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<document id="A856F5F756138D4B4CE718ACBCFF4BC9" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5566.1.4" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14612939" ID-ZooBank="0BB43625-F628-4D0F-A98E-52E2337F14D6" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1736290034193" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zheng, Yuchen, Ni, Ziyang, Aspöck, Ulrike, Aspöck, Horst, Badano, Davide, Nel, André &amp; Liu, Xingyue" docDate="2025" docId="142487C98036E62CFF35DAD44305FCFA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5566.1.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5566 (1)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5566.1.4" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Brevistoma raksasiae Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu 2025, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="112" masterDocId="E81DFFB1803AE623FFA2DE734137FFA7" masterDocTitle="A hidden treasure along Silk Roads: An unexpected new species of spoon-winged lacewings from Xinjiang, China, and a revision of the genus Brevistoma Tjeder, 1967 (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae)" masterLastPageNumber="118" masterPageNumber="97" pageNumber="109" updateTime="1736291316101" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="F11DF472997DC2B724AF2D820501FF3C">A hidden treasure along Silk Roads: An unexpected new species of spoon-winged lacewings from Xinjiang, China, and a revision of the genus Brevistoma Tjeder, 1967 (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F3AAED35B1B6617138A370F67D9C1951">Zheng, Yuchen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B8F932657FE51D5FF0A03BF9AB710351">Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. &amp; Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 50, 45 rue Buffon 75005 Paris, France. &amp; Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="15B32A133BE7EE4B92260E855343BE53">Ni, Ziyang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2076FAEE1908C4C7AD5C6A497CE7B3D8">School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0DD6C4276FF62B8AFD435CF14B0E26E2">Aspöck, Ulrike</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="26A7307DD2A5A0ED1653554084A3E191">Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria / Zoological Department II, Natural History Museum of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="AEF481B131D307D6DD19018771982847" type="email">ulrike.aspoeck@nhm-wien.ac.at</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="7FFDFA0AD6D187B29557BD5C9AF2E70F">Aspöck, Horst</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AAFACF0B3FECB68AAD7DBCF3F84CF441">Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical Parasitology, Medical University of Vienna (MUW), 1090 Vienna, Austria.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="77AF31DAE192A76BF37EEAF2BA848764">Nel, André</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9A5BB3BD3F157793CB96CEFB4B777B25">Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 50, 45 rue Buffon 75005 Paris, France.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C68D15323468547C7EA704780EE22416">Liu, Xingyue</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F07DA260CF4E0BBC1279DB1560B76D13">Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. &amp; Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="5B8D4D5C8036E62FFF35DAD44347FB67" authority="Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu" authorityName="Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" box="[151,624,1190,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Brevistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raksasiae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8036E62FFF35DAD440AEFB66" bold="true" box="[151,409,1190,1217]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="109">Brevistoma raksasiae</emphasis>
Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu
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<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8036E62FFF35DAB84008FB45" bold="true" box="[151,319,1227,1250]" pageId="12" pageNumber="109">ƁNJ短ǝȕü</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="9C3236DF8036E62FFF35DA9C40BEFAAE" blockId="12.[151,725,1190,1289]" box="[151,393,1263,1289]" pageId="12" pageNumber="109">
(
<figureCitation id="04B62A5A8036E62FFF3DDA9C41DFFAAE" box="[159,232,1263,1289]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1428,1452]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,566,1399]" captionTargetId="figure-224@5.[151,1435,561,1405]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Habitus of B. raksasiae Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu sp. nov., from Turpan (China). A: Male, holotype. B: Female, paratype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14612947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14612947/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="109">Figs 3</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="04B62A5A8036E62FFF57DA9C4032FAAE" box="[245,261,1263,1289]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,188,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[151,1436,181,1764]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Brevistoma raksasiae Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu sp. nov., types. A: Part of habitus, male, holotype. B: Distal hind wing, male, holotype. C: Distal hind wing, female, paratype. D: Head and thorax, lateral view, male, paratype. E: Head and thorax, dorsal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, female, paratype. Male terminalia: H. Lateral view. I. Ventral view. Female terminalia: J. Lateral view. K. Ventral view. Male genitalia: L. Caudal view. M. Ventral view. N. Cephalic view. O. Lateral view. P. dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14612961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14612961/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="109">8</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="04B62A5A8036E62FFEB3DA9C4016FAAE" box="[273,289,1263,1289]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1276,1300]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,188,1245]" captionTargetId="figure-21@14.[151,1436,181,1252]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. Brevistoma raksasiae Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu sp. nov., living adult and its habitats. A: Toksun County, type locality. B: Gaochang District. C: Living adult, female. D: Living adult, male, attracted by light trap. Photo by Zi-Yang Ni." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14612963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14612963/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="109">9</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="04B62A5A8036E62FFE8CDA9C40B7FAAE" box="[302,384,1263,1289]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[158,1434,188,1522]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[151,1436,181,1529]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11. Antennae of Brevistoma spp.A. B. bardii (Navás, 1914), male, from Ghardaia (Algeria). B. B. bardii, female, from Tunisia. C. B. bourboni (Navás, 1931) stat. rev., male, lectotype. D. B. gallagheri Hölzel, 1999, male, holotype. E. B. hackeri Hölzel, 1999, male, holotype. F: B. hackeri, female, paratype. G. B. raksasiae Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu sp. nov., holotype, male. H. B. raksasiae sp. nov., paratype, female. I. Brevistoma sp., female, from Sudan." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14612969" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14612969/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="109">11G–H</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8036E62FFF35DB414025FAEB" bold="true" box="[151,274,1330,1356]" pageId="12" pageNumber="109">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Vertex slightly raised. Male antenna nearly half as long as forewing; female antenna nearly 1/3 length of forewing; flagellomeres of both male and female longer than wide. Maxillary palpus plate-like. Pronotum pale yellow without marking. Mesonotum laterally with a pair of pale brown stripes. Forewing basal mediocubital crossveins each suffused an indistinct brown spot. Hind wing basal half of c-sc and m-av crossveins each suffuse an indistinct brown spot; distal part of hind wing with two dark brown markings. Male posterior gonocoxites 9 trapezoid falcate and truncate externally, internal projection of posterior gonocoxites 9 protruded internally toward gonocoxites 
<quantity id="5B759B3A8036E62FFE84D878406AF982" box="[294,349,1547,1573]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.794" pageId="12" pageNumber="109" unit="in" value="11.0">11 in</quantity>
lateral view; gonostyli 11 slender in lateral view.
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<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8036E62FFF65D85D406EF9EF" bold="true" box="[199,345,1582,1608]" pageId="12" pageNumber="109">Description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8036E62FFEFCD85C40BCF9EE" box="[350,395,1583,1609]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="109">Size</emphasis>
. Head width 
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; forewing length 
<quantity id="5B759B3A8036E62FFC26D85C4572F9EE" box="[900,1093,1583,1609]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.1879999999999997" metricValueMin="1.912" pageId="12" pageNumber="109" unit="mm" value="20.5" valueMax="21.88" valueMin="19.12">19.12–21.88 mm</quantity>
; hind wing length 
<quantity id="5B759B3A8036E62FFAB2D85D41F1F9CA" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.411499999999999" metricValueMax="4.547" metricValueMin="4.276" pageId="12" pageNumber="109" unit="mm" value="44.114999999999995" valueMax="45.47" valueMin="42.76">42.76–45.47 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C3236DF8036E62FFF65D80441DEF8CE" blockId="12.[151,1437,1330,2041]" pageId="12" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8036E62FFF65D8044033F936" box="[199,260,1655,1681]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="109">Head</emphasis>
. Vertex slightly raised, pale yellow without marking. Male antenna nearly half as long as forewing length; female antenna nearly 1/3 length of forewing. Scape and pedicel pale yellow; flagellum brown, covered with many short-tapered setae. Each flagellomere wider than long in male, but longer than wide in female (
<figureCitation id="04B62A5A8036E62FFB1ED8CC447DF97E" box="[1212,1354,1727,1753]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[158,1434,188,1522]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[151,1436,181,1529]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11. Antennae of Brevistoma spp.A. B. bardii (Navás, 1914), male, from Ghardaia (Algeria). B. B. bardii, female, from Tunisia. C. B. bourboni (Navás, 1931) stat. rev., male, lectotype. D. B. gallagheri Hölzel, 1999, male, holotype. E. B. hackeri Hölzel, 1999, male, holotype. F: B. hackeri, female, paratype. G. B. raksasiae Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu sp. nov., holotype, male. H. B. raksasiae sp. nov., paratype, female. I. Brevistoma sp., female, from Sudan." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14612969" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14612969/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="109">Figs 11G–H</figureCitation>
). Frons pale yellow; male frons wider than long, female frons longer than wide. Male clypeus wider than long, female clypeus as long as wide. Labrum truncated on distal margin. Maxillary palpus plate-like. Labial palpus slender. Cardo and stipe pale yellow. Mandible pale yellow, elongate. Rostrum nearly as long as half of head width (
<figureCitation id="04B62A5A8036E62FFAC8D95841EAF8CE" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,188,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[151,1436,181,1764]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Brevistoma raksasiae Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu sp. nov., types. A: Part of habitus, male, holotype. B: Distal hind wing, male, holotype. C: Distal hind wing, female, paratype. D: Head and thorax, lateral view, male, paratype. E: Head and thorax, dorsal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, female, paratype. Male terminalia: H. Lateral view. I. Ventral view. Female terminalia: J. Lateral view. K. Ventral view. Male genitalia: L. Caudal view. M. Ventral view. N. Cephalic view. O. Lateral view. P. dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14612961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14612961/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="109">Figs 8E–G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C3236DF8036E62FFF65D900438CF85E" blockId="12.[151,1437,1330,2041]" pageId="12" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8036E62FFF65D900402FF82A" box="[199,280,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="109">Thorax</emphasis>
. Mostly pale yellow. Pronotum pale yellow, covered with some short pale setae. Mesoprescutum pale yellow, medially pale brown, covered with some short pale setae; mesonotum laterally with a pair of pale brown stripes; mesoscutellum pale yellow, anteromedially indistinct yellowish brown. Metanotum extremely short. Meso- and metapleurae generally pale yellow (
<figureCitation id="04B62A5A8036E62FFDF5D9AC4399F85E" box="[599,686,2015,2041]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,188,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[151,1436,181,1764]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Brevistoma raksasiae Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu sp. nov., types. A: Part of habitus, male, holotype. B: Distal hind wing, male, holotype. C: Distal hind wing, female, paratype. D: Head and thorax, lateral view, male, paratype. E: Head and thorax, dorsal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, female, paratype. Male terminalia: H. Lateral view. I. Ventral view. Female terminalia: J. Lateral view. K. Ventral view. Male genitalia: L. Caudal view. M. Ventral view. N. Cephalic view. O. Lateral view. P. dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14612961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14612961/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="109">Fig. 8E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="C8F266578037E62EFF35D88843FCF803" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14612961" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14612961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14612961/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="110" startId="13.[151,250,1787,1811]" targetBox="[158,1430,188,1757]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="9C3236DF8037E62EFF35D88843FCF803" blockId="13.[151,1437,1787,1956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8037E62EFF35D8884022F8B4" bold="true" box="[151,277,1787,1811]" pageId="13" pageNumber="110">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="5B8D4D5C8037E62EFEBFD88F4387F8B3" authority="Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu" authorityName="Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" box="[285,688,1788,1812]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Brevistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raksasiae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8037E62EFEBFD88F40CFF8B3" box="[285,504,1788,1812]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="110">Brevistoma raksasiae</emphasis>
Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8037E62EFD1AD88F423DF8B3" bold="true" box="[696,778,1788,1812]" pageId="13" pageNumber="110">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B5CA57B68037E62EFD1AD88F423DF8B3" box="[696,778,1788,1812]" pageId="13" pageNumber="110" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, types. A: Part of habitus, male, holotype. B: Distal hind wing, male, holotype. C: Distal hind wing, female, paratype. D: Head and thorax, lateral view, male, paratype. E: Head and thorax, dorsal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, female, paratype. Male terminalia: H. Lateral view. I. Ventral view. Female terminalia: J. Lateral view. K. Ventral view. Male genitalia: L. Caudal view. M. Ventral view. N. Cephalic view. O. Lateral view. P. dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="C8F266578034E62DFF35DA8F45C9FA9F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14612963" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14612963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14612963/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" startId="14.[151,250,1276,1300]" targetBox="[158,1429,188,1245]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="9C3236DF8034E62DFF35DA8F45C9FA9F" blockId="14.[151,1436,1276,1336]" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8034E62DFF35DA8F4023FAB3" bold="true" box="[151,276,1276,1300]" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="5B8D4D5C8034E62DFEB9DA8F439EFAB3" authority="Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu" authorityName="Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" box="[283,681,1276,1300]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Brevistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raksasiae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8034E62DFEB9DA8F40C1FAB3" box="[283,502,1276,1300]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">Brevistoma raksasiae</emphasis>
Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8034E62DFD13DA8F4235FAB3" bold="true" box="[689,770,1276,1300]" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B5CA57B68034E62DFD13DA8F4235FAB3" box="[689,770,1276,1300]" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, living adult and its habitats. A: Toksun County, type locality. B: Gaochang District. C: Living adult, female. D: Living adult, male, attracted by light trap. Photo by Zi-Yang Ni.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9C3236DF8034E62DFF65DBF84254FA6F" blockId="14.[151,1436,1418,1985]" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8034E62DFF65DBF841CBFA03" box="[199,252,1419,1444]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">Legs</emphasis>
. Slender, generally pale yellow. Tibial spur weakly developed. Tarsomeres 2–4 with some stout setae ventrally; pretarsal claws dark brown, slightly curved (
<figureCitation id="04B62A5A8034E62DFD5EDBDD4260FA6F" box="[764,855,1454,1480]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,188,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[151,1436,181,1764]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Brevistoma raksasiae Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu sp. nov., types. A: Part of habitus, male, holotype. B: Distal hind wing, male, holotype. C: Distal hind wing, female, paratype. D: Head and thorax, lateral view, male, paratype. E: Head and thorax, dorsal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, female, paratype. Male terminalia: H. Lateral view. I. Ventral view. Female terminalia: J. Lateral view. K. Ventral view. Male genitalia: L. Caudal view. M. Ventral view. N. Cephalic view. O. Lateral view. P. dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14612961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14612961/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C3236DF8034E62DFF65DBA0442FF9DB" blockId="14.[151,1436,1418,1985]" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8034E62DFF65DBA0403CFA4B" box="[199,267,1491,1516]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">Wings</emphasis>
. Forewing mostly hyaline, apex rounded; subcostal area and pterostigma pale yellow; basal mediocubital crossveins each suffused an indistinct brown spot; costal crossvein not forked; 11–12 presectoral crossveins present; RP with five branches; 3A closed to forewing margin. Hind wing slender, ribbon-like, nearly twice as long as forewing; basal half of c-sc and m-av crossveins each suffused an indistinct brown spot; distal dilation weakly developed; distal part of hind wing with two dark brown markings; pterostigma brown (
<figureCitation id="04B62A5A8034E62DFBCDD811458FF9DB" box="[1135,1208,1634,1660]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1428,1452]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,566,1399]" captionTargetId="figure-224@5.[151,1435,561,1405]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Habitus of B. raksasiae Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu sp. nov., from Turpan (China). A: Male, holotype. B: Female, paratype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14612947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14612947/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">Figs 3</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="04B62A5A8034E62DFB67D811443BF9DB" box="[1221,1292,1634,1660]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,188,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[151,1436,181,1764]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Brevistoma raksasiae Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu sp. nov., types. A: Part of habitus, male, holotype. B: Distal hind wing, male, holotype. C: Distal hind wing, female, paratype. D: Head and thorax, lateral view, male, paratype. E: Head and thorax, dorsal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, female, paratype. Male terminalia: H. Lateral view. I. Ventral view. Female terminalia: J. Lateral view. K. Ventral view. Male genitalia: L. Caudal view. M. Ventral view. N. Cephalic view. O. Lateral view. P. dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14612961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14612961/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">8A–C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C3236DF8034E62DFF65D8F5456BF867" blockId="14.[151,1436,1418,1985]" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8034E62DFF65D8F54006F907" box="[199,305,1670,1696]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Generally pale yellow (some specimens decay and turn black after death), nearly 1.2 times as long as head-thoracic length. Lateral margin slightly dark. 
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8034E62DFD56D8D942AEF963" box="[756,921,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">Male genitalia</emphasis>
. Sternum 9 nearly twice as long as ectoproct, rectangular in ventral view, covered with some slender setae (
<figureCitation id="04B62A5A8034E62DFCE5D8BD4297F94F" box="[839,928,1742,1768]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,188,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[151,1436,181,1764]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Brevistoma raksasiae Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu sp. nov., types. A: Part of habitus, male, holotype. B: Distal hind wing, male, holotype. C: Distal hind wing, female, paratype. D: Head and thorax, lateral view, male, paratype. E: Head and thorax, dorsal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, female, paratype. Male terminalia: H. Lateral view. I. Ventral view. Female terminalia: J. Lateral view. K. Ventral view. Male genitalia: L. Caudal view. M. Ventral view. N. Cephalic view. O. Lateral view. P. dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14612961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14612961/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">Fig. 8H</figureCitation>
). Anterior gonocoxites 9 short, nearly as long as gonostyli 
<quantity id="5B759B3A8034E62DFE8BD8814055F8AB" box="[297,354,1778,1804]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.794" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" unit="in" value="11.0">11 in</quantity>
lateral view, V-shaped in ventral view; posterior gonocoxites 9 long triangular in caudal view, trapezoid falcate and truncate externally, internal projection of posterior gonocoxites 9 transverse inward protruded in lateral view; gonocoxites 11 thick arched, medially with some short setae; gonostyli 11 swollen, as a pair of wide lingulate processes, slender and upward in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="04B62A5A8034E62DFCA2D92D424FF8DF" box="[768,888,1886,1912]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,188,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[151,1436,181,1764]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Brevistoma raksasiae Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu sp. nov., types. A: Part of habitus, male, holotype. B: Distal hind wing, male, holotype. C: Distal hind wing, female, paratype. D: Head and thorax, lateral view, male, paratype. E: Head and thorax, dorsal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, female, paratype. Male terminalia: H. Lateral view. I. Ventral view. Female terminalia: J. Lateral view. K. Ventral view. Male genitalia: L. Caudal view. M. Ventral view. N. Cephalic view. O. Lateral view. P. dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14612961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14612961/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">Figs 8L–P</figureCitation>
). Ectoproct subtriangular in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="04B62A5A8034E62DFAE3D92D44B9F8DF" box="[1345,1422,1886,1912]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,188,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[151,1436,181,1764]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Brevistoma raksasiae Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu sp. nov., types. A: Part of habitus, male, holotype. B: Distal hind wing, male, holotype. C: Distal hind wing, female, paratype. D: Head and thorax, lateral view, male, paratype. E: Head and thorax, dorsal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, female, paratype. Male terminalia: H. Lateral view. I. Ventral view. Female terminalia: J. Lateral view. K. Ventral view. Male genitalia: L. Caudal view. M. Ventral view. N. Cephalic view. O. Lateral view. P. dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14612961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14612961/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">Fig. 8I</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8034E62DFF35D9F14061F83B" box="[151,342,1922,1948]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">Female genitalia</emphasis>
. Gonocoxites 9 long ovoid, medial part slightly concaved in lateral view, covered with some short setae. Ectoproct rounded on distal margin, covered with some short setae (
<figureCitation id="04B62A5A8034E62DFC7AD9D54567F867" box="[984,1104,1958,1984]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,188,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[151,1436,181,1764]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Brevistoma raksasiae Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu sp. nov., types. A: Part of habitus, male, holotype. B: Distal hind wing, male, holotype. C: Distal hind wing, female, paratype. D: Head and thorax, lateral view, male, paratype. E: Head and thorax, dorsal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, male, holotype. F: Head, frontal view, female, paratype. Male terminalia: H. Lateral view. I. Ventral view. Female terminalia: J. Lateral view. K. Ventral view. Male genitalia: L. Caudal view. M. Ventral view. N. Cephalic view. O. Lateral view. P. dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14612961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14612961/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">Figs 8J–K</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D49765548035E62CFF65DEE44065FEE6" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="9C3236DF8035E62CFF65DEE44065FEE6" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8035E62CFF65DEE44043FF16" bold="true" box="[199,372,151,177]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="2CE53C828035E62CFED9DEE444AEFF72" collectingDate="2024-08-10" collectionCode="IZCAS" collectorName="Ziyang Ni &amp; Xingyu Yu &amp; Kaixuan Jia &amp; Xinyu Cheng" country="China" county="Toksun County" elevation="60" location="Minuf Taklamakan Karez" municipality="Turpan" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Xinjiang Uygur" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="4336887D8035E62CFED9DEE440D4FF16" box="[379,483,151,177]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="8A8BFD568035E62CFE4BDEEB4337FF15" box="[489,512,152,178]" count="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingCountry id="E49A764F8035E62CFDA9DEE4435FFF16" box="[523,616,151,177]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">CHINA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="5E49F83D8035E62CFDD0DEE443E0FF16" box="[626,727,151,177]" country="China" name="Xinjiang Uygur" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Xinjiang</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="7C56ACA58035E62CFD43DEEB4203FF15" box="[737,820,152,178]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Turpan</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="75534E538035E62CFC9CDEE442DFFF16" box="[830,1000,151,177]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Toksun County</collectingCounty>
[
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8035E62CFC5ADEEB455FFF08" bold="true" box="[1016,1128,152,175]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">E克LJ县</emphasis>
], 
<location id="995260048035E62CFBDDDEE444ABFF15" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:142487C98036E62CFF35DAD44305FCFA:995260048035E62CFBDDDEE444ABFF15" box="[1151,1436,151,178]" country="China" county="Toksun County" municipality="Turpan" name="Minuf Taklamakan Karez" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" stateProvince="Xinjiang Uygur">Minuf Taklamakan Karez</location>
[
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8035E62CFF03DECF408FFF74" bold="true" box="[161,440,188,211]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">KMDzDz克®克坎儿&amp;</emphasis>
], – 
<quantity id="5B759B3A8035E62CFE43DEC84329FF71" box="[481,542,187,214]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" unit="m" value="60.0">
<elevation id="17A0D1EC8035E62CFE43DEC84329FF71" box="[481,542,187,214]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<date id="E833101F8035E62CFD8EDEC843F6FF72" box="[556,705,187,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" value="2024-08-10">
<collectingDate id="F877E9F78035E62CFD8EDEC843F6FF72" box="[556,705,187,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" value="2024-08-10">10.VIII.2024</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="317853098035E62CFD6DDEC84271FF72" box="[719,838,187,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Ziyang Ni</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="317853098035E62CFCF6DEC842E5FF71" box="[852,978,187,214]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Xingyu Yu</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="317853098035E62CFC42DEC84550FF72" box="[992,1127,187,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Kaixuan Jia</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="317853098035E62CFB32DEC8441FFF72" box="[1168,1320,187,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Xinyu Cheng</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="FA9CAE1A8035E62CFA98DEC844A6FF72" box="[1338,1425,187,213]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/crjh-4ne1" name="Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">IZCAS</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
. 
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<typeStatus id="4336887D8035E62CFF35DE93403FFF5D" box="[151,264,224,250]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: 
<specimenCount id="8A8BFD568035E62CFEB3DEAC4001FF5E" box="[273,310,223,249]" count="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="8A8BFD568035E62CFE94DEAC406EFF5E" box="[310,345,223,249]" count="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
, same information as 
<typeStatus id="4336887D8035E62CFDE8DEAC439BFF5E" box="[586,684,223,249]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<collectionCode id="FA9CAE1A8035E62CFD18DEAC4226FF5E" box="[698,785,223,249]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/crjh-4ne1" name="Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">IZCAS</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="2CE53C828035E62CFC81DEAC4079FEE6" collectingDate="2024-08-08" collectionCode="IZCAS" collectorName="Ziyang Ni &amp; Xingyu Yu &amp; Kaixuan Jia &amp; Xinyu Cheng" country="China" county="Turpan" elevation="131" location="Aydingkol" municipality="Gaochang District" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Xinjiang Uygur" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="8A8BFD568035E62CFC81DEAC427DFF5E" box="[803,842,223,249]" count="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="8A8BFD568035E62CFCE8DEAC425CFF5E" box="[842,875,223,249]" count="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingCountry id="E49A764F8035E62CFCD7DEAC42E5FF5E" box="[885,978,223,249]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">CHINA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="5E49F83D8035E62CFC79DEAC4577FF5E" box="[987,1088,223,249]" country="China" name="Xinjiang Uygur" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Xinjiang</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCounty id="75534E538035E62CFBE8DE9345AAFF5D" box="[1098,1181,224,250]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Turpan</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="7C56ACA58035E62CFB04DEAC4446FF5E" box="[1190,1393,223,249]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Gaochang District</collectingMunicipality>
[
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8035E62CFA22DE9341F8FEBC" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">¼ Ȑ区</emphasis>
], 
<location id="995260048035E62CFF46DF70406EFEBA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:142487C98036E62CFF35DAD44305FCFA:995260048035E62CFF46DF70406EFEBA" box="[228,345,259,285]" country="China" county="Turpan" municipality="Gaochang District" name="Aydingkol" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" stateProvince="Xinjiang Uygur">Aydingkol</location>
ancient village [
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8035E62CFDB1DF774397FEBC" bold="true" box="[531,672,260,283]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">ĭ丁¾古村</emphasis>
], – 
<quantity id="5B759B3A8035E62CFD64DF70423AFEB9" box="[710,781,259,286]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.31" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" unit="m" value="131.0">
<elevation id="17A0D1EC8035E62CFD64DF70423AFEB9" box="[710,781,259,286]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.31" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" unit="m" value="131.0">131 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<date id="E833101F8035E62CFCBADF7042A8FEBA" box="[792,927,259,285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" value="2024-08-08">
<collectingDate id="F877E9F78035E62CFCBADF7042A8FEBA" box="[792,927,259,285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" value="2024-08-08">8.VIII.2024</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="317853098035E62CFC08DF704528FEBA" box="[938,1055,259,285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Ziyang Ni</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="317853098035E62CFB8BDF704593FEB9" box="[1065,1188,259,286]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Xingyu Yu</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="317853098035E62CFB0DDF704404FEBA" box="[1199,1331,259,285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Kaixuan Jia</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="317853098035E62CFAF4DF7041D7FEE6" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Xinyu Cheng</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="FA9CAE1A8035E62CFF4DDF544071FEE6" box="[239,326,295,321]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/crjh-4ne1" name="Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">IZCAS</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D49765548035E62CFF65DF384319FEC2" box="[199,558,331,357]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="9C3236DF8035E62CFF65DF384319FEC2" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,861]" box="[199,558,331,357]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8035E62CFF65DF384056FEC2" bold="true" box="[199,353,331,357]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="E49A764F8035E62CFEC5DF38409DFEC2" box="[359,426,331,357]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="5E49F83D8035E62CFE1BDF384315FEC2" box="[441,546,331,357]" country="China" name="Xinjiang Uygur" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Xinjiang</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D49765548035E62CFF65DF1C43D6FDBE" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="9C3236DF8035E62CFF65DF1C43D6FDBE" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8035E62CFF65DF1C4079FE2E" bold="true" box="[199,334,367,393]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Etymology.</emphasis>
This new species is named after a fictional character “The Princess of Iron Fan (
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8035E62CFB7BDF03447EFE20" bold="true" box="[1241,1353,368,391]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Rm公主</emphasis>
)” (also known as “Râkṣasî”) from the classic Chinese novel 
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8035E62CFD4CDFE742FCFE0A" box="[750,971,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Journey to the West</emphasis>
, in reference to the deeply association of the character with the Mt. Huoyanshan (meaning “Flaming Mountain”), a mountain connected to the Turpan Basin, near to the 
<typeStatus id="4336887D8035E62CFEB9DFAF407CFE51" box="[283,331,476,502]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">type</typeStatus>
locality of the new species. In the novel, Râkṣasî can use her magical “Iron Fan” to control the scorching and divine fire of the Flaming Mountains.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D49765548035E62CFF65DC5041E5FD6A" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="9C3236DF8035E62CFF65DC5041E5FD6A" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8035E62CFF65DC50401BFD9A" bold="true" box="[199,300,547,573]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Ecology.</emphasis>
This new species was found in the northern side of the Turpan Basin, near Mt. Huoyanshan (
<figureCitation id="04B62A5A8035E62CFAEBDC5044B9FD9A" box="[1353,1422,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1276,1300]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,188,1245]" captionTargetId="figure-21@14.[151,1436,181,1252]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. Brevistoma raksasiae Zheng, Ni &amp; Liu sp. nov., living adult and its habitats. A: Toksun County, type locality. B: Gaochang District. C: Living adult, female. D: Living adult, male, attracted by light trap. Photo by Zi-Yang Ni." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14612963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14612963/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). Its distribution nearly reaches the northernmost limit of 
<taxonomicName id="5B8D4D5C8035E62CFCB2DC344285FDC6" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1839" box="[784,946,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemopteridae</taxonomicName>
. However, its 
<typeStatus id="4336887D8035E62CFBF6DC3B45B3FDC5" box="[1108,1156,584,610]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">type</typeStatus>
locality is a well-known warm region in Central Asia with a continental desert climate. Summers can reach some of the highest temperatures in 
<collectingCountry id="E49A764F8035E62CFF1ADCFC41C9FD0E" box="[184,254,655,681]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">China</collectingCountry>
, while winters remain relatively warm, rarely drops below 0°C. All specimens were collected by UV light.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D49765548035E62CFF65DCA44305FCFA" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="9C3236DF8035E62CFF65DCA44305FCFA" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8035E62CFF65DCA4400CFD56" bold="true" box="[199,315,727,753]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Remarks.</emphasis>
This new species can be easily distinguished from other 
<taxonomicName id="5B8D4D5C8035E62CFC42DCAB458DFD56" box="[992,1210,727,753]" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8035E62CFC42DCAB4568FD56" box="[992,1119,728,753]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Brevistoma</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of the brown spots on the basal forewing mediocubital crossveins and the basal half of c-sc and m-av crossveins on the hind wing. This is the first record of 
<taxonomicName id="5B8D4D5C8035E62CFDC7DD5343D3FC9E" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1967" box="[613,740,800,825]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Brevistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AEF9EACD8035E62CFDC7DD5343D3FC9E" box="[613,740,800,825]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">Brevistoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Central Asia, as it was previously known only from the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>