177 lines
19 KiB
XML
177 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.646.10897" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1bf128e8-f163-4a48-8e0f-1a911e5ef85b" ID-PMC="PMC5299444" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-646-119" ID-PubMed="28228680" ID-ZBK="18BB1484506F4F16888621C2D4F63B8B" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-646-119" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 646" ModsDocTitle="Revision of the genus Tarema Schaus, 1896 (Lepidoptera, Mimallonoidea, Mimallonidae) with the description of a new species from southeastern Brazil" checkinTime="1484862053531" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="St Laurent, Ryan A., Herbin, Daniel & Mielke, Carlos G. C." docDate="2017" docId="0C0EA7DCC5229981757B86D78A631C86" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 646: 119-137" docOrigin="ZooKeys 646" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.646.10897" docTitle="Tarema bruna Laurent, Herbin & Mielke, 2017, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="F649B060-A03F-4CD2-BF63-F35071A6B9A1" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="134" masterDocId="FFD4FFE4FFC1FFBFFF9CAD65FFDCFF9C" masterDocTitle="Revision of the genus Tarema Schaus, 1896 (Lepidoptera, Mimallonoidea, Mimallonidae) with the description of a new species from southeastern Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="137" masterPageNumber="119" pageNumber="132" updateTime="1668163896834" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of the genus Tarema Schaus, 1896 (Lepidoptera, Mimallonoidea, Mimallonidae) with the description of a new species from southeastern Brazil</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>St Laurent, Ryan A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Herbin, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mielke, Carlos G. C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>646</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>119</mods:start>
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<mods:end>137</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.646.10897</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.646.10897</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-646-119</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">18BB1484506F4F16888621C2D4F63B8B</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">18BB1484506F4F16888621C2D4F63B8B</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127870241" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F649B060-A03F-4CD2-BF63-F35071A6B9A1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0C0EA7DCC5229981757B86D78A631C86" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="134" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="132" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/F649B060-A03F-4CD2-BF63-F35071A6B9A1" class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema bruna" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruna">Tarema bruna</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="13" pageNumber="132">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 7, 13, 16
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="132" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="132">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
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Holotype, ♂. BRAZIL:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo: Alto de [recte da] Serra, [Paranapiacaba, Santo
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<normalizedToken originalValue="André">Andre</normalizedToken>
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],
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo, November, 1922. (R. Spitz [leg.])./ Rothschild Bequest BM 1939-1/ [genitalia] VIAL NHMUK010402168 / NHMUK010318286/ HOLOTYPE male
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema bruna" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruna">Tarema bruna</taxonomicName>
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St Laurent, Herbin, & C. Mielke, 2017 [handwritten red label]/ (NHMUK). Type locality: Brazil:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo: Paranapiacaba.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="132">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="13" pageNumber="132">
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Externally this species is most similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema rivara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivara">Tarema rivara</taxonomicName>
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, but can be easily distinguished by the earthen brown and clay brown coloration rather than orange or red-orange in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema rivara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivara">Tarema rivara</taxonomicName>
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. Additionally, in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema bruna" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruna">Tarema bruna</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. the postmedial lunule reaches the wing margin without becoming highly diffuse, and is parallel to the wing margin for its entire length until bending outward. The male genitalia is unique in the extreme reduction of the heavily sclerotized vincular/valve arms, present as a small extension at
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<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="133" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
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base of the valves. The phallus is also unique in the thinness of the dorsal projection, which is smooth as in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema rivara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivara">Tarema rivara</taxonomicName>
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, not spined as in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema fuscosa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscosa">Tarema fuscosa</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="134" pageId="14" pageNumber="133" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="133">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="134" pageId="14" pageNumber="133">
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Male.Head: As for genus, coloration earthen brown. Thorax: Coloration similar to that of head, appearing hoary due to banded gray and cream colored scales interspersed amongst brown ones, prothorax covered almost entirely in these lighter scales. Legs: As for genus. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 13 mm, wingspan: 26 mm, n=1. Ground color a mixture of earthen brown tones and clay-brown, overall generously shaded by cream colored scales giving the wing a hoary, layered appearance, especially medially. Antemedial line faint, brown, wavy. Postmedial line as for genus but wavier, coloration light cream, not bordered by darker scales except for a small external portion above the tornus. Antemedial area with salmon orange hue, medial area lighter brown compared to darker submarginal area. Apical half of submarginal area with postmedial lunule, the latter parallel with margin, then smoothly curved toward margin reaching wing margin without becoming diffuse, basal half of submarginal area darkest brown, apical portion external to lunule lighter brown. Discal spot as for genus. Fringe light cream with lighter and darker patches. Forewing ventrum: Similar
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<pageBreakToken pageId="15" pageNumber="134" start="start">to</pageBreakToken>
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dorsum but lighter due to more extensive covering of gray and cream colored scales; antemedial line absent, postmedial line faint, bulging outward toward wing margin mesally. Postmedial lunule present as on dorsum, more distinct than postmedial line. Hindwing dorsum: Coloration as for forewing dorsum, following similar patterning but antemedial line absent, postmedial line straight and faintly outlined by black scales, postmedial lunule very faint. Hindwing ventrum: Following same pattern as forewing ventrum, though discal mark very dark, well defined as black oval. Abdomen: As for genus, concolorous with thorax. Genitalia: (Fig. 13) n=1. Vinculum somewhat ovoid, ventrally with reduced saccus. Uncus robust but reduced to slightly triangular stump. Gnathos a tapered, elongated, hexagonal plate. Valves short, rounded. Base of valves with pair of long, fingerlike projections. Slightly more strongly sclerotized, small projections emanate from base of valves. Diaphragm with pair of horsetail-like setal patches consisting of very long setae that extend outward over phallus below gnathos plate, setae curled backward at end. Phallus broad, large, widened distally, with two elongated accessory projections, one projection superior to phallus, smooth, narrow, pointed, other projection longer, narrower, running laterally along phallus originating from within phallus, tip of second projection sharp, angled forward. Vesica balloon-like. Female. Unknown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="134" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="134">Distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="134">
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(Fig. 16). This new species is so far known only from the type locality at Paranapiacaba (previously known as Alto da Serra, a train station),
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo, Brazil. According to GoogleEarth, the elevation at this locality is approximately 700 m.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="134" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="134">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="134">
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This species is named for its brown (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="bruna" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" rank="species" species="bruna">bruna</taxonomicName>
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Latin) coloration, which largely distinguishes it from the red or orange
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema rivara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivara">Tarema rivara</taxonomicName>
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and the black, gray, and cream-colored
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema fuscosa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscosa">Tarema fuscosa</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="134" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="134">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="134">
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The discovery of a unique new species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tarema</taxonomicName>
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from eastern
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo is surprising because this is a relatively well-surveyed region of Brazil (R. A. St. Laurent pers. obs.). Both
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema rivara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivara">Tarema rivara</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema fuscosa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscosa">Tarema fuscosa</taxonomicName>
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have been collected from the type locality of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema bruna" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruna">Tarema bruna</taxonomicName>
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(NHMUK), though at different times of the year. As previously mentioned in the remarks of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema rivara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivara">Tarema rivara</taxonomicName>
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, that species is primarily a summer species, with records from Paranapiacaba in January, while
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema fuscosa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscosa">Tarema fuscosa</taxonomicName>
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has only been collected there in the winter (June and July). More material of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema bruna" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruna">Tarema bruna</taxonomicName>
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will be needed to verify its voltinism.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="134">
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An issue is presented by the fact that the type localities of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema rivara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivara">Tarema rivara</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema macarina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macarina">Tarema macarina</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema bruna" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruna">Tarema bruna</taxonomicName>
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are all from
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo, Brazil with specific type locality information from within the state only available for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema bruna" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruna">Tarema bruna</taxonomicName>
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. Therefore, the possibility arose that the name
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema macarina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macarina">Tarema macarina</taxonomicName>
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could be wrongfully synonymized with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema rivara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivara">Tarema rivara</taxonomicName>
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if indeed it is conspecific with the new species described herein. However, we consider the apparent rarity of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema bruna" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruna">Tarema bruna</taxonomicName>
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combined with the genitalia similarities between the lectotype of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema macarina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macarina">Tarema macarina</taxonomicName>
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and other
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema rivara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivara">Tarema rivara</taxonomicName>
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females dissected from
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo and elsewhere, including Cerrado regions, more suggestive that the name
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema macarina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macarina">Tarema macarina</taxonomicName>
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does in fact represent the female of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema rivara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivara">Tarema rivara</taxonomicName>
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, a much more commonly collected and widespread species. If future evidence were found to contradict our hypothesis,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema bruna" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruna">Tarema bruna</taxonomicName>
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would then be a junior and subjective synonym of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema macarina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macarina">Tarema macarina</taxonomicName>
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. It is therefore necessary that more material of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Tarema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tarema bruna" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruna">Tarema bruna</taxonomicName>
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be found or collected, particularly in aim to locate the female of this species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |