treatments-xml/data/07/8B/B2/078BB26A429B4C1585186177F9A04471.xml

<document id="8B180CFE464C962A6DF052C16BB8B08B" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="72555c71-82b8-43ae-babb-5a86634161b5" ModsDocID="z01176p041" checkinTime="1247226529406" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Gordon K. Yearsley &amp; Peter R. Last" docDate="2006" docId="078BB26A429B4C1585186177F9A04471" docLanguage="en" docName="2006_Yearsley_Last_gg1.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1176" docSource="http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:17C50D3D-A7A7-428C-9C3F-F95733A3C113" docTitle="Urolophus kapalensis Yearsley &amp; Last, 2006, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="662DAE254BD7441FF81DEAB5F790F4B8" masterDocTitle="Urolophus kapalensis sp. nov., a new stingaree (Myliobatiformes: Urolophidae) off eastern Australia." masterLastPageNumber="52" masterPageNumber="41" pageNumber="42" updateTime="1701326192854" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="57C46C4162CDBA990527587F41302FDA">Urolophus kapalensis sp. nov., a new stingaree (Myliobatiformes: Urolophidae) off eastern Australia.</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="C24B8E4EF9516A210185C1B70D897A14" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="990126C7BED3F99290705AF7E3E67517">Gordon K. Yearsley</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="37FF3FE2597976E4926863A1BD7AA94B">Peter R. Last</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="6D8D537082B35A218205BBFE64877059">2006</mods:date>
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<treatment id="078BB26A429B4C1585186177F9A04471" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6253115" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100122013" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6253115" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:078BB26A429B4C1585186177F9A04471" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/078BB26A429B4C1585186177F9A04471" lastPageNumber="51" pageNumber="42">
<subSubSection id="09BDAFBBE7F365F261E74A67AA1736AA" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="AD3265B817D13F5A9B3FABDB0498A43A" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="EDF124F2DEACECCF93EDE4DE757EC5EE" ID-CoL="7DVW9" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kapalensis">Urolophus kapalensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="53B8927CE93804580CD5CB6D6680D1A5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="09A4FEB6DAD9B855BA0697B73F303742" pageNumber="42">Kapala Stingaree</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="73ED3A496F739FD284636013C7534597" type="description">
<paragraph id="F0B9DE51E583714AC4DCBAA8080B1C43" pageNumber="42">(Figs. 1-5)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B1033CC26D9734DF064059C808CD0F7F" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="D6946DFD9C10B3021AA0B803053BE2EB" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="4410309D1A412498914928E9F8BF803F" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sp. a">Urolophus sp. A</taxonomicName>
: Last &amp; Stevens 1994, 428, fig.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CC17907113DB6987DA4AE3829D0E0EFE" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="AC8089B11DB14AC2A49BDB7C386C9216" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:53AFC528-12E6-441A-B98D-69FCDD11164F" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Trygonoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Trygonoptera testacea Müller, Henle &amp; Banks 1841:174" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="testacea">Trygonoptera testacea</taxonomicName>
(non 
<normalizedToken id="829A1D6692D08CC343CC7E0CD8D27073" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
&amp; Henle): Kuiter 1996, p. 20, fig.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="25948C00A4E6D7772A4EA77DD8E28D8C" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="13E7AB279D04B8A8C5506680CBADD6DD" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0C362EB6-9EA5-4AE0-AC17-00853786187C" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus Müller &amp; Henle 1837:117" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Urolophus</taxonomicName>
sp.: Edgar 1997, p. 400, fig.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="60DE8BBE09B245CF472D62242C556B5B" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="4F31E517D75122612D72F7856E79C1D6" pageNumber="42">
<materialsCitation id="316C6C3BFD8262ED22378ED7924E9811" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480647" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<typeStatus id="8B7587179AB7F5CFB3FBD053422F5BF1">Holotype</typeStatus>
. 
<collectionCode id="5D25B48B0F78C5091D84FDD8678C6620" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 999-02, 345 mm TL, mature male, Jervis Bay, 
<collectingRegion id="6844AFFE969E6FE17A3F9961F566B295">N.S.W.</collectingRegion>
(
<geoCoordinate id="D1E570DBB0EB70A18B7CA4367379BD5E" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-35.033333">35°02’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="F757F14BAD82E07404036211857E5813" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="150.75">150°45’E</geoCoordinate>
), Tasman Sea, southwestern Pacific Ocean, 18-22 m depth, coll. by FRV Kapala, 
<date id="A29A4A0C862A3EB41FA871EDFAA60B37" day="14" month="11" value="1984-11-14" year="1984">14 Nov. 1984</date>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0CB19387F12E79236E52726D54002B23" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="0B11EF3B3EEF6A72827A924C70998E68" pageNumber="43">
<typeStatus id="875BB468884FDC968FEBED6EFE63C472">Paratypes</typeStatus>
. 9 specimens. All from the Tasman Sea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. 
<materialsCitation id="316E435E83C5CE3A06917FF5436CD2B5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480645" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="CDD464DF78578221E751A65842107143" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 74-03, 361 mm TL, female
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation id="773B7C37FB156008E973883BE2BF629C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480649" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="EF0C269BCC65101FB2801C0E2DE65C48" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 74-05, 403 mm TL, female
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation id="EBF7FADB57D94BB0B2EF86ADDA014490" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480652" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="6706D53016CC5824CDDBE7ABD0FC8310" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 74- 09, 440 mm TL, female, Jervis Bay, 
<collectingRegion id="902F00380EBE8D6794BA033605D1E536">N.S.W.</collectingRegion>
(
<geoCoordinate id="5371CC14E47A88B920187AAA3370D79D" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-35.083332">35°05’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="977064A33CF9ECE0CE5684C05DE2F553" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="150.73334">150°44’E</geoCoordinate>
), 20-30 m depth, coll. by FRV Kapala, 
<date id="9E99F7EA650DD0BA716F56662EBB2E02" day="04" month="04" value="1984-04-04" year="1984">4 Apr. 1984</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="33C27D9B78D33D36B4BEAD3985C803F5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480646" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="8B5AB0BF83E15BB5C3CA2CA0D702A30C" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 999-09, 429 mm TL, female
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation id="02110C89533F35C77B187E922ECCD18D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480648" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="2210DD4AF2222752ABFB68FBF568FBDD" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 999-11, 343 mm TL, mature male
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation id="97A6B6870A6A641B3C6C48C4CABEDC17" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480658" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="FE8ADF36A1E231B22BE9A384135F7E8F" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 999-13, 365 mm TL, mature male
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation id="B094851DED4DB6C4C650C0CF0FC9A436" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480653" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="FEFFC859322880D08DC77C3096FBC3DC" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 1002-05, 276 mm TL, female, same data as holotype
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="53FA5901CC0182E4C0425F61704601B8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480660" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="9C78EFECF28CD8D9EE2630AA91762AF1" collectionName="NMV">NMV</collectionCode>
A 25097-001, 220 mm TL, male, Disaster Bay, 
<collectingRegion id="7151472EF09547C7B3B8B364D78F4EF9">N.S.W.</collectingRegion>
(
<geoCoordinate id="19959A3734FCAA8E525B98B7A08A845E" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-37.266666">37°16’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="60154ED8B83713523862EEF89CBB5FF3" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="149.96666">149°58’E</geoCoordinate>
), 22-31 m depth, coll. by FRV Southern Surveyor, 
<date id="3240C5C28170E9ECE80DDC1CBC3E6A4B" day="03" month="08" value="1993-08-03" year="1993">3 Aug. 1993</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="F1848B2F0277C8C0DD8F18CB879D3C23" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480657" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="203738A3836D78F53D149D203CC7C2AF" collectionName="NMV">NMV</collectionCode>
A 25098-001, 250 mm TL, female, east of Lake Macquarie, 
<collectingRegion id="52FC98DE1737AF1251CF300149406CC7">N.S.W.</collectingRegion>
(
<geoCoordinate id="8FB3DEEBD1B369022707CA22FA9E41FB" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-33.083332">33°05’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="82EA014F38B60E72C42AFDB07E402488" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="151.7">151°42’E</geoCoordinate>
), 27-33 m depth, coll. by FRV Kapala, 
<date id="34D58A6A28CAB4A3D4E8D3948954BF36" day="30" month="03" value="1993-03-30" year="1993">30 Mar. 1993</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3133223F76399975A0EA558DC7B2B715" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="75ACC09CB733BDC520835B40D5DE985A" pageNumber="43">
Other material. All from the southwestern Pacific Ocean. 
<materialsCitation id="26C26EE9A6AC2690C64DCF684217E015" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480655" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="021CBB6E56989283A1DF0B0243624123" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
C 2850, 144 mm TL, immature male, Botany Bay, 
<collectingRegion id="41EB2A539251FE092FC29AB2D373FFCD">N.S.W.</collectingRegion>
(approximately 
<geoCoordinate id="7FD5F28B56F1E14A28E2AB13A6FD4461" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-33.983334">33°59’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4DB260B883798AC7821C0991C983DA59" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="151.18333">151°11’E</geoCoordinate>
), depth unknown, coll. by FV Jaybee, 
<date id="C48D0B54212A2C7C196F088883E7BA8E" day="27" month="05" value="1953-05-27" year="1953">27 May 1953</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3240B309AE9FB3634E2EF0085A4FC853" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480663" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="8E822025A6ABCA5F4D396C437A414269" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 74-04, 370 mm TL, female, Jervis Bay, 
<collectingRegion id="A0878E3CBBFBA9871A38AA983207A8E7">N.S.W.</collectingRegion>
(
<geoCoordinate id="FE1876E1827E92DA9EDC16454A5B18F3" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-35.083332">35°05’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4D39CC907F901D50491FE5C15B525F74" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="150.73334">150°44’E</geoCoordinate>
), 20-30 m depth, coll. by FRV Kapala, 
<date id="7149F6B4D9E6AF580190E9B2758A4392" day="04" month="04" value="1984-04-04" year="1984">4 Apr. 1984</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="8CB41FD22243C9B0829A4E8BB8A5CA2F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480654" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="0017A6D9EDEE03AB59D741D1AFF97332" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 874-01, 327 mm TL, mature male, east of Yamba, 
<collectingRegion id="CFF9C4973BEBD9D21C64ABFF8E94B1C5">N.S.W.</collectingRegion>
(
<geoCoordinate id="19FEB654DDFBAFED97367011A3782069" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-29.466667">29°28’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="829DFE875E5FA7760475E1B19F2231FC" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="153.5">153°30’E</geoCoordinate>
), 50-54 m depth, coll. by FRV Kapala, 
<date id="C4668CBD1B5E2B628EDE630983516096" day="26" month="05" value="1986-05-26" year="1986">26 May 1986</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="C9B9DD989190525CAC285B3C56141B55" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480666" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="FA1663FC0DE9785A1767F67AF118F406" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 875-07, 387 mm TL, mature male, east of Crowdy Head, 
<collectingRegion id="A3DDCC554093B09E747A60C78641CDB1">N.S.W.</collectingRegion>
(
<geoCoordinate id="ABA5EB0D697CF113E57B6C53B27F0D13" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-31.833334">31°50’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EA04671D17B818161B32D48737EB0BEF" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="152.85">152°51’E</geoCoordinate>
), 76 m depth, coll. by FRV Kapala, 
<date id="E0EC71C4B49A2D9CA98C8EADB827504A" day="23" month="07" value="1986-07-23" year="1986">23 Jul. 1986</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="B1821C65539A80C0A918D9400807488E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480667" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="7B7A1D897FFB82B4EE84FAD8F5728D89" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 908-01, 360 mm TL, female
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation id="8EFA15FD013380196124E1C79896EB54" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480659" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="1A01A721CF1D99B1397815508954B222" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 908-04, 399 mm TL, mature male, east of Sydney, 
<collectingRegion id="3A4DEB4EAEEA9D8530B6A98591F70FEB">N.S.W.</collectingRegion>
(
<geoCoordinate id="9CCE216B31D8A15EEA5B26C9B8287400" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-33.966667">33°58’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="13909C9F0EAA7FAF20BF95F8B5323D84" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="151.28334">151°17’E</geoCoordinate>
), 47-64 m depth, coll. by FRV Kapala, 
<date id="CB3749270EEC97DD5DAD222D367E35C5" day="25" month="03" value="1987-03-25" year="1987">25 Mar. 1987</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="08F6575508F072EA47FB01367F55977B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480661" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="9A0EDDB09F972D8BCF2F939E44EFA3ED" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 916-05, 357 mm TL, mature male, east of Port Stephens, 
<collectingRegion id="5DCD8337C0DEC896BE1EED6DDDBC06F6">N.S.W.</collectingRegion>
(
<geoCoordinate id="931682C81C27C0E17D9638781CF28AF2" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-32.683334">32°41’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="D26798AE09508F7E1008A1687367DD8B" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="152.26666">152°16’E</geoCoordinate>
), 45-63 m depth, coll. by FRV Kapala, 
<date id="DD6EAB509988F3588F3AC0542EA7666C" day="11" month="04" value="1985-04-11" year="1985">11 Apr. 1985</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="AD114007CAE9253EB4F8AE0EEF4F70DD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480669" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="670A0D1317D9574637CD3709AFB02935" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 930-04, 326 mm TL, mature male, north of North Solitary Island, 
<collectingRegion id="240039B9DB2920A104BCDCE7F3B22F42">N.S.W.</collectingRegion>
(
<geoCoordinate id="AF221D8241FEB6C59F0597AEFAFEBE87" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-29.816668">29°49’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="A84A8FA1C47C15072EE3879B0E69AD65" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="153.4">153°24’E</geoCoordinate>
), 36-54 m depth, coll. by FRV Kapala, 
<date id="B1A317795E3273930857089E41A6C423" day="24" month="03" value="1985-03-24" year="1985">24 Mar. 1985</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="91D38F48FF4FAEC6B2F1D876423A2CE3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480673" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="73A509FDEF977FF3BBA240770CB3FD70" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 1002-04, 309 mm TL, mature male, same data as holotype
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="B0D7700488CC70932EE5941D0FF5FF9C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480678" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="24E870D85E9119B2AEBD0B0E77C50E0A" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 3540-02, 433 mm TL, mature male
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation id="29F5D1324F7B2767F0F12DBDCDD796C2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480682" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="59CA0A7C49789DC5FD0757258988AD6F" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 3540-03, 521 mm TL, female, east of Bermagui, 
<collectingRegion id="143CEBA0B0EB9792D516ECD08C2C6409">N.S.W.</collectingRegion>
(
<geoCoordinate id="097B30D69BF5D4BDC9B3FE1CDE1A25EC" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-36.35">36°21’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="29D7E696C7962245DFDD6F181A0834C6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="150.11667">150°07’E</geoCoordinate>
), 27-28 m depth, coll. by FRV Southern Surveyor, 
<date id="6418A8A53F7FBC78D1F6E00E9FA9886D" day="14" month="08" value="1993-08-14" year="1993">14 Aug. 1993</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="DB520E56F1B70CA074B4C2A9E68B929E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480665" country="Australia" stateProvince="Queensland">
<collectionCode id="7D3BD4DDA6FA631189234DC58A3DA79B" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 6153-01, 341 mm TL, mature male
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation id="220F98D718DF8E9744A040E4E8B70CAB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480662" country="Australia" stateProvince="Queensland">
<collectionCode id="9EEC2FEA1EC6724B17E0A83E6C07ED85" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 6153-02, 212 mm TL, immature male
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation id="73B8F38D2A84FACF7DF4127FD841B99A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480651" country="Australia" stateProvince="Queensland">
<collectionCode id="FD8E8DF58DD513E9DC57E92636B5AA40" collectionName="Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</collectionCode>
H 6153-03, 213 mm TL, female, off Cape Moreton, 
<collectingRegion id="604CB173146701B4DF6B321B3FE48483">Qld</collectingRegion>
(about 
<geoCoordinate id="56AB1A2541957F86BCFDDC84376472CE" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-27.033333">27°02’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="4CDBA82227B9AF1BEB67946321C25B88" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="153.48334">153°29’E</geoCoordinate>
), 79 m depth, coll. by FV Billy Joe, 
<date id="1774764C010C00713DB91652ADB14884" day="07" month="02" value="2004-02-07" year="2004">7 Feb. 2004</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="B5CC70D68FB7FED412D792905DC96D62" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480650" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="1F39C86C9F8089A0CE8588A133E0AEF3" collectionName="NMV">NMV</collectionCode>
A 28034-001 346 mm TL, mature male
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation id="AD91B0F4ECDA0138DC887482D8D7F3BF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480664" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="6B30997523B3DB5E03D2758490A9E46F" collectionName="NMV">NMV</collectionCode>
A 28034-002, 250 mm TL, female
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation id="2D816E256F053FF312A79FC993BFDD1F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058480670" country="Australia" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectionCode id="A50EB598522D8F142CD5E96AA68C108B" collectionName="NMV">NMV</collectionCode>
A 28034-003, 167 mm TL, immature male, Sydney Harbour, 
<collectingRegion id="CC0D9A14C505F1A344DFE43508661E2F">N.S.W.</collectingRegion>
(
<geoCoordinate id="5C7A300CCBC4552C893AB52012AB9C39" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-33.816666">33°49’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="36AF8AB603A17437CE88FA51211E5670" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="152.28334">152°17’E</geoCoordinate>
), 9-15 m depth, coll. by FRV Kapala, 
<date id="E1816FD0DD35CBF33FD690D49C9742F0" day="09" month="09" value="1981-09-09" year="1981">9 Sep. 1981</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC7F56C4360ECBEBFE93565D7DDBA178" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="561F6583A2AF768B1FA087FB58421130" pageNumber="44">
Diagnosis. A medium-sized 
<taxonomicName id="92CB0F9EE56F288DB10A8665794B0F31" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0C362EB6-9EA5-4AE0-AC17-00853786187C" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus Müller &amp; Henle 1837:117" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Urolophus</taxonomicName>
, a genus that lacks broad lobes on posterolateral border of nostrils, with the following combination of characters: subcircular to weakly rhomboidal disc, width less than 62% TL; bell-shaped internasal flap; tail with well-developed lateral cutaneous folds; stinging spine long, 12-15% TL; dorsal fin low but prominent, free-rear tip over spine origin; total vertebrae 156-170; pre-spine vertebrae 86-95; dorsal surface of disc greenish, paler laterally; usually with dark suborbital blotch and V- shaped interorbital bar.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5E96827C148227971DADE97AFBF4AE7C" type="description">
<paragraph id="5899FEF3730071F4448419F92D103F6A" lastPageNumber="45" pageNumber="44">Description. Disc subcircular (subcircular to weakly rhomboidal in paratypes), not especially broad, wider than long; width 1.1 times length, 5.0 (4.6-5.0) times distance between first gill slits; broadest about 1.5 (about 1-2) eye diameters behind level of spiracles; anterior profile obtuse; anterior disc margins almost straight (very weakly concave to weakly convex); pectoral apices broadly rounded; posterior disc margins convex (Fig. 1). Snout fleshy, tip angular, barely extended; preoral snout length 3.1 (2.7-3.2) times internarial distance, 1.1 (0.9-1.0) times distance between first gill slits; direct preorbital snout length 3.2 (2.6-3.8) times interorbital distance; snout to maximum disc width 2.5 (2.7-2.8) times in DW; interorbital space broad, almost flat (sometimes slightly concave); orbital region barely distinguishable from head (sometimes elevated well above interorbit, elevation also evident from underwater photographs of non-types), orbit diameter 0.8 (0.8-1.0) in spiracle length; eye of moderate size (small to moderate), lateral, 24% (22-29%) preocular snout length, 12% (10-13%) ventral head length, diameter 1.1 (1.1-1.4) in spiracle length; lower half of eye separated from spiracle by thick, fleshy curtain consisting of several irregular longitudinal skin folds (when eyes raised, curtain wholly below eye); curtain originating just in advance of mid-eye, inserted near posterior margin of orbit; inter-eye distance 2.5 (2.5-3.1) times eye diameter. Spiracles narrowly tear-shaped and recurved medially, greatly enlarged, opening dorsally (dorsolaterally in paratypes with raised eyes), slightly smaller than orbit, posterior margin bluntly rounded (bluntly rounded to slightly angular), interspiracular distance 1.8 (1.8-2.2) times interorbit distance. Mouth small, slightly convex (slightly convex, occasionally almost straight), width 2.5 (2.1-2.7) in snout tip to lower jaw; in dissected paratypes CSIRO H 999-09 and CSIRO H 999-11, 7 oral papillae on floor, not arranged in a single series, scattered on a ’W-shaped’ line; single mesial papilla bifid; 3 lateral pairs located distally to mesial papilla, more-or-less equidistant, first closer to mesial papilla than to second papilla; those near angle of jaw about half height of other papillae; external patch of papillae below symphysis of lower jaw welldeveloped, appearing as ridges or short longitudinal folds. Internasal flap small, distinctly bell-shaped, distinctly broader distally than anteriorly (Fig. 2A), width 1.9 (1.7-2.0) times length, 1.6 (1.3-1.7) times internasal distance; anterolateral margin convex, elevated slightly, forming a low cutaneous ridge; posterior lateral lobe apex extended, narrow, pronounced, depressible into a deep oronasal groove; distal fringe well developed, its margin irregular, separated from anterior portion of flap by weak groove, connected directly to posterior lateral lobe. Nostril slightly oblique, slightly shorter than internasal flap, with approximately 38 nasal lamellae in holotype; posterolateral margin entire, concave, forming a weak cutaneous knob just in advance of its posterior margin; no broad, flattened fleshy lobe. Jaws strongly asymmetric; upper jaw subrectangular, labial margin almost straight, directed posterolaterally near angle, without exposed tooth rows (Fig. 3A); lower jaw subtriangular, labial margin near symphysis straight, consisting of 9 (6-8 in dissected CSIRO H 999-09 and CSIRO H 999-11) outer exposed tooth rows (Fig. 3B). Teeth quincuncial; in female (CSIRO H 999-09), rhomboidal labially in lower jaw; labial margin of cusp less angular than lingual margin; lingual teeth larger than labial teeth, not abutting those adjacent; cusps of teeth towards middle of jaw more pronounced than those distally; teeth in upper jaw similar in size and shape to labial teeth of lower jaw; in male (CSIRO H 999-11), labial upper-jaw teeth weakly rhomboidal, labial margins blunt or weakly concave, much less angular than lingual margin, 5 inner series of lower jaw with prominent posteriorly directed cusps, most pronounced towards lingual margin of tooth band; in upper jaw, teeth near labial margin similar to those of lower jaw, series 4 and further lingually with prominent cusps.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC4B04577F3C2DF5DFE0D586DC2B6DA6" type="description">
<paragraph id="59D992B78D76EFC46A38FC65EF450F16" lastPageNumber="46" pageNumber="45">Gill openings moderately S-shaped, non-fringed, margin membraneous; length of first gill slit 1.6 (1.4-2.1) times length of fifth gill slit, 3.2 (2.5-2.9) times in mouth width; distance between first gill slits 2.8 (2.7-3.2) times internasal distance, 0.4 (0.4-0.5) times ventral head length; distance between fifth gill slits 1.9 (1.8-2.3) times internasal distance, 0.3 times ventral head length.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DAA3B951ABDD5AAB0D837DE1965EC8C3" pageNumber="46">Body entirely smooth, sensory pores indistinct dorsally; subcutaneous canal system evident ventrally.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0EC2E635CCE5E2D06A2D7874BBD5EEA9" pageNumber="46">Tail rather elongate, postcloacal length 87% (82-90%) disc length; very depressed anteriorly, tapering strongly near pelvic-fin insertions, less strongly tapered near caudal fin; subcircular above anterior part of hypocaudal lobe of caudal fin, compressed below epicaudal lobe; flattened beneath stinging spine; lateral cutaneous tail folds well developed, terminating abruptly near posterior base of stinging spine (Fig. 4). Dorsal fin low, base relatively long, height slightly less than half eye diameter, apex broadly rounded, free rear tip short, over spine origin. Pelvic fins semicircular, moderate (small to moderate), length 1.5 (1.4-1.7) in greatest width across both fins, outer margin very broadly rounded, anterior and posterior margins strongly convex, free rear tip weakly angular. Caudal fin usually narrowly lanceolate (broader in some paratypes), epicaudal-lobe length 3.2 (2.8- 3.5) times fin height; hypocaudal lobe 5.3 (3.7-6.0) times fin height. Clasper robust, short, subconical, slightly depressed, weakly tapering, bluntly pointed distally.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="20A6AC2374F3B46442A5E2928EA04381" pageNumber="46">Stinging spine very elongate, length 0.9 (0.9-1.1) times in epicaudal lobe length, serrated for about posterior half, point pungent; holotype with 16 recurved serrations on lefthand side of spine.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4BCBF397685B05465871513A43527D82" type="description">
<paragraph id="B37ACC0B16B3561B07E0B12E68FAB50E" pageNumber="48">Tooth rows (in paratypes CSIRO H 999-09 and CSIRO H 999-11) 25 in upper jaw, 31-32 in lower jaw. Pectoral-fin radials 93-94 (93-105) in total, 47-48 (43-50) propterygial, 10-11 (9-13) mesopterygial, 35-36 (36-47) metapterygial. Total pelvic-fin radials 20 (22-23 in males; 22-26 in females). Postsynarcual vertebral centra 170 (156-169) in total, 86 (86-95) in pre-spine total, 30 (30-33) monospondylous, 56 (56-63) pre-spine diplospondylous, 84 (68-83) post-spine tail vertebrae.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B6A7526FC07B67D86F5007E16ED2225A" lastPageNumber="49" pageNumber="48">Color when fresh (based on all material available). Dorsal surface of central disc and tail greenish (live coloration shown in Fig. 5); outer margin of disc posterior to eye paler yellowish or brownish; pelvic fins similar to posterior disc margin; whitish where skin removed. Variable dark pattern usually present on upper surface; dark subtriangular blotch adjacent eye, its length slightly exceeding combined orbit and spiracle length (blotch usually pronounced but sometimes faint); thin, dark V-shaped bar extending across interorbit, its apex directed posteriorly, variable in intensity and width; sometimes with dark mid-pectoral blotch and stripe from interorbit to tail base, absent in holotype; dark, irregular blotch at base of pelvic fin, indistinct in holotype, often prominent and extending anteriorly onto pectoral-fin base; clasper base pale, dark mid-dorsally. Ventral surface whitish with darker, broad marginal band on pectoral-fin; marginal band yellowish or dusky, extending from anterior disc forward of mouth to pectoral-fin insertion, maximum width (near pectoral-fin apex) subequal to prenasal length; similar marginal band on pelvic fin. Tail mainly whitish dorsally, with darkish, variable, mid-dorsal stripe; mainly whitish on and below lateral fold; ventral tail darker posterior to fold, sometimes with scattered darker blotches, usually dusky or brownish beside hypocaudal lobe. Dorsal fin greenish brown; caudal fin dark greyish brown, darker in juveniles. Clasper pale. Stinging spine yellowish or whitish.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2DDD61D29414EAC32F06912137C6CF06" pageNumber="49">Color of preserved specimens. Upper surface uniformly brownish, without evidence of green coloration; dark patches on suborbit persisting and, to a lesser extent on interorbit and pelvic-fin bases (dark patches more or less evident in paratypes). Ventral surface generally pale, yellowish; marginal band distinct, often faint; oronasal region, teeth and buccal cavity uniformly pale; dark markings on tail persistent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="403F03413F142BE50E96CE6CD8C820A9" pageNumber="49">Size. Largest specimen examined was a female of 521 mm TL and 312 mm DW (CSIRO H 3540-03). The largest male examined was 433 mm TL (CSIRO H 3540-02). The smallest mature male examined was 309 mm TL (CSIRO H 1002-04). The smallest specimen examined, lacking an umbilical scar and presumably postnatal, was a 144 mm TL juvenile male (CSIRO C 2850).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BC9ED1DAB0E545F314E55CFDDF046157" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="23A7C8110BBF9AA6DFC0A78ABADAAB11" pageNumber="49">
Distribution and habitat. Known only from the continental shelf off eastern Australia, mostly in the northern Tasman Sea. Based on material listed above, and additional material held at CSIRO, the species ranges from Cape Moreton, Qld (about 
<geoCoordinate id="FB917DEB1B0DB514A3E6BCE20001BA17" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-27.033333">27°02’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="014AD8F38321EB5F992769E940B2D729" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="153.48334">153°29’E</geoCoordinate>
), south to Disaster Bay, N.S.W. (about 
<geoCoordinate id="0659871CCA9231509BDB0B4E522EA2FA" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-37.25">37°15’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="535464C649B6E1D6045F24EF96B6F455" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="149.96666">149°58’E</geoCoordinate>
), in depths of 9-79 m.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D0192B2900EE998F47FDC8BE2CBADB32" pageNumber="50">
In N.S.W. waters, it is common in the southern part of its range in depths less than 50 m, and is relatively rarely caught north of Clarence River (about 
<geoCoordinate id="CDE1E8F360571281CEC32321BBE2254B" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-29.483334">29°29’S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="C7C9C3187A5080840485B8F5220215CA" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="152.66667">152°40’E</geoCoordinate>
) (K. Graham pers. comm.). However, in a series of south-east Qld surveys, in which the new species was the subject of a biological study, it was locally common, and the majority of specimens (86%) were found at depths greater than 62 m (P. Kyne, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EA1F89E7157719569F3E3359D0C472CB" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="12AF036F8C04C873143AF516264C88F2" pageNumber="50">Etymology. This new species was discovered among specimens collected by the FRV Kapala (formerly of the N.S.W. Fisheries Research Institute, Australia). The species is named kapalensis to honour the extremely valuable fish collections made by the vessel over almost three decades.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F4094B5DF1327A5B0AA7A932B027340C" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="244120118726561B73AD6FB90AD40F02" pageNumber="50">
Remarks. In addition to dorsal coloration, a combination of the presence of lateral cutaneous tail folds, a dorsal fin, and a bell-shaped internasal flap distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="06E428290D7D2B7173F67E75156EBF73" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kapalensis">Urolophus kapalensis</taxonomicName>
from all other known 
<taxonomicName id="9AAA6C36A294734FE44920A48A7FA1CF" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0C362EB6-9EA5-4AE0-AC17-00853786187C" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus Müller &amp; Henle 1837:117" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Urolophus</taxonomicName>
species. The presence or absence of lateral cutaneous tail folds in 
<taxonomicName id="6045E1A4BB15C0D779C43A51A59D0072" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanicus">U. javanicus (Martens)</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="C73ABBCF6CEDA7CBA29BA46BB2E47AAB" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaianus">
U. kaianus 
<normalizedToken id="CDD378578A815D72647FF68EA53680B8" originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
</taxonomicName>
is unknown, but these non-Australian species differ from 
<taxonomicName id="C12BDB9F4B4898ECC985937D106109BA" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kapalensis">U. kapalensis</taxonomicName>
in having a skirt-shaped internasal flap; 
<taxonomicName id="4A4052857EAC7800A8AB0D57240AE899" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaianus">U. kaianus</taxonomicName>
also lacks a dorsal fin. Of the species where the condition of the lateral cutaneous tail folds is known, 
<taxonomicName id="35246E49864A6D58D6F43675847364DD" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2C0570DD-12AE-4C38-9515-E2CB9FD669E4" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus aurantiacus Müller &amp; Henle 1841:173" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurantiacus">
U. aurantiacus 
<normalizedToken id="9F406FB1947E7D380E1174061E17FC7B" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
&amp; Henle
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="79A91657EC464DA615A2275C51117399" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:026037ED-2530-4670-B762-5336F7E75BF3" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus circularis McKay 1966:69" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="circularis">U. circularis McKay</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8C8A292F1F79CEFEFC0542EB1162973F" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cruciatus">
U. cruciatus (
<normalizedToken id="689E6D448852820C6BC75FFDD9055805" originalValue="Lacepède">Lacepede</normalizedToken>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F3CAFFA67B4FA0856A98EA1988D321AB" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F9AF1BC4-76D4-4A39-876B-BC496F103FEB" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus deforgesi Séret &amp; Last 2003:312" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deforgesi">
U. deforgesi 
<normalizedToken id="7DBA4789EE65AD070EDC3524954694AF" originalValue="Séret">Seret</normalizedToken>
&amp; Last
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="89A2F5A092812F7EF8D3932D1C0806D0" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EEE695F5-2A7B-4687-A7C7-3925C8F66763" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus gigas Scott 1954:105" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">U. gigas Scott</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="BA05C5A39C6DA3069C4CBEF2BF546F8A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:588676B0-40FD-44CB-8474-3106818E987E" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus orarius Last &amp; Gomon 1987:65" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orarius">U. orarius Last &amp; Gomon</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="8B9EF712B9F4DA3FA7F430196436A57E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A230F84A-355F-47FA-8E1F-747E1ACC97A5" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus sufflavus Whitley 1929:354" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sufflavus">U. sufflavus Whitley</taxonomicName>
all lack tail folds, whereas 
<taxonomicName id="CC50B221F06C5F1217342E1F309111D7" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kapalensis">U. kapalensis</taxonomicName>
has well-developed folds. The other remaining species have variably developed tail folds (sometimes intraspecifically present or absent) but, of these, 
<taxonomicName id="FB34CDE6618C92EEBBA7B6F166023EA2" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C95D2D50-7FAD-494A-9AB4-5DEDA0A6CDFA" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus armatus Müller, Henle &amp; Valenciennes 1841:174" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="armatus">
U. armatus 
<normalizedToken id="FEB1ACAB339394794B1D8E49F698E50F" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
&amp; Henle
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="DDB7238319C92FAD3F3D0AB0F05760B8" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:460F3175-158A-425F-B4AE-44FF950E9D7B" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus expansus McCulloch 1916:178" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="expansus">U. expansus McCulloch</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="68FCA20B3A565D7813B1753D1C9BACCC" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CC92E586-7DE9-4378-B8FF-C4A3BD779D07" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus lobatus McKay 1966:71" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lobatus">U. lobatus McKay</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="01590F5D6E6017C1AFEA110570445035" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3F4D55EA-6963-4181-82EB-AC4299AC154A" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus mitosis Last &amp; Gomon 1987:68" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mitosis">U. mitosis Last &amp; Gomon</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E83A113D198E86E8097A1F4029BDDDB3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B65C7743-46F7-4930-A77B-CA1106221DA9" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus neocaledoniensis Séret &amp; Last 2003:315" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neocaledoniensis">
U. neocaledoniensis 
<normalizedToken id="C71DB27615D1CDBC4BFE751EB9D4ECE9" originalValue="Séret">Seret</normalizedToken>
&amp; Last
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="5B299D70708CF8E2139C7858D468B160" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:00F7C361-A5BF-44A8-A798-0C2A97C9FF77" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus paucimaculatus Dixon 1969:11" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paucimaculatus">U. paucimaculatus</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="71D75FF1F607D6AC871C976E45E99475" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:ECCD92CD-A441-41BF-8DB8-47284563FAB6" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus viridis McCulloch 1916:176" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">U. viridis McCulloch</taxonomicName>
lack a dorsal fin, which is present in 
<taxonomicName id="A3B16D1AC839BC6D5E8B929A6AAC774D" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kapalensis">U. kapalensis</taxonomicName>
. In 
<taxonomicName id="7A24D2967DEC7E3C23792A7B651681AB" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:73C810D1-BB33-470D-B29B-BB1B474BC484" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus westraliensis Last &amp; Gomon 1987:72" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="westraliensis">U. westraliensis Last &amp; Gomon</taxonomicName>
, the dorsal fin is variably present but, along with 
<taxonomicName id="ED62D5FA872B1E2837C8096F6F95A2C1" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A77FB302-C4C9-41EA-AD7F-D7DAE1B761CC" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus bucculentus Macleay 1884:172" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bucculentus">U. bucculentus Macleay</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="6762EF5ED40AF7E77010FCA6E77628FB" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:52DC1CF9-7B76-4D1C-BC36-8505A37F9A4A" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus flavomosaicus Last &amp; Gomon 1987:68" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavomosaicus">U. flavomosaicus Last &amp; Gomon</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8EAD625FAC16DF34E99D1E3ED8615B4" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BE81A6D2-4527-4023-B2BF-D7A408B72012" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus papilio Séret &amp; Last 2003:316" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papilio">
U. papilio 
<normalizedToken id="ADAF94FE5A1D5D1D2BE36EF6B98C11E2" originalValue="Séret">Seret</normalizedToken>
&amp; Last
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="2C90DA11F53FDB98D9C8F7EAFD9628BB" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:116FCB71-6DC3-4292-8688-49CD61268119" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus piperatus Séret &amp; Last 2003:317" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="piperatus">U. piperatus</taxonomicName>
, the internasal flap is skirt shaped (see example in Fig. 2B), compared with bell shaped (Fig. 2A) in 
<taxonomicName id="10DCF86E05B4086F8E2F18E1F619AD4A" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kapalensis">U. kapalensis</taxonomicName>
. In fact, 
<taxonomicName id="29B04F9E80E4F0792256C8AD03E5EFF5" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kapalensis">U. kapalensis</taxonomicName>
is one of only two known 
<taxonomicName id="0C6D0E770DC8CDB7F3A91916ECF3A8FF" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0C362EB6-9EA5-4AE0-AC17-00853786187C" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus Müller &amp; Henle 1837:117" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Urolophus</taxonomicName>
species with a bell-shaped internasal flap. The other species, 
<taxonomicName id="A736861E28062633F339E9D620FB3CF3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:00F7C361-A5BF-44A8-A798-0C2A97C9FF77" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus paucimaculatus Dixon 1969:11" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paucimaculatus">U. paucimaculatus</taxonomicName>
, occurs sympatrically with 
<taxonomicName id="C091823A6D548F44B0B893499EE8400F" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kapalensis">U. kapalensis</taxonomicName>
off central and southern N.S.W., but its distribution extends further south, around Tasmania and west across the Great Australian Bight to about Perth, Western Australia. 
<taxonomicName id="D1115B63522F1A506E16DDD3581DDD9E" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kapalensis">Urolophus kapalensis</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="E41BB8BBBAF2B00288ACDAF92E8E083E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:00F7C361-A5BF-44A8-A798-0C2A97C9FF77" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus paucimaculatus Dixon 1969:11" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paucimaculatus">U. paucimaculatus</taxonomicName>
by the presence of a dorsal fin (lacking in 
<taxonomicName id="6CB735C63631DEECC4FA7529EAAC9828" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:00F7C361-A5BF-44A8-A798-0C2A97C9FF77" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus paucimaculatus Dixon 1969:11" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paucimaculatus">U. paucimaculatus</taxonomicName>
), a narrower disc (disc width 4.6-5.0 vs about 5.1 times distance between first gill slits; see Table 1), a longer stinging spine (11.8-14.9 vs 9.3-11.5% TL), a shorter spiracle (0.8-1.0 vs 1.1-1.2 times orbit length), more pre-spine vertebrae (86-95 vs 79-88), and by a dark, V-shaped band across the interorbit, usually accompanied by dark blotches adjacent to each eye (absent) and dark blotches at the base of the pelvic fins (absent).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3B7D616CD575E2A749FDCB3EC625BC65" lastPageNumber="51" pageNumber="50">The dorsal colour pattern of this species is considerably variable within a discrete range of tones. In some material, the dark interorbital bar was absent, the mid-interorbital region sometimes being paler than adjacent surfaces. There was also evidence of a weak, dusky marking between the spiracles. The blotch beside the eye was often weak or absent, and no other obvious blotches or bands were evident. Two other specimens also displayed unusual coloration. CSIRO H 74-04 differed from 8 typical forms of the species collected at the same station in having a more rounded disc, a shorter caudal fin, and a mottled colour pattern on the dorsal surface and on the ventral marginal bands. CSIRO H 6153-03 was almost black dorsally, and the ventral marginal band and the caudal fin very dark; black areas were also present ventrally on the tail. These atypical specimens, which could constitute another species, were excluded from the type series.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0295CB33E144E85F5915ACB6687A63F3" pageNumber="51">
However, a concurrent study that aims to genetically barcode Australia’s fish species (Ward et al. 2005) failed to differentiate between the ‘normal’ colour form of the types and those with the atypical barred coloration discussed above (B. Innes &amp; R. Ward pers. comm.). In the study, cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) sequence divergences of 
<taxonomicName id="14C313B3E581D5D90F81CB93726A83E5" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kapalensis">U. kapalensis</taxonomicName>
specimens (n = 13) were calculated using Kimura’s (1980) two-parameter model (MEGA version 3; Kumar et al. 2004) and found to be just 0.2-0.3% (B. Innes &amp; R. Ward pers. comm.), well within acceptable intraspecific variation levels. The atypical specimens need further investigation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C923532D31F17EABE727900F52A5F78" pageNumber="51">
The same genetic study distinguished the two 
<taxonomicName id="488A797B34273D5EA6A8019B7279370F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0C362EB6-9EA5-4AE0-AC17-00853786187C" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus Müller &amp; Henle 1837:117" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Urolophus</taxonomicName>
species possessing a bellshaped internasal flap (
<taxonomicName id="6981D1EEAF13635D24B2FE7D42830336" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kapalensis">U. kapalensis</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3FFC86B7567EB83D9AB52FF17C9E2089" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:00F7C361-A5BF-44A8-A798-0C2A97C9FF77" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urolophidae" genus="Urolophus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Urolophus paucimaculatus Dixon 1969:11" order="Myliobatiformes" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paucimaculatus">U. paucimaculatus</taxonomicName>
), with a divergence of 9% (B. Innes &amp; R. Ward pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>