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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="3490" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.70743" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d9ecb544-7027-4da6-bcf8-0f01ea55c935" ID-PMC="PMC8610966" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1071-11" ID-Pensoft-UUID="4B0ACA61B0AA5E05A9B34DA7215AC07A" ID-PubMed="34876869" ID-ZooBank="C91AFA1887C8444EAB6C85C747B3893B" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1071-11" checkinTime="1637112913710" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="El-Hashash, Arafa Elsayed, Badrawy, Haitham Badrawy Mousa &amp; Ibrahim, Ayman Mohyie-Eldin" docDate="2021" docId="12D5534BBDDB5096ABBFE58113D7A687" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1071: 11-42" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1071" docPubDate="2021-11-16" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.70743" docTitle="Nemestrinus reticulatus Latreille 1802" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="4B0ACA61B0AA5E05A9B34DA7215AC07A" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="4B0ACA61B0AA5E05A9B34DA7215AC07A" masterDocTitle="A review of tangle-veined flies (Nemestrinidae, Diptera) in Egypt" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="11" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1732751323440" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E90A703BA4D913558715A3F4A1A8087B">
<mods:title id="22043BF53B48E5D4C98B8603648D436D">A review of tangle-veined flies (Nemestrinidae, Diptera) in Egypt</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="CCB54F1953F151B3D8B34ABB09CBCA30" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="E9CD09C13BC0684647C58945AE699E7A">El-Hashash, Arafa Elsayed</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="851F03F12815E9DCDB17C7D23853C361">Department of Taxonomy, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki-Giza, Egypt &amp; Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Faculty, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="FD059F0DB252E30BD349AA3DED77DBB9" type="email">arafa.elhashash@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="1E9404C31E0D0A3F4807DD4A68DBF412">Badrawy, Haitham Badrawy Mousa</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1CC00B04C94DD4DEDACB318CE90D0175">Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia-Cairo, Egypt</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="557A38D407D5AAFBE3A7681CD4C7D74A">Ibrahim, Ayman Mohyie-Eldin</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="287B6C8EBDF12FB0BE4D60788C3A7E57">Department of Taxonomy, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki-Giza, Egypt</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="1EA27B4B9A0D8C6E62304A57BF98AD14">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5260B3D0D7306190516119A755C3FEDB">1071</mods:number>
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<treatment id="12D5534BBDDB5096ABBFE58113D7A687" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190303128" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:12D5534BBDDB5096ABBFE58113D7A687" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/12D5534BBDDB5096ABBFE58113D7A687" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" scope_family="Nemestrinidae" scope_order="Diptera">
<subSubSection id="01B701D557F4E27503C5D659F3FDD624" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="2ED64675DE4C763379AA0E9B25DC7C0A" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="0CD1D72456F05B6D42E658E44B4E454B" ID-CoL="467WD" LSID="12D5534B-BDDB-5096-ABBF-E58113D7A687" authority="Latreille, 1802" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Nemestrinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nemestrinus reticulatus" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">Nemestrinus reticulatus Latreille, 1802</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="60705F566858E7C94170A2E6AE68077B" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="3EEBFF2A15549FA62EEF76D2BAF18083" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">
<figureCitation id="52B6B2DEF1D845EC9336C7EE55C220F8" captionStart="Figures 80–85" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 80 - 85. Nemestrinus reticulatus, male head, frontal (80), female head, frontal (81), male antenna (after Bequaert, 1938) (82), male head, lateral (83), female abdomen (after Sack 1933) (84), and wing (after Seguy, 1926) (85). Abbreviations: A 2. anal vein, al. alula, bm. basal medial cell, br. basal radial cell, C. costa, CuA 1,2, CuP. cubital veins, d. discal cell, DV. diagonal vein, h. humeral cross vein, m 3. third medial cell, M 1, M 2, M 3. medial veins, m-cu. cross vein between medial and cubital veins, R 1, R 2, R 3 + 4, R 5, Rs. radial veins, r-m. cross vein between redial and medial veins, Sc. subcostal vein." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1071.70743.figures80-85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/611025" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">Figures 80-85</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BFD51DD9B0F7A54773F9AAAFFAC85703" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3E8D1632659F1C777D94ED1AED477F61" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="AEC625C1E92909D5B3B770E8879520EA" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Nemestrinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nemestrinus reticulatus" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">Nemestrinus reticulatus</taxonomicName>
Latreille, 1802: 437. Type locality: not given but according to
<bibRefCitation id="5BA7425664E8E9E13973446CDF407C62" author="Latreille, PA" journalOrPublisher="Koenig, Parisiis and Argentorati [= Paris &amp; Strasbourg]" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" refId="B14" refString="Latreille, PA, 1809. Genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimis explicata. Tomus quartus et ultimus. A. Koenig, Parisiis and Argentorati [= Paris &amp; Strasbourg]" title="Genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimis explicata. Tomus quartus et ultimus. A." year="1809">Latreille (1809</bibRefCitation>
: 307), it is Egypt and Syria.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35B92D6AA69C11B5178F83435A6AA259" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="BC08AC0198FBDBA450DE3CC153F6B77E" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1812" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Rhynchocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhynchocephalus latreillei" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latreillei">Rhynchocephalus latreillei</taxonomicName>
Fischer, 1812: 195.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B4379185950886FB0057D27DC5657866" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="53845203555A2EFBBCA022DEAE36E3C6" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1840" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Nemestrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nemestrina cinctus" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinctus">Nemestrina cinctus</taxonomicName>
Macquart, 1840: 16.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6D589F89F66E98B224C043DAA3829904" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="A203E2A826F8696EBADF0AD3D179F9CF" authorityName="Bischof" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Nemestrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nemestrina kindermanni" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kindermanni">Nemestrina kindermanni</taxonomicName>
Bischof, 1905: 172.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="829E9145F3907607DB2FAB16E472FCCB" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="9B7DD8D3661FF262D7FCF587FB32F384" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F37B933E896AF825915A1EC88689865" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">Frons with shiny yellow or black spot below ocelli; mesonotum with two gray spots at inner ends of the transverse suture, between them there is a thin longitudinal stripe; wing hyaline in posterior 1/2 and apex but brownish on anterior 1/2 and slightly infuscate at base; wing with small cells that extend forward from R2 to hind margin; abdomen gray, matte, with incomplete transverse black stripes; tergite II bears shiny black spots divided in the middle by a transverse longitudinal gray strip; black spots on tergites III-V more or less fused into bands with an emargination along the posterior margin; on tergite III, gray emargination varies from very deep to nearly absent; abdominal venter with dense gray pollinosity, the second sternite with central black spot.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F82193F2915BC4E0F0CD4DDF5B5EDE06" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="97395BFE260243F66F23311F65CC053E" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="40CB74E82B18D801CBAE45881C2EF154" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">
Length: body 14-15 mm. Head black with dense gray pollinosity and whitish hairs; frons with shiny yellow or black spot below ocelli, in male frons at vertex nearly as wide as eye width (Figs
<figureCitation id="2AAF05260C79899CF75090A788EAB3B4" captionStart="Figures 80–85" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 80 - 85. Nemestrinus reticulatus, male head, frontal (80), female head, frontal (81), male antenna (after Bequaert, 1938) (82), male head, lateral (83), female abdomen (after Sack 1933) (84), and wing (after Seguy, 1926) (85). Abbreviations: A 2. anal vein, al. alula, bm. basal medial cell, br. basal radial cell, C. costa, CuA 1,2, CuP. cubital veins, d. discal cell, DV. diagonal vein, h. humeral cross vein, m 3. third medial cell, M 1, M 2, M 3. medial veins, m-cu. cross vein between medial and cubital veins, R 1, R 2, R 3 + 4, R 5, Rs. radial veins, r-m. cross vein between redial and medial veins, Sc. subcostal vein." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1071.70743.figures80-85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/611025" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">80</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B1033DEF55D93B60D4886131B101CCEE" captionStart="Figures 80–85" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 80 - 85. Nemestrinus reticulatus, male head, frontal (80), female head, frontal (81), male antenna (after Bequaert, 1938) (82), male head, lateral (83), female abdomen (after Sack 1933) (84), and wing (after Seguy, 1926) (85). Abbreviations: A 2. anal vein, al. alula, bm. basal medial cell, br. basal radial cell, C. costa, CuA 1,2, CuP. cubital veins, d. discal cell, DV. diagonal vein, h. humeral cross vein, m 3. third medial cell, M 1, M 2, M 3. medial veins, m-cu. cross vein between medial and cubital veins, R 1, R 2, R 3 + 4, R 5, Rs. radial veins, r-m. cross vein between redial and medial veins, Sc. subcostal vein." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1071.70743.figures80-85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/611025" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">83</figureCitation>
), while in female nearly twice as eye width (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3C461489933B2FF1CF909FD04D3ED016" captionStart="Figures 80–85" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 80 - 85. Nemestrinus reticulatus, male head, frontal (80), female head, frontal (81), male antenna (after Bequaert, 1938) (82), male head, lateral (83), female abdomen (after Sack 1933) (84), and wing (after Seguy, 1926) (85). Abbreviations: A 2. anal vein, al. alula, bm. basal medial cell, br. basal radial cell, C. costa, CuA 1,2, CuP. cubital veins, d. discal cell, DV. diagonal vein, h. humeral cross vein, m 3. third medial cell, M 1, M 2, M 3. medial veins, m-cu. cross vein between medial and cubital veins, R 1, R 2, R 3 + 4, R 5, Rs. radial veins, r-m. cross vein between redial and medial veins, Sc. subcostal vein." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1071.70743.figures80-85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/611025" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">81</figureCitation>
); antenna with orange scape and pedicel, first flagellomere brown to blackish brown with some gray pollinosity (Fig.
<figureCitation id="922FCA29D97BCD19D1A808068708ECC1" captionStart="Figures 80–85" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 80 - 85. Nemestrinus reticulatus, male head, frontal (80), female head, frontal (81), male antenna (after Bequaert, 1938) (82), male head, lateral (83), female abdomen (after Sack 1933) (84), and wing (after Seguy, 1926) (85). Abbreviations: A 2. anal vein, al. alula, bm. basal medial cell, br. basal radial cell, C. costa, CuA 1,2, CuP. cubital veins, d. discal cell, DV. diagonal vein, h. humeral cross vein, m 3. third medial cell, M 1, M 2, M 3. medial veins, m-cu. cross vein between medial and cubital veins, R 1, R 2, R 3 + 4, R 5, Rs. radial veins, r-m. cross vein between redial and medial veins, Sc. subcostal vein." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1071.70743.figures80-85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/611025" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">82</figureCitation>
), basal two segments of stylus subequal in length and segment III 2/3
<normalizedToken id="1629AD8004016AC397C1A8CA25C1C15D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longitudinal eye diameter; palpi yellow or brown with black apices. Thorax pale black with yellowish white or grayish white hairs, but longer and denser on scutellum and pleurae; mesonotum with two gray spots at inner ends of transverse suture and between them is a thin longitudinal stripe. Leg rusty red; in females, only hind tarsi blackish or hind leg entirely blackish; in males, all femora black; hind tibiae and tarsi blackish. Wing hyaline over posterior 1/2 and at apex, but somewhat brown over anterior 1/2 and slightly infuscate at base; wing with small cells that extend forward from R2 to hind margin (Fig.
<figureCitation id="60AC68B0272FDAEA95233B185C596330" captionStart="Figures 80–85" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 80 - 85. Nemestrinus reticulatus, male head, frontal (80), female head, frontal (81), male antenna (after Bequaert, 1938) (82), male head, lateral (83), female abdomen (after Sack 1933) (84), and wing (after Seguy, 1926) (85). Abbreviations: A 2. anal vein, al. alula, bm. basal medial cell, br. basal radial cell, C. costa, CuA 1,2, CuP. cubital veins, d. discal cell, DV. diagonal vein, h. humeral cross vein, m 3. third medial cell, M 1, M 2, M 3. medial veins, m-cu. cross vein between medial and cubital veins, R 1, R 2, R 3 + 4, R 5, Rs. radial veins, r-m. cross vein between redial and medial veins, Sc. subcostal vein." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1071.70743.figures80-85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/611025" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">85</figureCitation>
). Abdomen gray, matte, with incomplete transverse black stripes; tergite II with shiny black spots divided in the middle by a transverse longitudinal gray strip; black spots on tergites III-V are more or less fused into bands with an emargination along the posterior margin; on tergite III, gray emargination varies from very deep to nearly absent; abdominal venter with dense gray pollinosity, sternite II with black central spot (Fig.
<figureCitation id="80E20BF5C67BB10AB22A24428A860D74" captionStart="Figures 80–85" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figures 80 - 85. Nemestrinus reticulatus, male head, frontal (80), female head, frontal (81), male antenna (after Bequaert, 1938) (82), male head, lateral (83), female abdomen (after Sack 1933) (84), and wing (after Seguy, 1926) (85). Abbreviations: A 2. anal vein, al. alula, bm. basal medial cell, br. basal radial cell, C. costa, CuA 1,2, CuP. cubital veins, d. discal cell, DV. diagonal vein, h. humeral cross vein, m 3. third medial cell, M 1, M 2, M 3. medial veins, m-cu. cross vein between medial and cubital veins, R 1, R 2, R 3 + 4, R 5, Rs. radial veins, r-m. cross vein between redial and medial veins, Sc. subcostal vein." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1071.70743.figures80-85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/611025" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">84</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="EAD58110BC836410FB3842CFBF9877E6" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1071.70743.figures80-85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/611025" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" start="Figures 80–85" startId="F12">
<paragraph id="A615686398A71F8C164A12AA63C1F78F" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="F4E0E89E50F62702DB614E6A4AD7587E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">Figures 80-85.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2A67ABCD48BB7D25685E8C90F1C83FAE" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Nemestrinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nemestrinus reticulatus" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="367F398D2D3C5033553B1EFDD77E68E3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">Nemestrinus reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male head, frontal (
<emphasis id="41A7E65DDE1485830432C83EC5C6B0D3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">80</emphasis>
), female head, frontal (
<emphasis id="07B3FCE4B903A191AF7AF27B9C75B08A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">81</emphasis>
), male antenna (after Bequaert, 1938) (
<emphasis id="E93020E7F4852B89E3230A676321590D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">82</emphasis>
), male head, lateral (
<emphasis id="662E12DC56F43C0712585222E4F5E284" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">83</emphasis>
), female abdomen (after
<bibRefCitation id="C5368D03ADC943617096505293738F2F" author="Sack, P" editor="Lindner, E" journalOrPublisher="Vol. 4 (22)" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 42" refId="B30" refString="Sack, P, 1933. Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, Nemestrinidae. In: Lindner, E, Ed., Stuttgart. Vol. 4 (22): 1 - 42" title="Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, Nemestrinidae." volumeTitle="Stuttgart." year="1933">Sack 1933</bibRefCitation>
) (
<emphasis id="F566FBBDC1395AC1AC4EEB3EC3CA9D9C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">84</emphasis>
), and wing (after Seguy, 1926) (
<emphasis id="015D000CD30046F06CD681ABE5044027" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">85</emphasis>
). Abbreviations: A2. anal vein, al. alula, bm. basal medial cell, br. basal radial cell, C. costa, CuA1,2, CuP. cubital veins, d. discal cell, DV. diagonal vein, h. humeral cross vein, m3. third medial cell, M1, M2, M3. medial veins, m-cu. cross vein between medial and cubital veins, R1, R2, R3+4, R5,Rs. radial veins, r-m. cross vein between redial and medial veins, Sc. subcostal vein.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8675B69D1CA35FC47D470758D666D13D" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D218EEEF39C242586022306B41CB2340" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">Local distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD29977DAB540F73E1EB2435E1DB1A05" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9BC0A4F1A8C7FAD423120519E855B340" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="5DCEA3D444731B407BD2D8804CE74261" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">Geographical distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4B4CF54180DBBE858EE4FF20A930EBB8" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">
Armenia, Egypt, Greece, Russia (Caucasus), Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Turkey (
<bibRefCitation id="1D1B7075549AFFD6DA287B096AFD59D7" author="Sack, P" editor="Lindner, E" journalOrPublisher="Vol. 4 (22)" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 42" refId="B30" refString="Sack, P, 1933. Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, Nemestrinidae. In: Lindner, E, Ed., Stuttgart. Vol. 4 (22): 1 - 42" title="Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, Nemestrinidae." volumeTitle="Stuttgart." year="1933">Sack 1933</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="91B2C46CC30E023216ABB63691D43F8F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v24i4p211-318" author="Bernardi, N" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos de Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" pagination="211 - 318" refId="B3" refString="Bernardi, N, 1973. The genera of the Family Nemestrinidae (Diptera: Brachycera). Arquivos de Zoologia 24 (4): 211 - 318, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v24i4p211-318" title="The genera of the Family Nemestrinidae (Diptera: Brachycera)." url="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v24i4p211-318" volume="24" year="1973">Bernardi 1973</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="83407DC3200BFBB3C3A8599AE1557807" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="F2E5069B4D3231FF4A6109E06E187DB9" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="331B4F3C3FB2233743048C61AEFE8060" pageId="0" pageNumber="11">
This species is not represented in Egyptian collections nor in the field. We include the species here and in the key below as it has been recorded from Egypt (
<bibRefCitation id="D9800FA665945A1684E0EBFEC9279925" author="Sack, P" editor="Lindner, E" journalOrPublisher="Vol. 4 (22)" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 42" refId="B30" refString="Sack, P, 1933. Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, Nemestrinidae. In: Lindner, E, Ed., Stuttgart. Vol. 4 (22): 1 - 42" title="Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, Nemestrinidae." volumeTitle="Stuttgart." year="1933">Sack 1933</bibRefCitation>
&amp;
<bibRefCitation id="2690BB5B91DAD729D6AEB2E7A0FA7B88" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v24i4p211-318" author="Bernardi, N" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos de Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" pagination="211 - 318" refId="B3" refString="Bernardi, N, 1973. The genera of the Family Nemestrinidae (Diptera: Brachycera). Arquivos de Zoologia 24 (4): 211 - 318, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v24i4p211-318" title="The genera of the Family Nemestrinidae (Diptera: Brachycera)." url="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v24i4p211-318" volume="24" year="1973">Bernardi 1973</bibRefCitation>
&amp;
<bibRefCitation id="200C5202EEFE8C4345B9337456FA88E2" author="Richter, VA" editor="Soos, A" journalOrPublisher="), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="11" pagination="171 - 181" refId="B26" refString="Richter, VA, 1988. Family Nemestrinidae. In: Soos, A, Ed., &amp; Papp, L. (eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera 5: 171 - 181" title="Family Nemestrinidae." volume="5" volumeTitle="&amp; Papp, L. (eds." year="1988">Richter 1988</bibRefCitation>
); future research might reveal its presence in this part of Africa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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