411 lines
34 KiB
XML
411 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.503.9047" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e8fc77bd-6330-4ae4-81ee-e7eaa985f2ec" ID-PMC="PMC4440269" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-503-1" ID-PubMed="26019668" ID-ZBK="7690E036F8BD4B62A7BBEF9DD1D6DE87" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-503-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 503" ModsDocTitle="Meteoronakishinouyei, a new family, genus and species (Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Chirodropida) from Japanese Waters" checkinTime="1451244344746" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Toshino, Sho, Miyake, Hiroshi & Shibata, Haruka" docDate="2015" docId="07F22904B07353B627454639F8577E5E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 503: 1-21" docOrigin="ZooKeys 503" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.503.9047" docTitle="Meteorona kishinouyei Toshino, Miyake & Shibata, 2015, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="02513932-6CFC-4A34-87AD-863677521769" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="FFBADC11FF9B6F5E1C2CFFFE4E39FFDD" masterDocTitle="Meteoronakishinouyei, a new family, genus and species (Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Chirodropida) from Japanese Waters" masterLastPageNumber="21" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1668160321804" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Meteoronakishinouyei, a new family, genus and species (Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Chirodropida) from Japanese Waters</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Toshino, Sho</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Miyake, Hiroshi</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Shibata, Haruka</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>503</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>21</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.503.9047</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.503.9047</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-503-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">7690E036F8BD4B62A7BBEF9DD1D6DE87</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">7690E036F8BD4B62A7BBEF9DD1D6DE87</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152060004" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:02513932-6CFC-4A34-87AD-863677521769" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/07F22904B07353B627454639F8577E5E" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Taxon classification Animalia Chirodropida Chiropsellidae</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/02513932-6CFC-4A34-87AD-863677521769" class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="4" pageNumber="5">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="material examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Holotype: NSMT-Co1572. Eastern Japan, Fukushima Prefecture, Souma, Matsukawa-ura,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="37.810917">37°48'39.3"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="140.96758">140°58'3.3"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 14 October 2013, collector: Ko Tomikawa, one adult male. Paratypes. NSMT-Co1568, 1569, 1570. Eastern Japan, Kanagawa Prefecture, Fujisawa, Enoshima, Shonan Port,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.30132">35°18'4.75"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="139.4836">139°28'61.0"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">23</pageBreakToken>
|
||
August 2011, collector: Haruka Shibata, one adult female. NSMT-Co1571. Eastern Japan, Fukushima Prefecture, Iwaki, Onahama Port,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.941418">36°56'29.1"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 140°54'.32.9"E, 18 October 2013, collector: Shun Ishikawa, one adult female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Adult medusae with smooth exumbrella, with evenly thick mesoglea of rigid consistency (Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5). BH about 35 mm and DBW about 50 mm (Table 3). Interradius thickened throughout bell height, with deep median furrow spanning height of bell. Adradial furrows spanning lower two thirds of bell. Coronal indentation shallow just below apex. Exumbrella lacking nematocyst warts or freckles. Gonads attached along entire length of interradial septa, leaf-shaped, not overlapping
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">along</pageBreakToken>
|
||
the interradius (Fig. 6A, 7A). Manubrium length about 40% of bell height. Manubrium cruciform with four narrow, lanceolate lips (Fig. 6B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Figure 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., holotype, live, lateral view. A in situ, photo courtesy of Ko Tomikawa B in laboratory, photo courtesy of Yusuke Kondo. All scale bars represent 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Figure 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., holotype. A, B lateral view C apical view D oral view. All scale bars represent 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Figure 5. Illustration of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., holotype. A, B lateral view C apical view D oral view. All scale bars represent 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Figure 6.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., holotype. A gonad B mouth oral lips C gastric saccules D phacellae E gastric filaments F rhopaliar niche ostia, front view G rhopaliar niche ostia, side view H rhopaliar window I rhopalium, front view J rhopalium, rear view K rhopalium, side view L velarium; M pedalium N pedalial canal bend O tentacle. De: Depression; Fl: flap; GS: gastric saccule; LLE: lower lens eye; PCB: pedalial canal bend; PE: pit eye; Ph: phacella; PL: perradial lappet; RN: rhopaliar niche ostia; RW: rhopaliar window; SE: slit eye; St: statolith; ULE: upper lens eye. Scale bars: 1 cm (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
, L), 5 mm (C), 2 mm (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="M–O">M-O</normalizedToken>
|
||
), 1 mm (E), 0.5 mm (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–K">I-K</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Figure 7. Illustration of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., holotype. A gonad B gastric saccule C phacellae D gastric filaments E rhopaliar niche ostia and opening, front view F rhopaliar niche ostia and opening, side view G rhopalium, front view H rhopalium, side view I velarium J pedalium K pedalial canal bend L tentacle. Allows indicate gastric saccule. Scale bars: 1 cm (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
, I), 2 mm (D,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="J–L">J-L</normalizedToken>
|
||
), 1 mm (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
, H), 0.5 mm (G).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="623E45C928861462A9E24D2FEC3F2311" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/623E45C928861462A9E24D2FEC3F2311" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Table 3. Size (mm) of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
. *: The holotype. Nos. Co1568-1571 are paratypes. BH = bell height; DBW = diagonal bell width; DEW = diagonal exumbrella width; DSW = diagonal subumbrella width; ML = manubrium length; IKL = inner keel length; IKW = inner keel width; IRW = interrhopalial width; OKL = outer keel length; OKW = outer keel width; RH = rhopalium height; PCW = pedalial canal width; PW = pedalial width; TBW = tentacle base width; VW = velarial width. All bars represent unavailable due to dissection.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<table pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">Specimen No.</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">BH</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">DBW</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">DEW</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">DSW</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">IRW</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">PW</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">PCW</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">OKW</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">Specimen No.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">IKW</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">OKL</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">IKL</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">TBW</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">RH</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">VW</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">ML</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan="1">SEX</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Gastric saccules unbranched, slightly raised and opaque (Fig. 5D, 6C, 7B). Gastric phacellae horseshoe-shaped in each corner of stomach (Fig. 6D, 7C). Gastric cirri simple and unbranched (Fig. 6E, 7D). Sensory niches four, perradial, U-shaped, with one shallow covering scale above and no lower scale, upper scale with central tongue-shaped flap partially shielding rhopalium, located approximately 1/6 of bell height from velarial
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">turnover</pageBreakToken>
|
||
(Fig. 6F, G, 7E, F). The rhopaliar niche located in a triangular shaped depression of exumbrella (Fig. 6F, 7E). Subumbrellar rhopalial windows flat (Fig. 6H). Each of the four rhopalia bearing a set of six eyes, with the two median possessing prominent
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">lenses</pageBreakToken>
|
||
and the four lateral ones adjacent to the lens eyes being pigment pits and slit (Fig. 6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–K">I-K</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Fig. 7G, H). A single broad bean shaped statolith located behind each complex eye (Fig. 6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–K">I-K</normalizedToken>
|
||
). Velarial canals one per octant, dendritic, with only the tips defined along the velarial margin (Fig. 6L, Fig. 7I). Frenulum a single solid, gelatinous struc
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">ture</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, extending to near velarial margin (Fig. 6L). Velarial width about 20% of DSW. Pedalia scalpel-like, each bearing one tentacle (Fig. 6M, Fig. 7J). Pedalia about half of bell height, inner keel rounded, about two times the width of pedalial canal. Outer keel width approximately twice that of pedalial canal, inner keel width and outer keel width almost equal. Proximal pedalial canal bend slight volcano-shaped (Fig. 6N, Fig. 7K). Tentacles four, with one per pedalium, base width up to 2.7 mm thick, round in cross section, with nematocyst rings alternate thick and thin in preserved specimens (Fig. 6O, 7L). Color and length of tentacles in living specimens was light brownish (Fig. 3A, B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The smallest young medusa (NSMT-Co 1570) had a BH of about 15 mm, DBW of about 20 mm (Fig. 8, 9). Mesoglea was thin and softer than that of adults. Adradial
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">furrows</pageBreakToken>
|
||
spanning half of the bell height (Fig. 8A, 9A). Interradial furrows spanning the entire height of the bell (Fig. 8B, 9B). Coronal indentation shallow and exumbrella nematocyst freckles absent. Gonads attached along entire length of interradial septa, leaf-shaped, not overlapping along the interradius (Fig. 10A). Manubrium length about 20% of bell height. Gastric saccules not developed. Gastric phacellae four-leaf clover shaped in each corner of stomach (Figs 8C, 9C, 10B). Depression of exumbrella not developed. Upper medial rhopaliar scale flap shorter than in adults (Fig. 10C, D). Velarial canals one per octant, dendritic but with minor branching (Fig. 10E). Pedalium scalpel-like (Fig. 10F). Volcano-shaped pedalial canal bend smoother than in adults (Fig. 10G). Tentacle with nematocyst rings alternate thick and thin in preserved specimens (Fig. 10H).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Figure 8.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., young medusa, paratype NSMT-Co1570. A, B lateral view C apical view D oral view. All bars represent 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Figure 9. Illustration of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., young medusa, paratype NSMT-Co1570. A, B lateral view C apical view D oral view. All bars represent 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Figure 10.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., young medusa, paratype NSMT-Co1570. A gonad B phacella C rhopaliar niche ostia, front view D rhopaliar niche ostia, side view E velarium F pedalium G pedalial canal bend H tentacle. Fl: Flap; PCB: Pedalial canal bend Scale bars: 2 mm (A,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
), 1 mm (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="G–H">G-H</normalizedToken>
|
||
), 0.5 mm (B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">Cnidome</pageBreakToken>
|
||
. Six different nematocyst types identified and measured in the paratype specimen (NSMT-Co1571) (Table 4, Fig. 11). Tentacle: Large microbasic p-rhopaloids, banana-shaped p-mastigophores, small oval beehive isorhizas, rod-shaped isorhizas, small sub-spherical p-rhopaloids. Manubrium: Tiny microbasic euryteles, small sub-spherical p-rhopaloids. Phacellae: Tiny microbasic euryteles, small sub-spherical p-rhopaloids. Exumbrella lacking nematocysts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Figure 11. Nematocysts of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
, paratype NSMT-Co1571. A, B Large microbasic p-rhopaloids. Intact (A), discharged (B) C, D Banana-shaped p-mastigophores. Intact (C), discharged (D) E, F Small oval beehive isorhizas. Intact (E), discharged (F) G, H Rod-shaped isorhizas. Intact (G), discharged (H) I, J Small sub-spherical p-rhopaloids. Intact (I), discharged (J) K, L Tiny microbasic euryteles. Intact (K), discharged (L). All bars represent 10
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Table 4. Cnidomes of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
, paratype (NSMT-Co1571). D, L represent capsule diameter and length, respectively, in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<table pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan="1">Part</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan="1">Type</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan="1">Min</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan="1">Max</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan="1">Mean</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan="1">SD</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan="1">N</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan="2">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan="2">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan="2">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan="2">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan="2">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="molecular phylogenetics">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Molecular phylogenetics.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
In the resulting ML tree (Fig. 12), three major monophyletic clades were formed in the order
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Medusozoa" order="Chirodropida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="order">Chirodropida</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 1)
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Chirodropidae" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="family">Chirodropidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chirodropidae" genus="Chironex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chironex fleckeri" order="Chirodropida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fleckeri">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="start">Chironex</pageBreakToken>
|
||
fleckeri
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chirodropidae" genus="Chironex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chironex yamaguchii" order="Chirodropida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="yamaguchii">Chironex yamaguchii</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 2)
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Chiropsalmidae" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Chiropsalmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsalmidae" genus="Chiropsalmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chiropsalmus quadrumanus" order="Chirodropida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="quadrumanus">Chiropsalmus quadrumanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 3) A third group (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Chiropsella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chiropsella bronzie" order="Chirodropida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bronzie">Chiropsella bronzie</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The monophyly of the third group was evident in the 18S phylogenetic tree with high bootstrap values, well supporting the validity of the new family.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 12. Maximum-likelihood tree for 18 cubozoan taxa based on the nuclear 18S rDNA data set. Scale bars indicate branch length in substitutions per site. Nodal support values are presented as the ML bootstrap value; only values>50% are shown.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="habitat and ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Habitat and ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Holotype specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="14" start="start">Meteorona</pageBreakToken>
|
||
kishinouyei
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected near shore in shallow waters of the Matsukawa-ura lagoon, Fukushima prefecture, eastern Japan. Until March 2011, the north part of the lagoon extended to the sea via a man-made channel. However, the channel was destroyed and considerable sea water flowed into the lagoon as a result of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
medusae may have been brought into the lagoon on the high waves. Moreover,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be a neritic species. Young medusae appeared during August, while adult medusae appeared between August and November.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Carybdeidae" genus="Carybdea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carybdea brevipedalia" order="Carybdeida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevipedalia">Carybdea brevipedalia</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected together with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
along at Onahama port and Shonan at the water surface in a shallow area (water depth 3-10 m) port during daytime. Polyps of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
may metamorphose into young medusae during summer. However, the polyp stage and life history are unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The species is named kishinouyei (noun in apposition) to honor Professor Kamakichi Kishinouye, zoologist and fishery scientist.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kishinouye’s">Kishinouye's</normalizedToken>
|
||
meticulous studies and observations have led to many important contributions in the description of cubozoan zoology
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="differential diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
A comparison of key features of the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Medusozoa" order="Chirodropida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="order">Chirodropida</taxonomicName>
|
||
is presented in Table 5.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="15" start="start">Meteorona</pageBreakToken>
|
||
kishinouyei
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from all other chirodropid species by shape of pedalium, gastric saccules and rhopaliar niche. All of the species in the order
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Medusozoa" order="Chirodropida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="order">Chirodropida</taxonomicName>
|
||
have branching pedalia, each bearing multiple tentacles.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
has one tentacle per unbranching pedalium like species of the order
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Medusozoa" order="Carybdeida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="order">Carybdeida</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Shape of gastric saccules are
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="cock’s-comb">cock's-comb</normalizedToken>
|
||
shaped/grape-cluster-like (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chirodropidae" genus="Chironex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chironex" order="Chirodropida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Chironex</taxonomicName>
|
||
), elongate, tapered, with numerous axial processes, or absent (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chirodropidae" genus="Chirodropus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chirodropus" order="Chirodropida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Chirodropus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Chirodropidae" lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Chirodropidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, finger-like in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Chiropsalmidae" lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Chiropsalmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, spherical in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Chiropsella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chiropsella" order="Chirodropida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Chiropsella</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishinouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishinouyei">Meteorona kishinouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
were slightly raised. All chirodropids have sensory niches located in a triangular shaped depression of the exumbrella. However, only
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona kishonouyei" order="Chirodropida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kishonouyei">Meteorona kishonouyei</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Chiropsella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chiropsella" order="Chirodropida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Chiropsella</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a central flap hanging down from the upper scale of the rhopaliar niche. Exumbrella nematocysts are lacking in all chirodropid species expect
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsalmidae" genus="Chiropsalmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chiropsalmus" order="Chirodropida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Chiropsalmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Table 5. Morphology of chirodropida medusae in previous and the present studies. All bars represent lacking data.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<table pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rowspan="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Chiropsellidae" lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Chiropsellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Meteorona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorona" order="Chirodropida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Meteorona</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rowspan="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsellidae" genus="Chiropsella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chiropsella" order="Chirodropida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Chiropsella</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rowspan="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Chirodropidae" lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Chirodropidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chirodropidae" genus="Chirodropus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chirodropus" order="Chirodropida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Chirodropus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chirodropidae" genus="Chirodectes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chirodectes" order="Chirodropida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Chirodectes</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chirodropidae" genus="Chironex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chironex" order="Chirodropida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Chironex</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rowspan="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Chiropsalmidae" lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Chiropsalmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsalmidae" genus="Chiropsalmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chiropsalmus" order="Chirodropida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Chiropsalmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Cubozoa" family="Chiropsalmidae" genus="Chiropsoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chiropsoides" order="Chirodropida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Chiropsoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |