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<mods:title id="1FF079CBFC863A1F813C1EE2EE57E915">Revision of the European species of Omphale Haliday (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0DB1E6C84102FCA6A754C6E48DD838CE" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152037435" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0DB1E6C84102FCA6A754C6E48DD838CE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0DB1E6C84102FCA6A754C6E48DD838CE" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" scope_family="Eulophidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_superFamily="Chalcidoidea">
<subSubSection id="B194834B4EC3CF5BF925AD12A59342B3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="1B316E7300F747FAED85EA0AE470C9DA" ID-CoL="6845" LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Omphale" authority="Haliday" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Omphale Haliday</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F4E92CC0ABDF70F72D01B2A86CAF5D07" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="056AC70FE2FAD026A7003B957710307B" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Omphale</taxonomicName>
Haliday, 1833:339. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="4F8795F1285A77002D8DBD78729486AD" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale salicis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salicis">Omphale salicis</taxonomicName>
Haliday, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02740ED514CFB8A2CDA86BEE01BE58F2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="7718E3346818E8F24A61F6CD111CFD13" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Smaragdites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smaragdites" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smaragdites</taxonomicName>
Haliday, 1833:419. Type species: S. admirabilis Haliday, by monotypy. Synonymy by
<bibRefCitation id="1762615B4A8175B2F80973573059A36D" author="Graham, MWRdeV" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Society for British Entomology" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="167 - 275" title="Additions and corrections to the British list of Eulophidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea), with descriptions of some new species." volume="15" year="1963">Graham 1963</bibRefCitation>
:240.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0E9CC93B72B3A0DF0ADB27F3A20BCCD7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="E7A6C254A4C0D9691E1707873737556A" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Secodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Secodes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Secodes</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="65F96537E7E0328F401B112A77E60A7F" originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
, 1856:78, 81. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="7E305FB53F57EF3FF893E95A4B80F10E" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Secodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Secodes fagi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fagi">Secodes fagi</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="750BAEBD2B5171487F16270F5BEAAE17" originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
, by monotypy. Synonymy by
<bibRefCitation id="E7E15F0BCC359FADD3BACA95771236E9" author="Graham, MWRdeV" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Society for British Entomology" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="167 - 275" title="Additions and corrections to the British list of Eulophidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea), with descriptions of some new species." volume="15" year="1963">Graham 1963</bibRefCitation>
:240.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A748FC8C8CA370BAA08A64ECB409899" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="53CD8F5D1C0944CC51F4B130AED0E244" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Holcopelte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holcopelte" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holcopelte</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="A944DA40668492BC59EFB3AFE2F878F2" originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
, 1856:78. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="08F84789EE799ED26A4E05B0AF02207F" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Elachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elachistus obscurus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurus">Elachistus obscurus</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="DAC9774C257211C205C4D6843D09C335" originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
, 1841:40, by original designation. Synonymy by
<bibRefCitation id="6128DBB6D96F311F5D110DDBDA4A0907" author="Hansson, C" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 537" title="Eulophidae of Costa Rica, 2." volume="75" year="2004">Hansson 2004</bibRefCitation>
:142.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C1A2F276A28256D7FDAF37B479B7434C" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="2F9E8806F831B99A87C9C1273E1A2DD1" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderomyia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euderomyia</taxonomicName>
Girault, 1913:176. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="0D1DB6F2E4BCF42B035EA89435D3FD65" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderomyia carlylei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carlylei">Euderomyia carlylei</taxonomicName>
Girault, by original designation. Synonymy by
<bibRefCitation id="F5B323C1EC36757153710EEA20625327" author="Boucek, Z" journalOrPublisher="CAB International, Wallingford, U. K." pageId="126" pageNumber="127" title="Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species." year="1988">
<normalizedToken id="0192706E5AF2F9A72390DE3DECDC634B" originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
1988
</bibRefCitation>
:727.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A042F8BE0AC260C6741C9854F49BA665" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="EAAD9ED2080E68A6AD21987EAE9B1F4F" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Chrysocharoideus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysocharoideus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysocharoideus</taxonomicName>
Ashmead, 1904:370. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="747DA072D4FCE0A0BDE41771BA6ABF78" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Chrysocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysocharis thoracicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thoracicus">Chrysocharis thoracicus</taxonomicName>
Ashmead, by original designation. Synonymy by
<bibRefCitation id="6D7C639DE87F83AD47E0FBF89057F530" author="LaSalle, J" journalOrPublisher="Contributions of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 47" title="Preliminary studies on Neotropical Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): Ashmead, Cameron, Howard and Walker species." volume="27" year="1992">LaSalle and Schauff 1992</bibRefCitation>
:12.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D3EA7F8D0ADABCDFC91E8A457FFF6B1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="E8A7F5F26D08F80153CC985FA7128223" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Chrysocharomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysocharomyia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysocharomyia</taxonomicName>
Dodd, in
<bibRefCitation id="5A5D6C0586F69D95CF90C796B0C4DF6A" author="Girault, AA" journalOrPublisher="Supplement" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="180 - 299" title="Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea IV. Supplement. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum." volume="3" year="1915">Girault 1915</bibRefCitation>
:207. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="F334970ABD70E1BF1247F6EF7AF940D5" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Chrysocharomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysocharomyia elongata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elongata">Chrysocharomyia elongata</taxonomicName>
Girault, by original designation. Synonymy by
<bibRefCitation id="87894297F8E678914C81949EEE1CDF97" author="Boucek, Z" journalOrPublisher="CAB International, Wallingford, U. K." pageId="126" pageNumber="127" title="Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species." year="1988">
<normalizedToken id="2061523BBC3885C8EF861CAA13787F03" originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
1988
</bibRefCitation>
:727.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E946E82DC52C640C71D5948D4B5711B" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="88AFD668E8833FC18EE9E5781FA8D226" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Paromphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paromphale" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paromphale</taxonomicName>
Girault &amp; Dodd, in
<bibRefCitation id="618BB853469F67B486B3ECB0043204D1" author="Girault, AA" journalOrPublisher="Supplement" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="180 - 299" title="Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea IV. Supplement. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum." volume="3" year="1915">Girault 1915</bibRefCitation>
:211-212. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="9363C76E6ED124A964D47B02C894DE56" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Paromphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paromphale flavicorpus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicorpus">Paromphale flavicorpus</taxonomicName>
Girault, by original designation. Synonymy by
<bibRefCitation id="501A77CD20316DB9612A224A547001B0" author="Boucek, Z" journalOrPublisher="CAB International, Wallingford, U. K." pageId="126" pageNumber="127" title="Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species." year="1988">
<normalizedToken id="29B79F6C41930B6F34D9D643D3561D7F" originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
1988
</bibRefCitation>
:727.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="354F10515EDF8A6B98871BF2D9E10410" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="D06A2F926D4F62F96A92AC512C43D829" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Raphaelonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Raphaelonia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Raphaelonia</taxonomicName>
Girault, 1924:173. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="7797B0EAF5CF9DDE5724549599AEDD46" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Raphaelonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Raphaelonia sulcatiscutum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcatiscutum">Raphaelonia sulcatiscutum</taxonomicName>
Girault, by monotypy. Synonymy by
<bibRefCitation id="9CB71E8DD93987C1200CA04F5C272F42" author="Boucek, Z" journalOrPublisher="CAB International, Wallingford, U. K." pageId="126" pageNumber="127" title="Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species." year="1988">
<normalizedToken id="43B89F09814D6B150AFF5A3C204956FF" originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
1988
</bibRefCitation>
:727.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF471DB757E202AC34569B84F7831447" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="623781EF89B4F99DA9F93E5C1903A56B" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Eugerium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eugerium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eugerium</taxonomicName>
Graham, 1959:202. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="AABAF4595A8115694AFE5B61CD9B0F1B" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Cirrospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cirrospilus isander" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="isander">Cirrospilus isander</taxonomicName>
Walker, by original designation. Synonymy by
<bibRefCitation id="8D065C267F8EAFF17B20DD5423F6065C" author="Hansson, C" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 78" title="Taxonomic revision of the Nearctic species of Omphale." volume="49" year="1996 b">Hansson 1996b</bibRefCitation>
:5.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C08750C1B4642AEFAD661918F2B4FE0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="511140DC042FCD92CCDC7C129F2175ED" genus="Exodontomphale" lsidName="Exodontomphale" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="genus">Exodontomphale</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="100351ACD9D385EFA162903791163F71" originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
, 1984:65. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="206D4123E408F335C32431F6E3B00A1F" genus="Exodontomphale" lsidName="Exodontomphale taborskyi" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="taborskyi">Exodontomphale taborskyi</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="DC837AD7A00274CE9E87887D07BFE8E5" originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
, by original designation. Synonymy by
<bibRefCitation id="6FFDA5EAA420C761784577AB0F700FF2" author="Schauff, ME" journalOrPublisher="Contributions of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 109" title="The Holarctic genera of Entedoninae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)." volume="26" year="1991">Schauff 1991</bibRefCitation>
:61.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="24B3DE80DBE28CEDBA5ABFA5AF396D2B" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="3C13395B3693DFE8AC56E6A80B647D11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="669D800F0543091D22C90AA807AD2377" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Clypeus delimited by grooves at least laterally (e.g. Figs 117, 257, 367, 378); sensilla ampullacea (peglike sensilla) asymmetric; pronotum reduced and usually not visible in dorsal view; occiput without median groove or fold between occipital margin and occipital foramen; male genitalia (Figs 478-501): phallobase with enlarged volsellar setae, paramere with one seta at apex, digitus with two spines (very rarely with one or three spines). The species groups used here are based mainly on the appearance of the male genitalia, and most species have specific characters in this structure. However, since the visualisation of this structure involves slide preparations, characters in the male genitalia have been avoided as much as possible in the identification key, but in a few cases, when this is the only way to separate species, they are used.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="582CBC5B71F277ED011E193D16DDFCA1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="identification">
<paragraph id="3351934008EF9F759C4722AF971986F3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Identification.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B496E33A8D62B41267E3BE892BE86380" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
There are no taxonomically or nomenclaturally updated keys to European genera of
<taxonomicName id="02C192814E11062F72D60ED1EAF60A62" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
. The most recent keys are in
<bibRefCitation id="4901BA646F54F76F78522EC870808FEF" author="Graham, MWRdeV" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Society for British Entomology" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="169 - 204" title="Keys to the British genera and species of Elachertinae, Eulophinae and Euderinae (Hym., Chalcidoidea)." volume="13" year="1959">Graham (1959)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="80169CB7DF41C7258A551A42307957B9" author="Peck, O" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 120" title="Keys to the Chalcidoidea of Czechoslovakia (Insecta: Hymenoptera)." url="10.4039/entm9634fv" volume="34" year="1964">Peck et al. (1964)</bibRefCitation>
. They are useful for identification by keeping in mind that
<taxonomicName id="0B6A1056E90AB3269AA35A949963D26C" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Holcopelte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holcopelte" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holcopelte</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0F1B51BA9C9029EA67250610DDD8A376" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Eugerium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eugerium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eugerium</taxonomicName>
come out as separate genera in the keys. Another option is to use the key for Nearctic genera of
<taxonomicName id="A40264A07F260B048ECADF1D79D1CB8B" genus="Chalcidoidea" lsidName="Chalcidoidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="genus">Chalcidoidea</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4EA473CC3A8F32EAD3D39FDAC894B4F9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Schauff et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
), but
<taxonomicName id="5E1DDBD73F2DCF17D099BF5F40603ED1" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Holcopelte" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holcopelte" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holcopelte</taxonomicName>
is treated as a genus separate from
<taxonomicName id="17FBCE178E5D377DA3C43D8B28C623E3" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Omphale</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D614B89722174A4B58F24264E0BF5A8E" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="7B47E024A6AE870612DE9E1409684A69" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<pageBreakToken id="E437D9747BD765FE3BEC76742A83F4B6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38F8CE5531D6A90A4234AF29A59C6CB4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Flagellum with 2-3 small and discoid anelli; five flagellomeres, free or with apical 2-3 flagellomeres more or less fused, occasionally with a distinct club with apical flagellomeres fused and wider than proximal flagellomeres (degree of fusion of apical flagellomeres is in many cases difficult to assess, and varies intraspecifically). Sensilla ampullacea (peglike sensilla) asymmetric, long or short. Ventral sense area of male scape reaching along almost entire length of scape. Males with verticillate or scattered arrangement of setae. Mandibles usually endodont with two large teeth at apex and with one to several smaller teeth above large teeth. A few Nearctic species have exodont mandibles, but this feature has not been found in European species. Cly- peus entirely delimited, quadrangular to semicircular or triangular in shape. Lower clypeal margin usually arcuately protruding, in a few species straight. Lower frons usually with a cross-ridge reaching almost from eye to eye (see
<bibRefCitation id="44B3BBFDF7E6A2A2A3FCD95A0CF03CBB" author="Hansson, C" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 78" title="Taxonomic revision of the Nearctic species of Omphale." volume="49" year="1996 b">Hansson 1996b</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 1), cross-ridge is protruding and is not an edge resulting from the collapse of frons above the antennal toruli, cross-ridge missing in some species. Frontal suture between lower and upper frons present. Antennal scrobes either more or less broadly separated and never joining, or joining at or below frontal suture. Surface between antennal scrobes more or less raised to form an interscrobal ridge. Occipital margin rounded off, rarely with an edge or a carina. Without a weak median groove or fold from occipital margin down to occipital foramen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38341762B0D3B04B51AAB7F632FC9536" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Pronotum reduced and hardly visible in dorsal view. Mesoscutum usually with weak delimited notauli; midlobe of mesoscutum with two pair of setae, some non-European species either with one pair or without setae. Scutellum usually without grooves but occasionally with a median groove with variable strength and length, always with one pair of setae usually situated in posterior half. Dorsellum short, smooth, convex or flat, occasionally with strong sculpture. Transepimeral sulcus curved or straight. Propodeum usually smooth and shiny, without anteromedian pit or raised carinae, with or without a narrow transverse proximal groove; propodeal callus with two setae; petiolar foramen semicircular to triangular, usually wide to fit the wide petiole. Forewing with a narrow and bare costal cell; speculum open or closed below; radial cell bare or hairy; with or without one hair line from stigmal vein; postmarginal vein 0.2
<normalizedToken id="69DBA604EF164CCFACA3941D6A5E7191" originalValue="–2.1×">-2.1x</normalizedToken>
as long as stigmal vein in European species. Legs usually long and slender.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7C7C84B0A2C96551AA24A59387C66268" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Petiole short and wide, occasionally as long as wide, pale or dark. Gaster usually subsessile; ovate to lanceolate in female. The male genitalia display important characters useful in classification of the species groups, but also in the separation of species.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7A398ECDF75622E296A968DC98DCA60A" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="the species-groups">
<paragraph id="7B398BF580A01A6B8B1A4492C904B1BC" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">The species-groups.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0ACE1C6478D0F75A6FBE5029949D1F49" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<bibRefCitation id="7A2BF01B30AEAD2BB97065F1F7BBA3C0" author="Graham, MWRdeV" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Society for British Entomology" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="167 - 275" title="Additions and corrections to the British list of Eulophidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea), with descriptions of some new species." volume="15" year="1963">Graham (1963)</bibRefCitation>
initially divided the European
<taxonomicName id="6DACC0B4E27826C9354B33D6CAF01A64" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Omphale</taxonomicName>
into four groups with two unplaced species. However, he did so without any motivation and the groups were not diagnosed. The species groups presented here largely follow the groups presented by Graham, but now defined by morphological characters, and due to the addition of species two groups have been added. Characters in the male genitalia are used extensively to group species and to separate these groups. Graham was not aware of such characters and some species have therefore been transferred from their original placement. The European species are here separated into six groups, and with six unplaced species. The unplaced species comprise species that do
<pageBreakToken id="981AAC4E1DE3D4464CC23BB32BCF6466" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">not</pageBreakToken>
fit in any of the species groups, and that do not share features with each other to form species groups on their own.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="08E35E88825853E9C731D03C4622FA81" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="biology">
<paragraph id="B23EB494BC64B3854DDF5B7812CA4D5F" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0C4CC95EFB57073337767BD1E16751D4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Hosts or host plant/fungi associations are known for 16 of the 37 European species (Table 1), and in all cases gall midges (
<taxonomicName id="FA2896C5541A52585FEFC4BAC19FD5F6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Diptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diptera" order="Saxifragales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="55EC98E7C63EFFFC11F22FE221257BF9" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
) are the target group. Host records from North America (
<bibRefCitation id="C8AB2086D836677B46A48C06337577EE" author="Hansson, C" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 78" title="Taxonomic revision of the Nearctic species of Omphale." volume="49" year="1996 b">Hansson 1996b</bibRefCitation>
) and Central America (
<bibRefCitation id="D360417BFFCB1A88C0F7764CF83B6D4C" author="Hansson, C" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 537" title="Eulophidae of Costa Rica, 2." volume="75" year="2004">Hansson 2004</bibRefCitation>
) support the findings for European species, i.e. that
<taxonomicName id="2DCC8A434BC1F985C95EAB38F5760954" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Omphale</taxonomicName>
species are exclusively parasitoids on gall midges.
<bibRefCitation id="E04BF19803B34B2A8EFEBC36FA4C3745" author="Dziurzynski, A" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologia Cracoviensis" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="9 - 49" title="The inhabitants of the galls of Mikiola fagi Htg. Part I. Materials for the morphology and development of Mikiola fagi Htg. (Itoniidae), as well as of its endophagous primary parasite Secodes coactus Ratzb. (Chalcididae)." volume="6" year="1961">Dziurzynski (1961)</bibRefCitation>
investigated the biology of
<taxonomicName id="BDA3A7293320548A735676B27F920B61" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale lugens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">Omphale lugens</taxonomicName>
in Poland (given as
<taxonomicName id="21BAB45954AF2E5DC55089CB7B0AC1D1" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Secodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Secodes coactus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coactus">Secodes coactus</taxonomicName>
in the Dziurzynski publication).
<taxonomicName id="1A4D9A2092A3D4B1B0CD3796BA506E50" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale lugens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">Omphale lugens</taxonomicName>
is a koinobiont primary endoparasitoid and the female oviposits in the second instar larvae of its gall midge host,
<taxonomicName id="5E9158F15186ADDC67AB1EF51A8039B0" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Mikiola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mikiola fagi" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fagi">Mikiola fagi</taxonomicName>
, which induces galls on the upper surface of leaves of beech (
<taxonomicName id="BAD18FC3FA0B05D0C9306B0431914A36" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fagus sylvatica" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sylvatica">Fagus sylvatica</taxonomicName>
). This parasitoid is solitary or gregarious with up to ten individuals per host. If more than one larva is present per host either the same female lays more than one egg per host, or more than one female oviposits in the same host larva. However, because of the high mortality among gregarious larvae eventually only one parasitoid per host larva will complete its development. The parasitoid speeds up the development of its host, indicated by a faster growth rate in parasitized gall midge larvae, as compared to non-parasitized larvae. There does not seem to be additional, abnormal, instars in the host, just an acceleration of growth. The gall midge larva is killed before pupation by the feeding of the last instar parasitoid larva.
<taxonomicName id="D4F69F2437193ABC0CF5F5173E5BB3C6" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale lugens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">Omphale lugens</taxonomicName>
has four larval instars and pupates inside the empty larval skin of its host, still remaining inside the gall.
</paragraph>
<caption id="8CB828C2EF691C8A54DEA5C4F8358580" ID-Table-UUID="8CB828C2EF691C8A54DEA5C4F8358580" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8CB828C2EF691C8A54DEA5C4F8358580" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="6F0CFD5F1D1998043643264F745F0CE2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table 1.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="209CE4E87911A94DD84D203C21B69CB3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<table id="26BCB0222DA3555E7A8FB67ED8DCD225" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<tr id="A965039B57299AFE8450C96C30A2CD35" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="D368A3B6FCBCF32180EF8C8E8F609C26" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="C9FF45FBB9A1E4EF9038B3143CA231C2" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale aethiops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiops">Omphale aethiops</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="46D6E7FB9676C980341AECB1C67BD302" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="3329F4078DF60F95BDCFF51AC10A6EC7" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Dasineura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasineura epilobii" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epilobii">Dasineura epilobii</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="C8D12B1DF34240CFE8B9FC642A435E28" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Diptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diptera" order="Saxifragales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diptera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="483F2EF0486A144A34BF1DF390690889" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="686BD902FA1E8B7DC514B2FD1040088F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Chamaenerion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chamaenerion angustifolium" order="Myrtales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifolium">Chamaenerion angustifolium</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="E5C1CBD1B59C567AC87A8DA37FF4AEE8" author="Gijswijt, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin, Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="77 - 84" title="Notes on biology and distribution of the genus Omphale Haliday, 1833, with descriptions of two new species (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Eulophidae)." volume="5" year="1976">Gijswijt 1976</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="D4F2EB164DCCFC79AFF2699D5BAAFFDB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Silene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Silene dioica" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dioica">Silene dioica</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="9EC4A823649385BDB8E61F7848D488C0" author="Askew, RR" journalOrPublisher="Entomologists Monthly Magazine" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="29 - 37" title="Observations on some British Omphale Haliday (Hym., Eulophidae) with descriptions of two new species." volume="139" year="2003">Askew 2003</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="C9D64F424D5AA3C98FC2676B452DAA37" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Dasineura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasineura traili" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="traili">Dasineura traili</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F754C33EDDC894ED100538C0D66E3441" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Ranunculus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ranunculus" order="Ranunculales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ranunculus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B79D53EA21AF402466C512CDCFB8712B" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="1BE49CCF273146461CA2BC8681AFFC47" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="29C198E258120590CC3747A26A47017F" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale brevis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevis">Omphale brevis</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="95B458531547CC7C89F7644EB950C2B8" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="69A2056D89B3B8F6427D527D3EA9800C" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cystiphora taraxaci" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taraxaci">Cystiphora taraxaci</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="7C3F2590E91600D7945AFDC7972B1FD7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Diptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diptera" order="Saxifragales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diptera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="DE6F43359039A0C1EA4B10DEAD4D339A" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="A3A06E11BB43AE49DAE80D90E27836A9" author="Gijswijt, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin, Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="77 - 84" title="Notes on biology and distribution of the genus Omphale Haliday, 1833, with descriptions of two new species (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Eulophidae)." volume="5" year="1976">Gijswijt 1976</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="AA0D3E43C74BCA7512CDB66C760C23BA" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cystiphora sonchi" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">Cystiphora sonchi</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4801479D3417718F4E2B56E9FF21BE42" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Sonchus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sonchus palustris" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">Sonchus palustris</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="030329FCDB16254B26D7B7300DF32CA1" author="Vidal, S" journalOrPublisher="Section Regionale Ouest Palaearctique, Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="1 - 56" title="Determination list of entomophagous insects. No 12. Bulletin." volume="16" year="1993">Vidal 1993</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="B601ABB61087AE45BBC7C8704A09C02A" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cystiphora sanguinea" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinea">Cystiphora sanguinea</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="CB638B1BA3DCF1CA770856CDA20C07FE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Hieracium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hieracium sabaudum" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sabaudum">Hieracium sabaudum</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="7020F40CF444190277234DDE62538BB2" author="Askew, RR" journalOrPublisher="Entomologists Monthly Magazine" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="29 - 37" title="Observations on some British Omphale Haliday (Hym., Eulophidae) with descriptions of two new species." volume="139" year="2003">Askew 2003</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E4B7C6A78E7B066060F95CBE4726CAD8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="512A1BFE08BE56739F1406BBDFB05E4D" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="C0E6B5F111F968FE53656D8BD6A75867" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale chryseis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chryseis">Omphale chryseis</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="2B9F470FE9302F738084621FF5A840ED" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="B022BF8FB20DBDB12F538906F84A49EC" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Contarinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Contarinia medicaginis" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="medicaginis">Contarinia medicaginis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="661C0C625BAEDA2796219F6583E19A59" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Diptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diptera" order="Saxifragales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diptera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="6BD1F5510EA60A3C863F2D83D8F5CB8E" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="14CA0735572BD817A50333EA136EF68F" author="Boucek, Z" journalOrPublisher="Tetrastichinae. Index of Entomophagous insects. Le Francois, Paris" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" title="Palearctic Eulophidae, excl." year="1968">
<normalizedToken id="B06093753A0E2225E812BBC4715EDB4B" originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
and Askew 1968
</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="5E77B73F807D4EB23547A0160E79EE32" author="Kralovic, J" journalOrPublisher="Biologia" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="263 - 271" title="Bedeutung der Parasiten der Luzernebluetengallmuecke (Contarinia medicaginis Kieffer)." volume="19" year="1964">
<normalizedToken id="2DA0421906BBA56206607C379FA49915" originalValue="Královič">Kralovic</normalizedToken>
1964
</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0FC22C58D682E948765795C541168312" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="289D5B91C2957310DD53D9C92864EE56" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="867B64ABF8859455AE09EB81149DC04F" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale clymene" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clymene">Omphale clymene</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="E2C25BAC28CD09D7B83E99D76DC6EFEA" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName id="C15E8C9454EB760F5B90A01847962942" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale clypealis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clypealis">Omphale clypealis</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="EA3AB739D02114E6B45F03AA2254F3BB" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Dasineura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasineura brassicae" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brassicae">Dasineura brassicae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="911FD25B24B7DAED6F4CBECEA0464B35" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Diptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diptera" order="Saxifragales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diptera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="35AB30480A62D978EA64E2928D29AFDA" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="898BEF240C1E45C88D167840A447CE29" author="Gijswijt, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin, Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="77 - 84" title="Notes on biology and distribution of the genus Omphale Haliday, 1833, with descriptions of two new species (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Eulophidae)." volume="5" year="1976">Gijswijt 1976</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="C7074B3F27BC9D73174A50BDDE001979" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale erginnus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erginnus">Omphale erginnus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="5B9629F1A5C7221CDEB105DB6155D111" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="E0773F9DF4FEF5DE208C0D9A049ED9F8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Diptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diptera" order="Saxifragales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diptera</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="40D47F9362D701337BAF9B77A7FE4B31" author="Hansson, C" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 78" title="Taxonomic revision of the Nearctic species of Omphale." volume="49" year="1996 b">Hansson 1996b</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="8C8EB296DDC7F0A332D744269312E0AE" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale grahami" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grahami">Omphale grahami</taxonomicName>
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<td id="792C26AAA4BF1ACA9FE44F548ADC03DC" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="5276C533C78136F99947F714EA745AC7" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Dasineura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasineura trifolii" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trifolii">Dasineura trifolii</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="B99692603C7214CB6263ED1935A11232" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Dasineura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasineura glechomae" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glechomae">Dasineura glechomae</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="9BACBED94F6F96410AB832D023CD1828" author="Gijswijt, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin, Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="77 - 84" title="Notes on biology and distribution of the genus Omphale Haliday, 1833, with descriptions of two new species (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Eulophidae)." volume="5" year="1976">Gijswijt 1976</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="C31222C3689C8DB372F4BAC90AD5C9E1" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale isander" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="isander">Omphale isander</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="8DC0D7530B21D941B3289D2D2DC51CED" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="1CAE3DE9E3C8D85782D9FB66917FB7FB" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Mycodiplosis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mycodiplosis" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mycodiplosis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="BE321344F1B8F60C057D2AB0E3818336" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Diptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diptera" order="Saxifragales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diptera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="ADBFA854E7D882D27C21A75333D93B1D" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="ECB1D394831F535B4C8D8CDEC575DAEE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Populus" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Populus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="290F236B5A1A1DCD60E2DE00CA1FBBE6" author="Kamijo, K" journalOrPublisher="Kontyu" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="243 - 245" title="Description of a new species of Desmatocharis Graham (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), with notes on other species." volume="54" year="1986">Kamijo 1986</bibRefCitation>
</td>
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<taxonomicName id="A1871AADE270F6A29410A919E31A8FA0" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale lugens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">Omphale lugens</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="DB06D0C1D063C83A43A8501A76AFA1D8" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="A93F9096444927CD42D4F54A728FB340" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Mikiola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mikiola fagi" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fagi">Mikiola fagi</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="F777BD4D0DA1E21FBCDC38CDF321B5C6" author="Dziurzynski, A" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologia Cracoviensis" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="9 - 49" title="The inhabitants of the galls of Mikiola fagi Htg. Part I. Materials for the morphology and development of Mikiola fagi Htg. (Itoniidae), as well as of its endophagous primary parasite Secodes coactus Ratzb. (Chalcididae)." volume="6" year="1961">Dziurzynski 1961</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="D797350EA7DE871ACF4D10DD535A9F4F" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Contarinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Contarinia tiliarum" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tiliarum">Contarinia tiliarum</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="0C8DE012478E4DA0613862423A624396" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Dasyneura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasyneura alni" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alni">Dasyneura alni</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="2FA255BDBDB2DABE7FDCDD5991E4A7E1" author="Gijswijt, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin, Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="77 - 84" title="Notes on biology and distribution of the genus Omphale Haliday, 1833, with descriptions of two new species (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Eulophidae)." volume="5" year="1976">Gijswijt 1976</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="15C444D42650692385D06CADFA19ED8C" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Placochela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Placochela nigripes" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripes">Placochela nigripes</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="59C08BC3972E0DF79193C22A90843061" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Diptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diptera" order="Saxifragales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diptera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="30792DF343D21802109DCFDF1E61F5CE" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
</td>
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<taxonomicName id="2FAD67B3EA678CE1C1254148DBCB0695" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale lugubris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">Omphale lugubris</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="BFB828A6CDF988A69F2CF66B7B0CB357" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="E37525A2B9C10F1AC489336B9A6441F2" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea" order="Pinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Picea</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="37A0E2CAC03DDF4E4FCCC19CDE00C501" author="Gijswijt, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin, Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="77 - 84" title="Notes on biology and distribution of the genus Omphale Haliday, 1833, with descriptions of two new species (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Eulophidae)." volume="5" year="1976">Gijswijt 1976</bibRefCitation>
</td>
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<taxonomicName id="5BA0203DABC1B8066A6ACED6AC97F6E3" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale obscura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">Omphale obscura</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="0F16CB68BEF926D397CEAE1AF6EFE802" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="94F7EDBFDB69472A7F7904EDDB88879E" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Dasineura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasineura viciae" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viciae">Dasineura viciae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="71FA51710D56898A1DD79A24C37D3E09" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Diptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diptera" order="Saxifragales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diptera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="9828EC57EEC173E2361AAF474F53090E" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="7362616931323656C89F706ACE403BB7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">De Stefani 1905</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="6AE1023F77B92D4D28C0529D582B01F0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Galium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Galium mollugo" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mollugo">Galium mollugo</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="FCA37DAEF62A4DDB77282DF19F5744F0" author="Boucek, Z" journalOrPublisher="Tetrastichinae. Index of Entomophagous insects. Le Francois, Paris" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" title="Palearctic Eulophidae, excl." year="1968">
<normalizedToken id="060D4FBCD3226F0D5432CBF2FB498F51" originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
and Askew 1968
</bibRefCitation>
</td>
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<taxonomicName id="1C2B2F43978487833EDF8EEF65C6D6DD" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale phruron" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phruron">Omphale phruron</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="5C70B18C9697E70CEC87566A6688E122" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="91E0C7A2129216A8D9335B6767C2894A" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Dasineura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasineura pyri" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyri">Dasineura pyri</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="E6D4A4C16C9D4C3FECE1D8AA72C95A08" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Diptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diptera" order="Saxifragales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diptera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="D738D1C866CB726855986A4462D275A3" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="4F97986F60F27B6AD957D83668439505" author="Gijswijt, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin, Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="77 - 84" title="Notes on biology and distribution of the genus Omphale Haliday, 1833, with descriptions of two new species (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Eulophidae)." volume="5" year="1976">Gijswijt 1976</bibRefCitation>
</td>
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<taxonomicName id="F6B56225EF4F768BB32146C44C2F4E58" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale rubigus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubigus">Omphale rubigus</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="69EC8AE993A07C00CEBC258FFA75CCAA" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="9B741D1D99067610DBAB3094A3394E53" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Trigonodiplosis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trigonodiplosis" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trigonodiplosis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4B7575B888DFDD2197618541810034E1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Diptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diptera" order="Saxifragales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diptera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="5EDD335109D3FBAA15649F9A96646D2C" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="421D9DFAFA5167DC28DF15822300C906" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vicia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vicia cracca" order="Fabales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cracca">Vicia cracca</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="9AC2F92955387499879AEA93751866C4" author="Boucek, Z" journalOrPublisher="Tetrastichinae. Index of Entomophagous insects. Le Francois, Paris" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" title="Palearctic Eulophidae, excl." year="1968">
<normalizedToken id="2B1DD290759D4E2E22D440E9A15B25B3" originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
and Askew 1968
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<taxonomicName id="DEF4F24CEF48CF4CE42CDB3680FFCB3D" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale salicis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salicis">Omphale salicis</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="AE728237DBE5E9D63C8EFDF0F1B14B68" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="9E766A06E74DEB2A2920146AE3BE55C5" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Contarinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Contarinia lentis" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lentis">Contarinia lentis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="394C647ECA54F75495BF5B934D381DF0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Diptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diptera" order="Saxifragales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diptera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="6495437A9C979722B2903D2476047FD9" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="BE92E67E7EC377BA96A73C1CA323E9E5" author="Szelenyi, G" journalOrPublisher="Services in Budapest" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="172 - 194" title="Contribution to the knowledge of the host relationship of the Chalcid-flies (Hym., Chalcidoidea). Yearbook of the official Phytosanit." volume="2" year="1944">
<normalizedToken id="3DAD003501FEC42CF774C0FDAB76B92A" originalValue="Szelényi">Szelenyi</normalizedToken>
1944
</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="17573052AC16868B09132EC85BA959EB" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Contarinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Contarinia loti" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loti">Contarinia loti</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="EAFDE8BC28112692F56953671C69C9FE" author="Gijswijt, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin, Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="77 - 84" title="Notes on biology and distribution of the genus Omphale Haliday, 1833, with descriptions of two new species (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Eulophidae)." volume="5" year="1976">Gijswijt 1976</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="01C1B74B7D5E7BED50BF0C5A8F57AA0D" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Contarinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Contarinia vincetoxici" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vincetoxici">Contarinia vincetoxici</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9B1AA43242E90AC7741B50ED9B98435C" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="C8C1CC385C31269831561FB3E34F22C8" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="DEB034C529C9EEB727737F778419E6E7" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale incognita" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incognita">Omphale incognita</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="1D13ECF41F0CD5411B6DDBBD2F380EF7" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="F92EE8C4720CED545A71C9DFEE7FA7A6" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Geocrypta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geocrypta galii" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galii">Geocrypta galii</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="AA34435DDAAD7D9C6A9883B02AE5F2A5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Diptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diptera" order="Saxifragales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diptera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="DF15D56095F894388F08A4C7C9D16619" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="C2424C5422A098F2E493F747761FA0DE" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Galium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Galium" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Galium</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B05F30246BC11AC51BC65D5369D03096" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="46EE83B056C855C2156B23FD4D744694" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="AFEBED72E99B2E3CE6834CE30245B89D" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale euphorbiae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="euphorbiae">Omphale euphorbiae</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="4F60953B7DE99E5408AC9B476BFBEA71" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="37E723FDB6BCD2D4BC0771CE8F4A7D38" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Bayeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bayeria capitigena" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitigena">Bayeria capitigena</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="0B2592AE2D317458DF86CDCB9A20E1B4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Diptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diptera" order="Saxifragales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diptera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="2B39B53F096DD9DAC4B5ED1CAA902A52" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="6219AEA5FCC4217EC3F86B9F6970BA09" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euphorbia esula" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="esula">Euphorbia esula</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="63EBBAF852106CC79636E53DCDB1AD11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
The only other
<taxonomicName id="D14DFCA10944BD0EB8FF69809D621868" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Omphale</taxonomicName>
species for which more detailed biological information is available is
<taxonomicName id="9E9239A5332B2D5B62224DC881727D32" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale clypealis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clypealis">Omphale clypealis</taxonomicName>
. This species is an important biological control agent against the brassica pod midge (
<taxonomicName id="04F5B5FB025E8687C7B92B0BC11D0CE9" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Dasineura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasineura brassicae" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brassicae">Dasineura brassicae</taxonomicName>
) on rape (
<taxonomicName id="62BC97FC46706AB9C1A91430FA129B61" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Brassica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brassica napus" order="Brassicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="napus">Brassica napus</taxonomicName>
), and has thus been the subject of biological investigation (
<bibRefCitation id="AF5383E2464E9534099451F86A4A5BA1" author="Williams, IH" journalOrPublisher="Magazine of Natural History" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" title="Parasitoids of the brassica pod midge. In: Alford DV (ed.) Biocontrol of oilseed rape pests. Blackwell, Oxford, UK." url="10.1002/9780470750988.ch7" year="2003">Williams 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Similar to
<taxonomicName id="68565B622ECDEB7C9E403182A093C491" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale lugens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">Omphale lugens</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1C9A4E538A725CC90F74B257A8D63A7B" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale clypealis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clypealis">Omphale clypealis</taxonomicName>
is a koinobiont endoparasitoid. Females oviposit into mature gall midge larvae in their pod gall, and the parasitoid larva is inside the host when it leaves the gall and burrows into the ground for pupation. The pupa is subsequently killed by the parasitoid. The sex ratio for
<taxonomicName id="FA18A96C776ECCD5B747211C09035A5D" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale clypealis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clypealis">Omphale clypealis</taxonomicName>
is strongly female biased, and
<bibRefCitation id="03E0101590CA86FB25E2EBC523C00415" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Murchie (1996)</bibRefCitation>
reared 97-100% females from samples of the brassica pod midge in the U.K. Material from this species that has been available for this investigation, 147 females and three males, suggests the same female bias. This skewed sex ratio indicates that
<taxonomicName id="D4EF0E51BFCDF6A644B93C6AD5C4805B" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale clypealis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clypealis">Omphale clypealis</taxonomicName>
is thelytokous, as are possibly some other
<taxonomicName id="15052FB16A8CA21DF63227A862E55F95" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Omphale</taxonomicName>
species, such as
<taxonomicName id="04660869B4BAA49836CD7B9D07DDEE79" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale rubigus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubigus">Omphale rubigus</taxonomicName>
where males have never been found, and
<taxonomicName id="C39ADD6DC7A424B604AE7C6CC5C55D87" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale theana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="theana">Omphale theana</taxonomicName>
in which very few males are recorded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C12D8A85663843892AA1B663C3CF856" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
If data from these two species are transferrable,
<taxonomicName id="CED0F646D346461E8BC075B8A74F09B5" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Omphale</taxonomicName>
species are koinobiont endoparasitoids, possibly solitary - at least with only one surviving parasitoid per host. Little is known about the host specificity of
<taxonomicName id="2DF918120B64E80F6C09A7B25605499E" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Omphale</taxonomicName>
species. However, known host records suggest host specialization because there are no overlap between the species. The host record for
<taxonomicName id="065FEBE91D742C18341C41AA2EADF201" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale phruron" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phruron">Omphale phruron</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="5DFF923C00C98FBFFBE4EB6215D9D760" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Dasineura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasineura pyri" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyri">Dasineura pyri</taxonomicName>
- same host as in
<taxonomicName id="CC7131AF118AED6929EB03134D0C2241" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale clymene" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clymene">Omphale clymene</taxonomicName>
, is possibly based on a misidentification of the parasitoid. The specimens of
<taxonomicName id="F24FE4C2571D8519541D45031E23866E" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale phruron" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phruron">Omphale phruron</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="D48BAE9679C5E9770EF5C8AF68671516" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Dasineura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasineura pyri" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyri">Dasineura pyri</taxonomicName>
have not been available for this investigation and as the species in this group are difficult to identify misidentification cannot be ruled out.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="00C363C19C738E3A302AE08DE46006B2" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="9F79B4398FD0F4DD49C8A95E334F19CA" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D951C3511372B4A662BF56190F696389" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Even though several parts of the World are very poorly investigated or not investigated at all, existing records show that
<taxonomicName id="3434FACD1A4EDB0931E6856131B8AF25" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Omphale</taxonomicName>
is a cosmopolitan genus,
<pageBreakToken id="CD730604475A615C60742D9CC2BEC91D" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">known</pageBreakToken>
from all zoogeographical regions (
<bibRefCitation id="95D3221B1762B4D798EBEC926AC0534A" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Noyes 2012</bibRefCitation>
). As can be seen from previous investigations (
<bibRefCitation id="F49430566D138DF76776C7A456CFFEC2" author="Hansson, C" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 78" title="Taxonomic revision of the Nearctic species of Omphale." volume="49" year="1996 b">Hansson 1996b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="766C37777439942730BDA99CC77C4892" author="Hansson, C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="107 - 151" title="Mexican species of the genus Omphale Haliday (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a taxonomic study." volume="6" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6D74413211338AC5C42B2B0BFE47164C" author="Hansson, C" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 537" title="Eulophidae of Costa Rica, 2." volume="75" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
), and this investigation (Figs 502-538), the species have a very large distribution. Many European species are distributed throughout Europe, and the more limited distribution in some species is possibly due to lack of distributional data. Five European species,
<taxonomicName id="A706C0BC519604794EAE723B9EBFCF64" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale acamas" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acamas">Omphale acamas</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="9C98EF64930BD9DFB2E037BAD856D06A" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale erginnus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erginnus">Omphale erginnus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C47FCC47555BE0888BAD3C71EDE7550F" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale salicis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salicis">Omphale salicis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E7B1AC15ECB19F495E6EBE5AEFF73602" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale theana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="theana">Omphale theana</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A17585EE8913FCE3C16DB8BFBEA317A4" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale versicolor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="versicolor">Omphale versicolor</taxonomicName>
, are also found in North America (
<bibRefCitation id="6E076A4A480826037BEAFD15A843E689" author="Hansson, C" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 78" title="Taxonomic revision of the Nearctic species of Omphale." volume="49" year="1996 b">Hansson 1996b</bibRefCitation>
), and one of these (
<taxonomicName id="ED34D0FF457B2788E48D716539C2BED3" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale erginnus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erginnus">Omphale erginnus</taxonomicName>
) is distributed south to Central America (
<bibRefCitation id="3DE4AB55E0CBFA2C034C014D15B09B5E" author="Hansson, C" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 537" title="Eulophidae of Costa Rica, 2." volume="75" year="2004">Hansson 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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