473 lines
40 KiB
XML
473 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document id="B98DB5C89AFEB278C47F5D21FCD6C641" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1202.120478" ID-ZooBank="D9698204-3A76-4B93-A4E5-E2352A12871A" ID-publisher-id="120478" URI-arpha="EDCBB212-4A4C-514B-B6DC-D601E02BCEA0" URI-zoobank="http://zoobank.org/D9698204-3A76-4B93-A4E5-E2352A12871A" XM.bibliography_approvedBy="admin" XM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1715800307499" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cover, Stefan P. & Rabeling, Christian" docDate="2024" docId="0740954FA64F540EB2AFA83383CB77F6" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1202: 111-134" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1202" docSource="https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/120478/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Tapinoma inflatiscapus Cover & Rabeling 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="134" masterDocId="EDCBB2124A4C514BB6DCD601E02BCEA0" masterDocTitle="Four new inquiline social parasite species in the dolichoderine ant genus Tapinoma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="134" masterPageNumber="111" pageNumber="111" updateTime="1715906299813" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:mods id="38F191D387A6C105BBDB95133DDDC24A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D023285DA34EF53C77C90B4CF5FD3EA1">
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<mods:title id="25840AC62C0257D272CB9AAEA97432B9">Four new inquiline social parasite species in the dolichoderine ant genus Tapinoma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="90BC704DE19E17B6132CDA9B5752EC4B" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="157BFE72C4BC2B38361043DDA23DE267">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F89A477B098142B495D16B36BD090FEB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="7ABC953F4FE94E11EE57F6CD5D5E8AD4">Cover, Stefan P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="CCC58673FE87E0BF9F74A7E835F97C3C" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1911-0283</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="C3C1BD188FE0D20ED26ECEA8615692FA">Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="522A26B03EBCEB0C306985F84D236F04">Rabeling, Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="075058DD5E752B5D630FB23D360D3A07" type="ORCID">0000-0003-1292-0309</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="10BA5327DCD24B3D4094C06477786E98">Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA & Department of Integrative Taxonomy of Insects, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany & KomBioTa – Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy Research, University of Hohenheim & State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany & Social Insect Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 550 E Orange Street, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="98FC387CF01E28864101C07939A4C91E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="0DC56012BDBB4BA758F0B7099CC585F6">
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<mods:title id="BCB7352E4FE22BF45EA9A48FEAEA5815">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="A9BE40F9F84D4541EB36C3325DECCA26">
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<mods:date id="D3D7F011C89E07C1CE6CC25D70473269">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="85F220A24640BD06AB3875360D6820CF" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="EB34D66A59684327CAF6645BD8D13D83">2024-05-15</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="8CB6486CA720528578594D0A2F7BD642" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="92534AE19A8A10107B32E76F0037D871">1202</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="43B54B239F047EAB506F08FCA35AEE68" type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.1202.120478</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F4D091494B90F410F076A764F7D571A9" type="ZooBank">D9698204-3A76-4B93-A4E5-E2352A12871A</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0740954FA64F540EB2AFA83383CB77F6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11200403" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11200403" ID-arpha="0740954F-A64F-540E-B2AF-A83383CB77F6" ID-zoobank="https://zoobank.org/6DB40425-2AF1-48D3-9D3A-E1B47FBB0F76" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0740954FA64F540EB2AFA83383CB77F6" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6DB40425-2AF1-48D3-9D3A-E1B47FBB0F76" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0740954FA64F540EB2AFA83383CB77F6">
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<subSubSection id="2535A5E47EB1D5F98995CC50637CF111" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E3EB33FE252D521427859EBC595D30B0">
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<taxonomicName id="4733C9B1298403CDF1D79AE686183CE9" authority="Cover & Rabeling" authorityName="Cover & Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inflatiscapus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="0600E2E87A08BC7B860402D4CDA13D53" italics="true">Tapinoma inflatiscapus</emphasis>
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Cover & Rabeling
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="BA3DDCE081B6199AB281033E1E455345" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="SECID0EXWAG" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="AE3BCC0D5A0972F5F5C84AF5EF31AB9E">
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<heading id="6B6DFE8254C52398AF3A87F6D36713DD" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FF2386C5F56E692BD32BFE89BA402EBA">
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A unique, workerless, host-queen-intolerant inquiline social parasite of
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<taxonomicName id="AA7754BCF29D0E6753CD596C45145DEC" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1836" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sessile">
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<emphasis id="DA8968605581A8F15EE4B16F7A078C13" italics="true">Tapinoma sessile</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with relatively few morphological adaptations to its parasitic lifestyle. Inquiline females and males are equal in size, smaller than the host females and males, and approximately the size of host workers (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="48297CC6CD9BE3AAE8189F153A5A88B8" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphological comparison of the Tapinoma inflatiscapus holotype queen A, E and a paratype male B, F in lateral A, B and full-face E, F view. For the dorsal views of T. inflatiscapus C, D dealate queen C and male D paratypes were photographed. The type series was collected at Cove Mountain in Utah and belongs to a single nest series with the collection code SPC 7816. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (A – F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1202.120478.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049987">2</figureCitation>
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, Table
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<tableCitation id="696AE24AEC4730054EF2962FB46CE40A" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Morphological and life history traits characteristic of the inquiline syndrome in Tapinoma ants. Morphological reductions are determined by comparisons to the host, Tapinoma sessile, which is included in this table (traits modified from Kutter 1968; Wilson 1971, 1984; Rabeling et al. 2019; Prebus et al. 2023).">2</tableCitation>
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). Both females and males are winged and seem capable of flying. Females have a reduced 5, 4 palp formula whereas males have the same palp formula (6, 4) as host males. Both sexes of
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<taxonomicName id="BD96DA18BACC1A49370387A7DC4065FC" authorityName="Cover & Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inflatiscapus">
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<emphasis id="1CE54C9701393D82C733D679DE422F16" italics="true">T. inflatiscapus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are easily distinguished from those of all other North American congeners by the presence of short, erect hairs on the dorsal surface of the head, the mesosomal dorsum, and the first gastric tergite. In addition, the antennal scapes are covered by short, dense, suberect pubescence and may have one or two erect hairs near the distal end. Lastly, in females, the scape reaches its maximum diameter between the mid-point and the antennal insertion, not posterior to the mid-point as in many other
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<taxonomicName id="0258FDE0AEFCF8B40A01BCB54FE0CFE3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="CDFF00186499A86347DBAA71ABBDE186" italics="true">Tapinoma</emphasis>
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species.
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="74080C2A25C3F77890D06DF360D72FA2" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1202.120478.figure2" ID-arpha="9729510B-4E39-52B3-B648-953A50E2378F" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049987" startId="F2">
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<paragraph id="B22A62FF7235062E2F5620D0D03A5A6B">
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<label id="0C66A64EBB3E090D3B2445596CD32EDB">Figure 2.</label>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="843EE6602068A4956B84103AC9BBB973">
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Morphological comparison of the
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<taxonomicName id="E4694286B507CF98CAF72E3BFD407DEE" authorityName="Cover & Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inflatiscapus">
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<emphasis id="C7037F41D1A12BC61DBE4B141326E99B" italics="true">Tapinoma inflatiscapus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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holotype queen
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<emphasis id="79DB138F3166A14C21E16B7D8AB25615" bold="true">A, E</emphasis>
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and a paratype male
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<emphasis id="FE568C6E6270419922515BFDD654815D" bold="true">B, F</emphasis>
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in lateral
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<emphasis id="D0D3C8359193C543700538246FBEABAF" bold="true">A, B</emphasis>
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and full-face
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<emphasis id="A83C172A69E7A3A49C405F43C01FB17D" bold="true">E, F</emphasis>
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view. For the dorsal views of
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<taxonomicName id="B631AB196CA1F843DE7D93B421058A5C" authorityName="Cover & Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inflatiscapus">
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<emphasis id="5F53B651D1B10936869CAA5123B55314" italics="true">T. inflatiscapus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="FEA053C2E3C0FCD2E5CEF85DC54AF928" bold="true">C, D</emphasis>
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dealate queen
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<emphasis id="7C7E078EF13A4BBDA0FB1FBA52242862" bold="true">C</emphasis>
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and male
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<emphasis id="30DA709CF05EC2E735EBE67A63270436" bold="true">D</emphasis>
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paratypes were photographed. The type series was collected at Cove Mountain in Utah and belongs to a single nest series with the collection code SPC 7816. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (
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<emphasis id="A6BC62DBD6B03C61EDE6A79628FF02DD" bold="true">A – F</emphasis>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="SECID0EVZAG" type="description">
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<paragraph id="6A26B783F21C87480E59F7141222353E">
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<heading id="9A7FC1C0067A7635DA61F4960A97AA19" reason="title">Description.</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6B64AA2BCF10FE89E5A55F08D747AFB2">
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<emphasis id="BDE85F9CEF7333A7DA08DA965E70CEA5" bold="true" italics="true">
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<typeStatus id="BA67F5CB03BFC6E61430FE2932568409" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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queen:
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EA1AG" xlink_title="Head Length">HL</abbrev>
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0.76,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EE1AG" xlink_title="Head Width">HW</abbrev>
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0.76,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EI1AG" xlink_title="Scape Length">SL</abbrev>
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0.74,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EM1AG" xlink_title="Mesosoma Length">ML</abbrev>
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1.15,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EQ1AG" xlink_title="Cephalic Index">CI</abbrev>
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100,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EU1AG" xlink_title="Scape Index">SI</abbrev>
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96. Head distinctly heart shaped, approximately as wide as long. Clypeus broad, anterior margin flat or slightly convex, median impression absent; posterior margin rounded, projecting between antennal insertions. Mandibles well developed, overlapping when closed; first three apical teeth well developed, continually decreasing in size from apex to base. Eleven teeth and denticles present, most denticles on cutting edge of mandible ill defined. Antennae with 12 segments, scapes relatively long, easily surpassing the dorsal margin of head; scape somewhat dorsoventrally flattened, basal third slightly curved. Scape widest between the insertion and the mid-point. Palp count 5, 4. Mesosoma robust with typical modifications related to wing bearing. In side view, propodeum with dorsal surface approximately one third as long as posterior surface. Metapleural gland orifice large and rounded in oblique view; orifice guarded by long setae pointing inwards. Petiole reduced, overhung by first gastric tergite. In dorsal view, four gastric tergites visible. Integument thin. Body surfaces with micro-sculpture resembling a honeycomb. Entire body with dense, short, suberect to erect pubescence, including head and antennal scapes. Short erect hairs present on dorsal surface of head and mesosoma. Color pale to medium brown, legs and antennae paler, yellowish brown.
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<typeStatus id="A64C604E37AD83F7D37EEFA8B47C645A" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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queens (
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<emphasis id="8703DD561172E34AFE8EADF168685D50" italics="true">n</emphasis>
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= 8):
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0E11AG" xlink_title="Head Length">HL</abbrev>
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0.65 – 0.76,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0E51AG" xlink_title="Head Width">HW</abbrev>
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0.65 – 0.76,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EC2AG" xlink_title="Scape Length">SL</abbrev>
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0.68 – 0.76,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EG2AG" xlink_title="Mesosoma Length">ML</abbrev>
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1.03 – 1.15,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EK2AG" xlink_title="Cephalic Index">CI</abbrev>
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92 – 100,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EO2AG" xlink_title="Scape Index">SI</abbrev>
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96 – 113.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BE1D28BAD73D6FFCC9043B51479AB54B">
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<emphasis id="463767636DB49F7607D1F84C11DC2FF6" bold="true" italics="true">
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<typeStatus id="CD542A45A2827A9CFAEFB86690868E12" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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male:
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZ2AG" xlink_title="Head Length">HL</abbrev>
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0.62,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0E42AG" xlink_title="Head Width">HW</abbrev>
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0.62,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EB3AG" xlink_title="Scape Length">SL</abbrev>
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0.62,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EF3AG" xlink_title="Mesosoma Length">ML</abbrev>
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1.12,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EJ3AG" xlink_title="Cephalic Index">CI</abbrev>
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100,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EN3AG" xlink_title="Scape Index">SI</abbrev>
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100. Males similar in size to the females, head as wide as long (
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0ER3AG" xlink_title="Cephalic Index">CI</abbrev>
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). Eyes large, maximum diameter ~ ⅓ of head width. Ommatidia clearly separated from each other; each ommatidium with a distinct convex surface. Ocelli slightly elevated above the surface of the head, but forming a raised, triangular turret in side view. Anterior margin of clypeus flat, median impression absent; posterior margin rounded, projecting between antennal insertions. Mandibles well developed with a single large apical tooth and ~ 18 denticles on cutting edge of mandible. Antennae with 13 segments, scapes surpassing the posterior border of the head by a bit less than ½ their length. Palp formula 6, 4. Mesosoma robust with typical modifications related to wing bearing. In side view, propodeum with dorsal surface ~ ⅓ as long as the posterior surface. Metapleural gland orifice pointing backwards, circular in posterior view. Petiole visible in dorsal view. In dorsal view, six gastric tergites visible. Front and hind wings well developed. Dorsal body surfaces with short, suberect to erect pubescence, including head and antennal scapes. Short, erect hairs present on dorsal surfaces of head and mesosoma, long erect hairs irregularly dispersed over the body. Color uniformly pale to yellowish brown.
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<typeStatus id="8A9C2EAC2A6469C5055CDCE2AA89338C" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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males (
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<emphasis id="E6CC016F44C38DFF82DF8670D5772E6D" italics="true">n</emphasis>
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= 6):
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EX3AG" xlink_title="Head Length">HL</abbrev>
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0.53 – 0.71,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0E23AG" xlink_title="Head Width">HW</abbrev>
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0.53 – 0.71,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0E63AG" xlink_title="Scape Length">SL</abbrev>
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0.59 – 0.65,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0ED4AG" xlink_title="Mesosoma Length">ML</abbrev>
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0.91 – 1.12,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EH4AG" xlink_title="Cephalic Index">CI</abbrev>
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90 – 100,
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<abbrev id="ABBRID0EL4AG" xlink_title="Scape Index">SI</abbrev>
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92 – 117.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="SECID0EP4AG" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="CE6BF8C9028FBF96917DEEB48E1C46C9">
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<heading id="F4C22B9B31841DF1CE9C11A53C0A245A" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="53957876B665AE1412FE8CA175E49B38">
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In
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<taxonomicName id="F802498EDA4ED68C4A04F103A4986745" authorityName="Cover & Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inflatiscapus">
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<emphasis id="3D701ABF557530F0DD6DAFF260954860" italics="true">T. inflatiscapus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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females, the antennal scape reaches its maximum diameter between the mid-point and the antennal insertion instead of posterior to the mid-point as in other
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<emphasis id="808B0D77080D3764F5DDDC61E574F1BE" italics="true">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="551F49D2B05FE779D22C23AA67C93A3D" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tapinoma</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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This unique, diagnostic morphological character is emphasized in the species epithet, which is a compound Latin noun in the nominative case used in apposition (
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<emphasis id="03237A40043AAE34AC0880FD191A8C58" italics="true">inflati</emphasis>
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is the participle in the genitive case of
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<emphasis id="7E006C4F49849C1CD4B731EBF558E816" italics="true">inflatus</emphasis>
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+
|
||
<emphasis id="6E260858ABE92F2EC5A0A6311C9612C8" italics="true">scapus</emphasis>
|
||
, the noun in the nominative singular case).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="SECID0EN5AG" type="type locality">
|
||
<paragraph id="76D1F703CD97D6081415C53E7880239D">
|
||
<heading id="03D0DA1C12D4C4AF277C39BAAB53802F" reason="title">Type locality.</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A1E4F198F6EFD5EE9BE55591C5AEE7DB">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="EFBFCA70BF7C6E8B99136366D1823AFF" name="United States of America">U. S. A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A81BF4C484E3437FFE835FBCAD9ADBF3" country="United States of America" name="Utah">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Sevier County, Cove Mountain,
|
||
<quantity id="785D8CF43D1D2440BE3AB929934B5A70" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15652096" unit="mi" value="13.4">13.4 miles</quantity>
|
||
south of Glenwood Fish Hatchery on FSR 068. GPS:
|
||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EW5AG" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-111.950000,38.649000]}">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="793D4F3DF5D38E5E8FD99EC67F4DE0C3" degrees="38.649" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="38.649">38.649 ° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="931B689AB97A1C62E0C1F36B1ED408BB" degrees="111.950" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="-111.95">111.950 ° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
; elevation 9350 ’ (
|
||
<quantity id="8A159F2769EB76F78F290B0C46889663" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" unit="m" value="2850.0">2850 m</quantity>
|
||
). Enormous, grazed sagebrush (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8AFE5F001D3A083CB3C52238464483B" class="Branchiopoda" family="Artemiidae" genus="Artemisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anostraca" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tridentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9D65ABA5D3399F83F40EA0013802D441" italics="true">Artemisia tridentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) meadow around Big Lake. Superficial nest under rock and in adjacent grass clump in open on gentle south facing slope; fine silty sand. Small colony (~ 400 ants). No host queens. Brood, mostly eggs and larvae, plus a few parasite queen pupae. Collected by SPC (SPC 7816),
|
||
<date id="876B41D04F25318FA71476BCFFFE4A0E" value="2008-07-20">20 July 2008</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="SECID0EG6AG" type="type material">
|
||
<paragraph id="674B5A25680153E866E874D591FACB34">
|
||
<heading id="A430D19E26A08993F5F48FCBEEDF61C1" reason="title">Type material.</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4DDFD31E699D6F8D42C456095897B47A">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="6B7414F75CD859298B6ED5CC4F12B638" collectionCode="SPC, MCZENT" specimenCode="SPC 7816, MCZENT 00806458" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-queen="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="8F4F3C318FF4838AC8D1406A02A22595" bold="true" italics="true">
|
||
<typeStatus id="E6415658A2AE292ABDA45643B2990830" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="14AADF89666E61DCFE6B0596B7950A66" type="queen">queen</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DE0F88F1DE9D8DE51ABA227065A92D39">SPC 7816</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C99EA652A77512F886B421167DA1AA30">MCZENT 00806458</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="E0443BBF557683506537C96232A79840" collectionCode="SPC, MCZENT" specimenCode="SPC 7816, MCZENT 00806458" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="1C826BF0FA8C2576B180EF0C57FC1AF0" bold="true" italics="true">
|
||
<typeStatus id="48E4B61FE2E98448E20B569EFC6A7EEC" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="685D3840C89EA871A196238EA0EEBFDF" type="male">male</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="AAFD00FA7574CF440F32F98538459F28">SPC 7816</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="592F77C81FE785580115F2D1ACAC65F3">MCZENT 00806458</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, and the following
|
||
<typeStatus id="A88DD0446D9F20CED152A2CCDDB021D0" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<materialsCitation id="871B0AE10F9CFE3C9E43402A806C9626" collectingDate="2008-07-20" collectionCode="SPC" specimenCode="SPC 7816" specimenCount="67" specimenCount-male="4" specimenCount-queen="63">
|
||
<specimenCount id="799656C318E607EF281704F4EA2A92C9" type="queen">63 queens</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="34978C64FA44CD74F6A96345B4744928" count="4" type="male">4 males</specimenCount>
|
||
[
|
||
<date id="8542E158FD67A295C4B60E0890DA0A45" value="2008-07-20">
|
||
<collectingDate id="84A5318B5631331B6FB25C2E842DE2D8" value="2008-07-20">20 - VII- 2008</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="EA9E6A25F1F74E9ADDE3B9F27AF4B9AC">SPC 7816</specimenCode>
|
||
]
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F0498DBD73757DA9585BF5356F7BC24" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<typeStatus id="40268B43BC6501A131DBC215221036CE" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
deposited in the
|
||
<named-content id="695A2B8415FD42C454D9DB83FC8BC34F" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-comparative-zoology" xlink_title="Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.">
|
||
<collectionCode id="B8609E7FE0F15A6573AF72081C7FC456">MCZC</collectionCode>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
. Additional
|
||
<typeStatus id="37429C3C3F0BA8240811D03CFD297533" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
deposited at
|
||
<named-content id="933BEF66C676E4E31B22BDCEC185CCC3" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/california-academy-sciences" xlink_title="California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.">
|
||
<collectionCode id="49E9D69C8C1A3C568E62B569388547B1">CASC</collectionCode>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
,
|
||
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E36AG" xlink_title="C. Rabeling Collection, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany">
|
||
<collectionCode id="29F2F6D0508A5658A806AB8D1BB7E31A">CRC</collectionCode>
|
||
</abbrev>
|
||
,
|
||
<named-content id="C4DB3B33B39AE937DD7530F1D68DAD11" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-los-angeles-county" xlink_title="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A.">
|
||
<collectionCode id="FD948B408D19B9468508175D479025E2" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" type="Museum">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
, and
|
||
<named-content id="CE554B7C72F26C054D45E793B81CB30A" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/university-california" xlink_title="Bohart Museum of Entomology Collection, University of California at Davis, CA, U.S.A.">
|
||
<collectionCode id="FA08EC4398FB681140344DB49D535FF1" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kd99-229r" name="R. M. Bohart Museum of Entomology" type="Museum">UCDC</collectionCode>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="SECID0EIABG" type="material">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE3A73A61D22C2B97F93E22EFA581847">
|
||
<heading id="C9F7279C8AB61C828A2AF2385BB74121" reason="title">Additional material.</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="07992832F8DE78083087667AB35DB3C3">
|
||
(i)
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D94D0192C2DA06A8F4548EA8E60CE87E" name="United States of America">U. S. A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="37701A6BC13D51838154EC8FB09D03CC" country="United States of America" name="Colorado">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
, El Paso County, Black Forest,
|
||
<quantity id="EF70034C692385AAAF09AD79B4BE4D8D" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.242048" unit="mi" value="4.5">4.5 miles</quantity>
|
||
south of Hodgen Rd. on Meridian Rd. GPS (from Google Maps):
|
||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0ERABG" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-104.610000,39.010000]}">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4E1E89828A761AF5AF42FDA1B04413BD" degrees="39.01" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="39.01">39.01 ° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="091634A213A7ACE76215013CC2545259" degrees="104.61" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="-104.61">104.61 ° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
; elevation 7350 ’ (
|
||
<quantity id="722E535669F7B177C0D88C7C38C3180E" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2399999999999998" unit="m" value="2240.0">2240 m</quantity>
|
||
). Open Ponderosa Pine (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EAB79F9C544A685C110690949AF9CFFB" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ponderosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="652139287F7800325BA70CB8D14B06E2" italics="true">Pinus ponderosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) forest, 20 – 40 ’ (
|
||
<quantity id="D4BE5C1EC3E6C682969449748733DFFC" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="6.0" unit="m" value="9.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="6.0">6 – 12 m</quantity>
|
||
) tall with grassy understory and bearberry (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="719067FA8C39AFB84248A8129B426445" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Arctostaphylos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="BF39A6832AF8A021E661F17415D3A69D" italics="true">Arctostaphylos</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in spots; medium sandy soil. Both colonies were under pine branches half buried in soil and litter. Collected by SPC (SPC 4117, 4120),
|
||
<date id="CEEB2FA80E8B4262503A31F2650BB153" value="1994-07-16">16 July 1994</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4E34BEBBCFD8C02F500C8EC0478482ED">
|
||
(ii)
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0F468CCAE6F5DF05BF6680032B54AF50" name="United States of America">U. S. A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="72A6FF643E7DD56CE2EDB76C8CE049FA" country="United States of America" name="Colorado">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Montrose County,
|
||
<quantity id="ABF6C42C2B3CC0D030BBFA981FB00E39" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3796224" unit="mi" value="2.1">2.1 miles</quantity>
|
||
southeast of junction with Rt. 50 on P 77 Road. GPS:
|
||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0ENBBG" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-107.628000,38.420000]}">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15623DA50F26F4036B088EB160476E53" degrees="38.420" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="38.42">38.420 ° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C394FAA29BA66B7BBBCB363843C84C86" degrees="107.628" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="-107.628">107.628 ° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
; elevation 8200 ’ (
|
||
<quantity id="15FA666CCCC98E644ECE09F0B4A74AFE" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="m" value="2500.0">2500 m</quantity>
|
||
). Rich, mixed shrubby northeast facing slope with some sagebrush (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D1A4FBDE2E4C70C7B8DFA761E22CBB9D" class="Branchiopoda" family="Artemiidae" genus="Artemisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anostraca" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tridentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B20FF1A8FE928B1FD1DB38E2C843F0" italics="true">Artemisia tridentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), 3 – 4 ’ (
|
||
<quantity id="74867E34529B02454DAE424BAB0F9FDB" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.9" unit="m" value="1.05" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.9">0.9 – 1.2 m</quantity>
|
||
) tall; fine sandy soil; sparse ground cover. Small colony consisting of two parasite females, ~ 30 host workers and no brood. Collected by SPC (SPC 7388),
|
||
<date id="91B59358C2320C33E3071D378AC2623F" value="2006-07-16">16 July 2006</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DBB495C3B21B64140FEA65B0524EC800">
|
||
(iii) One other collection from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="9866E0BF59B75FB138F8984D199F7725">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: SPC (SPC 8076), collected
|
||
<date id="343720EE2BBACFD35B1FF21EEE4257AA" value="2009-07-18">18 July 2009</date>
|
||
, same collection data as
|
||
<typeStatus id="4DEBDB50524545710F99333241F3C8BD">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series, under rock in open, ~ 1000 ants, no host brood, a few inquiline pupae only.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="SECID0E5BBG" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="E1C00DE2FA9834E2319877C5CB6FA3A8">
|
||
<heading id="12EC8B09A8352EA9439D1FEEFFCD0AC5" reason="title">Discussion and biology.</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="17DE5F99CD8E2D36FDFAD8C38D05B312">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F4A8DD1863EF132CCA2573ED9227DB9" authorityName="Cover & Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inflatiscapus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7C9CD8876E86C529F9B295750737C5FD" italics="true">Tapinoma inflatiscapus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a host-queen-intolerant inquiline that parasitizes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CA0853A5C55EA4058C3E6744416DAA4" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1836" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sessile">
|
||
<emphasis id="24CC7B5BBC734FEA7EABCAB6066B1010" italics="true">T. sessile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies in mid to high elevation habitats in the mountains of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="C8658C970918A1606757B0325B85BC28" country="United States of America" name="Utah">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="ED9758CD3255863913BE56B031B620A0" country="United States of America" name="Colorado">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
. So far it has been found in sagebrush meadows (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="416EDCF5F1469953DC19BF7060E84A9E" class="Branchiopoda" family="Artemiidae" genus="Artemisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anostraca" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tridentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="EA37DD29E7711D9EC538CD63B00FC03B" italics="true">Artemisia tridentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), mixed shrub and sagebrush, and Ponderosa Pine (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C771AED2715BDC024DD33D089651935" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ponderosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="DEA36574C8AD0246A2BDB3244C293819" italics="true">Pinus ponderosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) woodlands. Morphologically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0621D8C7445EA6FD3E4128CEF9382D5D" authorityName="Cover & Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inflatiscapus">
|
||
<emphasis id="874B47C6CBCBA2D9CAEF8D6FE059A3F6" italics="true">T. inflatiscapus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FA8142E0C280DA293072D6C812EDF629" authorityName="Cover & Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shattucki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3D1592BCDD6C8A1DDA36F317888A6C6" italics="true">T. shattucki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EF7748D1D687D16DF4E461681C61FDCE" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
from which it can be easily distinguished by the unique shape of the antennal scape, the presence of short, erect hairs on the dorsal body surfaces, and its comparatively robust habitus. In addition, the male palp formula is 6, 4. All other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4FDC8A88C4D97B13B0CBE8ACD29D65D5" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6BAE4DC99E002D66A41BA5A4A0077282" italics="true">Tapinoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inquiline males have reduced palp formulae (Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="DD6B16DAC26F286B770EE78C4680B2E0" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Morphological and life history traits characteristic of the inquiline syndrome in Tapinoma ants. Morphological reductions are determined by comparisons to the host, Tapinoma sessile, which is included in this table (traits modified from Kutter 1968; Wilson 1971, 1984; Rabeling et al. 2019; Prebus et al. 2023).">2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C1BCD7ABA388B6EC3C406AED84C9E439">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AA1D416D8BD31FC1E3A830256A7057DA" authorityName="Cover & Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inflatiscapus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE7A5E88A599CD289C97861D2FBB3907" italics="true">Tapinoma inflatiscapus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been collected from two localities in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="C043792AEEAB3BDBE058F22CFC14C7C6" country="United States of America" name="Colorado">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
and a single locality in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="BCA7536285969A47A1739CD78C0DAEF7" country="United States of America" name="Utah">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
. On all occasions,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36EF29BEB883DC0413024BB5A56B3897" authorityName="Cover & Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inflatiscapus">
|
||
<emphasis id="92432461C597CC55B4C3F28FFAA28036" italics="true">T. inflatiscapus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found in mixed colonies with its host,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F015573E31F6B28FB3AAD7BD007D9E3F" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1836" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sessile">
|
||
<emphasis id="53A539040B5FB43FAC702EFD4AA61BAA" italics="true">T. sessile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In every case these colonies lacked a host queen and any host brood, suggesting that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="628A873C0B4A4717F44628E5309B4B78" authorityName="Cover & Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inflatiscapus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A0EB8A15ED7F8A6FC9047E6226BBC64A" italics="true">T. inflatiscapus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
either kills the host queen (s) or can only colonize queenless host colonies. Parasite workers have not been observed, so
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BB81FB81F274C85A55725F52B3F8486A" authorityName="Cover & Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inflatiscapus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3B5A61C6FD9C7AFA6C4CB018F0235B3E" italics="true">T. inflatiscapus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be a workerless inquiline. We could not observe whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="12C6D208501B44B0E59910953D943EB6" authorityName="Cover & Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inflatiscapus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2914ABB832F6C25F7AFF89E42FD6B86E" italics="true">T. inflatiscapus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is mono- or polygynous, although collection SPC 7388 contained two dealate queens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C16A1519CC02D32C87CB089B9F866840">
|
||
The morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F3EB99EAD00BE7B1A2BC60A070FBDB54" authorityName="Cover & Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inflatiscapus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8CDDDDA3DD541CD0B1EFBF65DCC6F656" italics="true">T. inflatiscapus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
queens and males reflects some characteristics of the inquiline syndrome (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="C44A431E34D1352DD156980C2FDBA2BE" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphological comparison of the Tapinoma inflatiscapus holotype queen A, E and a paratype male B, F in lateral A, B and full-face E, F view. For the dorsal views of T. inflatiscapus C, D dealate queen C and male D paratypes were photographed. The type series was collected at Cove Mountain in Utah and belongs to a single nest series with the collection code SPC 7816. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (A – F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1202.120478.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1049987">2</figureCitation>
|
||
, Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="9719B81C8BE154E34E483C5B8CE285B6" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Morphological and life history traits characteristic of the inquiline syndrome in Tapinoma ants. Morphological reductions are determined by comparisons to the host, Tapinoma sessile, which is included in this table (traits modified from Kutter 1968; Wilson 1971, 1984; Rabeling et al. 2019; Prebus et al. 2023).">2</tableCitation>
|
||
), but the degree of specialization is not nearly as pronounced as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F1106ACED56885750C32B0C22BA4D639" authorityName="Cover & Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incognitum">
|
||
<emphasis id="BCE1001396A5BF773BAB58F98454FBF4" italics="true">T. incognitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B62A60A908C59C7DFD9EC3A903D3C823" authorityName="Cover & Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchellum">
|
||
<emphasis id="95030D433FA5917A46E74E91C0174AAD" italics="true">T. pulchellum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9E2B648F9CBA69BEB485F54C66063D40" authorityName="Cover & Rabeling" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inflatiscapus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CE5701232B16143CB669BC73F1B8D25" italics="true">Tapinoma inflatiscapus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
alates are smaller than those of the host and approximately the size of host workers. The number of antennal segments is not reduced, and the palp count is reduced in the queens (palp formula 5, 3), but not in males. The mandibles are normal in size and dentation. Both queens and males are winged and mesosomal development is robust, thus the wings appear to be functional and dispersal by flight probable. Mating may take place outside of the nest. If so, there may be less inbreeding and much better dispersal than in inquilines where mating takes place inside the host nest and where flight is problematic or impossible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |