213 lines
53 KiB
XML
213 lines
53 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="DAD2BE59B1D6BB6FED6043C17093FBD1">Sperm ultrastructure in Hemidonax pictus (Hemidonacidae, Bivalvia, Mollusca): comparison with other heterodonts, especially Cardiidae, Donacidae and Crassatelloidea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="12C6DC99813061217E80F374B5144730">Healy, John M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8FDAFCDF763EAE2EBEB0348C8A1962F8">Mikkelsen, Paula M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4783097C71A739EEB2B714F48564C8B0">Bieler, Rüdiger</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6A741776AFCA7985C2CE102A0B8D3430">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="AB4D61900A06971866EA35E61B563D58">2008</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="D3AB657F63371E2518D949D4FD41FE64" pageId="2" pageNumber="327" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9B0E36F463371E2518D949D4FDBEFE4F" blockId="2.[951,1277,385,407]" box="[951,1277,385,407]" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">
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<heading id="C046819863371E2518D949D4FDBEFE4F" box="[951,1277,385,407]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="327" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="5CB14D7763371E2518D949D4FDD9FE4C" ID-CoL="3KNKX" baseAuthorityName="Tryon" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[951,1178,385,406]" class="Bivalvia" family="Hemidonacidae" genus="Hemidonax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" pageId="2" pageNumber="327" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pictus">
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<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663371E2518D949D4FDD9FE4C" box="[951,1178,385,406]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">HEMIDONAX PICTUS</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="038A2A7163371E251FC249D4FDB1FE4F" box="[1196,1266,385,407]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 1. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Hemidonax pictus. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) at apex of nucleus. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. B, LS showing size proportions of acrosomal complex, nucleus and midpiece mitochondria. C, LS of acrosomal complex. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. D, transverse section (TS) through mid-length region of acrosomal complex. Note granular subacrosomal material in narrow invagination of acrosomal vesicle, and also two components of vesicle contents (basal ring and less-dense anterior region). E, LS of midpiece at base of nucleus. Paired, connected centrioles are continuous with flagellar axoneme and closely surrounded by mitochondria. F, TS of midpiece at level of distal centriole showing four mitochondria. G, TS of posterior extremity of distal centriole (triplet microtubules), showing attachment, via Y-links, to plasma membrane. H, TS of flagellae showing intact axoneme (1) and successive (narrowed, degenerate) levels of terminal region (2, 3). Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum (featuring axoneme); m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="2" pageNumber="327">FIG. 1</figureCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9B0E36F463371E25184849F2FD41FE64" blockId="2.[806,1421,423,965]" box="[806,1026,423,444]" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">
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<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663371E25184849F2FD41FE64" box="[806,1026,423,444]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">Acrosomal complex</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D3AB657F63371E2318484993FC10FB4F" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="329" pageId="2" pageNumber="327" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="9B0E36F463371E2518484993FC0EFC1D" blockId="2.[806,1421,423,965]" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">
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The acrosomal vesicle is conical, measuring 0.35 ± 0.02 Mm (
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<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663371E25188A49B0FABBFE22" box="[996,1016,485,506]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">N</emphasis>
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= 4) in length and with a maximum diameter of approximately 0.4 ± 0.05 Mm (
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<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663371E251E264A51FC1FFDC1" box="[1352,1372,516,537]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">N</emphasis>
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= 4) (
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<figureCitation id="038A2A7163371E2518404A74FAE6FDE0" box="[814,933,545,568]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 1. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Hemidonax pictus. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) at apex of nucleus. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. B, LS showing size proportions of acrosomal complex, nucleus and midpiece mitochondria. C, LS of acrosomal complex. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. D, transverse section (TS) through mid-length region of acrosomal complex. Note granular subacrosomal material in narrow invagination of acrosomal vesicle, and also two components of vesicle contents (basal ring and less-dense anterior region). E, LS of midpiece at base of nucleus. Paired, connected centrioles are continuous with flagellar axoneme and closely surrounded by mitochondria. F, TS of midpiece at level of distal centriole showing four mitochondria. G, TS of posterior extremity of distal centriole (triplet microtubules), showing attachment, via Y-links, to plasma membrane. H, TS of flagellae showing intact axoneme (1) and successive (narrowed, degenerate) levels of terminal region (2, 3). Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum (featuring axoneme); m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="2" pageNumber="327">Fig. 1A–D</figureCitation>
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). Contents of the vesicle are differentiated into a highly electron-dense, faintly reticulate, basal ring sheathed by markedly less dense (and granular) material that also fills the anterior region of the vesicle (
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<figureCitation id="038A2A7163371E2518E64AC9FD6FFD69" box="[904,1068,668,690]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 1. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Hemidonax pictus. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) at apex of nucleus. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. B, LS showing size proportions of acrosomal complex, nucleus and midpiece mitochondria. C, LS of acrosomal complex. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. D, transverse section (TS) through mid-length region of acrosomal complex. Note granular subacrosomal material in narrow invagination of acrosomal vesicle, and also two components of vesicle contents (basal ring and less-dense anterior region). E, LS of midpiece at base of nucleus. Paired, connected centrioles are continuous with flagellar axoneme and closely surrounded by mitochondria. F, TS of midpiece at level of distal centriole showing four mitochondria. G, TS of posterior extremity of distal centriole (triplet microtubules), showing attachment, via Y-links, to plasma membrane. H, TS of flagellae showing intact axoneme (1) and successive (narrowed, degenerate) levels of terminal region (2, 3). Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum (featuring axoneme); m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="2" pageNumber="327">Fig. 1A, C, D</figureCitation>
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). Associated with the vesicle apex is a broad, thin, electron-lucent layer, the extent of which is somewhat variable (
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<figureCitation id="038A2A7163371E251FFA4A8CFC49FD36" box="[1172,1290,729,751]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 1. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Hemidonax pictus. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) at apex of nucleus. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. B, LS showing size proportions of acrosomal complex, nucleus and midpiece mitochondria. C, LS of acrosomal complex. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. D, transverse section (TS) through mid-length region of acrosomal complex. Note granular subacrosomal material in narrow invagination of acrosomal vesicle, and also two components of vesicle contents (basal ring and less-dense anterior region). E, LS of midpiece at base of nucleus. Paired, connected centrioles are continuous with flagellar axoneme and closely surrounded by mitochondria. F, TS of midpiece at level of distal centriole showing four mitochondria. G, TS of posterior extremity of distal centriole (triplet microtubules), showing attachment, via Y-links, to plasma membrane. H, TS of flagellae showing intact axoneme (1) and successive (narrowed, degenerate) levels of terminal region (2, 3). Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum (featuring axoneme); m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="2" pageNumber="327">Fig. 1A, C</figureCitation>
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, arrows). A narrow basal invagination extends for most of the length of the acrosomal vesicle and is filled by a granular deposit of subacrosomal material (
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<figureCitation id="038A2A7163371E251E434B60FA7FFCB1" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 1. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Hemidonax pictus. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) at apex of nucleus. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. B, LS showing size proportions of acrosomal complex, nucleus and midpiece mitochondria. C, LS of acrosomal complex. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. D, transverse section (TS) through mid-length region of acrosomal complex. Note granular subacrosomal material in narrow invagination of acrosomal vesicle, and also two components of vesicle contents (basal ring and less-dense anterior region). E, LS of midpiece at base of nucleus. Paired, connected centrioles are continuous with flagellar axoneme and closely surrounded by mitochondria. F, TS of midpiece at level of distal centriole showing four mitochondria. G, TS of posterior extremity of distal centriole (triplet microtubules), showing attachment, via Y-links, to plasma membrane. H, TS of flagellae showing intact axoneme (1) and successive (narrowed, degenerate) levels of terminal region (2, 3). Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum (featuring axoneme); m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="2" pageNumber="327">Fig. 1A– D</figureCitation>
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). The plasma membrane forms the outermost sheath of the acrosomal complex, as it does in other regions of the spermatozoon (
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<figureCitation id="038A2A7163371E251F154BC4FDACFC7E" box="[1147,1263,913,935]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 1. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Hemidonax pictus. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) at apex of nucleus. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. B, LS showing size proportions of acrosomal complex, nucleus and midpiece mitochondria. C, LS of acrosomal complex. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. D, transverse section (TS) through mid-length region of acrosomal complex. Note granular subacrosomal material in narrow invagination of acrosomal vesicle, and also two components of vesicle contents (basal ring and less-dense anterior region). E, LS of midpiece at base of nucleus. Paired, connected centrioles are continuous with flagellar axoneme and closely surrounded by mitochondria. F, TS of midpiece at level of distal centriole showing four mitochondria. G, TS of posterior extremity of distal centriole (triplet microtubules), showing attachment, via Y-links, to plasma membrane. H, TS of flagellae showing intact axoneme (1) and successive (narrowed, degenerate) levels of terminal region (2, 3). Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum (featuring axoneme); m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="2" pageNumber="327">Fig. 1A, F</figureCitation>
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) (this applies in all the species of bivalves examined herein).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9B0E36F463371E2518484B8AFAC2FC2C" blockId="2.[806,1421,991,1349]" box="[806,897,991,1012]" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">
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<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663371E2518484B8AFAC2FC2C" box="[806,897,991,1012]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">Nucleus</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9B0E36F463371E2518484BA8FAD3FA9D" blockId="2.[806,1421,991,1349]" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">
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The nucleus is short (length 1.8 ± 0.1 Mm,
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<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663371E251E7A4BABFC6BFBCB" box="[1300,1320,1022,1043]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">N</emphasis>
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= 4) and barrel-shaped (tapers apically anteriorly), with a maximum diameter (near base) of 1.0 ± 0.1 Mm (
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<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663371E251E264C6EFC1FFB88" box="[1352,1372,1083,1104]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">N</emphasis>
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= 4) (
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<figureCitation id="038A2A7163371E2518404C0CFAC1FBB7" box="[814,898,1113,1135]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 1. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Hemidonax pictus. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) at apex of nucleus. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. B, LS showing size proportions of acrosomal complex, nucleus and midpiece mitochondria. C, LS of acrosomal complex. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. D, transverse section (TS) through mid-length region of acrosomal complex. Note granular subacrosomal material in narrow invagination of acrosomal vesicle, and also two components of vesicle contents (basal ring and less-dense anterior region). E, LS of midpiece at base of nucleus. Paired, connected centrioles are continuous with flagellar axoneme and closely surrounded by mitochondria. F, TS of midpiece at level of distal centriole showing four mitochondria. G, TS of posterior extremity of distal centriole (triplet microtubules), showing attachment, via Y-links, to plasma membrane. H, TS of flagellae showing intact axoneme (1) and successive (narrowed, degenerate) levels of terminal region (2, 3). Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum (featuring axoneme); m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="2" pageNumber="327">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
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). Nuclear contents are highly electron-dense, with scattered, irregularly shaped, electron-lucent lacunae. Broad, shallow depressions, present basally, contact the anterior surfaces of each midpiece mitochondrion (
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<figureCitation id="038A2A7163371E2518C64C86FD5CFB31" box="[936,1055,1235,1257]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 1. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Hemidonax pictus. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) at apex of nucleus. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. B, LS showing size proportions of acrosomal complex, nucleus and midpiece mitochondria. C, LS of acrosomal complex. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. D, transverse section (TS) through mid-length region of acrosomal complex. Note granular subacrosomal material in narrow invagination of acrosomal vesicle, and also two components of vesicle contents (basal ring and less-dense anterior region). E, LS of midpiece at base of nucleus. Paired, connected centrioles are continuous with flagellar axoneme and closely surrounded by mitochondria. F, TS of midpiece at level of distal centriole showing four mitochondria. G, TS of posterior extremity of distal centriole (triplet microtubules), showing attachment, via Y-links, to plasma membrane. H, TS of flagellae showing intact axoneme (1) and successive (narrowed, degenerate) levels of terminal region (2, 3). Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum (featuring axoneme); m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="2" pageNumber="327">Fig. 1B, E</figureCitation>
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). These depressions surround a smaller central recess filled with granular material loosely associated with the proximal centriole (
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<figureCitation id="038A2A7163371E2518404D7AFAC1FA9D" box="[814,898,1327,1349]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 1. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Hemidonax pictus. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) at apex of nucleus. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. B, LS showing size proportions of acrosomal complex, nucleus and midpiece mitochondria. C, LS of acrosomal complex. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. D, transverse section (TS) through mid-length region of acrosomal complex. Note granular subacrosomal material in narrow invagination of acrosomal vesicle, and also two components of vesicle contents (basal ring and less-dense anterior region). E, LS of midpiece at base of nucleus. Paired, connected centrioles are continuous with flagellar axoneme and closely surrounded by mitochondria. F, TS of midpiece at level of distal centriole showing four mitochondria. G, TS of posterior extremity of distal centriole (triplet microtubules), showing attachment, via Y-links, to plasma membrane. H, TS of flagellae showing intact axoneme (1) and successive (narrowed, degenerate) levels of terminal region (2, 3). Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum (featuring axoneme); m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="2" pageNumber="327">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B0E36F463371E2518484D0BFACFFAAB" blockId="2.[806,1421,1374,1794]" box="[806,908,1374,1395]" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663371E2518484D0BFACFFAAB" box="[806,908,1374,1395]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">Midpiece</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B0E36F463371E2518484D28FAF7F8DA" blockId="2.[806,1421,1374,1794]" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">
|
||
The midpiece is positioned at the base of the nucleus and consists of four spherical mitochondria surrounding a pair of orthogonally arranged centrioles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="038A2A7163371E2518404D8CFA91FA36" box="[814,978,1497,1519]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 1. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Hemidonax pictus. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) at apex of nucleus. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. B, LS showing size proportions of acrosomal complex, nucleus and midpiece mitochondria. C, LS of acrosomal complex. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. D, transverse section (TS) through mid-length region of acrosomal complex. Note granular subacrosomal material in narrow invagination of acrosomal vesicle, and also two components of vesicle contents (basal ring and less-dense anterior region). E, LS of midpiece at base of nucleus. Paired, connected centrioles are continuous with flagellar axoneme and closely surrounded by mitochondria. F, TS of midpiece at level of distal centriole showing four mitochondria. G, TS of posterior extremity of distal centriole (triplet microtubules), showing attachment, via Y-links, to plasma membrane. H, TS of flagellae showing intact axoneme (1) and successive (narrowed, degenerate) levels of terminal region (2, 3). Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum (featuring axoneme); m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="2" pageNumber="327">Fig. 1B, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The entire midpiece region has a length of 0.75 ± 0.05 Mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663371E251F064DADFD3FF9D5" box="[1128,1148,1528,1549]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 3) and a maximum diameter (of mitochondrial cluster) of approximately 1.44 ± 0.1 Mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663371E2518B94E60FAA8F992" box="[983,1003,1589,1610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 3). The centrioles lie in contact with each other and exhibit triplet microtubular structure which is largely obscured by a dense matrix (
|
||
<figureCitation id="038A2A7163371E2518404EC5FAE7F97F" box="[814,932,1680,1703]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 1. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Hemidonax pictus. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) at apex of nucleus. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. B, LS showing size proportions of acrosomal complex, nucleus and midpiece mitochondria. C, LS of acrosomal complex. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. D, transverse section (TS) through mid-length region of acrosomal complex. Note granular subacrosomal material in narrow invagination of acrosomal vesicle, and also two components of vesicle contents (basal ring and less-dense anterior region). E, LS of midpiece at base of nucleus. Paired, connected centrioles are continuous with flagellar axoneme and closely surrounded by mitochondria. F, TS of midpiece at level of distal centriole showing four mitochondria. G, TS of posterior extremity of distal centriole (triplet microtubules), showing attachment, via Y-links, to plasma membrane. H, TS of flagellae showing intact axoneme (1) and successive (narrowed, degenerate) levels of terminal region (2, 3). Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum (featuring axoneme); m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="2" pageNumber="327">Fig. 1E–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The distal centriole is connected by a series of nine satellite fibres each terminating in a Y-shaped fork attached to the plasma membrane (
|
||
<figureCitation id="038A2A7163371E2518404EB9FAEBF8DA" box="[814,936,1772,1794]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 1. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Hemidonax pictus. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) at apex of nucleus. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. B, LS showing size proportions of acrosomal complex, nucleus and midpiece mitochondria. C, LS of acrosomal complex. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. D, transverse section (TS) through mid-length region of acrosomal complex. Note granular subacrosomal material in narrow invagination of acrosomal vesicle, and also two components of vesicle contents (basal ring and less-dense anterior region). E, LS of midpiece at base of nucleus. Paired, connected centrioles are continuous with flagellar axoneme and closely surrounded by mitochondria. F, TS of midpiece at level of distal centriole showing four mitochondria. G, TS of posterior extremity of distal centriole (triplet microtubules), showing attachment, via Y-links, to plasma membrane. H, TS of flagellae showing intact axoneme (1) and successive (narrowed, degenerate) levels of terminal region (2, 3). Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum (featuring axoneme); m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="2" pageNumber="327">Fig. 1E, G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B0E36F463371E2518484F49FAD9F8E9" blockId="2.[806,1421,1820,1903]" box="[806,922,1820,1841]" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663371E2518484F49FAD9F8E9" box="[806,922,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">Flagellum</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B0E36F463371E2318484F6FF9E0FDEB" blockId="2.[806,1421,1820,1903]" lastBlockId="4.[144,1422,198,563]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="329" pageId="2" pageNumber="327">
|
||
The flagellum consists of a 9 + 2 microtubular configuration axoneme (nine microtubular doublets
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663311E231BFE4A76F9E0FDEB" box="[144,163,547,563]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">·</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="CFCE667C63311E231BFE4893FD8CFDC3" pageId="4" pageNumber="329" startId="4.[144,223,198,217]">
|
||
<paragraph id="9B0E36F463311E231BFE4893FD8CFDC3" blockId="4.[144,1422,198,563]" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663311E231BFE4893F9BBFF01" bold="true" box="[144,248,198,217]" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5CB14D7763311E2319D14893FA3CFF01" baseAuthorityName="Tryon" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[703,895,198,217]" class="Bivalvia" family="Hemidonacidae" genus="Hemidonax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" pageId="4" pageNumber="329" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pictus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663311E2319D14893FA3CFF01" box="[703,895,198,217]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">Hemidonax pictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) at apex of nucleus. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. B, LS showing size proportions of acrosomal complex, nucleus and midpiece mitochondria. C, LS of acrosomal complex. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. D, transverse section (TS) through mid-length region of acrosomal complex. Note granular subacrosomal material in narrow invagination of acrosomal vesicle, and also two components of vesicle contents (basal ring and less-dense anterior region). E, LS of midpiece at base of nucleus. Paired, connected centrioles are continuous with flagellar axoneme and closely surrounded by mitochondria. F, TS of midpiece at level of distal centriole showing four mitochondria. G, TS of posterior extremity of distal centriole (triplet microtubules), showing attachment, via Y-links, to plasma membrane. H, TS of flagellae showing intact axoneme (1) and successive (narrowed, degenerate) levels of terminal region (2, 3). Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum (featuring axoneme); m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B0E36F463311E231BFE4A0CF8C2FCFF" blockId="4.[144,759,601,807]" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">
|
||
surrounding a central pair of singlet microtubules) sheathed by the plasma membrane. The terminal region is characterized by a decreasing diameter and degeneration of the axoneme into singlet microtubules obscured by a dense matrix (
|
||
<figureCitation id="038A2A7163311E2319244A81FBE3FD32" box="[586,672,724,746]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 1. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Hemidonax pictus. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) at apex of nucleus. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. B, LS showing size proportions of acrosomal complex, nucleus and midpiece mitochondria. C, LS of acrosomal complex. Arrow indicates apical electron-lucent layer. D, transverse section (TS) through mid-length region of acrosomal complex. Note granular subacrosomal material in narrow invagination of acrosomal vesicle, and also two components of vesicle contents (basal ring and less-dense anterior region). E, LS of midpiece at base of nucleus. Paired, connected centrioles are continuous with flagellar axoneme and closely surrounded by mitochondria. F, TS of midpiece at level of distal centriole showing four mitochondria. G, TS of posterior extremity of distal centriole (triplet microtubules), showing attachment, via Y-links, to plasma membrane. H, TS of flagellae showing intact axoneme (1) and successive (narrowed, degenerate) levels of terminal region (2, 3). Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum (featuring axoneme); m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="4" pageNumber="329">Fig. 1H</figureCitation>
|
||
). From light microscopic observations, flagellar length is 51 ± 2.0 Mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663311E231A494B47F878FCFF" box="[295,315,786,807]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B0E36F463311E231AEB4B05FBDDFC5E" blockId="4.[232,670,848,902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5CB14D7763311E231AEB4B05FB42FCBC" box="[389,513,848,869]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cardiida" pageId="4" pageNumber="329" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">CARDIIDAE</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5CB14D7763311E231B864B25FB7DFC5B" baseAuthorityName="Jonas" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[232,574,880,901]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Vasticardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cardiida" pageId="4" pageNumber="329" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vertebratum">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663311E231B864B25FB7DFC5B" box="[232,574,880,901]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">VASTICARDIUM VERTEBRATUM</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="038A2A7163311E23193F4B25FBD5FC5E" box="[593,662,880,902]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 2. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Vasticardium vertebratum. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex, curved nucleus, portion of midpiece region. Note also several flagellae cut in transverse section (TS). B, LS of acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) and nuclear apex. The degree of anterior dimpling is variable. C, TS at mid-level region of acrosomal complex. D, E, LS at base of nucleus, entire midpiece and proximal portion of flagellum. The proximal centriole shown in LS in D, in TS in E. Putative glycogen granules are also visible. F, TS of midpiece showing four mitochondria, distal centriole and putative glycogen granules. Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; ax, axoneme; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum; g, putative glycogen granules; m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="4" pageNumber="329">FIG. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B0E36F463311E231BFE4BC3F828FC73" blockId="4.[144,759,918,1521]" box="[144,363,918,939]" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663311E231BFE4BC3F828FC73" box="[144,363,918,939]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">Acrosomal complex</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B0E36F463311E231BFE4BE0FB78FA29" blockId="4.[144,759,918,1521]" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">
|
||
The acrosomal vesicle is dome-shaped, 0.28 ± 0.02 Mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663311E231BF64B81F9EFFC31" box="[152,172,980,1001]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4) in length and with a maximum diameter of 0.46 ± 0.02 Mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663311E231A204BA6F821FBD0" box="[334,354,1011,1032]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4). The anterior surface of the vesicle may be flat, slightly concave or, most commonly, slightly convex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="038A2A7163311E231AC44C7AFB67FB9D" box="[426,548,1071,1093]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 2. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Vasticardium vertebratum. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex, curved nucleus, portion of midpiece region. Note also several flagellae cut in transverse section (TS). B, LS of acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) and nuclear apex. The degree of anterior dimpling is variable. C, TS at mid-level region of acrosomal complex. D, E, LS at base of nucleus, entire midpiece and proximal portion of flagellum. The proximal centriole shown in LS in D, in TS in E. Putative glycogen granules are also visible. F, TS of midpiece showing four mitochondria, distal centriole and putative glycogen granules. Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; ax, axoneme; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum; g, putative glycogen granules; m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="4" pageNumber="329">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Contents of the acrosomal vesicle are divisible into a very prominent, and markedly electron-dense basal ring, and less dense material anteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="038A2A7163311E231A8E4CDEFB1CFB79" box="[480,607,1163,1185]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 2. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Vasticardium vertebratum. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex, curved nucleus, portion of midpiece region. Note also several flagellae cut in transverse section (TS). B, LS of acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) and nuclear apex. The degree of anterior dimpling is variable. C, TS at mid-level region of acrosomal complex. D, E, LS at base of nucleus, entire midpiece and proximal portion of flagellum. The proximal centriole shown in LS in D, in TS in E. Putative glycogen granules are also visible. F, TS of midpiece showing four mitochondria, distal centriole and putative glycogen granules. Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; ax, axoneme; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum; g, putative glycogen granules; m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="4" pageNumber="329">Fig. 2B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The basal ring is separated from the vesicle membrane by an electron-lucent layer, and within the ring itself two components can be distinguished: a very electrondense, internally reticulate outer layer and a less dense inner layer, both approximately 0.05–0.06 Mm in thickness (
|
||
<figureCitation id="038A2A7163311E231A284D17F88AFA81" box="[326,457,1346,1369]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 2. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Vasticardium vertebratum. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex, curved nucleus, portion of midpiece region. Note also several flagellae cut in transverse section (TS). B, LS of acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) and nuclear apex. The degree of anterior dimpling is variable. C, TS at mid-level region of acrosomal complex. D, E, LS at base of nucleus, entire midpiece and proximal portion of flagellum. The proximal centriole shown in LS in D, in TS in E. Putative glycogen granules are also visible. F, TS of midpiece showing four mitochondria, distal centriole and putative glycogen granules. Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; ax, axoneme; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum; g, putative glycogen granules; m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="4" pageNumber="329">Fig. 2B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). A broad invagination extends almost the full length of the acrosomal vesicle, and is filled with granular subacrosomal material (
|
||
<figureCitation id="038A2A7163311E231A694DCBF81FFA6C" box="[263,348,1438,1460]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 2. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Vasticardium vertebratum. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex, curved nucleus, portion of midpiece region. Note also several flagellae cut in transverse section (TS). B, LS of acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) and nuclear apex. The degree of anterior dimpling is variable. C, TS at mid-level region of acrosomal complex. D, E, LS at base of nucleus, entire midpiece and proximal portion of flagellum. The proximal centriole shown in LS in D, in TS in E. Putative glycogen granules are also visible. F, TS of midpiece showing four mitochondria, distal centriole and putative glycogen granules. Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; ax, axoneme; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum; g, putative glycogen granules; m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="4" pageNumber="329">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Such material also occupies the thin gap between the base of the acrosomal vesicle and the smooth apex of the nucleus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B0E36F463311E231BFE4E45F9A8F9FD" blockId="4.[144,759,1552,1789]" box="[144,235,1552,1573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663311E231BFE4E45F9A8F9FD" box="[144,235,1552,1573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">Nucleus</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B0E36F463311E231BFE4E7AF803F924" blockId="4.[144,759,1552,1789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">
|
||
The nucleus is rod shaped, curved in its anterior half and 4.4 ± 0.1 Mm long (
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663311E231ADF4E1BF886F9BB" box="[433,453,1614,1635]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="038A2A7163311E2319614E1BFB26F9BC" box="[527,613,1614,1636]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 2. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Vasticardium vertebratum. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex, curved nucleus, portion of midpiece region. Note also several flagellae cut in transverse section (TS). B, LS of acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) and nuclear apex. The degree of anterior dimpling is variable. C, TS at mid-level region of acrosomal complex. D, E, LS at base of nucleus, entire midpiece and proximal portion of flagellum. The proximal centriole shown in LS in D, in TS in E. Putative glycogen granules are also visible. F, TS of midpiece showing four mitochondria, distal centriole and putative glycogen granules. Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; ax, axoneme; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum; g, putative glycogen granules; m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="4" pageNumber="329">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Maximum diameter is approximately 0.7 ± 0.1 Mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663311E2319164E38FBCFF95A" box="[632,652,1645,1666]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5) just anterior to the midpiece. Nuclear contents are highly electron dense with the exception of scattered, irregularly shaped lacunae, especially in the basal region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="038A2A7163311E231BF64EB2F870F924" box="[152,307,1767,1789]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 2. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Vasticardium vertebratum. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex, curved nucleus, portion of midpiece region. Note also several flagellae cut in transverse section (TS). B, LS of acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) and nuclear apex. The degree of anterior dimpling is variable. C, TS at mid-level region of acrosomal complex. D, E, LS at base of nucleus, entire midpiece and proximal portion of flagellum. The proximal centriole shown in LS in D, in TS in E. Putative glycogen granules are also visible. F, TS of midpiece showing four mitochondria, distal centriole and putative glycogen granules. Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; ax, axoneme; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum; g, putative glycogen granules; m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="4" pageNumber="329">Fig. 2A, D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B0E36F463311E231BFE4F49F9B5F8E9" blockId="4.[144,758,1820,1903]" box="[144,246,1820,1841]" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663311E231BFE4F49F9B5F8E9" box="[144,246,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">Midpiece</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B0E36F463311E231BFE4F6FFC3AFC18" blockId="4.[144,758,1820,1903]" lastBlockId="4.[806,1421,601,960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">
|
||
The midpiece exhibits a pair of centrioles (arranged orthogonally) surrounded by four spherical, cristate mitochondria and scattered dense granules (putative glycogen deposits) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="038A2A7163311E231F644A2DFDE7FD55" box="[1034,1188,632,654]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 2. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Vasticardium vertebratum. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex, curved nucleus, portion of midpiece region. Note also several flagellae cut in transverse section (TS). B, LS of acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) and nuclear apex. The degree of anterior dimpling is variable. C, TS at mid-level region of acrosomal complex. D, E, LS at base of nucleus, entire midpiece and proximal portion of flagellum. The proximal centriole shown in LS in D, in TS in E. Putative glycogen granules are also visible. F, TS of midpiece showing four mitochondria, distal centriole and putative glycogen granules. Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; ax, axoneme; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum; g, putative glycogen granules; m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="4" pageNumber="329">Fig. 2A, D–F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The centrioles are composed of triplet microtubules slightly obscured by dense material (
|
||
<figureCitation id="038A2A7163311E23188C4AE0FD1BFD13" box="[994,1112,693,715]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 2. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Vasticardium vertebratum. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex, curved nucleus, portion of midpiece region. Note also several flagellae cut in transverse section (TS). B, LS of acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) and nuclear apex. The degree of anterior dimpling is variable. C, TS at mid-level region of acrosomal complex. D, E, LS at base of nucleus, entire midpiece and proximal portion of flagellum. The proximal centriole shown in LS in D, in TS in E. Putative glycogen granules are also visible. F, TS of midpiece showing four mitochondria, distal centriole and putative glycogen granules. Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; ax, axoneme; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum; g, putative glycogen granules; m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="4" pageNumber="329">Fig. 2D–F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The proximal centriole is attached to a thin layer of material lining a very shallow indentation of the nuclear base. Proximal and distal centrioles are attached to each other by dense material, the distal one also being attached to the plasma membrane by a series of nine satellite fibres (
|
||
<figureCitation id="038A2A7163311E2318404B38FAE5FC5A" box="[814,934,877,899]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 2. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Vasticardium vertebratum. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex, curved nucleus, portion of midpiece region. Note also several flagellae cut in transverse section (TS). B, LS of acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) and nuclear apex. The degree of anterior dimpling is variable. C, TS at mid-level region of acrosomal complex. D, E, LS at base of nucleus, entire midpiece and proximal portion of flagellum. The proximal centriole shown in LS in D, in TS in E. Putative glycogen granules are also visible. F, TS of midpiece showing four mitochondria, distal centriole and putative glycogen granules. Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; ax, axoneme; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum; g, putative glycogen granules; m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="4" pageNumber="329">Fig. 2D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The entire midpiece region has a length of 0.58 ± 0.05 Mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663311E231F6D4BD9FD54FC79" box="[1027,1047,908,929]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4) and a maximum diameter (of mitochondrial cluster) of 1.27 ± 0.05 Mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663311E231E434BFFFC02FC67" box="[1325,1345,938,959]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B0E36F463311E2318484C52FAD9FBC4" blockId="4.[806,1421,1031,1175]" box="[806,922,1031,1052]" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663311E2318484C52FAD9FBC4" box="[806,922,1031,1052]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">Flagellum</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B0E36F463311E2318484C70FC10FB4F" blockId="4.[806,1421,1031,1175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">
|
||
The flagellum consists of a 9 + 2 microtubular configuration axoneme sheathed by the plasma membrane (
|
||
<figureCitation id="038A2A7163311E2318DE4C36FD64FBA1" box="[944,1063,1123,1145]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 2. Ultrastructure (TEM) of spermatozoa of Vasticardium vertebratum. A, longitudinal section (LS) showing acrosomal complex, curved nucleus, portion of midpiece region. Note also several flagellae cut in transverse section (TS). B, LS of acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) and nuclear apex. The degree of anterior dimpling is variable. C, TS at mid-level region of acrosomal complex. D, E, LS at base of nucleus, entire midpiece and proximal portion of flagellum. The proximal centriole shown in LS in D, in TS in E. Putative glycogen granules are also visible. F, TS of midpiece showing four mitochondria, distal centriole and putative glycogen granules. Abbreviations: a, acrosomal complex; av, acrosomal vesicle; ax, axoneme; br, basal ring (of acrosomal vesicle contents); dc, distal centriole; f, flagellum; g, putative glycogen granules; m, mitochondrion of midpiece; n, nucleus; nl, nuclear lacuna; pc, proximal centriole; pm, plasma membrane; sf, satellite fibres; sm, subacrosomal material." pageId="4" pageNumber="329">Fig. 2D–F</figureCitation>
|
||
). From light microscopic observations, flagellar length is 48 ± 2.0 Mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="A9C5EAE663311E231F974CD7FC4EFB4F" box="[1273,1293,1154,1175]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="329">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |