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<document id="99F9C543987510206AB2540CAAA7F079" ID-DOI="10.1111/zoj.12056" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5287119" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630048811144" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Cárdenas, Paco, Rapp, Hans Tore, Klitgaard, Anne Birgitte, Best, Megan, Thollesson, Mikael &amp; Tendal, Ole Secher" docDate="2013" docId="122687EBFFFB215AFC21CD2A6D8BBFF9" docLanguage="en" docName="zoj12056.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 169 (2)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/zoj.12056" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Geodia simplex , Schmidt 1870" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="298" masterDocId="EE1FFF93FFD4216AFF91C80E6F2EBD1D" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region" masterLastPageNumber="311" masterPageNumber="251" pageNumber="298" updateTime="1699140200952" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="11AF585CF714590F52EA913C0E65C27F">Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7776E6B1160BBAB8ADCFFA426AA20E9F">Cárdenas, Paco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1A97F9C4C2969BEE08A7886B9E492DD9">Rapp, Hans Tore</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AD621ACBF621A9423F02CA3902AC47FC">Klitgaard, Anne Birgitte</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C228E5081E6BF779B61C79AAAD34801B">Best, Megan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D746220B71A62E9BDF8ADA93AB117EC2">Thollesson, Mikael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="30302EF7578BA60558E0F203A1FDFD24">Tendal, Ole Secher</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="D2956576FFFB2145FC21CD2A6A05B824" box="[944,1323,1316,1337]" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="9A3036FDFFFB2145FC21CD2A6A05B824" blockId="47.[944,1323,1316,1337]" box="[944,1323,1316,1337]" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">
<heading id="C1788191FFFB2145FC21CD2A6A05B824" box="[944,1323,1316,1337]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" reason="8">
<taxonomicName id="5D8F4D7EFFFB2145FC21CD2A6B5FB825" ID-CoL="3FPDG" authorityName=", Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[944,1137,1316,1337]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="A8FBEAEFFFFB2145FC21CD2A6B5FB825" box="[944,1137,1316,1337]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">GEODIA SIMPLEX</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="FE1E4B0CFFFB2145FBEACD2A6A05B824" author="Schmidt O" box="[1147,1323,1316,1337]" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" pagination="1 - 88" refId="ref43234" refString="Schmidt O. 1870. Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. (Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig): iii - iv, 1 - 88, pls I - VI." type="journal article" year="1870">SCHMIDT, 1870</bibRefCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="D2956576FFFB2145FCABCD446A07B862" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="9A3036FDFFFB2145FCABCD446A07B862" blockId="47.[826,1441,1354,1407]" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">
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<treatmentCitation id="1B2E10ECFFFB2145FCABCD446BD2B87D" author="Schmidt O" box="[826,1276,1354,1376]" page="70" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" year="1870">
<taxonomicName id="5D8F4D7EFFFB2145FCABCD446BD2B87D" ID-CoL="3FPDG" authority=", Schmidt, 1870: p. 70" authorityName=", Schmidt" authorityPageNumber="70" authorityYear="1870" box="[826,1276,1354,1376]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="A8FBEAEFFFFB2145FCABCD446CC3B842" box="[826,1005,1354,1375]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">Geodia simplex</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="FE1E4B0CFFFB2145FB91CD446B82B87D" author="Schmidt O" box="[1024,1196,1354,1376]" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" pagination="1 - 88" refId="ref43234" refString="Schmidt O. 1870. Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. (Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig): iii - iv, 1 - 88, pls I - VI." type="journal article" year="1870">Schmidt, 1870</bibRefCitation>
: p. 70
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;
<treatmentCitation id="1B2E10ECFFFB2145FA9CCD446CADB863" author="Arndt" page="112" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" year="1913">
<bibRefCitation id="FE1E4B0CFFFB2145FA9CCD446AB3B87D" author="Arndt" box="[1293,1437,1354,1376]" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" pagination="110 - 119" refId="ref38573" refString="Arndt W. 1913. Zoologische Ergebnisse der ersten Lehr- Expedition der P. Scottlanderschen Jubilaums-Stifting. Jahresberichte der Schlesischen Gesellschaft fur vaterlandische Cultur 90: 110 - 119." type="journal article" year="1913">Arndt, 1913</bibRefCitation>
: p. 112
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="1B2E10ECFFFB2145FC00CD676BABB863" author="Burton M" box="[913,1157,1385,1406]" page="490" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" year="1930">
<bibRefCitation id="FE1E4B0CFFFB2145FC00CD676B03B863" author="Burton M" box="[913,1069,1385,1406]" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" pagination="487 - 546" refId="ref39357" refString="Burton M. 1930. Norwegian sponges from the Norman collection. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1930: 487 - 546, pls I - II." type="journal article" year="1930">Burton, 1930</bibRefCitation>
: p. 490
</treatmentCitation>
; 1946: p. 856.
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<paragraph id="9A3036FDFFFB2145FCABCDA46BFFBB27" blockId="47.[826,1441,1449,1594]" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">
<emphasis id="A8FBEAEFFFFB2145FCABCDA46BBEB8A3" box="[826,1168,1449,1471]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">Type locality and deposition of</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="2AE73CA0FFFB2145FB06CDA76A8FBB06" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Greenland" county="Schmidt" elevation="70" location="Egedesminde" municipality="West" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="A8FBEAEFFFFB2145FB06CDA76BD5B8A3" box="[1175,1275,1449,1470]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">
<typeStatus id="4534885FFFFB2145FB06CDA76BD8B8A3" box="[1175,1270,1449,1470]" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<location id="9F506026FFFB2145FA93CDA76AB3B8A2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:122687EBFFFB215AFC21CD2A6D8BBFF9:9F506026FFFB2145FA93CDA76AB3B8A2" box="[1282,1437,1449,1471]" country="Greenland" county="Schmidt" municipality="West" name="Egedesminde" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">Egedesminde</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="7A54AC87FFFB2145FCABCDC66C5CB8C0" box="[826,882,1480,1501]" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">West</collectingMunicipality>
<collectingCountry id="E298766DFFFB2145FC16CDC66B2CB8C3" box="[903,1026,1480,1502]" name="Greenland" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">Greenland</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="5D779B18FFFB2145FB8DCDC66B51B8C0" box="[1052,1151,1480,1502]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" unit="m" value="70.0" valueMax="90.0" valueMin="50.0">
<elevation id="11A2D1CEFFFB2145FB8DCDC66B51B8C0" box="[1052,1151,1480,1502]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" unit="m" value="70.0" valueMax="90.0" valueMin="50.0">5090 m</elevation>
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, ZMUC-DEM-319 (wet specimen).
<bibRefCitation id="FE1E4B0CFFFB2145FC51CDE96B4BB8E1" author="Burton M" box="[960,1125,1510,1532]" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" pagination="856 - 860" refId="ref39454" refString="Burton M. 1946. Notes on certain species of Geodia described by Oscar Schmidt. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Ser. 11, xiii: 856 - 860." type="journal article" year="1946">Burton (1946)</bibRefCitation>
also speaks of a
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spicule preparation from the type, still in the
<collectionCode id="FC9EAE38FFFB2145FADECE086A8FBB06" box="[1359,1441,1542,1563]" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">BMNH</collectionCode>
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collection today (
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70.5.3.79).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9A3036FDFFFB215AFCABCE6B6D8BBFF9" blockId="47.[826,1441,1636,1903]" lastBlockId="48.[144,759,198,740]" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="299" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">
<emphasis id="A8FBEAEFFFFB2145FCABCE6B6C94BB67" box="[826,954,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">Discussion:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FE1E4B0CFFFB2145FC58CE6A6B4DBB67" author="Arndt" box="[969,1123,1636,1658]" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" pagination="110 - 119" refId="ref38573" refString="Arndt W. 1913. Zoologische Ergebnisse der ersten Lehr- Expedition der P. Scottlanderschen Jubilaums-Stifting. Jahresberichte der Schlesischen Gesellschaft fur vaterlandische Cultur 90: 110 - 119." type="journal article" year="1913">Arndt (1913)</bibRefCitation>
identified with hesitation a small specimen from
<collectingCountry id="E298766DFFFB2145FBF1CE8D6B97BB85" box="[1120,1209,1667,1688]" name="Norway" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">Norway</collectingCountry>
as
<taxonomicName id="5D8F4D7EFFFB2145FB7ECE8D6A49BB85" authorityName=", Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[1263,1383,1667,1688]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="A8FBEAEFFFFB2145FB7ECE8D6A49BB85" box="[1263,1383,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">G. simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the specimen has not been located.
<bibRefCitation id="FE1E4B0CFFFB2145FB24CEAC6A75BBAA" author="Burton M" box="[1205,1371,1697,1719]" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" pagination="856 - 860" refId="ref39454" refString="Burton M. 1946. Notes on certain species of Geodia described by Oscar Schmidt. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Ser. 11, xiii: 856 - 860." type="journal article" year="1946">Burton (1946)</bibRefCitation>
, after an examination of spicule preparations from the type material from
<collectingCountry id="E298766DFFFB2145FC79CED06B4DBBE9" box="[1000,1123,1758,1780]" name="Greenland" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">Greenland</collectingCountry>
, concluded that
<taxonomicName id="5D8F4D7EFFFB2145FABBCED16A8FBBEE" authorityName=", Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[1322,1441,1758,1780]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="A8FBEAEFFFFB2145FABBCED16A8FBBEE" box="[1322,1441,1758,1780]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">G. simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is probably identical to
<taxonomicName id="5D8F4D7EFFFB2145FBC2CEF36BCDBA0F" authorityName=", Gorbunov" authorityYear="1946" box="[1107,1251,1789,1810]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cydonium">
<emphasis id="A8FBEAEFFFFB2145FBC2CEF36BCDBA0F" box="[1107,1251,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">G. cydonium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which explains why
<bibRefCitation id="FE1E4B0CFFFB2145FCE7CF126B34BA2C" author="Burton M" box="[886,1050,1819,1841]" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref39558" refString="Burton M. 1959. Spongia. In: Fridriksson A, Tuxen SL, eds. The zoology of Iceland. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1 - 71." type="book chapter" year="1959">Burton (1959)</bibRefCitation>
later mentioned
<taxonomicName id="5D8F4D7EFFFB2145FB7DCF126A52BA2C" authorityName=", Gorbunov" authorityYear="1946" box="[1260,1404,1820,1841]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cydonium">
<emphasis id="A8FBEAEFFFFB2145FB7DCF126A52BA2C" box="[1260,1404,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">G. cydonium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as occurring in
<collectingCountry id="E298766DFFFB2145FC4DCF346B7ABA4D" box="[988,1108,1850,1872]" name="Greenland" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">Greenland</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="E298766DFFFB2145FB0FCF356BD6BA4D" box="[1182,1272,1851,1872]" name="Norway" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">Norway</collectingCountry>
. Also,
<bibRefCitation id="FE1E4B0CFFFB2145FAC3CF346C80BA72" author="Koltun VM" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref41717" refString="Koltun VM. 1966. Four-rayed sponges of Northern and Far Eastern seas of the USSR (order Tetraxonida). Opredeliti Faunei SSSR 90. (Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR: Moscow, Leningrad): 1 - 112, pls I - XXXVIII (in Russian)." type="book chapter" year="1966">Koltun (1966: 57)</bibRefCitation>
doubted the existence of
<taxonomicName id="5D8F4D7EFFFB2145FB4ECF576A79BA73" authorityName=", Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[1247,1367,1881,1902]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="298" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="A8FBEAEFFFFB2145FB4ECF576A79BA73" box="[1247,1367,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="298">G. simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as an independent species. We have inspected the
<typeStatus id="4534885FFFE4215AFD1EC8C86DDCBDC1" box="[655,754,198,220]" pageId="48" pageNumber="299" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, a whole specimen cut in two. It is a rounded lump, measuring
<emphasis id="A8FBEAEFFFE4215AFE84C90A6E0EBC04" box="[277,288,260,281]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="299">c</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="5D779B18FFE4215AFEA2C90A6E47BC04" box="[307,361,260,281]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="299" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
in diameter and
<quantity id="5D779B18FFE4215AFDD3C90D6D59BC04" box="[578,631,259,281]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="299" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
in height; the surface is damaged in some areas, and algae are growing on it. The cortex is
<quantity id="5D779B18FFE4215AFE4CC94E6D30BC4B" box="[477,542,320,342]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="299" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
thick. The spicule repertoire is clearly that of
<taxonomicName id="5D8F4D7EFFE4215AFE7EC9516D51BC69" authorityName=", Gorbunov" authorityYear="1946" box="[495,639,351,372]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="299" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cydonium">
<emphasis id="A8FBEAEFFFE4215AFE7EC9516D51BC69" box="[495,639,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="299">G. cydonium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Mediterranean Sea. However, there must be a mistake, most likely from Schmidts side, as the label is in his handwriting. The algae growing on the specimen do not occur in
<collectingCountry id="E298766DFFE4215AFE29C9D76D1DBCF2" box="[440,563,473,495]" name="Greenland" pageId="48" pageNumber="299">Greenland</collectingCountry>
; on the contrary, one of the species is Mediterranean, another one Mediterraneansouthern boreal (Dr Poul Møller Pedersen, pers. comm.). We therefore confirm that
<taxonomicName id="5D8F4D7EFFE4215AFF01CA5A6E29BF74" authorityName=", Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[144,263,596,617]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="299" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="A8FBEAEFFFE4215AFF01CA5A6E29BF74" box="[144,263,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="299">G. simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="5D8F4D7EFFE4215AFDA6CA5A6DE9BF74" authorityName=", Gorbunov" authorityYear="1946" box="[567,711,596,617]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="299" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cydonium">
<emphasis id="A8FBEAEFFFE4215AFDA6CA5A6DE9BF74" box="[567,711,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="299">G. cydonium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As molecular results suggest that
<taxonomicName id="5D8F4D7EFFE4215AFDB1CA7C6D9EBF9A" authorityName=", Gorbunov" authorityYear="1946" box="[544,688,626,647]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="299" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cydonium">
<emphasis id="A8FBEAEFFFE4215AFDB1CA7C6D9EBF9A" box="[544,688,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="299">G. cydonium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a species complex (
<bibRefCitation id="FE1E4B0CFFE4215AFECBCA9F6D7ABFBA" author="Cardenas P &amp; Xavier JR &amp; Reveillaud J &amp; Schander C &amp; Rapp HT" box="[346,596,657,679]" pageId="48" pageNumber="299" pagination="18318" refId="ref39750" refString="Cardenas P, Xavier JR, Reveillaud J, Schander C, Rapp HT. 2011. Molecular phylogeny of the Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae) reveals an unexpected high level of spicule homoplasy. PLoS ONE 6: e 18318." type="journal article" year="2011">
Cárdenas
<emphasis id="A8FBEAEFFFE4215AFE43CA9F6D2DBFBB" box="[466,515,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="299">et al</emphasis>
., 2011
</bibRefCitation>
), only a thorough morphological revision of this complex will tell us to which species group
<taxonomicName id="5D8F4D7EFFE4215AFE56CAC06D11BFFE" authorityName=", Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[455,575,718,739]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="299" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="A8FBEAEFFFE4215AFE56CAC06D11BFFE" box="[455,575,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="299">G. simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>