1BBB1BE808A" blockId="16.[129,778,1192,1473]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
It has been determined that 
<taxonomicName id="589B7982FFE4FFE2FE6AD1BAB20381AD" authorityName="Pyrcz, Fahraeus &amp; Boyer" authorityYear="2024" box="[420,561,1230,1254]" class="Insecta" family="Boreidae" genus="Nivaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="negrobueno">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFE4FFE2FE6AD1BAB20381AD" box="[420,561,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">N. negrobueno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has in a temperature range of 5.9°C–7.4°C, whereas 
<taxonomicName id="589B7982FFE4FFE2FE04D19BB22D804E" authorityName="Pyrcz, Boyer &amp; Cerdena" authorityYear="2024" box="[458,543,1262,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Boreidae" genus="Nivaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puriq">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFE4FFE2FE04D19BB22D804E" box="[458,543,1262,1285]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">N. puriq</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="589B7982FFE4FFE2FD98D19BB2E0804E" authorityName="Fahraeus &amp; Pyrcz" authorityYear="2024" box="[598,722,1261,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Boreidae" genus="Nivaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viracocha">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFE4FFE2FD98D19BB2E0804E" box="[598,722,1261,1285]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">N. viracocha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a temperature range of 12.9°C–14.5°C and 10.4°C–11.2°C, respectively. In comparison, a species from the sister genus, 
<taxonomicName id="589B7982FFE4FFE2FF4FD03EB15E8028" baseAuthorityName="Nieme" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[129,364,1355,1379]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pherepedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="naevia">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFE4FFE2FF4FD03EB15E8028" box="[129,364,1355,1379]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pherepedaliodes naevia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has a higher temperature range of 16.8°C–18.5°C (
<figureCitation id="07A01E84FFE4FFE2FEFED01EB15980C8" box="[304,363,1387,1411]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="13.[115,180,1325,1349]" captionTargetBox="[149,1422,147,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-309@13.[146,1426,143,1297]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 9. Temperature range of three species of Nivaliodes and Pherepedaliodes naevia (box plot with median and quartiles)." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
), which is significantly higher than the optimal temperature ranges observed in all 
<taxonomicName id="589B7982FFE4FFE2FD83D0FFB33480E9" box="[589,774,1418,1442]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFE4FFE2FD83D0FFB28180E9" box="[589,691,1418,1442]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Nivaliodes</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, particularly 
<taxonomicName id="589B7982FFE4FFE2FF34D0DFB1B4808A" authorityName="Pyrcz, Fahraeus &amp; Boyer" authorityYear="2024" box="[250,390,1449,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Boreidae" genus="Nivaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="negrobueno">
<emphasis id="ADEFDE13FFE4FFE2FF34D0DFB1B4808A" box="[250,390,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">N. negrobueno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>