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<mods:title id="4B5FE0E085B47D166DCFA8AA805DD757">Vernonieae (Asteraceae) of southern Africa: A generic disposition of the species and a study of their pollen</mods:title>
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<treatment id="07C626BA0E95F8068E3E40B1211364B4" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127870831" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:07C626BA0E95F8068E3E40B1211364B4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/07C626BA0E95F8068E3E40B1211364B4" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" scope_family="Asteraceae">
<subSubSection id="7C35FBA491B13E9EEC4089F920520A67" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="DC57B0ECAC18A36A1F2AAC7588B9E55E" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="4E37A4034C67E384AAFAFD1296761145" ID-CoL="4RQL" LSID="07C626BA-0E95-F806-8E3E-40B1211364B4" authority="Cass., 1817" authorityName="Cass." authorityYear="1817" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Gymnanthemum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gymnanthemum" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Gymnanthemum Cass., 1817</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="A19EF7E87942DE2FB9009F1679CEAA23" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Photographs of Gymnanthemum: A Gymnanthemum corymbosum (Thunb.) H. Rob. B-D Gymnanthemum capense (A. Spreng.) J. C. Manning &amp; N. Swelankomo. See Appendix C for citation details." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77481" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">
Figures 9
<normalizedToken id="63BFB859CD486837260545A4780D0208" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="F84A390862E56D71CFA023A9EC2087F1" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Scanning electron micrographs of acetolyzed pollen of two collections of sublophate echinolophate Gymnanthemum capense (A. Spreng.) J. C. Manning &amp; N. Swelankomo. A Polar view B Equatorial view C Lateral view D Fractured grain structure of exine surfaces E Fractured grain showing spine construction. (A-C Schlechter 6644)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77482" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">
; 10
<normalizedToken id="D950B38160E6F6B78F4609AE3F36518E" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="347F64E4425E7592FE11E4CB0CCBACF5" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="CCED77A97967F10FDB75E893FCE949D3" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="E977A0346D5E0B1135068449F27CDF3D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Gymnanthemum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gymnanthemum" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Gymnanthemum</taxonomicName>
Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 10. 1817. - Type:
<taxonomicName id="57CD4BEC5CDBA63DDFA826E17E662279" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Gymnanthemum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gymnanthemum cupulare" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cupulare">
<emphasis id="83A49F00615E0BB7527953669DC7950E" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">Gymnanthemum cupulare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cass. =
<taxonomicName id="916A911F91673682D77528925CBC3647" authorityName="Pers" authorityYear="1807" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Baccharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Baccharis senegalensis" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="senegalensis">
<emphasis id="D3426F5C74BFFA2264A32B799C1EA215" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">Baccharis senegalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="AD47C250A010669D7601BDBFAA0129EC" authorityName="H. Rob. &amp; B. Kahn" authorityYear="1986" baseAuthorityName="Willd." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Gymnanthemum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gymnanthemum coloratum" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coloratum">
<emphasis id="74B771D236DCAA9CA0CB3298A3A19870" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">Gymnanthemum coloratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Willd.) H. Rob. &amp; B. Kahn
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B720931696C2931F74B11105D81E08FA" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="F1ACF72BDAC6331BDFCB950C0A758D19" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bracheilema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bracheilema" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Bracheilema</taxonomicName>
R. Br. ex Salt., Abyss. Append. 65. 1814, nom. nud.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02D7261F1AFCA066E0AC9C9E2C6796C7" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="573689B1907E2957C2D31D1B34273567" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Decaneurum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Decaneurum" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Decaneurum</taxonomicName>
DC., Arch. Bot. (Paris) 2: 516. 1833, nom. superfl., type same as
<taxonomicName id="9D283C26456C853E3DA6405B98B66A77" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Gymnanthemum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gymnanthemum" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E33FD7EA38C645AA7D8D0547708A3DB" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">Gymnanthemum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EA6AE3DEAF76033351F3A443739E225C" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="A81ABE4DE19C0327C8E73B84F50AC927" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1838" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Plectreca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plectreca" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Plectreca</taxonomicName>
Rafin., Fl. Tellur. 4: 119. 1838. - Type:
<taxonomicName id="50C4D1BA45E17235234DEA8366301807" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Staehelina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Staehelina corymbosa" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corymbosa">
<emphasis id="D24D1F87E1C39BC14F0EB58D548C2164" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">Staehelina corymbosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Thunb.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="519954E75C0B1DB8E2AFE8F727658D1D" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="37B58B616DCA2EC10B82810271CAC9BF" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1838" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Keringa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Keringa" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Keringa</taxonomicName>
Rafin., Sylva Tellur. 144. 1838. - Type:
<taxonomicName id="B8C25E63CA6C917876D0F25E7EF4819F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Vernonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vernonia amygdalina" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amygdalina">
<emphasis id="436A117ED5228F96571D5DEA1009AD90" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">Vernonia amygdalina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Del.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D8C310A68AADBDEFE0022018FC13A705" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="CAE0A56DC5233AB99728A8F24B9825ED" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cheliusia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cheliusia" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cheliusia</taxonomicName>
Sch. Bip. in Hochst., Flora 24 [Intell. 1(2)] 26. 1841, nom. nud. -
<taxonomicName id="7326BC2359BA1D359C22DB2A767F9407" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cheliusia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cheliusia abyssinica" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="abyssinica">
<emphasis id="C653EC9F4086F3CD4A4F4FF552CBB3B4" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">Cheliusia abyssinica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sch. Bip. =
<taxonomicName id="95A0E82C56D7C69E53D01A2DA90B979D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Gymnanthemum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gymnanthemum amygdalinum" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amygdalinum">
<emphasis id="EA8D742EB0B6A4419FD9724C07DCAD8C" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">Gymnanthemum amygdalinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Del.) Sch. Bip. ex Walp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="56F3CB423AB703E51BEE171DE0A91E13" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="BCD1ABBDB7BD5AF2F345151FFB569491" authority="subsect. Urceolata" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Vernonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsect." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vernonia" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" subsection="Urceolata">Vernonia subsect. Urceolata</taxonomicName>
S.B. Jones, Rhodora 83: 67. 1981. - Type:
<taxonomicName id="58920012AD924B19549753AA3F8C0752" authorityName="O. Hoffm" authorityYear="1901" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Vernonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vernonia sphaerocalyx" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sphaerocalyx">
<emphasis id="8F067A4558D0C74D6B8602D44BEAB489" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">Vernonia sphaerocalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
O. Hoffm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CF8DB45575A98C7E53FE2BBE43FBEF7F" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="19" pageNumber="68" type="descriptions">
<paragraph id="03F75C28B5245FB6621E6B005E2068EC" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">Descriptions.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9677844E2EB124E86680EE092CACB574" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">
Shrubs or small trees, moderately to densely branching; stems mostly terete, with solid pith; hairs of stem often forming a felt, with large often contorted
<pageBreakToken id="5EF904C169EA695646AF8CD2203F3885" pageId="20" pageNumber="69" start="start">cap</pageBreakToken>
cells basally or nearly basally attached. Leaves alternate; petioles short, winged or elongate; blades membranaceous to rather coriaceous, margins entire to serrate or repand dentate, upper surfaces essentially glabrous and somewhat glossy to arachnoid tomentose; secondary veins pinnate, spreading at 30-80° angles, arching nearer margins. Inflorescences terminal, densely corymbiform, with small bracteoles; peduncles short. Heads with campanulate to cylindrical or ovoid involucres; involucral bracts coriaceous to subcoriaceous, appressed, 25-35 in 4-5 gradate series, inner bracts persistent to easily deciduous, outer surface with smooth median shield, without narrow median costa or keel; receptacles epaleaceous. Florets 5-50 in a head; corollas white to violet, basal tube cylindrical, throat longer than the anther thecae or very deeply cut, lobes with glands or spicules on outer surface; anther thecae with base broadly tailed, tails often long; apical appendages glabrous, with rather thick-walled cells; style base without or with scarcely distinct node; style branches with stout, pointed sweeping hairs. Achenes 5-10-costate, with or without setulae, raphids short to elongate, sometimes not evident; pappus of many rather persistent capillary bristles, often with
<pageBreakToken id="BBF6379B0D4CBC24B0B0F861DE26072F" pageId="21" pageNumber="70" start="start">broadened</pageBreakToken>
tips, with outer series of short squamellae. Chromosome numbers n = 10, 15, 20 (
<bibRefCitation id="5305C8D7B914CCC8D32AC974B9E61196" author="Jones, SB" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="168 - 171" publicationUrl="10.2307/2483355" refId="B20" refString="Jones, SB, 1970. Chromosome numbers in Compositae. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 97 (3): 168 - 171, DOI: 10.2307/2483355" title="Chromosome numbers in Compositae." url="10.2307/2483355" volume="97" year="1970">Jones 1970</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="60DB3E1883B13DB7AD71C3A3E0E1C51D" author="Jones, SB" editor="Loeve, A" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="119 - 128" publicationUrl="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1219710?seq=1page_scan_tab_contents" refId="B22" refString="Jones, SB, 1982. . In: Loeve, A, Ed., IOPB Chromosome number reports LXXIV. Taxon 31: 119 - 128, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1219710?seq=1page_scan_tab_contents" url="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1219710?seq=1page_scan_tab_contents" volume="31" volumeTitle="IOPB Chromosome number reports LXXIV." year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="39A43F77C8EBC460B8737615092BE064" author="Adegbite, AE" journalOrPublisher="Feddes Repertorium" pageId="49" pageNumber="98" pagination="513 - 518" publicationUrl="10.1002/fedr.200411050" refId="B1" refString="Adegbite, AE, Ayodele, MS, 2004. Cytogenetic and phylogenetic studies in the genus Vernonia Schreb. Feddes Repertorium 115: 513 - 518, DOI: 10.1002/fedr.200411050" title="Cytogenetic and phylogenetic studies in the genus Vernonia Schreb." url="10.1002/fedr.200411050" volume="115" year="2004">Adegbite and Ayodele 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DAC1EA4F3C9C6F5CE98EA2ADB47D71FC" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">
Pollen: 30-35
<normalizedToken id="BC45195E67AAD3D9B5BF29E3E388382A" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in diam. (dry); tricolporate, echinate, sublophate; tectum continuous in intercolpi and at poles, with distinct microperforations; spines long, each with single stout columella below firmly attached to footlayer, intervening perforated tectum scarcely mamillose on inner surface (Fig.
<figureCitation id="20456741E0133685514C55EF63795E7B" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Scanning electron micrographs of acetolyzed pollen of two collections of sublophate echinolophate Gymnanthemum capense (A. Spreng.) J. C. Manning &amp; N. Swelankomo. A Polar view B Equatorial view C Lateral view D Fractured grain structure of exine surfaces E Fractured grain showing spine construction. (A-C Schlechter 6644)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77482" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">
10
<normalizedToken id="8314AC19A32F64F7D80B687C032560B0" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="AEF5B713721C2BF1504514BF584D3AEC" ID-Zenodo-Dep="974385" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77481" pageId="21" pageNumber="70" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
<paragraph id="E5E7BB25494CE3D3CFDCD04EFC0CEDEE" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">
<emphasis id="AB0AE676AA48360CA989F90E2C43BCA2" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">Figure 9.</emphasis>
Photographs of
<taxonomicName id="00124FB3F23DCC21B5D6C2C61E800479" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Compositae" genus="Gymnanthemum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gymnanthemum" order="Asterales" pageId="21" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D963B1EED5F375E378E48F9BE5C98234" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">Gymnanthemum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="ED2C4FBC738341F7F0F88B905AD46D2C" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="7270162C074DB6B4D776C83E49A54235" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Compositae" genus="Gymnanthemum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gymnanthemum corymbosum" order="Asterales" pageId="21" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corymbosum">
<emphasis id="29C27CDA37C567BA2713AD1A917FFAC0" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">Gymnanthemum corymbosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Thunb.) H. Rob.
<emphasis id="DB75D4933E9C5F86D4E0B7470641F2B0" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">
<normalizedToken id="2A089031CE1F8B853E062DA358F6CC36" originalValue="B–D">B-D</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0C3BF9B5696585AA97BD50699FF2ADB" authorityName="J. C. Manning &amp; N. Swelankomo" authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="A. Spreng." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Compositae" genus="Gymnanthemum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gymnanthemum capense" order="Asterales" pageId="21" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capense">
<emphasis id="4633D716B7FB1C87EA54634172C96693" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">Gymnanthemum capense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. Spreng.) J. C. Manning &amp; N. Swelankomo. See Appendix C for citation details.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6BFD33D673D89E3300BC978D70FDB01B" ID-Zenodo-Dep="974335" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77482" pageId="21" pageNumber="70" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
<paragraph id="7E7007DF1CFC2A38D44A358CD3386E81" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">
<emphasis id="9B367CE1ABD1D3D575E15BD26FFD275E" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">Figure 10.</emphasis>
Scanning electron micrographs of acetolyzed pollen of two collections of sublophate echinolophate
<taxonomicName id="BB6FA1890B9371EBC10CF6FECE3A5F82" authorityName="J. C. Manning &amp; N. Swelankomo" authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="A. Spreng." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Compositae" genus="Gymnanthemum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gymnanthemum capense" order="Asterales" pageId="21" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capense">
<emphasis id="D9D1090A81B2918D1EB15E71EB0CCA03" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">Gymnanthemum capense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. Spreng.) J. C. Manning &amp; N. Swelankomo.
<emphasis id="D390AF1244D6F0DE20B5693023F8D2EE" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">A</emphasis>
Polar view
<emphasis id="B527F09C13ABC0E8BC7E34E932E8F594" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">B</emphasis>
Equatorial view
<emphasis id="3A336869662E1235789B25EDF70BD7DD" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">C</emphasis>
Lateral view
<emphasis id="344CDD4A58A760FC0E365A591B41706B" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">D</emphasis>
Fractured grain structure of exine surfaces
<emphasis id="4F5592B04EF00BA419168996EA1DFAE0" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">E</emphasis>
Fractured grain showing spine construction. (
<emphasis id="0AC0D826D261465A2144E72BC2BDA39F" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">A-C</emphasis>
<emphasis id="F9BDE1B9D93C7B9DA1F1E8663BA2B160" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">Schlechter 6644</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="53EC176A93044C570B45812B8D3794EE" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">
Generic limits more restricted than given in
<bibRefCitation id="2BC36C7B12B7C104D120A56FE2ACB69C" author="Robinson, H" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="51" pageNumber="100" pagination="220 - 247" publicationUrl="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/3622/summary" refId="B38" refString="Robinson, H, 1999a. Revisions in paleotropical Vernonieae (Asteraceae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 112 (1): 220 - 247, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/3622/summary" title="Revisions in paleotropical Vernonieae (Asteraceae)." url="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/3622/summary" volume="112" year="1999 a">Robinson (1999a)</bibRefCitation>
, see
<bibRefCitation id="264CC9AAE0A23096D8C434E7E3D4921C" author="Robinson, H" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="52" pageNumber="101" pagination="600 - 607" publicationUrl="10.2988/0006-324X(2006)119[600:SOTGVA]2.0.CO;2" refId="B45" refString="Robinson, H, Skvarla, JJ, 2006. Studies on the Gymnantheminae (Vernonieae: Asteraceae): restoration of the genus Monosis. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 119 (4): 600 - 607, DOI: 10.2988/0006-324X(2006)119[600:SOTGVA]2.0.CO;2" title="Studies on the Gymnantheminae (Vernonieae: Asteraceae): restoration of the genus Monosis." url="10.2988/0006-324X(2006)119[600:SOTGVA]2.0.CO;2" volume="119" year="2006">Robinson and Skvarla (2006</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C9F0AA31335A0E5D41EF311186D29CDF" author="Robinson, H" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="52" pageNumber="101" pagination="359 - 366" publicationUrl="10.2988/0006-324X(2007)120[359:SOTGAV]2.0.CO;2" refId="B46" refString="Robinson, H, Skvarla, JJ, 2007. Studies in the Gymnantheminae (Asteraceae: Vernonieae). II: A new genus, Decaneuropsis, from China, India, Southeast Asia, and Malaysia. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 120 (3): 359 - 366, DOI: 10.2988/0006-324X(2007)120[359:SOTGAV]2.0.CO;2" title="Studies in the Gymnantheminae (Asteraceae: Vernonieae). II: A new genus, Decaneuropsis, from China, India, Southeast Asia, and Malaysia." url="10.2988/0006-324X(2007)120[359:SOTGAV]2.0.CO;2" volume="120" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
) and
<bibRefCitation id="316A920F113B2B0A62551A5052063BA7" author="Robinson, H" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="52" pageNumber="101" pagination="19 - 33" publicationUrl="10.2988/07-21.1" refId="B47" refString="Robinson, H, Keeley, SC, Skvarla, JJ, Chan, R, 2008. Studies on the Gymnantheminae (Vernonieae: Asteraceae) III: Restoration of the genus Strobocalyx and the new genus Tarlmounia. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 121 (1): 19 - 33, DOI: 10.2988/07-21.1" title="Studies on the Gymnantheminae (Vernonieae: Asteraceae) III: Restoration of the genus Strobocalyx and the new genus Tarlmounia." url="10.2988/07-21.1" volume="121" year="2008">Robinson et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D1C2D22926A1AD7FCF241EF1DCF8B254" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">
A special effort has been made to resolve the endemic southern African element of
<taxonomicName id="E7A4DC72D5BD17DA167056B59B61E474" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Compositae" genus="Gymnanthemum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gymnanthemum" order="Asterales" pageId="21" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EA038AC77BD181BA4CABFC88D70DABCB" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">Gymnanthemum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that includes
<taxonomicName id="B8BB2DB0D1B4F137B90E92BE5FBF688D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Compositae" genus="Gymnanthemum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gymnanthemum corymbosum" order="Asterales" pageId="21" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corymbosum">
<emphasis id="CDF78DE5F4B5C03F6472AA6418D16BB7" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">Gymnanthemum corymbosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0645EF94E8C88773599E2D7FCAFC64BE" authorityName="J. C. Manning &amp; N. Swelankomo" authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="A. Spreng." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Compositae" genus="Gymnanthemum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gymnanthemum capense" order="Asterales" pageId="21" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capense">
<emphasis id="FFE63AE7015D929D0956F5D2E0BFD6BE" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="70">Gymnanthemum capense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="659DC11A6E1F6F984BCAD565B1CE6612" author="Swelankomo, N" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Botany" pageId="52" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 21" publicationUrl="10.1016/j.sajb.2015.07.015" refId="B53" refString="Swelankomo, N, Manning, JC, Magee, AR, 2015. The genus Gymnanthemum Cass (Asteraceae: Vernonieae) in southern Africa. South African Journal of Botany 101: 1 - 21, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2015.07.015" title="The genus Gymnanthemum Cass (Asteraceae: Vernonieae) in southern Africa." url="10.1016/j.sajb.2015.07.015" volume="101" year="2015">Swelankomo et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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