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<document id="207D10FE93D106D97962BE9FA71F56BF" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3893.3.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8f4b47d1-c651-4adc-8ab3-fef6cf78b69e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="227711" ID-ZooBank="34FE5DA3-C783-4EB6-A2A5-38FB2F5D8DD2" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460995491010" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Tang, Hong-Qu, Cranston, Peter S., Zhao, Jian-Gang, Lok, Chan-Wa, Wong, Kai-Chin &amp; Li, Zhi-Qiang" docDate="2014" docId="0741E5556D02FFEBFF5EF921FBB8FDD2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03893p428.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3893 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Polypedilum (Tripodura) masudai Tokunaga" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="425" masterDocId="FB789D2D6D05FFE2FFC9FF83FFF2FFCA" masterDocTitle="The immature stages of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) nodosum (Johannsen) and Polypedilum (Tripodura) masudai (Tokunaga) (Diptera, Chironomidae, Chironominae)" masterLastPageNumber="428" masterPageNumber="416" pageNumber="423" updateTime="1698562656661" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="E622A4A2B47F67DC34D0E609E500CC07" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="C6847BC9AFD4A311A7C002410E6971CB">The immature stages of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) nodosum (Johannsen) and Polypedilum (Tripodura) masudai (Tokunaga) (Diptera, Chironomidae, Chironominae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E84508667E5B31C8F8E83259F521F6F3">Tang, Hong-Qu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8F1D02EA6B5F51B2030E7F400DC76C40">Cranston, Peter S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A63E27F77D779D0F0BC0BAEDD15DA6FE">Zhao, Jian-Gang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5BB0CC0BE9170B9C48637EC827403D17">Lok, Chan-Wa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="B616BD96256D452FD77987C7345AB8BF" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B838C623838A8305CAC4DE6ECDB86AA7">Wong, Kai-Chin</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="744053583AED885A7A9CA372179B288B">Li, Zhi-Qiang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="89C873891325927F9C1E921E7EE0F3F5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3CC51B5EADD2CA532353AC7CFA8AC5E5">2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="D8C70ED34FE2811E90B9FCB3BFFC26D3" type="volume">
<mods:number id="034A3EF727E07D9E638237368C3FC6FD">3893</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DA4E74B295C04FB53C28DC137574D276">3</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0741E5556D02FFEBFF5EF921FBB8FDD2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3508076" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119597269" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3508076" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0741E5556D02FFEBFF5EF921FBB8FDD2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0741E5556D02FFEBFF5EF921FBB8FDD2" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="425" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">
<subSubSection id="C7F207C86D02FFE5FF5EF921FD3BF976" box="[151,713,1698,1724]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8F5754436D02FFE5FF5EF921FD3BF976" blockId="7.[151,713,1698,1724]" box="[151,713,1698,1724]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">
<heading id="D41FE32F6D02FFE5FF5EF921FD3BF976" bold="true" box="[151,713,1698,1724]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D02FFE5FF5EF921FD3BF976" ID-CoL="8DG9G" authority="Tokunaga" authorityName="Tokunaga" box="[151,713,1698,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="masudai" subGenus="Tripodura">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D02FFE5FF5EF921FD3BF976" bold="true" box="[151,713,1698,1724]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D02FFE5FF5EF921FEDCF976" bold="true" box="[151,302,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">Polypedilum</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D02FFE5FEF6F921FE48F976" bold="true" box="[319,442,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">Tripodura</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D02FFE5FE02F921FDC0F976" bold="true" box="[459,562,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">masudai</emphasis>
(Tokunaga)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C7F207C86D02FFE5FF5EF96AFCF1F8F6" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8F5754436D02FFE5FF5EF96AFD18F935" blockId="7.[151,1146,1769,1852]" box="[151,746,1769,1791]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AFF8736D6D02FFE5FF5EF96AFD18F935" box="[151,746,1769,1791]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D02FFE5FF5EF96AFD14F935" ID-CoL="8BGNL" authority="Tokunaga, 1938: 331" authorityName="Tokunaga" authorityPageNumber="331" authorityYear="1938" box="[151,742,1769,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="masudai" subGenus="Polypedilum">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D02FFE5FF5EF96AFEE1F935" box="[151,275,1769,1791]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">Chironomus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D02FFE5FEEBF96AFE50F935" box="[290,418,1769,1791]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">Polypedilum</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D02FFE5FE79F96AFDF4F935" box="[432,518,1769,1791]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">masudai</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0E4972526D02FFE5FDC5F96AFD14F935" author="Tokunaga" box="[524,742,1769,1791]" page="331" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="EB7929B26D02FFE5FDC5F96AFD41F935" author="Tokunaga" box="[524,691,1769,1791]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" refString="Tokunaga, M. (1938) Chironomidae from Japan (Diptera) X. New or little - known midges with description of the metamorphosis of several species. The Philippine Journal of Science, 65, 313 - 383." type="journal article" year="1938">Tokunaga, 1938</bibRefCitation>
: 331
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F5754436D02FFE5FF5EF884FCF1F8F6" blockId="7.[151,1146,1769,1852]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AFF8736D6D02FFE5FF5EF884FCF1F8F6" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D02FFE5FF5EF884FE12F8D7" ID-CoL="8DG9G" authority="Tokunaga" authorityName="Tokunaga" box="[151,480,1799,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="masudai">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D02FFE5FF5EF884FE81F8D7" box="[151,371,1799,1821]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">Polypedilum masudai</emphasis>
Tokunaga
</taxonomicName>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0E4972526D02FFE5FE23F884FD73F8D7" author="Sasa" box="[490,641,1799,1821]" page="44" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" year="1985">
<bibRefCitation id="EB7929B26D02FFE5FE23F884FDA9F8D7" author="Sasa" box="[490,603,1799,1821]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" refString="Sasa, M. (1985) studies on the chironomids collected from lakes in Southern Kyshu (Diptera, Chironomidae). Report from the National Institute for Environmental Studies, 83, 25 - 99." type="journal article" year="1985">Sasa, 1985</bibRefCitation>
: 44
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0E4972526D02FFE5FD42F884FC66F8D7" author="Sasa" box="[651,916,1799,1821]" page="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" year="1986">
<bibRefCitation id="EB7929B26D02FFE5FD42F884FC9CF8D7" author="Sasa" box="[651,878,1799,1821]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" refString="Sasa, M. &amp; Kikuchi, M. (1986) Studies on the chironomid midges in Tokushima. Pt. 2. Taxonomic and morphological accounts on the species collected by light traps in a rice paddy area. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 37, 17 - 39." type="journal article" year="1986">Sasa &amp; Kikuchi, 1986</bibRefCitation>
: 24
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0E4972526D02FFE5FC56F88BFB84F8D7" author="Ree" box="[927,1142,1799,1821]" page="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" year="1988">
<bibRefCitation id="EB7929B26D02FFE5FC56F88BFBA2F8D7" author="Ree" box="[927,1104,1799,1821]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" refString="Ree, H. I. &amp; Kim, M. S. (1988) Studies on Korean chironomidae (Diptera) III. Description of two unrecorded species from Korea and three new species. The Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology, 2, 13 - 24." type="journal article" year="1988">Ree &amp; Kim 1988</bibRefCitation>
: 14
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D02FFE5FF5EF8A5FDADF8F6" ID-CoL="8DG9G" authority="Tokunaga" authorityName="Tokunaga" box="[151,607,1830,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="masudai" subGenus="Tripodura">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D02FFE5FF5EF8A5FEE5F8F6" box="[151,279,1830,1852]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">Polypedilum</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D02FFE5FEECF8A5FE7EF8F6" box="[293,396,1830,1852]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">Tripodura</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D02FFE5FE52F8A5FE03F8F6" box="[411,497,1830,1852]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">masudai</emphasis>
Tokunaga
</taxonomicName>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0E4972526D02FFE5FDA1F8A5FD0DF8F6" author="Sasa" box="[616,767,1830,1852]" page="84" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" year="1991">
<bibRefCitation id="EB7929B26D02FFE5FDA1F8A5FD2BF8F6" author="Sasa" box="[616,729,1830,1852]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" refString="Sasa, M. (1991) Studies on chironomids of some rivers and lakes in Japan. Research Report from Toyama Prefectural Environmental Pollution Research Center, 68 - 81." type="book chapter" year="1991">Sasa, 1991</bibRefCitation>
: 84
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C7F207C86D02FFEAFF5EF8EBFF5EFAC6" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="424" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8F5754436D02FFE5FF5EF8EBFF1EF827" blockId="7.[151,1436,1896,2029]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D02FFE5FF5EF8EBFE72F84B" bold="true" box="[151,384,1896,1921]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">Material examined.</emphasis>
1P♂ and 2Le,
<collectingCountry id="F7FF14D36D02FFE5FDEEF8EAFD84F84A" box="[551,630,1897,1920]" name="Macao" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">Macau</collectingCountry>
, the Bay of St. Lazarus, near Taipa Houses Museum,
<date id="FB5672836D02FFE5FB00F8EAFAA4F84B" box="[1225,1366,1896,1921]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" value="2013-12-14">14. xii. 2013</date>
(H.Q. Tang); 2Pe and 8L, same locality,
<date id="FB5672836D02FFE5FDF9F80EFD4EF86F" box="[560,700,1932,1957]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" value="2013-02-27">27. ii. 2013</date>
, (H.Q. Tang); 35Pe,
<collectingCountry id="F7FF14D36D02FFE5FC7FF80DFBF7F86F" box="[950,1029,1934,1957]" name="Macao" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">Macau</collectingCountry>
, artificial ecology park of Alto de Coloane,
<date id="FB5672836D02FFE5FECBF832FE8BF803" box="[258,377,1968,1993]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" value="2013-01-18">18. i. 2013</date>
(H.Q. Tang); 3P♂ and 2L,
<collectingCountry id="F7FF14D36D02FFE5FD63F833FD02F803" box="[682,752,1968,1993]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">China</collectingCountry>
, Guangxi, Hezhou city, Fulong,
<date id="FB5672836D02FFE5FB90F832FB1FF803" box="[1113,1261,1968,1993]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423" value="2013-08-10">10. viii. 2013</date>
(J.G. Zhao) (all
<collectionCode id="E9F9CC866D02FFE5FF5EF856FF13F827" box="[151,225,2005,2029]" pageId="7" pageNumber="423">EJNU</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F5754436D0DFFEAFF0EFF14FE66FF1F" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFF0EFF14FE92FF7A" bold="true" box="[199,352,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Larva (n=4).</emphasis>
Head capsule yellow, with dark-brown postmentum. Mentum and mandible teeth dark brown. Occipital margin dark.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F5754436D0DFFEAFF0EFF5CFA7DFF3D" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1423,223,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">
Dorsal surface of head (
<figureCitation id="17D348C66D0DFFEAFE1AFF5CFDE7FF32" box="[467,533,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[155,1418,648,1952]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[155,1447,585,1952]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Larva of Polypedilum masudai Tokunaga, 1938. A. Anterior frontoclypeus. B. Antenna. C. Mandible. D. Mentum (scale: 25 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227716/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A). Frontoclypeus with a narrow hyaline band, surrounded the broadened apex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F5754436D0DFFEAFF0EFE87FD3AFE8A" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">
Antenna (
<figureCitation id="17D348C66D0DFFEAFEFFFE87FE8BFED7" box="[310,377,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[155,1418,648,1952]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[155,1447,585,1952]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Larva of Polypedilum masudai Tokunaga, 1938. A. Anterior frontoclypeus. B. Antenna. C. Mandible. D. Mentum (scale: 25 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227716/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
B) pale yellow, with reduced third and fifth segment, segment 2 and 4 relative long. Antennal blade extending beyond the terminal of flagellum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F5754436D0DFFEAFF0EFECFFD3CFE4D" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Labrum. SI and SII fine plumose. Pecten epipharyngis consists of 3 scales, each scale with 3 teeth. Premandible with 2 apical teeth and brush present.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F5754436D0DFFEAFF0EFE17FF16FE3F" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">
Mandible (
<figureCitation id="17D348C66D0DFFEAFE8FFE17FE7FFE67" box="[326,397,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[155,1418,648,1952]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[155,1447,585,1952]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Larva of Polypedilum masudai Tokunaga, 1938. A. Anterior frontoclypeus. B. Antenna. C. Mandible. D. Mentum (scale: 25 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227716/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
C). With 1 apical, 1 dorsal and 2 inner teeth, the length of apical tooth subequal to the combined width of 2 inner teeth. Seta subdentalis almost reaching the second inner teeth. Mola with 2–3 sharp spines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F5754436D0DFFEAFF0EFD83FEDCFD62" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">
Mentum (
<figureCitation id="17D348C66D0DFFEAFEFCFE7CFE85FDD2" box="[309,375,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[155,1418,648,1952]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[155,1447,585,1952]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Larva of Polypedilum masudai Tokunaga, 1938. A. Anterior frontoclypeus. B. Antenna. C. Mandible. D. Mentum (scale: 25 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227716/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
D) with 2 median teeth and 7 laterals, the location of outermost laterals relative low, the fourth laterals lower than the neighboring teeth giving the appearance of the relative greater elevation of fifth and sixth laterals. Ventromentum wider than the mentum, with the medially-directed pointed apex. Striae crowded in dense basally, 5–6 striae about 5 µm wide, total about 40 striae. Inter-plate distance about subequal to the width of two median teeth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F5754436D0DFFEAFF0EFD37FE79FD3A" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">
Body. Procercus golden brown, with 7–8 anal seta. Anal tube with a constriction in the middle. Mensural features as in
<tableCitation id="C26A61F86D0DFFEAFEFBFD54FE77FD3A" box="[306,389,727,752]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,299,322]" captionTargetBox="[159,1072,351,1487]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Mensural features of P. nodosum and P. masudai larvae. Abbreviations as in text." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DB9704CB6D06FFE1FF5EFEA8FB83FE88" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" tableUuid="DB9704CB6D06FFE1FF5EFEA8FB83FE88">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F5754436D0DFFEAFF0EFD7FFE3FFC96" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFF0EFD7FFEA6FCDF" bold="true" box="[199,340,764,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Pupa (n=5).</emphasis>
Pupal exuviae pale yellow, apophyses brown. Cephalic tubercles present, the height equal to the width; frontal setae long, more than 2 times as long as the height of cephalic tubercles. Mid-thorax with one row of sparse granules near suture.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F5754436D0DFFEAFF0EFCE4FE1FFBFF" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">
Abdomen (
<figureCitation id="17D348C66D0DFFEAFE8CFCE4FE75FC4A" box="[325,391,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1924,1946]" captionTargetBox="[210,1400,191,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[159,1419,179,1913]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pupa of Polypedilum masudai Tokunaga, 1938. A – B. Frontal apotome. C – D. Tergites. E – G. Anal comb of segment VIII. H. Variation spinulation of tergites II – V (scale: A &amp; B 50 µm, others 100 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227717/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
C &amp; 6D). Hook row II 0.47–0.63, 0.56 times as wide as corresponding tergite width. Tergites II–VI with obvious anterior transverse bands of points stronger than those of the posterior patch and conjunctive patch, median armament greatly reduced. Posterior patch of tergites III–VI consist of 2 separated sub-patches. Spinulation of tergite II continuous, a relative larger anterior transverse band of points fused broadly with the postero-median trapezoidal patch of small spinules. Tergite VII and VIII only with 2 anterolateral small patches, without trace of median patch.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F5754436D0DFFEAFF0EFBBCFF5EFAC6" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">
Conjunctives present in tergite III/IV and IV/V, with spinules about the same size as that of median bands, medially usually interrupted in conjunctives III/IV or weakly connected in IV/V. The number of teeth in conjunctive III/IV varied greatly, ranging from 9–36 and
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two parts separately, the gap about half width to whole width of each part (
<figureCitation id="17D348C66D0DFFEAFE75FB2FFE0DFB0F" box="[444,511,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1924,1946]" captionTargetBox="[210,1400,191,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[159,1419,179,1913]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pupa of Polypedilum masudai Tokunaga, 1938. A – B. Frontal apotome. C – D. Tergites. E – G. Anal comb of segment VIII. H. Variation spinulation of tergites II – V (scale: A &amp; B 50 µm, others 100 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227717/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
C &amp; H). Comb of segment VIII composed of 3–8 golden spines (
<figureCitation id="17D348C66D0DFFEAFB1FFB2FFAEAFB0F" box="[1238,1304,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1924,1946]" captionTargetBox="[210,1400,191,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[159,1419,179,1913]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pupa of Polypedilum masudai Tokunaga, 1938. A – B. Frontal apotome. C – D. Tergites. E – G. Anal comb of segment VIII. H. Variation spinulation of tergites II – V (scale: A &amp; B 50 µm, others 100 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227717/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
E–G), often with one largest spine posteriorly. Lateral taeniae of segments IV–VIII: 0, 3, 3, 4, 4. Mensural features as in
<tableCitation id="C26A61F86D0DFFEAFA97FB4CFF5AFAC6" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,239,1556,1579]" captionTargetBox="[159,1117,1607,1959]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 2. Mensural features of P. nodosum and P. masudai pupae. Abbreviations as in text." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DB9704CB6D06FFE1FF5EF997FB9DF9E1" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" tableUuid="DB9704CB6D06FFE1FF5EF997FB9DF9E1">Table 2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C7F207C86D0DFFEAFF0EFA94FD52F9C2" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8F5754436D0DFFEAFF0EFA94FD52F9C2" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFF0EFA94FEC9FAFA" bold="true" box="[199,315,1303,1328]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Remarks.</emphasis>
Larvae of
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D0DFFEAFE08FA9AFDCDFAFA" box="[449,575,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="masudai">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFE08FA9AFDCDFAFA" box="[449,575,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">P. masudai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be separated with certainty from other members of
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D0DFFEAFB37FA9AFA69FAFA" box="[1278,1435,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicrenatum">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFB37FA9AFA69FAFA" box="[1278,1435,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">P. bicrenatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group in Europe (Kiknidze
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFE03FABEFE09FA9F" box="[458,507,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">et al</emphasis>
. 1999,
<bibRefCitation id="EB7929B26D0DFFEAFD87FABFFD3DFA9E" author="Klink" box="[590,719,1340,1365]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" refString="Klink, A., Moller Pillot, H. &amp; Vallenduuk, H. (2002) Identification Key to the larvae of Polypedilum species occurred in the Netherlands. Stowa, 6, 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="2002">Klink 2002</bibRefCitation>
) or
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D0DFFEAFD32FABEFC89FA9F" box="[763,891,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halterale">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFD32FABEFC89FA9F" box="[763,891,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">P. halterale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group in North
<collectingCountry id="F7FF14D36D0DFFEAFBE6FABFFB7DFA9F" box="[1071,1167,1340,1365]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">America</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EB7929B26D0DFFEAFB57FABFFAEEFA9E" author="Epler" box="[1182,1308,1340,1365]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" refString="Epler, J. (2001) Identification Manual for the larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and South Carolina. A guide to the taxonomy of the midges of the southeastern United States, including Florida. Special Publication SJ 2001 - SP 13. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh, NC, and St. Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, Florida, 526 pp." type="book" year="2001">Epler 2001</bibRefCitation>
) which has a similar reduced third and fifth antennal segment. However, the heavy sclerotized dark postmentum and the relative low position of 4th mental laterals is distinctive compared to all described
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D0DFFEAFB85FA07FB4CFA57" box="[1100,1214,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tripodura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFB85FA07FB4CFA57" box="[1100,1214,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Tripodura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae. Pupae of
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D0DFFEAFA4EFA06FF04FA0A" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="masudai">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFA4EFA06FF04FA0A" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">P. masudai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D0DFFEAFEB3FA2AFD67FA0A" authority="Townes 1945" authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1945" box="[378,661,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitifer">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFEB3FA2AFE01FA0A" box="[378,499,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">P. digitifer</emphasis>
Townes
<quantity id="4810F9A66D0DFFEAFD94FA24FD67FA0A" box="[605,661,1447,1472]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9403" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" unit="in" value="1945.0">1945</quantity>
</taxonomicName>
in the reduced median spinulation on tergites III–VI and posterior transverse band with the relatively well separated two patches, but the latter can be separated by the reduced cephalic tubercles (
<bibRefCitation id="EB7929B26D0DFFEAFEA6FA6CFD61F9C2" author="Soponis" box="[367,659,1519,1544]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" refString="Soponis, A. R &amp; Simpson, K. W. (1992) Polypedilum digitifer Townes and Polypedilum griseopunctatum (Malloch) (Diptera, Chironomidae): Redescription of adult males with a description and separation of the immature stages. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 26 (2 - 4), 203 - 213. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02255243" type="journal article" year="1992">Soponis &amp; Simpson 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C7F207C86D0DFFEBFF0EF997FBB8FDD2" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="425" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8F5754436D0DFFEAFF0EF997FF05F8CE" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFF0EF997FED5F9E7" bold="true" box="[199,295,1556,1581]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Biology.</emphasis>
Larvae of
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D0DFFEAFE67F996FDC1F9E7" box="[430,563,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nodosum">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFE67F996FDC1F9E7" box="[430,563,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">P. nodosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are found in the bottom sediment of lentic waterbodies (
<bibRefCitation id="EB7929B26D0DFFEAFB12F997FA6AF9E6" author="Johannsen" box="[1243,1432,1556,1581]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" refString="Johannsen, O. A. (1932) Chironomidae of the Malayan subregion of the Dutch East Indies. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Supplement, 11, 503 - 552." type="journal article" year="1932">Johannsen 1932</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EB7929B26D0DFFEAFF5EF9B4FEB5F99A" author="Tokunaga" box="[151,327,1591,1616]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" refString="Tokunaga, M. (1964) Insect of Micronesia (Diptera, Chironomidae). Insect of Micronesia, 12, 485 - 628." type="journal article" year="1964">Tokunaga 1964</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EB7929B26D0DFFEAFE9DF9BBFD91F99A" author="Sasa" box="[340,611,1592,1617]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" refString="Sasa, M. &amp; Hasegawa, H. (1983) Chironomid midges of the tribe Chironomini collected from sewage ditches, eutrophicated ponds, and some clean streams in the Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 34, 305 - 341." type="journal article" year="1983">Sasa &amp; Hasegawa 1983</bibRefCitation>
). Our collections from the
<collectingCountry id="F7FF14D36D0DFFEAFC5DF9BAFC12F99A" box="[916,992,1593,1616]" name="Macao" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Macau</collectingCountry>
ponds came from substrates consisting of dense detritus and fine mud, perhaps representing a mesotrophic to eutrophic condition. Other common chironomids in these ponds included
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D0DFFEAFD99F9FCFBD5F952" authority="Tokunaga 1940" authorityName="Tokunaga" authorityYear="1940" box="[592,1063,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaviplumus">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFD99F9FCFC9AF952" box="[592,872,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Chironomus flaviplumus</emphasis>
Tokunaga 1940
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D0DFFEAFBF1F9FCFF3DF976" authority="Sasa 1979" authorityName="Sasa" authorityYear="1979" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Glyptotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tokunagai">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFBF1F9FCFAAFF952" box="[1080,1373,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Glyptotendipes tokunagai</emphasis>
Sasa 1979
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D0DFFEAFF2CF927FCF4F976" authority="Wang &amp; Zheng 1993" authorityName="Wang &amp; Zheng" authorityYear="1993" box="[229,774,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Harnischia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longispuria">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFF2CF927FE01F977" box="[229,499,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Harnischia longispuria</emphasis>
Wang &amp; Zheng 1993
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D0DFFEAFCD5F926FB3CF976" authority="Kieffer 1912" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1912" box="[796,1230,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosanus">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFCD5F926FBDAF976" box="[796,1064,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Tanytarsus formosanus</emphasis>
Kieffer 1912
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D0DFFEAFADDF926FEA2F92A" authority="Johannsen 1932" authorityName="Johannsen" authorityYear="1932" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oscillans">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFADDF926FA6EF977" box="[1300,1436,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">T. oscillans</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EB7929B26D0DFFEAFF5EF944FEA2F92A" author="Johannsen" box="[151,336,1735,1760]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" refString="Johannsen, O. A. (1932) Chironomidae of the Malayan subregion of the Dutch East Indies. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Supplement, 11, 503 - 552." type="journal article" year="1932">Johannsen 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Larvae occur massively in shallow areas during colder months, but in deeper areas during the summer.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F5754436D0DFFEBFF0EF892FA6FFF1F" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,536]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="425" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">
In
<collectingCountry id="F7FF14D36D0DFFEAFF21F88CFEBEF8E2" box="[232,332,1807,1832]" name="Thailand" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Thailand</collectingCountry>
a survey across hundreds of water bodies, including standing, running and waterfalls, larval
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D0DFFEAFA4EF892FF0EF887" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nodosum">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0DFFEAFA4EF892FF0EF887" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">P. nodosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found only in Andaman Sea coastal pools that were created as post-impact features of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami (
<bibRefCitation id="EB7929B26D0DFFEAFE53F8DBFDB1F8BA" author="Cranston" box="[410,579,1880,1904]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" refString="Cranston, P. S. (2007) The Chironomidae larvae associated with the tsunami-impacted waterbodies of the coastal plain of southwestern Thailand. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 55, 231 - 244." type="journal article" year="2007">Cranston 2007</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EB7929B26D0DFFEAFD87F8D4FC84F8BA" author="Sites" box="[590,886,1879,1904]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" refString="Sites, R. W. &amp; Vitheepradit, A. (2010) Recovery of the freshwater lentic insect fauna in Thailand following the tsunami of 2004. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 58 (2), 329 - 348." type="journal article" year="2010">Sites &amp; Vitheepradit 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Sites varied in conductivity from 45 to 1650 µS and with dissolved solids from 23 to 821 ppm. The species was not found in any unimpacted site across the whole country (
<bibRefCitation id="EB7929B26D0DFFEAFF37F823FE5EF872" author="Cranston" box="[254,428,1952,1976]" pageId="8" pageNumber="424" refString="Cranston, P. S. (2007) The Chironomidae larvae associated with the tsunami-impacted waterbodies of the coastal plain of southwestern Thailand. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 55, 231 - 244." type="journal article" year="2007">Cranston 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Evidently the species tolerates high levels of salinity and nutrients, but also can be a pioneering or colonizing species, being found in artificial tanks and water storage reservoirs in
<collectingCountry id="F7FF14D36D0DFFEAFB3EF847FA9BF817" box="[1271,1385,1988,2013]" name="Singapore" pageId="8" pageNumber="424">Singapore</collectingCountry>
and artificial research channels in Queensland,
<collectingCountry id="F7FF14D36D0CFFEBFDB5FF14FD11FF7A" box="[636,739,151,176]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="425">Australia</collectingCountry>
(P.S. Cranston
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0CFFEBFC5BFF1AFC30FF7A" box="[914,962,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="425">pers</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0CFFEBFC18FF14FC0AFF7A" box="[977,1016,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="425">obs</emphasis>
.). The species is found only in warm waters (
<collectingCountry id="F7FF14D36D0CFFEBFF27FF3FFEA1FF1F" box="[238,339,188,213]" name="Thailand" pageId="9" pageNumber="425">Thailand</collectingCountry>
28–32°C) and is associated generally with tropical to subtropical regions of Asia and Australasia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F5754436D0CFFEBFF0EFF5CFF16FEAF" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="425">
After checking all the published collecting sites from Okinawa to Queensland, we found that the distribution of
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D0CFFEBFF5EFE86FEE5FED7" box="[151,279,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="425" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nodosum">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0CFFEBFF5EFE86FEE5FED7" box="[151,279,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="425">P. nodosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is almost entirely restricted to the lentic habitat where the site is very close to ocean or coastal regions. All collected dates of pupae and adults indicated that the species is multivoltine, emerging from autumn to the next spring.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F5754436D0CFFEBFF0EFEECFBB8FDD2" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="425">
Specimens of
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D0CFFEBFEA0FEF2FE14FE42" box="[361,486,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="425" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="masudai">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0CFFEBFEA0FEF2FE14FE42" box="[361,486,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="425">P. masudai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described here were collected from
<collectingCountry id="F7FF14D36D0CFFEBFC41FEF3FC27FE4D" box="[904,981,368,391]" name="Macao" pageId="9" pageNumber="425">Macau</collectingCountry>
ponds and the Hejiang River, Guangxi, thus it perhaps can inhabit both lentic and lotic water bodies. Those sites usually had muddy to mud-sandy substrates. Based on the seasonal investigation in
<collectingCountry id="F7FF14D36D0CFFEBFD22FE3BFCC8FE05" box="[747,826,440,463]" name="Macao" pageId="9" pageNumber="425">Macau</collectingCountry>
, it appears that
<taxonomicName id="48E82FC06D0CFFEBFC36FE3AFB8DFE1A" box="[1023,1151,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="425" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="masudai">
<emphasis id="BD9C88516D0CFFEBFC36FE3AFB8DFE1A" box="[1023,1151,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="425">P. masudai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the relatively abundant macroinvertebrate species in the cold months. Emergence records indicate that the species is multivoltine. Adults emerge from January to March in
<collectingCountry id="F7FF14D36D0CFFEBFDAFFD83FD40FDDD" box="[614,690,512,535]" name="Macao" pageId="9" pageNumber="425">Macau</collectingCountry>
and in August in Hejiang, Guangxi.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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