162 lines
19 KiB
XML
162 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="90EB11A0624AC6ED6C82A16241F4C233" ENCODING="Cp1252" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d4ebdf82-dfb9-4a52-ad56-3ca19d8bab7e" ModsDocAuthor="Huber, Bernhard A." ModsDocDate="2009" ModsDocID="zt01970p068" ModsDocOrigin="http://antbase.org/ants/publications/zt01970p068/zt01970p068.pdf" ModsDocTitle="Four new generic and 14 new specific synonymies in Pholcidae, and transfer of Pholcoides Roewer to Filistatidae (Araneae)" checkinTime="1315973294712" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Huber, Bernhard A." docDate="2009" docId="0F5188257A7B1928E881BD8DC966217F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01970p068_2_gg2_tx.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1970" docSource="http://antbase.org/ants/publications/zt01970p068/zt01970p068.pdf" docTitle="Physocyclus globosus Huber, 2009, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="A3E94EA00DA860E6D5075BA33E9F83AB" masterDocTitle="Four new generic and 14 new specific synonymies in Pholcidae, and transfer of Pholcoides Roewer to Filistatidae (Araneae)" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="64" pageNumber="66" updateTime="1701313793623" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="1F3D3EDEBEC32D74A1164BD12E175040">Four new generic and 14 new specific synonymies in Pholcidae, and transfer of Pholcoides Roewer to Filistatidae (Araneae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C8C6270BA427AE22BB2A6CD55F450618">Huber, Bernhard A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="45782C00925CD92D2EE561A75C9193DB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="46F72087D4D9A8D62F1D37934EA86E22">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="1E55908ACBD3F5478927F5B766C09905" type="Plazi-Custom">zt01970p068</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0F5188257A7B1928E881BD8DC966217F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6225659" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6225659" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0F5188257A7B1928E881BD8DC966217F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F5188257A7B1928E881BD8DC966217F" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">
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<paragraph id="7C07F075FBEE2A5015969C5A9710DBB7" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">
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<taxonomicName id="D74BEEFE4234BE97C76558164BED0C6D" ID-CoL="4HHRP" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globosus">Physocyclus globosus</taxonomicName>
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(Taczanowski, 1874)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="B06013281AC2C8075A8BB4251CC13790" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="6D69D438EAB564112BB2E9D0C80DD0C2" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">
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<taxonomicName id="289ED603499B1A6015C08619129BA17B" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boconoensis">
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Physocyclus boconoensis
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<normalizedToken id="60B32CDFB9D934AB28DFD8D90138A3ED" originalValue="González-Sponga" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">Gonzalez-Sponga</normalizedToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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, 2007: 56-57, 67, pl 1 figs. 1-9; new synonymy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6691813B6DC53B40828A2E4072B85ACA" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">
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<taxonomicName id="A485C43D30FB9DB317033282136AEB43" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borburatensis">
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Physocyclus borburatensis
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<normalizedToken id="52D97A21BB18E73D5D02F0AB67D8C2ED" originalValue="González-Sponga" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">Gonzalez-Sponga</normalizedToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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, 2007: 58-60, 67, pl 2 figs. 1-9; new synonymy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9ABECB0EE3FEF38A650D9ECD56E3F232" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">
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<taxonomicName id="A1CE3C9469EA487EBE4F94875907F397" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cariacoensis">
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Physocyclus cariacoensis
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<normalizedToken id="31711FBE18A5881372103425F8F7F68A" originalValue="González-Sponga" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">Gonzalez-Sponga</normalizedToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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, 2007: 60-62, 68, pl 3 figs. 1-9; new synonymy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="40E4ADBCDB9E5B69857B4A822FAFCDC9" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">
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<taxonomicName id="460CDF7E7BD15CF2ED7013DAE58FCD03" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guatirensis">
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Physocyclus guatirensis
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<normalizedToken id="38BF279427BABABF6AF76912BA728152" originalValue="González-Sponga" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">Gonzalez-Sponga</normalizedToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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, 2007: 62-64, 68, pl 4 figs. 1-10; new synonymy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3A7BA06EC904B94D045856C7954A1B75" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">
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<taxonomicName id="A15D68180C6409142A2553B4F0DF7811" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monaguensis">
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Physocyclus monaguensis
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<normalizedToken id="10424D386B588F033604034350CD5248" originalValue="González-Sponga" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">Gonzalez-Sponga</normalizedToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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, 2007: 64-66, 69, pl 5 figs. 1-9; new synonymy.
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<subSubSection id="388A709C0809FCBBC2BF5DB9A0037095" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" type="multiple">
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<footnote id="99FC707E9AF9FCA0C5F3E3EC32FF7E31" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">
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<paragraph id="E7A36747F247C32CD85D080B1280EE3D" pageId="2" pageNumber="66">66 · Zootaxa 1970 © 2009 Magnolia Press HUBER</paragraph>
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</footnote>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6AE92AFDE8423BD6219061D99F1F45F1" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C6EBE35ABD15D44BCB13DAA5F1849C92" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">
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<pageBreakToken id="0F94B9087128E99946685B50BF3DD863" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" start="start">Justification</pageBreakToken>
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of synonymies. Several lines of evidence strongly support the synonymies: the characters used by
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<normalizedToken id="FD99B29C251D3C27A7E0C636038AB796" originalValue="González-" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">Gonzalez-Sponga</normalizedToken>
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(2007) to diagnose the species, the biogeography of
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<taxonomicName id="4DC57B53DC756BA597E2615292FBCD49" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Physocyclus</taxonomicName>
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, the microhabitats of the
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<normalizedToken id="05F17B8891BA16BCAA1B135AA7E9615E" originalValue="“new”" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">"new"</normalizedToken>
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species, and genetic data of populations of
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<taxonomicName id="0D9EA939221EC5565EA08A891517329C" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" genus.bestMatchDistance="531" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globosus">P. globosus</taxonomicName>
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from several countries, including the type locality of
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<taxonomicName id="F1705022DBB202660B8F90F3A1421B4C" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" genus.bestMatchDistance="136" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cariacoensis">P. cariacoensis</taxonomicName>
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in Venezuela.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B5F60DF17BE6FEB014B0F05D962B807D" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">
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Characters. As in the cases above, most of
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<normalizedToken id="BECDE5E898D18CAE8A22EE675DAFB657" originalValue="González-Sponga’s" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">Gonzalez-Sponga's</normalizedToken>
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(2007) drawings, even though minimalist, clearly point at
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<taxonomicName id="FBB3D4A5905BA1E1A4CD52327E7C4460" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" genus.bestMatchDistance="654" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globosus">P. globosus</taxonomicName>
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(see drawings in Huber & Eberhard 1997, Saaristo 2001, Beatty et al. 2008). Plates 1 and 5 show all the characteristic traits of the species: the shapes of procursus and "embolar division" (embolus with attached sclerite); the small cone-shaped projections frontally on the male chelicerae; the distinctive triangular epigynum with median frontal projection. In plate 2 the distal spine on the procursus seems to be missing (or it is drawn in a too proximal position). Plate 3 is the only one in which the labium is correctly drawn. In all others, the whitish-transparent frontal part is missing and only the brown posterior part is shown. The procursus in this plate differs because it is shown is a slightly dorsal view, and in the drawing of the chelicerae the tips of the palpal endites are included. In plate 4 the bulb is rotated away from its normal position and as a result the embolar division is shown in dorsal view. All other minor differences can either be easily explained by slightly different angles of view (e.g. carapace shape and eye positions, see above) or by natural variation. For example, the conical projections on the male chelicerae vary slightly in number and position, sometimes even resulting in asymmetry (e.g. fig. 2 in Huber & Eberhard 1997).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="84D1B5206705A75F81C4841685C58AB2" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">
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The measurements include so many errors that they are difficult to evaluate. For example, in table 1, legs 3 are longer than legs 4 in both males and females. In all other species (and in fact in all other known pholcids) legs 4 are considerable longer than legs 3. In the same table, the ratio of carapace width/length is 2.5 while in the respective figure it is about 1.1-1.3 (depending on whether the clypeus is included or not). In table 5, the male leg 1 has the shortest femur of all legs, while in fact it should have the longest (like the female and like all other species). In general, however, the data mostly fall within the range of a Costa Rican population of
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<taxonomicName id="593354894A88E4599DD4B210C430C638" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" genus.bestMatchDistance="1210" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globosus">P. globosus</taxonomicName>
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(Huber 1996). For example, male tibia 1 in that study ranged from 7.9-12.3 mm (in
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<normalizedToken id="53834923C7637550B5B34F40895A95B1" originalValue="González-Sponga’s" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">Gonzalez-Sponga's</normalizedToken>
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specimens the range is 7.7-12.3); carapace width ranged from 1.5-2.2 mm (in
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<normalizedToken id="56950C4C3D59E15EE084E4C871EDF19A" originalValue="González-Sponga’s" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">Gonzalez-Sponga's</normalizedToken>
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specimens the range is 1.5-2.0).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="863C5D77C0E1073C006E7DA5EF7EDC31" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="754D7C40C8C0FED778AE8290E202AA4B" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">
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Biogeography. The distribution of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="B9BE9E65CD55B3EFF7746F5D620BBB07" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Physocyclus</taxonomicName>
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given by
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<normalizedToken id="B5AEE884B57ED132A73934EE3FDAEDF5" originalValue="González–Sponga" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">Gonzalez-Sponga</normalizedToken>
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(2007) (West Africa, tropical Asia, North, Central, and South America, Antilles) is in fact approximately the distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="FD12E936A386CE6A144C2C4C115F67A8" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" genus.bestMatchDistance="1117" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globosus">P. globosus</taxonomicName>
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(which actually includes all tropical regions of the world). All other congeners are restricted to North and Central America, ranging from Costa Rica to the USA. The only exception is the dubious P. v ir i d is
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<normalizedToken id="6DE2BB935A5C2E422405A0B8392E5E9D" originalValue="Mello–Leitão" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">Mello-Leitao</normalizedToken>
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from Brazil, which - judging from the original drawings (the type is lost) - "is almost certainly misplaced" (Huber 2000: 149). During an expedition to Venezuela in 2002, we found
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<taxonomicName id="13D4BB44295274C620C45ED9FB94830E" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" genus.bestMatchDistance="1029" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globosus">P. globosus</taxonomicName>
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in several places, including
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<taxonomicName id="4530F304A96C42EA4E8629D359905CC7" genus="Mariguitar" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" rank="genus">Mariguitar</taxonomicName>
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, the type locality of
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<taxonomicName id="1CFB19EC92DEFC03C9547393DE1CEFFD" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" genus.bestMatchDistance="762" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cariacoensis">P. cariacoensis</taxonomicName>
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. As expected, we found no other species of
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<taxonomicName id="8099C99B48266E75E7A67784AD35C2E6" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Physocyclus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FDA4DFD43D5F03EE16E3799583C5486E" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="A22D939E600C527CB106CF01C2E3F25D" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">
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Microhabitat. Five of
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<normalizedToken id="5E5DB48733DE963E5378AC9E4FF738EE" originalValue="González–Sponga’s" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">Gonzalez-Sponga's</normalizedToken>
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(2007) "
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="32015AF3D88973159E56A588F1130130" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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" where collected in human buildings. One was additionally found under rocks and between buttresses of trees in the village of Barburata. Human constructions and their surroundings are the typical habitat of
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<taxonomicName id="C0762F0804DB6910ADC62AC5C4B97BC0" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" genus.bestMatchDistance="955" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globosus">P. globosus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="EE93C81D1FB8EB272DA6689BAA985506" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="6802BB7877B6B8C9ED38531BB7C8E153" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">
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Genetic data. Gene sequence data of
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<taxonomicName id="C740D34A1447914501ED21E03C11AAFB" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" genus.bestMatchDistance="944" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globosus">P. globosus</taxonomicName>
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from Venezuela (
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<taxonomicName id="0AE79AB861CB8D6FB8286D7F42AB7E8A" genus="Mariguitar" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" rank="genus">Mariguitar</taxonomicName>
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, the type locality of
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<taxonomicName id="F9346EBE6A39DE76F1570898576440AC" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" genus.bestMatchDistance="845" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cariacoensis">P. cariacoensis</taxonomicName>
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), Guatemala, and the Comoro Islands (Astrin et al. 2006) showed that they are almost identical:
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<geoCoordinate id="C66DA1B3AD4280072FA7029AA1061B8F" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-16.0">16S</geoCoordinate>
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<normalizedToken id="6F4265DF21997C2358DD5ABCFA80B390" originalValue="p–distances" pageId="3" pageNumber="67">p-distances</normalizedToken>
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between specimens from Venezuela and other localities ranged from 0.3-1.7%. On the other hand, distances between
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<taxonomicName id="838521E1FA798E3FC7013D30AE3BC09C" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" genus.bestMatchDistance="883" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globosus">P. globosus</taxonomicName>
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populations and an unidentified Mexican species ranged from 23.7-24.0% (Astrin et al. 2006; raw data unpublished).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |