266 lines
32 KiB
XML
266 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="62EF5193AEF4406BFEB1EB49F3DFD1AA" ID-DOI="10.1649/609" ID-ISSN="1938-4394" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10104351" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630168674905" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Onore, Giovanni & Morón, Miguel-Angel" docDate="2004" docId="0A225366FFFAFFCFFE4251F862C31CE5" docLanguage="en" docName="609.pdf.imf" docOrigin="The Coleopterists Bulletin 58 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/609" docStyle="DocumentStyle:07711681861DB98305E87147CAB6DAD5.4:TheColeopBull.2003-2009.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="07711681861DB98305E87147CAB6DAD5" docStyleName="TheColeopBull.2003-2009.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Dynastes neptunus Quenzel" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="109" masterDocId="F61B2B1EFFF9FFC9FFCA546D60281E0E" masterDocTitle="Dynastes neptunus Quenzel (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae); Descriptions of the Third Instar Larva and Pupa, with Notes on Biology" masterLastPageNumber="110" masterPageNumber="103" pageNumber="106" updateTime="1699629372938" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="C28D8C8F8B5C444C8B7F2BB5FF079311">Dynastes neptunus Quenzel (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae); Descriptions of the Third Instar Larva and Pupa, with Notes on Biology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6319D49B656AA19F56958300AD67844A">Onore, Giovanni</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="20C7DFCC476321B1C4090CF1CC3D6C47">Morón, Miguel-Angel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="09747F0A5C4D525811535DBB0E4CB4DE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="94A8E657D8467EE71AC2350FCC5AD058">The Coleopterists Bulletin</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="EC3001A0FBBF08FCFD7A09A1A6B51FF7">
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<mods:date id="DDE154F7601B5BDB076C5697ED335DCE">2004</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="632DDBE1A3166EA5F915EB9BEC9272B6">2004-03-31</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="EAF3117BBF87E5AF80C7F1EECC09B1DD" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="189E7D0FB1559EEE4ECD3F848D85B1DE">58</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="7CFB64B50B07EE882914938154BA7FFA" type="DOI">10.1649/609</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F2395758DF76F45EDE0F73D8ABD2C4D6" type="ISSN">1938-4394</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0A225366FFFAFFCFFE4251F862C31CE5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5398685" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5398685" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0A225366FFFAFFCFFE4251F862C31CE5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A225366FFFAFFCFFE4251F862C31CE5" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">
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<subSubSection id="CA91B1FBFFFAFFCAFE4251F862F41BA4" box="[392,732,1428,1450]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8234E270FFFAFFCAFE4251F862F41BA4" blockId="3.[392,732,1428,1476]" box="[392,732,1428,1450]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">
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<heading id="D97C551CFFFAFFCAFE4251F862F41BA4" box="[392,732,1428,1450]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFAFFCAFE4251F862881BA4" authority="Quenzel" authorityName="Quenzel" box="[392,672,1428,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Dynastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neptunus">
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<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFAFFCAFE4251F8626B1BA4" box="[392,579,1429,1450]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">Dynastes neptunus</emphasis>
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Quenzel
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFAFFCAFD6651F962F41BA4" bold="true" box="[684,732,1428,1450]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">pupa</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CA91B1FBFFFAFFCFFE3B51C263501F9F" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8234E270FFFAFFCAFE3B51C2625B1BCA" blockId="3.[392,732,1428,1476]" box="[497,627,1455,1476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">
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(
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<figureCitation id="1AB0FEF5FFFAFFCAFE3251C262441BCA" box="[504,620,1455,1476]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[197,236,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[277,902,207,1252]" captionTargetId="figure-104@4.[277,902,207,1252]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 17–18. Dynastes neptunus, lateral view of pupa inside pupal chambers formed in the rotten wood of rearing containers. 17) Female; 18) male. Photographs by G. Onore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104357" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104357/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">Figs. 17–18</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8234E270FFFAFFCAFF6651BA63B2182F" blockId="3.[148,976,1495,1569]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">
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The description is based on
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<specimenCount id="948D29F9FFFAFFCAFE7E51BA61D61BE2" box="[436,510,1495,1516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" type="pupa">5 pupae</specimenCount>
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(
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<specimenCount id="948D29F9FFFAFFCAFDC151BA627E1BE2" box="[523,598,1495,1516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
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,
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<specimenCount id="948D29F9FFFAFFCAFDAA51BA62951BE2" box="[608,701,1495,1516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
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) reared from larvae collected at
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<collectingCountry id="FA9CA2E0FFFAFFCAFF65519F612A1809" box="[175,258,1522,1543]" name="Ecuador" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="404F2C92FFFAFFCAFEDA519F61421809" box="[272,362,1522,1543]" country="Ecuador" name="Cotopaxi" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">Cotopaxi</collectingRegion>
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, San Francisco de Las Pampas,
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<date id="F635C4B0FFFAFFCAFD7F519F630B1809" box="[693,803,1522,1543]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" value="2002-07-03">3-VII-2002</date>
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, C.
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<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFAFFCAFC98519F63A21809" box="[850,906,1522,1543]" family="Tapia" pageId="3" pageNumber="109" rank="family">Tapia</taxonomicName>
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, inside hollow trunk of ‘‘canelo’’ tree (
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<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFAFFCAFE0E52616204182F" box="[452,556,1548,1569]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Ocotea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFAFFCAFE0E52616220182F" box="[452,520,1548,1569]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">Ocotea</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFAFFCAFDF9526162BD182F" box="[563,661,1548,1569]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
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)
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<quantity id="45734F95FFFAFFCAFD6E526162DB182F" box="[676,755,1548,1569]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" unit="m" value="1600.0">1,600 m</quantity>
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(QCAZ; IEXA).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="D6F4B2F8FFFDFFCDFF0F509C63AC1B12" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104357" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10104357" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104357/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="107" startId="4.[197,236,1265,1284]" targetBox="[277,902,207,1252]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph id="8234E270FFFDFFCDFF0F509C63AC1B12" blockId="4.[175,1005,1265,1308]" pageId="4" pageNumber="107">
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<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFDFFCDFF0F509C611A1B0A" bold="true" box="[197,306,1265,1284]" pageId="4" pageNumber="107">Figs. 17–18.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFDFFCDFE8D509C61C01B0A" box="[327,488,1265,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Dynastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neptunus">
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<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFDFFCDFE8D509C61C01B0A" box="[327,488,1265,1284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="107">Dynastes neptunus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, lateral view of pupa inside pupal chambers formed in the rotten wood of rearing containers.
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<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFDFFCDFE11516461DF1B12" bold="true" box="[475,503,1289,1308]" pageId="4" pageNumber="107">17)</emphasis>
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Female;
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<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFDFFCDFD825164624C1B12" bold="true" box="[584,612,1289,1308]" pageId="4" pageNumber="107">18)</emphasis>
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male. Photographs by G. Onore.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8234E270FFFDFFCDFF0D510561EA1B9D" blockId="4.[175,1005,1384,1570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="107">
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||
FEMALE (
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||
<figureCitation id="1AB0FEF5FFFDFFCDFED95105617A1B75" box="[275,338,1384,1403]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[197,236,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[277,902,207,1252]" captionTargetId="figure-104@4.[277,902,207,1252]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 17–18. Dynastes neptunus, lateral view of pupa inside pupal chambers formed in the rotten wood of rearing containers. 17) Female; 18) male. Photographs by G. Onore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104357" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104357/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="107">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
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). Body shape elongate, oval, stout, exarate. Color yellow reddish. Entire body with fine velvety-gold vestiture.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8234E270FFFDFFCDFF0D51F5633E182C" blockId="4.[175,1005,1384,1570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="107">
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HEAD. Bent sharply beneath thorax. Clypeus tumid, bilobed, with an anterior central ‘‘Y’’ shaped depression. Frons with lateral depression at each side clearly separated. Eyes well defined but partially hidden. Antenna widened, stout, with 3–4 defined rings. Labrum semitrapezoidal, rounded, short (1.8
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<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFDFFCDFE9F51B2614F1BFC" bold="true" box="[341,359,1503,1522]" pageId="4" pageNumber="107">3</emphasis>
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wider than long) with an anterior central, small depression. Mandibles wide and prominent. Maxilla long and stout. Maxillary palpi conical, with 4 rings. Apex of the labium cordiform with a middle depression. Labial palpí rounded with 3 rings.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8234E270FFFCFFCCFF6654AF60D91F73" blockId="5.[148,978,194,763]" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">THORAX. Pronotum nearly transverse; disk irregular, tumid, with an anterior central callus and the ecdysial suture clearly marked. Pronotal anterior border widely sinuated; posterior border slightly bisinuated. Pronotal anterior angles straight, stout, prominent; posterior angles widely rounded. Meso- and metanotum with ecdysial suture clearly marked. Prosternal process subtrapezoidal and much evident. Mesosternum hidden. Metasternum surface slightly irregular. Elytral tecae narrowed, closely appressed, curved ventrally around body, with some coarse striae. Protibia with 3 projections on exterior border, and recognizable subapical spur. Tarsomeres delineated.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8234E270FFFCFFCCFF6655EF62721C8A" blockId="5.[148,978,194,763]" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">
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ABDOMEN. Nine visible segments. Spiracles of segment I hidden by elevated oblique fold, ovateelongate, reddish chestnut, with narrow, sclerotized, flattened, asymmetrical peritreme. Spiracles on segments II–IV ovate-elongate (
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<quantity id="45734F95FFFCFFCCFE7555DC62291FCA" box="[447,513,433,452]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
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width, 2.0 mm length), reddish chestnut, with narrow, sclerotized, prominent, asymmetrical peritreme. Spiracles on segments V–VII occluded, rosetiform, without sclerotized peritreme, not pigmented; spicrales on segment VIII absent. Tergal area of segments II–VII with 5 pairs of deep and wide dioneiform organs. Tergal area of segment VIII with 2 kidney-shaped, deep impressions. Last segment with 2 symmetrical, fleshy ventrolateral folds covered by dense, fine, golden vestiture, longer than in other parts of the body. Sternite II short, triangle-like, hidden between metacoxae. Sternites III–VI convex, with similar length. Sternites VII and VIII fused at the middle third. Sternite IX and genital ampulla small, partially retracted under last tergum. Body length
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<quantity id="45734F95FFFCFFCCFE3D561C627E1C8A" box="[503,598,625,644]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.85" metricValueMax="7.2" metricValueMin="6.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" unit="mm" value="68.5" valueMax="72.0" valueMin="65.0">65–72 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8234E270FFFCFFCCFF6656E462921CF5" blockId="5.[148,978,194,763]" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">
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MALE (
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<figureCitation id="1AB0FEF5FFFCFFCCFF2256E4610F1C92" box="[232,295,649,668]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[197,236,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[277,902,207,1252]" captionTargetId="figure-104@4.[277,902,207,1252]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 17–18. Dynastes neptunus, lateral view of pupa inside pupal chambers formed in the rotten wood of rearing containers. 17) Female; 18) male. Photographs by G. Onore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104357" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104357/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
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). Fronto-clypeal area with long, narrowed, curved upward, horn-like projection, longer than pterothorax and abdomen. Pronotum with posteromedial long, narrowed, curved downward, horn-like projection, nearly as long as the frontoclypeal projection. Antero-lateral area of pronotum with 2 spine-like, stout projections. Genital ampulla large, swollen. Otherwise similar to female. Length including horn-like projections
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<quantity id="45734F95FFFCFFCCFD8B5685629D1CF5" box="[577,693,744,763]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2449999999999999" metricValueMax="1.39" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" unit="mm" value="124.5" valueMax="139.0" valueMin="110.0">110–139 mm</quantity>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8234E270FFFCFFCCFF66577661711AAB" blockId="5.[148,978,795,1570]" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">
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||
<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFCFFCCFF665776618F1D3E" bold="true" box="[172,423,795,816]" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">Biological Observations.</emphasis>
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In
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<collectingCountry id="FA9CA2E0FFFCFFCCFE05577162081D3F" box="[463,544,796,817]" name="Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, Thierry Porion recorded adults of
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<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFCFFCCFCB0577160C21D45" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Dynastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neptunus">
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<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFCFFCCFCB0577160C21D45" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">Dynastes neptunus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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arriving at light traps just before dawn, whereas
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<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFCFFCCFD0B575B63071D45" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[705,815,822,843]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Dynastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hercules">
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<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFCFFCCFD0B575B63071D45" box="[705,815,822,843]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">D. hercules</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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arrived from the beginning to the middle of the night (
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<bibRefCitation id="E61A9F81FFFCFFCCFE35573C62B51D68" author="Lachaume & of the World V." box="[511,669,849,870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" pagination="13 - 31" refId="ref4104" refString="Lachaume, G. 1985. The beetles of the World V. Dynastini 1. Sciences Nat, Compiegne. pp. 13 - 31." type="book chapter" year="1985">Lachaume 1985</bibRefCitation>
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||
). According to the observations of G. Onore in the area of San Francisco de las Pampas,
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<collectingRegion id="404F2C92FFFCFFCCFD7D570663391D8E" box="[695,785,875,896]" country="Ecuador" name="Cotopaxi" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">Cotopaxi</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="FA9CA2E0FFFCFFCCFCD1570663441D8E" box="[795,876,875,896]" name="Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, at
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<quantity id="45734F95FFFCFFCCFC45570660CD1D95" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="1550.0" valueMax="1600.0" valueMin="1500.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E7BF84B7FFFCFFCCFC45570663EC1D8E" box="[911,964,875,896]" degrees="1,500" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" precision="55" value="1.5">1,500</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="E7BF84B7FFFCFFCCFC0E570660E21D95" degrees="1,600" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" precision="55" value="-1.6">– 1,600</geoCoordinate>
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m
|
||
</quantity>
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||
of elevation,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFCFFCCFEBE57EB62031D95" box="[372,555,902,923]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Dynastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neptunus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFCFFCCFEBE57EB62031D95" box="[372,555,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">Dynastes neptunus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFCFFCCFDAB57EB62FA1D95" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[609,722,902,923]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Dynastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hercules">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFCFFCCFDAB57EB62FA1D95" box="[609,722,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">D. hercules</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are sympatric, but in the neighboring locality of Rio Negro, at
|
||
<quantity id="45734F95FFFCFFCCFE3157CD62611DBB" box="[507,585,928,949]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="1800.0">1,800 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation, only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFCFFCCFD2957CD637E1DBB" box="[739,854,928,949]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Dynastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neptunus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFCFFCCFD2957CD637E1DBB" box="[739,854,928,949]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">D. neptunus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found. As inferred by the flying sounds, the adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFCFFCCFDE457D6628A1DDE" box="[558,674,955,976]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Dynastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neptunus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFCFFCCFDE457D6628A1DDE" box="[558,674,955,976]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">D. neptunus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparently were active near the canopy at
|
||
<quantity id="45734F95FFFCFFCCFF3157BB61061DE5" box="[251,302,982,1003]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
hight around 04:00 h. The larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFCFFCCFD6857BB63301DE5" box="[674,792,982,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Dynastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neptunus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFCFFCCFD6857BB63301DE5" box="[674,792,982,1003]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">D. neptunus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
live inside hollow trunks of ‘‘achotillo’’ (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFCFFCCFEAC579D61C31A0B" box="[358,491,1008,1029]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Alchornea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFCFFCCFEAC579D61E11A0B" box="[358,457,1008,1029]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">Alchornea</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFCFFCCFE25579D62A81A0B" box="[495,640,1008,1029]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), ‘‘canelo’’ or ‘‘cashiacara’’ (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFCFFCCFC46579D60981A2E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Ocotea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFCFFCCFC46579D63F81A0B" box="[908,976,1008,1029]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">Ocotea</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFCFFCCFF7F506661321A2E" box="[181,282,1035,1056]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and ‘‘ortiguillo’’ (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFCFFCCFE1A506662041A2E" box="[464,556,1035,1056]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFCFFCCFE1A506662221A2E" box="[464,522,1035,1056]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">Urera</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFCFFCCFDFB506662BF1A2E" box="[561,663,1035,1056]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) occupying hollows extended all along the standing trunk from the soil to the canopy. Inside each hollow trunk, G. Onore found 1–
|
||
<specimenCount id="948D29F9FFFCFFCCFEE7502D61A21A5B" box="[301,394,1088,1109]" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" type="larva">12 larvae</specimenCount>
|
||
. Two or three was usual. They fed on reddish, rotten wood, frequently humid (nearly muddy), mixed with many fecal pellets of the same larvae. This species is abundant at Rio Negro because hollow trees with larvae were found at
|
||
<quantity id="45734F95FFFCFFCCFF5E50FD61291AAB" box="[148,257,1168,1189]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="175.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="100.0">100–250 m</quantity>
|
||
interval.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8234E270FFFCFFCCFF6650C761231806" blockId="5.[148,978,795,1570]" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">
|
||
One female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFCFFCCFEF150C761871AB1" box="[315,431,1194,1215]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Dynastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neptunus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFCFFCCFEF150C761871AB1" box="[315,431,1194,1215]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">D. neptunus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected at lights in San Francisco de las Pampas on
|
||
<date id="F635C4B0FFFCFFCCFC7350C760D21AD5" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" value="1993-06-30">30 June 1993</date>
|
||
was transported to Quito by G. Onore and placed in a 20 liter plastic container filled with rotten wood of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFCFFCCFDC6508C62581AF8" box="[524,624,1249,1270]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The wood was previously boiled, cooled, and powdered fecal pellets of larval
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFCFFCCFD8D509162951B1F" box="[583,701,1276,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Dynastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neptunus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFCFFCCFD8D509162951B1F" box="[583,701,1276,1297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">D. neptunus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were added, to promote the growth of the microflora needed by the future larvae. The female fed on fruits of banana and papaya, with scattered honey, until
|
||
<date id="F635C4B0FFFCFFCCFD4F515E63671B46" box="[645,847,1331,1352]" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" value="1993-09-21">21 September 1993</date>
|
||
. During this time, the female laid
|
||
<specimenCount id="948D29F9FFFCFFCCFEAD5122619C1B6A" box="[359,436,1359,1380]" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" type="egg">19 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
that were
|
||
<quantity id="45734F95FFFCFFCCFDD5512262431B6A" box="[543,619,1359,1380]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" unit="mm" value="5.3">5.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length and 5.0 mm in width that were placed inside cells in the rotten wood.The cells were
|
||
<quantity id="45734F95FFFCFFCCFD6D510762C01B71" box="[679,744,1386,1407]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length and
|
||
<quantity id="45734F95FFFCFFCCFCAF510763B11B71" box="[869,921,1386,1407]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. Milky white eggs did not change color until hatching but increased their diameter to
|
||
<quantity id="45734F95FFFCFFCCFF5E51CC60F41BB8" box="[148,220,1441,1462]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" unit="mm" value="7.5">7.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
just before hatching. Male and female larvae are well differentiated by the shape of the preanal white structures, known as Herold’s organs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E61A9F81FFFCFFCCFCC651D163B01BDF" author="Menees" box="[780,920,1468,1489]" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" pagination="97 - 100" refId="ref4131" refString="Menees, J. H. 1957. Sex identification in some larvae of Scarabaeidae. Bulletin Brooklin Entomological Society 52 (7): 97 - 100." type="journal article" year="1957">Menees 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), observed beneath the transparent cuticle, with an external scar located in the anterior part of the raster.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8234E270FFFCFFCFFF66526063501F9F" blockId="5.[148,978,795,1570]" lastBlockId="6.[175,1005,194,747]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="5" pageNumber="108">
|
||
Five third-instar larvae collected at San Francisco de Las Pampas on
|
||
<date id="F635C4B0FFFCFFCCFC91526063F9182C" box="[859,977,1549,1570]" pageId="5" pageNumber="108" value="2002-07-03">3 July 2002</date>
|
||
were reared in Quito with rotten wood of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFFFFCFFD8A54AF628F1ED9" box="[576,679,194,215]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Ocotea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="6" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFFFFCFFD8A54AF62AC1ED9" box="[576,644,194,215]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="109">Ocotea</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at 14–25
|
||
<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFFFFCFFCCB54AF63211ED6" bold="true" box="[769,777,194,216]" pageId="6" pageNumber="109">8</emphasis>
|
||
C. Pupae were obtained on
|
||
<date id="F635C4B0FFFFFFCFFF0454B061A11EFC" box="[206,393,221,242]" pageId="6" pageNumber="109" value="2002-11-23">23 November 2002</date>
|
||
. Before pupation, the mature larva of the male made a large cell between the rotting wood debris and the inner walls of the hollow trunk, which was much longer and wider than the dimensions of the future adult. In captivity, complete development from egg to immature adult required 443–724 days: 41–48 days from egg to early first-instar larva, 28–70 days from first-instar larva to second-instar larva, 28– 124 days from second-instar larva to third-instar larva, and 346–482 days from thirdinstar larva to adult. Probably, in nature the life cycle requires two years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CA91B1FBFFFFFFCFFF0D55FA62C31CE5" pageId="6" pageNumber="109" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8234E270FFFFFFCFFF0D55FA62C31CE5" blockId="6.[175,1005,194,747]" pageId="6" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFFFFCFFF0D55FA61021FA2" bold="true" box="[199,298,407,428]" pageId="6" pageNumber="109">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
At present, we have morphological information on the larvae of four species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFFFFCFFED755DF615C1FC9" box="[285,372,434,455]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Dynastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFFFFCFFED755DF615C1FC9" box="[285,372,434,455]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="109">Dynastes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E61A9F81FFFFFFCFFE4F55DC62201FC8" author="Ritcher" box="[389,520,433,454]" pageId="6" pageNumber="109" refId="ref4204" refString="Ritcher, P. O. 1966. White grubs and their allies. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis. 219 pp." type="book" year="1966">Ritcher 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E61A9F81FFFFFFCFFDDD55DC62BD1FC8" author="Moron" box="[535,661,433,454]" pageId="6" pageNumber="109" pagination="33 - 74" refId="ref4160" refString="Moron, M. A. 1987. Los estados inmaduros de Dynastes hyllus Chevr. (Col. Melolonthidae, Dynastinae) con observaciones sobre su biologia y el crecimiento alometrico del adulto. Folia Entomologica Mexicana 72: 33 - 74." type="journal article" year="1987">Morón 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; present paper) that enables us to propose the following generic diagnosis and a key to separate the larvae of these species. Besides the width of the head capsule, body size, and the number of setae on the tarsal claws, the differences between larvae of each species are mainly those of chaetotaxy.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458B99F3FFFFFFCFFEE9567161911C3F" authority="larvae" authorityName="Larvae" box="[291,441,540,561]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Dynastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0FF3E62FFFFFFCFFEE9567161521C3F" box="[291,378,540,561]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="109">Dynastes</emphasis>
|
||
larvae
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be distinguished from other Dynastinae larvae by the following combination of characters: head capsule coarsely pitted, with 2–8 dorsoepicranial setae on each side; frons with 1–4 posterior frontal setae and 1–2 exterior frontal setae on each side, without anterior frontal setae; ocelli differentiated; with 5–10 dorsal sensory spots on last antennal segment; lateral borders of labrum more or less angled; maxillary stridulatory area with 4–10 truncate teeth and 1 anterior process; abdominal spiracles with lobes of respiratory plates contiguous, the bulla rounded, weakly prominent; tarsal claws with 2 or 4 setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |