175 lines
20 KiB
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175 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="D9B842338871F25037FE6CFC54AEF2F3" ID-CLB-Dataset="34748" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.453.8511" ID-GBIF-Dataset="70d742be-bc89-4427-9e75-dbf1a6b6e148" ID-PMC="PMC4258626" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-453-37" ID-PubMed="25493059" ID-ZooBank="F974227D67614AD4880D3F5706E91D47" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-453-37" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 453" ModsDocTitle="Review of Afrotropical Figitinae (Figitidae, Cynipoidea, Hymenoptera) with the first records of Neralsia and Lonchidia for the region" checkinTime="1451245139623" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="van Noort, Simon, Buffington, Matthew L. & Forshage, Mattias" docDate="2014" docId="09C42651151E0A29580A5CBED43C4B3D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 453: 37-69" docOrigin="ZooKeys 453" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.453.8511" docTitle="Neralsia Cameron 1883" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="FA45882F50010F0DFFD4FFAC0551FFBD" masterDocTitle="Review of Afrotropical Figitinae (Figitidae, Cynipoidea, Hymenoptera) with the first records of Neralsia and Lonchidia for the region" masterLastPageNumber="69" masterPageNumber="37" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1732484378552" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="F3C6D504D5E5DB28859F24ADA820FFF4">Review of Afrotropical Figitinae (Figitidae, Cynipoidea, Hymenoptera) with the first records of Neralsia and Lonchidia for the region</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FECA6D7C792878481B90BFDF4EDA02DA">van Noort, Simon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D271CA26C744300C455D54900B96AC10">Buffington, Matthew L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D475D59C93D1AE37E7E780320A886454">Forshage, Mattias</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="7148E11160B444758C09F7573E9A78A4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="DFF941B55A9745176EDC20A52CB9C7CE">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D669A5016BC2CB9E1136B6EE793A5067">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2F1726B2C077D9C17D647BFF7506DBEE">453</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="BB9F6A742FE34553B69C20A1F8731D63">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="31E0072BDC4C39C34BA61AFFE09E2A5E" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.453.8511</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="ABCE0260FEC0FAFA3E6EAE97D996B05C" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-453-37</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="09C42651151E0A29580A5CBED43C4B3D" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152056307" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:09C42651151E0A29580A5CBED43C4B3D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/09C42651151E0A29580A5CBED43C4B3D" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" scope_family="Figitidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_subFamily="Figitinae" scope_superFamily="Cynipoidea">
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<subSubSection id="EAED2BD64B9A0072D7FBA338BA55136F" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="48EB453A83EE086A198B1B8C316BAD7A" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Figitidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8D005A713FBEDF59C914277D4CE62BFE" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="15AE19DF386CF0D3D5B1F3A1F727CF81" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName id="C2595504962A018DE628F0F89F744D1A" authority="Cameron, 1883" authorityName="Cameron" authorityYear="1883" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Neralsia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neralsia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neralsia Cameron, 1883</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C12A676A26E1A05FF9E02B5941079D86" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="461BC4314EE3A6CE166BE94FF037662C" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName id="FF67EA13E8B13B5977198EBF9B5416B8" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Neralsia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neralsia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neralsia</taxonomicName>
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Cameron, 1883: 4. Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="0DDAF5B1A8B5EF1DFB68952679D3DB90" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Neralsia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neralsia rufipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">Neralsia rufipes</taxonomicName>
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Cameron, 1883, by monotypy and original designation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B4096D9FFDD46AAAC7002959FAB1D8E0" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName id="9C632DEBC65D5C2851C722A9BDE72D18" class="Insecta" genus="Xyalosema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyalosema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xyalosema</taxonomicName>
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Dalla Torre & Kieffer, 1910: 73 & 94. Replacement name for
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<taxonomicName id="4FD18A57C5489F7C17AD8C8877261166" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Solenaspis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solenaspis" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenaspis</taxonomicName>
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Ashmead, 1887.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="25B6370995C9BEAA166B8923B3400A0B" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName id="18A1CB1EF36107DFCD870E94BAC6256A" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Solenaspis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solenaspis" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenaspis</taxonomicName>
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Ashmead, 1887: 151 & 155. Unavailable junior homonym of
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<taxonomicName id="CEBF8A11B41A8B840B05D56578BDCC7B" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Solenaspis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solenaspis" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenaspis</taxonomicName>
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Osten Sacken, 1881 (
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<taxonomicName id="616D91A9666E3416F590BBB65C714C0D" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachycera" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
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). Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="0EA55522A9884F297F5B5DCD2583C095" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Solenaspis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solenaspis hyalinipennis" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyalinipennis">Solenaspis hyalinipennis</taxonomicName>
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Ashmead, 1887 by monotypy and original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A1EA34716B0B20578C08EDC442CC3030" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="AA313620F6F71836E10CDF9B562FB22D" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3A27B73AAA7D97A66F8C81A9A5A52FD3" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
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Along with
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<taxonomicName id="5677EE1E88161BDEFB016F5866ECD52F" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Xyalophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyalophora" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xyalophora</taxonomicName>
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, this is the only known figitine in the Afrotropical Region with a scutellar spine.
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<taxonomicName id="87BF39A57B66D757E569E01F99A59D7C" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Neralsia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neralsia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neralsia</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="89BE280C04022099F75C954B96D6C1ED" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Xyalophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyalophora" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xyalophora</taxonomicName>
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by whether or not the notauli are horizontally striate: smooth in
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<taxonomicName id="C7E37572744067B753A4F1BC875BC39D" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Neralsia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neralsia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neralsia</taxonomicName>
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, striate in
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<taxonomicName id="621C7596151B355C8CC503F1AF1701A6" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Xyalophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyalophora" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xyalophora</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EEA673B3FA9D6E3F160B4725A49D31D4" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="European Journal of Entomology" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" pagination="751 - 769" title="Revision of Xyalophora Kieffer and description of Xyalophoroides gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Figitinae)." url="10.14411/eje.2008.101" volume="105" year="2008 c">
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<normalizedToken id="B175B34A40590BDC2B123F25A4043002" originalValue="Jiménez">Jimenez</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2008c
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Also, most
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<taxonomicName id="327C4937018D9B2A3CDADF2CF6E4D84F" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Neralsia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neralsia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neralsia</taxonomicName>
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have longer, more robust scutellar spines than
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<taxonomicName id="B08ACF2CA548D66194378EA82D2FC2AA" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Xyalophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyalophora" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xyalophora</taxonomicName>
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, but in specimens we have examined, this character varies with overall size of the specimen. This taxon also resembles
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<taxonomicName id="BF51A6275E8663593677231244F66C30" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Prosaspicera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prosaspicera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Prosaspicera</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="49DC36936C779795EA796306EE45E215" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Aspicerinae">Aspicerinae</taxonomicName>
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), which also possess a distinct scutellar spine, but can be separated from
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<taxonomicName id="CE6CFF8CB817E22B457072AF45329169" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Prosaspicera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prosaspicera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Prosaspicera</taxonomicName>
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by the lack of a facial impression on the head (present in
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<taxonomicName id="C7C6AA3648177ABF336A386119101B52" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Prosaspicera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prosaspicera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Prosaspicera</taxonomicName>
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), and lack of a ligulate metasoma T2.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="837CD21AF1C715808CDE16301092CE47" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
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<paragraph id="C2FE26966BC61B48BE3A608A3BFE342B" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
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Figure 3.
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<taxonomicName id="E535027DC7011C1E3931788E2AF74444" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Lonchidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lonchidia clavicornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavicornis">Lonchidia clavicornis</taxonomicName>
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Thomson female. A lateral habitus B dorsal habitus C head and mesosoma, lateral view D head anterio-lateral view E mesosoma, dorsal view F wings (inset: data labels).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A509E199D8C457A276B8867B6B4F82B5" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" type="comments">
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<paragraph id="267BBBAA28AC981E1D05DB261221135D" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Comments.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4168D20A8979922071B3A964968945DD" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
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Rare in Afrotropical region. The genus is extremely species-rich in the Neotropical region and has recently been revised in a series of papers by
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<bibRefCitation id="8F62D7DD3ABCB33A5AE19179389CB02F" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="Butlleti de la Institucio Catalana d'Historia Natural" pageId="25" pageNumber="62" pagination="61 - 81" title="Las especies sudamericanas del genero Neralsia Cameron (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae: Figitinae): estudio del material tipo." volume="72" year="2004">
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<normalizedToken id="FC8D9A57EC0D4CFF3EBA339242FB6D56" originalValue="Jiménez">Jimenez</normalizedToken>
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et al. (2004
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="B8BFDC16C872F7320246A87BEE8072D6" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="Sessio Conjunta d'Entomologia de la Institucio Catalana d'Historia Natural y la Societat Catalana de Lepidopterologia" pageId="25" pageNumber="62" pagination="73 - 84" title="Resultados preliminares del estudio de las especies sudamericanas del genero Neralsia Cameron (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae: Figitinae)." volume="13" year="2005 a">2005a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="B29391178A6A9A9A186B28C1C2B9D6E9" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie (N. S.)" pageId="25" pageNumber="62" pagination="165 - 179" title="Descripcion de ocho especies sudamericanas del genero Neralsia Cameron 1883, con carena escutelar alta (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae)." volume="22" year="2005 b">2005b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="B460F52122B4E77D921049939BE4B4A5" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="Neotropical Entomology" pageId="25" pageNumber="62" pagination="59 - 69" title="Descripcion de nueve especies sudamericanas del genero Neralsia Cameron con carena escutelar baja (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae)." url="10.1590/S1519-566X2006000100009" volume="31" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="3A7C38989FF6C923D4D2BB42B2ECEF9E" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Biologia Tropical" pageId="25" pageNumber="62" pagination="795 - 828" title="Revision of the South American species of Neralsia (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) with the description of eight new species." url="10.15517/rbt.v56i2.5625" volume="56" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="AA28FF1D28B713E587F784863CB49579" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="Dugesiana" pageId="25" pageNumber="62" pagination="45 - 68" title="Revision de las especies de Neralsia de Centroamerica y las Antillas, con la descripcion de once especies nuevas (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Figitinae)." volume="15" year="2008 a">2008a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="6C5E587954A7AE197E773E380C2E6C47" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" pagination="993 - 1002" title="Revision of the species of Neralsia (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Figitinae) from North America." url="10.1603/0013-8746-101.6.993" volume="101" year="2008 b">2008b</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<bibRefCitation id="944E0E6198CC070C6F35EA5831EFFD64" author="Jimenez, M" journalOrPublisher="Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" pagination="313 - 315" title="Descripcion de nueva especie de Neralsia (Hymenoptera: Figitinae) de Bolivia." volume="45" year="2009">
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<normalizedToken id="EC7787EBB1FDD3D94E51C93B9F2EFFF5" originalValue="Jiménez">Jimenez</normalizedToken>
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and Pujade-Villar (2009)
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="669524076BB38918706FE370DE2D69FB" author="Petersen-Silva, R" journalOrPublisher="Dugesiana" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" pagination="49 - 52" title="Descripcion de dos nuevas especies del genero Neralsia Cameron de Venezuela (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae)." volume="17" year="2010">Petersen-Silva and Pujade-Villar (2010)</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="5626A4870688F3C76B5EA1480A3B9611" author="Petersen-Silva, R" journalOrPublisher="Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" pagination="373 - 376" title="Nuevos aportes al conocimiento de las especies del genero Neralsia Cameron (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Figitinae) en Venezuela." volume="46" year="2010">Petersen-Silva et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="4BE51D1DE82ACB0FFD0F4FE6AE72772B" author="Pujade-Villar, J" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (n. s.)" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" pagination="45 - 49" title="Description of a new species of Neralsia Cameron with a wide distribution in the American continent: N. incompleta n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Figitinae)." volume="42" year="2006">Pujade-Villar et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4DF560407F30489E796C75F189909385" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Neralsia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neralsia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neralsia</taxonomicName>
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is also common throughout the Nearctic Region, but species limits have not been thoroughly established (Buffington, pers. obs.)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="93B1A236AB218840FDCB815FCDDE61D3" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="F7977B2B8B57271F1E256CE9AF39D8E1" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="64D2A6DDEC3CE7021F5EE42C10BDB7DA" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Mainly Neotropical, but with single species in the Nearctic and Afrotropical regions. Purported records from the Oriental region and the east Palearctic are unconfirmed. Afrotropical records: Central African Republic, South Africa (here).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="951B22C552A8C87EC06738B000957F11" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" type="biology">
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<paragraph id="3D189556F94D2D566F90169A86148EFD" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D8D3AE1976D445708FD425CEF3D6786" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
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|
Parasitoids of calyptrate
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<taxonomicName id="1C57034176785F465F554DABD7C27FDB" lsidName="Brachycera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" rank="suborder" suborder="Brachycera">Brachycera</taxonomicName>
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larvae in decomposing substrates (
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<bibRefCitation id="79416D9C0AA1A8EC013C753BBE4B040E" author="Diaz, NB" journalOrPublisher="Anais da Sociedade Entomolologica do Brasil" pageId="25" pageNumber="62" pagination="469 - 474" title="About Cynipoidea of Brazil, parasitoids of dung-flies. II (Insecta, Hymenoptera)." url="10.1590/S0301-80592000000300009" volume="29" year="2000">
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<normalizedToken id="30615AA39633832D899CA496ED43A4B1" originalValue="Díaz">Diaz</normalizedToken>
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|
et al. 2000
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|
</bibRefCitation>
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|
; Thomas and Morgan 1972).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |