406 lines
40 KiB
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406 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bb856a5-26cb-4abc-8e4a-04d3716144b1" ID-PMC="PMC9010403" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1093-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" ID-PubMed="35586542" ID-ZooBank="23B7070849A94681AC20494D06F98CCE" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1093-1" checkinTime="1649449468463" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Benda, Daniel, Pohl, Hans, Nakase, Yuta, Beutel, Rolf & Straka, Jakub" docDate="2022" docId="148FFB8CB6485760AF0741AE56EE44B1" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1093: 1-134" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1093" docPubDate="2022-04-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" docTitle="Sphecixenos Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka 2022, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="B5D80275-0542-40D3-B4F4-DB229A6DDDDD" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" masterDocTitle="A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species" masterLastPageNumber="134" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668151620981" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Benda, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5729-0411</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">benda.daniel@email.cz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Pohl, Hans</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7090-6612</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Nakase, Yuta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Beutel, Rolf</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Straka, Jakub</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8987-1245</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-04-07</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1093</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>134</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1093-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">23B7070849A94681AC20494D06F98CCE</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="194520441" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B5D80275-0542-40D3-B4F4-DB229A6DDDDD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/148FFB8CB6485760AF0741AE56EE44B1" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/B5D80275-0542-40D3-B4F4-DB229A6DDDDD" authority="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka, 2022" authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Sphecixenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphecixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Sphecixenos</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" baseAuthorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos orientalis" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos orientalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Kifune, 1985, here designated.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Differing from all other genera of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xenidae</taxonomicName>
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by very distinct prosternal features: prosternal extension anteriorly with very conspicuous, extensive pale spot, sometimes associated with cuticular impression (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 35" captionStartId="F35" captionText="Figure 35. Sphecixenos orientalis, host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Sceliphron madraspatanum stylopized by female of S. orientalis, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with adult female inside C ventral side of cephalothorax D dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: mxb - maxillary base, pps - prosternal pale spot." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure35" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669357" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">35C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="F37" captionText="Figure 37. Sphecixenos orientalis, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fr - frontal region, fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, pps - prosternal pale spot, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669359" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">37A</figureCitation>
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). A feature linked with the maxillae is shared with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tuberoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tuberoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tuberoxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: submaxillary groove distinctly produced posterolaterally to maxillary base (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="F37" captionText="Figure 37. Sphecixenos orientalis, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fr - frontal region, fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, pps - prosternal pale spot, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669359" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">37A</figureCitation>
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), extending along cephalic border distally and then connected to border between head and prothorax. In contrast to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ogloblin" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paragioxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragioxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paragioxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, head and prothorax ventrally delimited by birth opening medially and by suture laterally.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure35" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669357" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 35" startId="F35">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 35.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Kifune" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Sphecixenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphecixenos orientalis" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sphecixenos orientalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1781" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" genus="Sceliphron" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sceliphron madraspatanum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madraspatanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sceliphron madraspatanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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stylopized by female of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. orientalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="orientalis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. orientalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, lateral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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detail of host abdomen with adult female inside
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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ventral side of cephalothorax
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: mxb - maxillary base, pps - prosternal pale spot.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
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Compact, ca. as long as wide, or slightly longer. Size variable, length 0.96-1.64 mm, maximum width 0.9-1.8 mm. Anterior head margin rounded, not protruding. Thorax slightly widening posteriorly. Abdominal segment I sometimes protruding laterally, forming rounded corner below spiracles. Coloration never completely pale, comprising multiple brown shades forming distinct patterns.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head capsule.</emphasis>
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~ ⅓ ~ ⅖ as long as entire cephalothorax including lateral cephalic extensions. Combination of pale and dark brown shades resulting in specific color pattern. Clypeal region well delimited from labral area, arcuate, without or with slightly protruding clypeal lobe. Surface smooth or slightly wrinkled. Sensilla (> 30) better visible in dorsal view than ventrally, concentrated mainly on anterior clypeal area. Border between clypeal region and frontal area indistinctly recognizable. Frontal area smooth or slightly reticulated. Dorsal border between head and prothorax indicated by interrupted suture or distinctive coloration, or scarcely recognizable.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
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Smooth or slightly wrinkled, with evenly dispersed sensilla, not delimited or indistinctly delimited by furrow medially (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="F37" captionText="Figure 37. Sphecixenos orientalis, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fr - frontal region, fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, pps - prosternal pale spot, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669359" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">37B</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
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Preserved as poorly defined area with several small, rounded plates, cavity, or sensilla. Periantennal area smooth (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Sphecixenos orientalis, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F right lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, paa - periantennal area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669358" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36C</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669358" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 36" startId="F36">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 36.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Kifune" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Sphecixenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphecixenos orientalis" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sphecixenos orientalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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ventral side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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dorsal side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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left vestigial antenna, dorsal side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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right vestigial antenna, dorsal side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
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left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
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right lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, paa - periantennal area.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
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Ventral field wider than long, elliptic. Dorsal field slightly arcuate, 3-4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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wider than long in midline. Dorsal field with several inconspicuous setae, usually blunt, not pointed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
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Mandibles anteromedially directed at angle of 35-55°, enclosed in mandibular capsule. Mandibular bulge rounded or pointed, with several sensilla. Cuticle smooth, with longitudinal grooves. Tooth narrow, armed with spines.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
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Variable in shape, in some cases reduced and fused to labium, otherwise well-developed, separated from labial area, anteriorly directed, prominent but not projecting beyond mandible. Cuticle finely reticulated. Vestige of palp present as cavity with accessory plates or reduced. Submaxillary groove distinctly produced posterolaterally to maxillary base extending along cephalic border (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="F37" captionText="Figure 37. Sphecixenos orientalis, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fr - frontal region, fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, pps - prosternal pale spot, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669359" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">37A</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669359" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 37" startId="F37">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 37.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Kifune" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Sphecixenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphecixenos orientalis" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sphecixenos orientalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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mouthparts, ventral side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
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right mandible and maxilla, ventral side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fr - frontal region, fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, pps - prosternal pale spot, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium.</emphasis>
|
||
Labial area between maxillae flat but distinct, delimited anteriorly by mouth opening and posteriorly by birth opening. Wider than long in midline or as long as wide. Cuticular surface smooth or reticulated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Distinctly arcuate to nearly straight, sclerotized marginally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thorax and abdominal segment I.</emphasis>
|
||
Pro-mesothoracic and meso-metathoracic borders relatively distinct, indicated by mesal furrows combined with stripes of specific coloration. Border between metathorax and abdomen usually indicated by change in cuticular surface structure or pigmentation. Cuticle of thoracic segments on ventral side reticulate with scattered small and pigmented papillae. Cuticle of dorsal side of thorax indistinctly reticulated. Prosternal extension differentiated anteriorly, with very conspicuous extensive pale spot, sometimes associated with cuticular impression (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 35" captionStartId="F35" captionText="Figure 35. Sphecixenos orientalis, host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Sceliphron madraspatanum stylopized by female of S. orientalis, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with adult female inside C ventral side of cephalothorax D dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: mxb - maxillary base, pps - prosternal pale spot." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure35" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669357" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">35C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="F37" captionText="Figure 37. Sphecixenos orientalis, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fr - frontal region, fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, pps - prosternal pale spot, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669359" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">37A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Shape of meso- and metathorax unmodified, transverse. Setae on lateral region of abdominal segment I (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Sphecixenos orientalis, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F right lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, paa - periantennal area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669358" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
) present, or cuticular surface distinctly sculptured.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spiracles.</emphasis>
|
||
Spiracles on posterior third of cephalothorax slightly elevated, with lateral or anterolateral orientation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Differing from other genera by large diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye, at least 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as large as diameter of vestigial antenna. Distinct paired furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field absent. Cephalotheca nearly circular in frontal view (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Sphecixenos cf. gigas, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, md - mandible, mx - vestige of maxilla." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669360" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">38A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Diameter of vestigial antennae smaller than width of medially directed mandible (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Sphecixenos cf. gigas, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, md - mandible, mx - vestige of maxilla." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669360" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">38E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669360" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 38" startId="F38">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 38.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Pasteels" baseAuthorityYear="1950" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Sphecixenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphecixenos gigas" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">Sphecixenos cf. gigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
vestigial antenna
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
mouthparts. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, md - mandible, mx - vestige of maxilla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
In frontal view rounded, nearly circular, in lateral view rounded or slightly pointed anteriorly. With pattern of multiple shades of brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cephalothecal capsule.</emphasis>
|
||
Compound eyes with dark individual ommatidia well visible on paler ocular background. Clypeal lobe straight in frontal view, slightly protruding in lateral view. Sensilla mainly concentrated on medial clypeal region. Frontal impression indistinct. Occipital bulge absent. Diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye large,> 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as large as diameter of vestigial antenna.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
|
||
Kidney-shaped and bulging, distinctly developed. Lacking distinct furrows medially.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
|
||
Of standard shape but very small, with small plates or cavities and complete torulus (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Sphecixenos cf. gigas, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, md - mandible, mx - vestige of maxilla." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669360" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">38C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Periantennal area not clearly delimited from supra-antennal sensillary field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
|
||
Labral area distinct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
|
||
Rather medially directed than anteromedially. Mandibular tooth pointed, not reaching area of mandibular bulge basally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
Distinct, prominent, with entirely dark coloration. Vestige of palp distinct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium and hypopharynx.</emphasis>
|
||
Dark labium distinct between and below maxillae. Praementum and postmentum separated by furrow. Hypopharyngeal protuberance not present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Clearly visible, not covered by ventral labral field, slightly arcuate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phylogenetic relationships">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phylogenetic relationships.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="252 - 265" refId="B4" refString="Benda, D, Votypkova, K, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2021. Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time. Systematic Entomology 46: 252 - 265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" title="Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" volume="46" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) sister to a monophyletic lineage containing
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tuberoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tuberoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tuberoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. nov.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diversity and distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
This genus represents a lineage of Afrotropical origin which dispersed to Australia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It currently comprises 12 species, distributed in the Old World (mainly Afrotropical and Oriental regions) and Australian region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="host">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hosts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" genus="Sphex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sphex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Patton" authorityYear="1880" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" genus="Isodontia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Isodontia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Isodontia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphecidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sphecinae">Sphecinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1801" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" genus="Sceliphron" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sceliphron" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sceliphron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphecidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1899" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sceliphrinae">Sceliphrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" genus="Chlorion" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chlorion" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chlorion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphecidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fernald" authorityYear="1905" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chloriontinae">Chloriontinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The name is derived from the family
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphecidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the only known host family of this genus. The ending -
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">xenos</emphasis>
|
||
is used in several generic names, mainly in the family
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is from a Greek substantive meaning enemy or stranger. Gender masculine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
All described species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Sphecixenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphecixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sphecixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. nov. were previously placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on parasitising digger wasps (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B54" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1971b. Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera). Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" title="Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera)." year="1971 b">Kinzelbach 1971b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite this concept, this group is morphologically well defined. We classify it as a separate genus, based on the molecular phylogeny (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="252 - 265" refId="B4" refString="Benda, D, Votypkova, K, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2021. Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time. Systematic Entomology 46: 252 - 265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" title="Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" volume="46" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and morphological characters newly reported here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |