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<document ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac028" ID-GBIF-Dataset="28e9da47-c1d8-45ab-8cae-5b229087fa86" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7035078" ID-ZooBank="91E1877D-99F9-42EF-B211-23C0F7F0D539" checkinTime="1661768157231" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zhang, Gongaote, Zhao, Yan, Chi, Yong, Warren, Alan, Pan, Hongbo &amp; Song, Weibo" docDate="2022" docId="134187C7FFFEFFD6E0D0535222BF836A" docLanguage="en" docName="zlac028.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac028" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.6:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Paralitonotus foissneri Zhang &amp; Zhao &amp; Chi &amp; Warren &amp; Pan &amp; Song 2022, SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="110" masterDocId="EF78FFBFFFFDFFD3E344572B2619853B" masterDocTitle="Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species" masterLastPageNumber="123" masterPageNumber="105" pageNumber="108" updateTime="1661927759733" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zhang, Gongaote</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zhao, Yan</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Chi, Yong</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Warren, Alan</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Pan, Hongbo</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Song, Weibo</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-04-27</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>196</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>105</mods:start>
<mods:end>123</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac028</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac028</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">28e9da47-c1d8-45ab-8cae-5b229087fa86</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7035078</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">91E1877D-99F9-42EF-B211-23C0F7F0D539</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7036955" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199898638" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7036955" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:134187C7FFFEFFD6E0D0535222BF836A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/134187C7FFFEFFD6E0D0535222BF836A" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
<subSubSection box="[916,1354,1145,1169]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="3.[916,1354,1145,1169]" box="[916,1354,1145,1169]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
<heading box="[916,1354,1145,1169]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" reason="2">
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang &amp; Zhao &amp; Chi &amp; Warren &amp; Pan &amp; Song, 2022" authorityName="Zhang &amp; Zhao &amp; Chi &amp; Warren &amp; Pan &amp; Song" authorityYear="2022" box="[916,1247,1145,1168]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Protolitonotidae" genus="Paralitonotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Pleurostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="foissneri" status="sp. nov.">PARALITONOTUS FOISSNERI</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1255,1354,1145,1169]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1255,1354,1145,1169]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species">SP. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="3.[1021,1248,1183,1208]" box="[1021,1248,1183,1208]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
(
<figureCitation box="[1030,1105,1183,1208]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[145,224,1235,1257]" captionTargetBox="[160,1423,202,1193]" captionTargetId="figure-271@4.[145,1425,195,1195]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AD) and after silver proteinate staining (EH). A, left view of a typical individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. B, right view of an extended individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. C, extrusomes. D, nuclear apparatus. E, details of the oral region. F, shape variants. G, anterior portion of right side; the arrow marks the anterior end of the second rightmost right kinety (green line), and the arrowhead points to the anterior end of the rightmost right kinety (blue line). H, I, ciliary patterns of left (H) and right (I) sides of the holotype specimen. Abbreviations: DB, dorsal brush; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2; RKn, rightmost right kinety; RKn1, the second rightmost right kinety. Scale bars: 75 µm in A; 100 µm in B, D; 2 µm in C; 40 µm in G, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035084/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">FIGS 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[1118,1132,1183,1208]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,241,1145,1167]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,195,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-350@5.[163,1443,195,1106]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Photomicrographs of Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AI), after silver proteinate staining (JL) and after Hoechst 33342 staining (M). A, B, left views. C, right view; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. DF, G, I, shape variants; the arrow points to the contractile vacuole, and the arrowhead marks macronuclear nodules. H, details of cytoplasm; arrowheads point to extrusomes. J, right side of the holotype specimen. K, macronuclear nodules. L, details of anterior portion of right side; asterisks mark the anterior end of right somatic kineties. M, showing the nuclear apparatus; arrowhead indicates the micronucleus, and arrows show the macronuclear nodules. Abbreviations: Ma, macronucleus; PK1, perioral kinety 1. Scale bars: 100 µm in AE; 40 µm in F, G, J; 75 µm in I; 30 µm in M." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035088/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">3</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation box="[1144,1239,1183,1208]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[145,209,196,217]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric characteristics of Chinese populations of Loxophyllum apochlorelligerum sp. nov. (upper line) and Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. (lower line) based on silver proteinate-stained specimens" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CF976659FFFBFFD5E3D557EF223F85CC" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" tableUuid="CF976659FFFBFFD5E3D557EF223F85CC">TABLE 1</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[827,1444,1224,1276]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis box="[827,1160,1224,1246]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Zoobank registration:</emphasis>
urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act:
<uuid box="[904,1425,1254,1276]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">39F1669A-2ED6-41BF-A718-CF3584918B9C</uuid>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[825,1443,1317,1523]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis box="[827,949,1318,1339]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Cell elongate and extremely contractile, with long neck ~4050% of body length, posterior portion of body conspicuously tail-like; size in extended individuals about 150300 µm × 3050 µm; six or seven left and 1315 right somatic kineties; single subterminal contractile vacuole; two macronuclear nodules and single micronucleus; marine habitat.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[827,1442,1564,1739]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis box="[827,1005,1564,1586]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Type material:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3897136304" collectionCode="CY" country="China" location="Laboratory of Protozoology" municipality="Ocean University" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" specimenCode="CY2018101603-1, CY2018101603-2" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
A silver proteinate slide with the
<typeStatus box="[827,926,1594,1616]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen circled by ink and a second silver proteinate slide with
<typeStatus box="[1114,1227,1626,1647]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">paratype</typeStatus>
specimens were deposited in
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:134187C7FFFEFFD6E0D0535222BF836A:9E37600AFFFEFFD0E0A15153235D83B5" box="[997,1348,1656,1678]" country="China" municipality="Ocean University" name="Laboratory of Protozoology" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Laboratory of Protozoology</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Ocean University</collectingMunicipality>
of
<collectingCountry box="[1008,1086,1686,1708]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">China</collectingCountry>
, with registration numbers
<specimenCode box="[827,1021,1717,1739]" collectionCode="CY" country="France" name="Centre des Yersinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">CY2018101603-1</specimenCode>
and
<specimenCode box="[1078,1274,1717,1739]" collectionCode="CY" country="France" name="Centre des Yersinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">CY2018101603-2</specimenCode>
, respectively
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[827,1444,1780,1894]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3897136305" country="China" latitude="36.276615" location="Intertidal" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="120.67556" municipality="Qingdao" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis box="[827,1255,1780,1801]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
<typeStatus box="[827,881,1780,1801]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Type</typeStatus>
locality and ecological features:
</emphasis>
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:134187C7FFFEFFD6E0D0535222BF836A:9E37600AFFFEFFD0E7B151DF237E8231" box="[1269,1383,1780,1802]" country="China" latitude="36.276615" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="120.67556" municipality="Qingdao" name="Intertidal" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Intertidal</location>
zone of a sandy beach in
<collectingMunicipality box="[1061,1160,1810,1832]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Qingdao</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry box="[1172,1243,1810,1832]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">China</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate box="[1258,1440,1809,1832]" degrees="36" direction="north" minutes="16" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" precision="1" seconds="35.817" value="36.276615">36°1635.817″N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate box="[827,1047,1840,1863]" degrees="120" direction="east" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" precision="1" seconds="32.0124" value="120.67556">120°4032.0124″E</geoCoordinate>
). Water temperature 21 °C and salinity 30
</materialsCitation>
‰.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035084" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7035084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035084/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="109" startId="4.[145,224,1235,1257]" targetBox="[160,1423,202,1193]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph blockId="4.[145,1426,1235,1433]" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[145,250,1235,1257]" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang &amp; Zhao &amp; Chi &amp; Warren &amp; Pan &amp; Song, 2022" authorityName="Zhang &amp; Zhao &amp; Chi &amp; Warren &amp; Pan &amp; Song" authorityYear="2022" box="[262,501,1235,1257]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Protolitonotidae" genus="Paralitonotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Pleurostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="109" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="foissneri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[262,501,1235,1257]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">Paralitonotus foissneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[507,584,1235,1257]" pageId="4" pageNumber="109" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in life (AD) and after silver proteinate staining (EH). A, left view of a typical individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. B, right view of an extended individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. C, extrusomes. D, nuclear apparatus. E, details of the oral region. F, shape variants. G, anterior portion of right side; the arrow marks the anterior end of the second rightmost right kinety (green line), and the arrowhead points to the anterior end of the rightmost right kinety (blue line). H, I, ciliary patterns of left (H) and right (I) sides of the holotype specimen. Abbreviations: DB, dorsal brush; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2; RK
<emphasis box="[1043,1051,1397,1409]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">
<subScript attach="right" box="[1043,1051,1397,1409]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">n</subScript>
</emphasis>
, rightmost right kinety; RK
<subScript attach="left" box="[1353,1378,1396,1409]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis box="[1353,1361,1397,1409]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">n</emphasis>
1
</subScript>
, the second rightmost right kinety. Scale bars: 75 µm in A; 100 µm in B, D; 2 µm in C; 40 µm in G, H.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="4.[145,763,1471,1555]" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis box="[145,273,1471,1492]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">Etymology:</emphasis>
We dedicate this species to Professor Dr Wilhelm Foissner, University of
<collectingRegion box="[521,626,1502,1524]" country="Austria" name="Salzburg" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">Salzburg</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry box="[637,727,1502,1524]" name="Austria" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">Austria</collectingCountry>
, in recognition of his significant contributions to ciliatology.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[142,762,1595,1771]" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis box="[145,398,1596,1617]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">SSU rDNA sequence:</emphasis>
The partial SSU rDNA gene sequence of
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang &amp; Zhao &amp; Chi &amp; Warren &amp; Pan &amp; Song, 2022" authorityName="Zhang &amp; Zhao &amp; Chi &amp; Warren &amp; Pan &amp; Song" authorityYear="2022" box="[273,408,1626,1648]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Protolitonotidae" genus="Paralitonotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Pleurostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="109" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="foissneri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[273,408,1626,1648]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">Pa. foissneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[412,490,1626,1647]" pageId="4" pageNumber="109" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is deposited in GenBank with length 1593 bp, G+C content 42.81% and accession number
<accessionNumber box="[245,382,1687,1709]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MW414674" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">MW414674</accessionNumber>
. The SSU rDNA gene sequence similarity between
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang &amp; Zhao &amp; Chi &amp; Warren &amp; Pan &amp; Song, 2022" authorityName="Zhang &amp; Zhao &amp; Chi &amp; Warren &amp; Pan &amp; Song" authorityYear="2022" box="[364,500,1718,1740]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Protolitonotidae" genus="Paralitonotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Pleurostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="109" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="foissneri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[364,500,1718,1740]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">Pa. foissneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[507,589,1718,1739]" pageId="4" pageNumber="109" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and its similar species ranges from 0.901 to 0.973 (
<figureCitation box="[541,602,1749,1771]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[163,242,922,944]" captionTargetBox="[164,1440,199,879]" captionTargetId="figure-486@11.[163,1443,196,882]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Nucleotide differences between similar species based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences. A, nucleotide differences between Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. and similar species. B, nucleotide differences between Loxophyllum spp.Two new sequences in our present work are on the first row. Numbers indicate the position of nucleotides. Missing sites are indicated by dashes (). Filled circles represent the same position of nucleotides. Abbreviations: Apo., Apolitonotus; L., Loxophyllum; Lit., Litontous; Par. foissneri, Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov.; Pro., Protolitonotus; Pse., Pseudolitonotus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035099" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035099/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[145,760,1811,1895]" lastBlockId="5.[163,780,1382,1894]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis box="[145,288,1812,1833]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">Description:</emphasis>
Body size highly variable, cell length mostly ~150300 µm, contracts ≤ 50%, occasionally&gt; 350 µm when fully extended. Main body spindle shaped, ~70170 µm long, with neck ~4050% and tail ~15% of cell length (
<figureCitation box="[1031,1167,1502,1524]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[145,224,1235,1257]" captionTargetBox="[160,1423,202,1193]" captionTargetId="figure-271@4.[145,1425,195,1195]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AD) and after silver proteinate staining (EH). A, left view of a typical individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. B, right view of an extended individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. C, extrusomes. D, nuclear apparatus. E, details of the oral region. F, shape variants. G, anterior portion of right side; the arrow marks the anterior end of the second rightmost right kinety (green line), and the arrowhead points to the anterior end of the rightmost right kinety (blue line). H, I, ciliary patterns of left (H) and right (I) sides of the holotype specimen. Abbreviations: DB, dorsal brush; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2; RKn, rightmost right kinety; RKn1, the second rightmost right kinety. Scale bars: 75 µm in A; 100 µm in B, D; 2 µm in C; 40 µm in G, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035084/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">Figs 2A, B, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[1179,1262,1502,1523]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,241,1145,1167]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,195,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-350@5.[163,1443,195,1106]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Photomicrographs of Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AI), after silver proteinate staining (JL) and after Hoechst 33342 staining (M). A, B, left views. C, right view; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. DF, G, I, shape variants; the arrow points to the contractile vacuole, and the arrowhead marks macronuclear nodules. H, details of cytoplasm; arrowheads point to extrusomes. J, right side of the holotype specimen. K, macronuclear nodules. L, details of anterior portion of right side; asterisks mark the anterior end of right somatic kineties. M, showing the nuclear apparatus; arrowhead indicates the micronucleus, and arrows show the macronuclear nodules. Abbreviations: Ma, macronucleus; PK1, perioral kinety 1. Scale bars: 100 µm in AE; 40 µm in F, G, J; 75 µm in I; 30 µm in M." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035088/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">3AE, I</figureCitation>
). Cilia in right kineties are ~6 µm long
<emphasis box="[1087,1164,1533,1554]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">in vivo</emphasis>
and densely arranged, whereas those in left kineties are undetectable in live cells. Nuclear apparatus centrally located, comprising two ovoidal macronuclear nodules, each about 1030 µm × 510 µm after silver proteinate staining, and a single micronucleus (
<figureCitation box="[1135,1324,1686,1708]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[145,224,1235,1257]" captionTargetBox="[160,1423,202,1193]" captionTargetId="figure-271@4.[145,1425,195,1195]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AD) and after silver proteinate staining (EH). A, left view of a typical individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. B, right view of an extended individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. C, extrusomes. D, nuclear apparatus. E, details of the oral region. F, shape variants. G, anterior portion of right side; the arrow marks the anterior end of the second rightmost right kinety (green line), and the arrowhead points to the anterior end of the rightmost right kinety (blue line). H, I, ciliary patterns of left (H) and right (I) sides of the holotype specimen. Abbreviations: DB, dorsal brush; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2; RKn, rightmost right kinety; RKn1, the second rightmost right kinety. Scale bars: 75 µm in A; 100 µm in B, D; 2 µm in C; 40 µm in G, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035084/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">Figs 2A, B, D, G</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[1338,1409,1686,1707]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,241,1145,1167]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,195,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-350@5.[163,1443,195,1106]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Photomicrographs of Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AI), after silver proteinate staining (JL) and after Hoechst 33342 staining (M). A, B, left views. C, right view; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. DF, G, I, shape variants; the arrow points to the contractile vacuole, and the arrowhead marks macronuclear nodules. H, details of cytoplasm; arrowheads point to extrusomes. J, right side of the holotype specimen. K, macronuclear nodules. L, details of anterior portion of right side; asterisks mark the anterior end of right somatic kineties. M, showing the nuclear apparatus; arrowhead indicates the micronucleus, and arrows show the macronuclear nodules. Abbreviations: Ma, macronucleus; PK1, perioral kinety 1. Scale bars: 100 µm in AE; 40 µm in F, G, J; 75 µm in I; 30 µm in M." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035088/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">3K, M</figureCitation>
). Micronucleus located between two macronuclear nodules (
<figureCitation box="[926,1022,1747,1769]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,241,1145,1167]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,195,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-350@5.[163,1443,195,1106]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Photomicrographs of Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AI), after silver proteinate staining (JL) and after Hoechst 33342 staining (M). A, B, left views. C, right view; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. DF, G, I, shape variants; the arrow points to the contractile vacuole, and the arrowhead marks macronuclear nodules. H, details of cytoplasm; arrowheads point to extrusomes. J, right side of the holotype specimen. K, macronuclear nodules. L, details of anterior portion of right side; asterisks mark the anterior end of right somatic kineties. M, showing the nuclear apparatus; arrowhead indicates the micronucleus, and arrows show the macronuclear nodules. Abbreviations: Ma, macronucleus; PK1, perioral kinety 1. Scale bars: 100 µm in AE; 40 µm in F, G, J; 75 µm in I; 30 µm in M." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035088/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">Fig. 3M</figureCitation>
, arrowhead). Single contractile vacuole subterminally located (
<figureCitation box="[1156,1269,1778,1800]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[145,224,1235,1257]" captionTargetBox="[160,1423,202,1193]" captionTargetId="figure-271@4.[145,1425,195,1195]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AD) and after silver proteinate staining (EH). A, left view of a typical individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. B, right view of an extended individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. C, extrusomes. D, nuclear apparatus. E, details of the oral region. F, shape variants. G, anterior portion of right side; the arrow marks the anterior end of the second rightmost right kinety (green line), and the arrowhead points to the anterior end of the rightmost right kinety (blue line). H, I, ciliary patterns of left (H) and right (I) sides of the holotype specimen. Abbreviations: DB, dorsal brush; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2; RKn, rightmost right kinety; RKn1, the second rightmost right kinety. Scale bars: 75 µm in A; 100 µm in B, D; 2 µm in C; 40 µm in G, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035084/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">Figs 2A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[1280,1311,1778,1799]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,241,1145,1167]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,195,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-350@5.[163,1443,195,1106]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Photomicrographs of Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AI), after silver proteinate staining (JL) and after Hoechst 33342 staining (M). A, B, left views. C, right view; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. DF, G, I, shape variants; the arrow points to the contractile vacuole, and the arrowhead marks macronuclear nodules. H, details of cytoplasm; arrowheads point to extrusomes. J, right side of the holotype specimen. K, macronuclear nodules. L, details of anterior portion of right side; asterisks mark the anterior end of right somatic kineties. M, showing the nuclear apparatus; arrowhead indicates the micronucleus, and arrows show the macronuclear nodules. Abbreviations: Ma, macronucleus; PK1, perioral kinety 1. Scale bars: 100 µm in AE; 40 µm in F, G, J; 75 µm in I; 30 µm in M." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035088/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">3C</figureCitation>
), pulsates about every 2 min. Extrusomes scattered in main body (
<figureCitation box="[817,930,1839,1861]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[145,224,1235,1257]" captionTargetBox="[160,1423,202,1193]" captionTargetId="figure-271@4.[145,1425,195,1195]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AD) and after silver proteinate staining (EH). A, left view of a typical individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. B, right view of an extended individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. C, extrusomes. D, nuclear apparatus. E, details of the oral region. F, shape variants. G, anterior portion of right side; the arrow marks the anterior end of the second rightmost right kinety (green line), and the arrowhead points to the anterior end of the rightmost right kinety (blue line). H, I, ciliary patterns of left (H) and right (I) sides of the holotype specimen. Abbreviations: DB, dorsal brush; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2; RKn, rightmost right kinety; RKn1, the second rightmost right kinety. Scale bars: 75 µm in A; 100 µm in B, D; 2 µm in C; 40 µm in G, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035084/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">Figs 2F, H</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[942,976,1839,1860]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,241,1145,1167]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,195,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-350@5.[163,1443,195,1106]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Photomicrographs of Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AI), after silver proteinate staining (JL) and after Hoechst 33342 staining (M). A, B, left views. C, right view; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. DF, G, I, shape variants; the arrow points to the contractile vacuole, and the arrowhead marks macronuclear nodules. H, details of cytoplasm; arrowheads point to extrusomes. J, right side of the holotype specimen. K, macronuclear nodules. L, details of anterior portion of right side; asterisks mark the anterior end of right somatic kineties. M, showing the nuclear apparatus; arrowhead indicates the micronucleus, and arrows show the macronuclear nodules. Abbreviations: Ma, macronucleus; PK1, perioral kinety 1. Scale bars: 100 µm in AE; 40 µm in F, G, J; 75 µm in I; 30 µm in M." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035088/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">3H</figureCitation>
), straight or slightly curved, ~4 µm long
<emphasis box="[808,884,1871,1892]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">in vivo</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[900,981,1870,1892]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[145,224,1235,1257]" captionTargetBox="[160,1423,202,1193]" captionTargetId="figure-271@4.[145,1425,195,1195]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AD) and after silver proteinate staining (EH). A, left view of a typical individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. B, right view of an extended individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. C, extrusomes. D, nuclear apparatus. E, details of the oral region. F, shape variants. G, anterior portion of right side; the arrow marks the anterior end of the second rightmost right kinety (green line), and the arrowhead points to the anterior end of the rightmost right kinety (blue line). H, I, ciliary patterns of left (H) and right (I) sides of the holotype specimen. Abbreviations: DB, dorsal brush; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2; RKn, rightmost right kinety; RKn1, the second rightmost right kinety. Scale bars: 75 µm in A; 100 µm in B, D; 2 µm in C; 40 µm in G, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035084/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
). Extrusomes in oral bulge undetected. Cortical granules not observed. Cytoplasm colourless or greyish, with numerous endoplasmic granules (~13 µm in diameter) in main body, rendering this region opaque. Locomotion typically by swimming, with anterior portion repeatedly contracting and swinging from side to side, sometimes by gliding on substrate.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035088" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7035088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035088/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="110" startId="5.[163,241,1145,1167]" targetBox="[165,1441,195,1106]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph blockId="5.[162,1443,1145,1343]" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[163,267,1145,1167]" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Photomicrographs of
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang &amp; Zhao &amp; Chi &amp; Warren &amp; Pan &amp; Song, 2022" authorityName="Zhang &amp; Zhao &amp; Chi &amp; Warren &amp; Pan &amp; Song" authorityYear="2022" box="[501,737,1145,1167]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Protolitonotidae" genus="Paralitonotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Pleurostomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="110" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="foissneri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[501,737,1145,1167]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">Paralitonotus foissneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[743,819,1145,1167]" pageId="5" pageNumber="110" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in life (AI), after silver proteinate staining (JL) and after Hoechst 33342 staining (M). A, B, left views. C, right view; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. DF, G, I, shape variants; the arrow points to the contractile vacuole, and the arrowhead marks macronuclear nodules. H, details of cytoplasm; arrowheads point to extrusomes. J, right side of the holotype specimen. K, macronuclear nodules. L, details of anterior portion of right side; asterisks mark the anterior end of right somatic kineties. M, showing the nuclear apparatus; arrowhead indicates the micronucleus, and arrows show the macronuclear nodules. Abbreviations: Ma, macronucleus; PK1, perioral kinety 1. Scale bars: 100 µm in AE; 40 µm in F, G, J; 75 µm in I; 30 µm in M.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="5.[163,780,1382,1894]" lastBlockId="5.[827,1444,1382,1618]" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">
Ciliary pattern as shown in
<figureCitation box="[517,702,1566,1588]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[145,224,1235,1257]" captionTargetBox="[160,1423,202,1193]" captionTargetId="figure-271@4.[145,1425,195,1195]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AD) and after silver proteinate staining (EH). A, left view of a typical individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. B, right view of an extended individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. C, extrusomes. D, nuclear apparatus. E, details of the oral region. F, shape variants. G, anterior portion of right side; the arrow marks the anterior end of the second rightmost right kinety (green line), and the arrowhead points to the anterior end of the rightmost right kinety (blue line). H, I, ciliary patterns of left (H) and right (I) sides of the holotype specimen. Abbreviations: DB, dorsal brush; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2; RKn, rightmost right kinety; RKn1, the second rightmost right kinety. Scale bars: 75 µm in A; 100 µm in B, D; 2 µm in C; 40 µm in G, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035084/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">Figures 2E, GI</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[716,772,1566,1587]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,241,1145,1167]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,195,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-350@5.[163,1443,195,1106]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Photomicrographs of Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AI), after silver proteinate staining (JL) and after Hoechst 33342 staining (M). A, B, left views. C, right view; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. DF, G, I, shape variants; the arrow points to the contractile vacuole, and the arrowhead marks macronuclear nodules. H, details of cytoplasm; arrowheads point to extrusomes. J, right side of the holotype specimen. K, macronuclear nodules. L, details of anterior portion of right side; asterisks mark the anterior end of right somatic kineties. M, showing the nuclear apparatus; arrowhead indicates the micronucleus, and arrows show the macronuclear nodules. Abbreviations: Ma, macronucleus; PK1, perioral kinety 1. Scale bars: 100 µm in AE; 40 µm in F, G, J; 75 µm in I; 30 µm in M." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035088/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">3J, L</figureCitation>
. About 14 (1315) right somatic kineties, middle one longest, terminating anteriorly about one-sixth down the length of the body (
<figureCitation box="[373,510,1658,1680]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[145,224,1235,1257]" captionTargetBox="[160,1423,202,1193]" captionTargetId="figure-271@4.[145,1425,195,1195]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AD) and after silver proteinate staining (EH). A, left view of a typical individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. B, right view of an extended individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. C, extrusomes. D, nuclear apparatus. E, details of the oral region. F, shape variants. G, anterior portion of right side; the arrow marks the anterior end of the second rightmost right kinety (green line), and the arrowhead points to the anterior end of the rightmost right kinety (blue line). H, I, ciliary patterns of left (H) and right (I) sides of the holotype specimen. Abbreviations: DB, dorsal brush; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2; RKn, rightmost right kinety; RKn1, the second rightmost right kinety. Scale bars: 75 µm in A; 100 µm in B, D; 2 µm in C; 40 µm in G, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035084/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">Figs 2E, GI</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[522,575,1658,1679]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,241,1145,1167]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,195,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-350@5.[163,1443,195,1106]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Photomicrographs of Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AI), after silver proteinate staining (JL) and after Hoechst 33342 staining (M). A, B, left views. C, right view; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. DF, G, I, shape variants; the arrow points to the contractile vacuole, and the arrowhead marks macronuclear nodules. H, details of cytoplasm; arrowheads point to extrusomes. J, right side of the holotype specimen. K, macronuclear nodules. L, details of anterior portion of right side; asterisks mark the anterior end of right somatic kineties. M, showing the nuclear apparatus; arrowhead indicates the micronucleus, and arrows show the macronuclear nodules. Abbreviations: Ma, macronucleus; PK1, perioral kinety 1. Scale bars: 100 µm in AE; 40 µm in F, G, J; 75 µm in I; 30 µm in M." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035088/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">3J, L</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation box="[586,666,1658,1680]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[145,209,196,217]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric characteristics of Chinese populations of Loxophyllum apochlorelligerum sp. nov. (upper line) and Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. (lower line) based on silver proteinate-stained specimens" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CF976659FFFBFFD5E3D557EF223F85CC" pageId="5" pageNumber="110" tableUuid="CF976659FFFBFFD5E3D557EF223F85CC">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Anterior of rightmost kinety terminating at one-third down length of cell, second rightmost kinety (RK
<emphasis box="[630,639,1735,1747]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">n</emphasis>
1) extending to anterior and posterior ends of cell as a full kinety. Other right somatic kineties progressively shortened anteriorly towards dorsal and ventral margins to form two semi-sutures along dorsal full RK
<subScript attach="left" box="[630,657,1857,1870]" fontSize="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis box="[630,639,1858,1870]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">n</emphasis>
1
</subScript>
and PK2, respectively (
<figureCitation box="[311,422,1872,1894]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[145,224,1235,1257]" captionTargetBox="[160,1423,202,1193]" captionTargetId="figure-271@4.[145,1425,195,1195]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AD) and after silver proteinate staining (EH). A, left view of a typical individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. B, right view of an extended individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. C, extrusomes. D, nuclear apparatus. E, details of the oral region. F, shape variants. G, anterior portion of right side; the arrow marks the anterior end of the second rightmost right kinety (green line), and the arrowhead points to the anterior end of the rightmost right kinety (blue line). H, I, ciliary patterns of left (H) and right (I) sides of the holotype specimen. Abbreviations: DB, dorsal brush; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2; RKn, rightmost right kinety; RKn1, the second rightmost right kinety. Scale bars: 75 µm in A; 100 µm in B, D; 2 µm in C; 40 µm in G, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035084/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">Figs 2GI</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[435,465,1872,1893]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,241,1145,1167]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,195,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-350@5.[163,1443,195,1106]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Photomicrographs of Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AI), after silver proteinate staining (JL) and after Hoechst 33342 staining (M). A, B, left views. C, right view; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. DF, G, I, shape variants; the arrow points to the contractile vacuole, and the arrowhead marks macronuclear nodules. H, details of cytoplasm; arrowheads point to extrusomes. J, right side of the holotype specimen. K, macronuclear nodules. L, details of anterior portion of right side; asterisks mark the anterior end of right somatic kineties. M, showing the nuclear apparatus; arrowhead indicates the micronucleus, and arrows show the macronuclear nodules. Abbreviations: Ma, macronucleus; PK1, perioral kinety 1. Scale bars: 100 µm in AE; 40 µm in F, G, J; 75 µm in I; 30 µm in M." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035088/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">3L</figureCitation>
). Left side sparsely ciliated, with six or seven kineties (including PK1;
<figureCitation box="[1319,1437,1382,1404]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[145,224,1235,1257]" captionTargetBox="[160,1423,202,1193]" captionTargetId="figure-271@4.[145,1425,195,1195]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AD) and after silver proteinate staining (EH). A, left view of a typical individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. B, right view of an extended individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. C, extrusomes. D, nuclear apparatus. E, details of the oral region. F, shape variants. G, anterior portion of right side; the arrow marks the anterior end of the second rightmost right kinety (green line), and the arrowhead points to the anterior end of the rightmost right kinety (blue line). H, I, ciliary patterns of left (H) and right (I) sides of the holotype specimen. Abbreviations: DB, dorsal brush; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2; RKn, rightmost right kinety; RKn1, the second rightmost right kinety. Scale bars: 75 µm in A; 100 µm in B, D; 2 µm in C; 40 µm in G, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035084/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">Fig. 2E, H</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation box="[827,907,1412,1434]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[145,209,196,217]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric characteristics of Chinese populations of Loxophyllum apochlorelligerum sp. nov. (upper line) and Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. (lower line) based on silver proteinate-stained specimens" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CF976659FFFBFFD5E3D557EF223F85CC" pageId="5" pageNumber="110" tableUuid="CF976659FFFBFFD5E3D557EF223F85CC">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Dorsal brush kinety consisting of dikinetids in anterior half of cell and monokinetids in posterior half (
<figureCitation box="[834,911,1474,1496]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[145,224,1235,1257]" captionTargetBox="[160,1423,202,1193]" captionTargetId="figure-271@4.[145,1425,195,1195]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AD) and after silver proteinate staining (EH). A, left view of a typical individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. B, right view of an extended individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. C, extrusomes. D, nuclear apparatus. E, details of the oral region. F, shape variants. G, anterior portion of right side; the arrow marks the anterior end of the second rightmost right kinety (green line), and the arrowhead points to the anterior end of the rightmost right kinety (blue line). H, I, ciliary patterns of left (H) and right (I) sides of the holotype specimen. Abbreviations: DB, dorsal brush; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2; RKn, rightmost right kinety; RKn1, the second rightmost right kinety. Scale bars: 75 µm in A; 100 µm in B, D; 2 µm in C; 40 µm in G, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035084/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
). Leftmost left kinety (LK
<emphasis box="[1192,1201,1490,1502]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">n</emphasis>
) extending to anterior end of cell (
<figureCitation box="[954,1065,1504,1526]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[145,224,1235,1257]" captionTargetBox="[160,1423,202,1193]" captionTargetId="figure-271@4.[145,1425,195,1195]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AD) and after silver proteinate staining (EH). A, left view of a typical individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. B, right view of an extended individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. C, extrusomes. D, nuclear apparatus. E, details of the oral region. F, shape variants. G, anterior portion of right side; the arrow marks the anterior end of the second rightmost right kinety (green line), and the arrowhead points to the anterior end of the rightmost right kinety (blue line). H, I, ciliary patterns of left (H) and right (I) sides of the holotype specimen. Abbreviations: DB, dorsal brush; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2; RKn, rightmost right kinety; RKn1, the second rightmost right kinety. Scale bars: 75 µm in A; 100 µm in B, D; 2 µm in C; 40 µm in G, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035084/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">Fig. 2E, H</figureCitation>
). Two perioral kineties (PKs), one either side of oral slit, both consisting of densely spaced dikinetids in anterior 30%, continuing posteriorly as a row of monokinetids (
<figureCitation box="[1065,1176,1596,1618]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[145,224,1235,1257]" captionTargetBox="[160,1423,202,1193]" captionTargetId="figure-271@4.[145,1425,195,1195]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. in life (AD) and after silver proteinate staining (EH). A, left view of a typical individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. B, right view of an extended individual; the arrow marks the contractile vacuole. C, extrusomes. D, nuclear apparatus. E, details of the oral region. F, shape variants. G, anterior portion of right side; the arrow marks the anterior end of the second rightmost right kinety (green line), and the arrowhead points to the anterior end of the rightmost right kinety (blue line). H, I, ciliary patterns of left (H) and right (I) sides of the holotype specimen. Abbreviations: DB, dorsal brush; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2; RKn, rightmost right kinety; RKn1, the second rightmost right kinety. Scale bars: 75 µm in A; 100 µm in B, D; 2 µm in C; 40 µm in G, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7035084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7035084/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="110">Fig. 2E, H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>