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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="62488" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" ID-GBIF-Dataset="30f0f54f-e5af-493f-b792-c1c661ef03bf" ID-PMC="PMC9849010" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-198-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" ID-PubMed="36760991" ModsDocID="1314-2003-198-1" checkinTime="1654168732655" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Aubriot, Xavier &amp; Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2022" docId="055E4DE2FF4FAC9BE75FB5437DC167D1" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 198: 1-270" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 198" docPubDate="2022-06-01" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" docTitle="Solanum cyanocarphium Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 13: 700. 1826." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" masterDocTitle="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="270" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732649590965" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="5BF35265E33F4EDB0D91B335BC036603" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="F1319C557F56B20FC66AC2CBDCBBD585">A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="A7E4C0EE1E637BF43C8B0DFEE4B9F385" type="personal">
<mods:role id="7414815C514C161D10EDB3007323D05E">
<mods:roleTerm id="C966ADBDD2EB1D54E1CE60A398609CC7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D77BDCBBE5DA28818991089B7D45F9CA">Aubriot, Xavier</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="14EC596E8221D22E3E65204761831B97">Universite Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France &amp; The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="06A2A7CD331B623AAE45516297DDD8B4" type="personal">
<mods:role id="ADD8F6747B729AB9AB326A6DA88916B9">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="22874F73B32D6427B4E9978DC6F3F7A3">Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="0CD09E7B4481298999306B7D9C28B47D" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="21A1A242298CEBE5C66D1A9972B403F5">The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="3A88A5C3BFD8F6CEFBE2BAA920256A4D" type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="5EE6A97911589C8CB496D4D55C34BBC0">PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="C1BA81739F4DBF4ED5DA2A01F7F9F97E">
<mods:date id="64F4A64766B55F7B06B3E8C1F631A4A0">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2965ED9BF673543629C9B08878DE038F">2022-06-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="8B19FEAEE0E0633693A3D1FD72FF52A4">198</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="EB9887277BCF79AB3B4A87131FE330D9">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="67971BDD359E881C0EDBA8FB3CA4E5A1">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="2D6DB91E07A07DC653AA028C9A0EFC36" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="631004CFC11E67B29B4DFCE1E1C55ECB" type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-198-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="055E4DE2FF4FAC9BE75FB5437DC167D1" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195723679" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:055E4DE2FF4FAC9BE75FB5437DC167D1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/055E4DE2FF4FAC9BE75FB5437DC167D1" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Solanaceae">
<subSubSection id="134F35A624C2E2DE0A7010DD19F7E867" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3B25794918B3730FA2613D0F9171A643" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
10.
<taxonomicName id="D43A8EA3578DE14423D5C0A7A20F4227" ID-CoL="4Y267" authority="Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 13: 700. 1826." authorityName="Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 13: 700. 1826." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">Solanum cyanocarphium Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 13: 700. 1826.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="94D0A8591E608048A2D22CF2A039F9F3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="40994EBD23EF8FC1E1D7D914CBB8B609" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation id="ABBD10975401EFD43BCB7BE275B1B0B8" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Diversity of habits and habitats for Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum in tropical Asia A Solanum giganteum, a small tree of the tropical forest understory in India and Sri Lanka (field photograph, unvouchered, India) B S. trilobatum, a scandent species in its typical habitat, along the road in mangrove area (Meeboonya et al. RM 245, Thailand) C S. lasiocarpum, an erect shrub found in disturbed and human inhabited areas where it is often cultivated (Meeboonya et al. RM 272, Thailand) D S. cyanocarphium, a creeper with decumbent stems in forest understory (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) E S. camranhense, a scandent shrub endemic to the coastal dunes of South Vietnam (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) F S. insanum, the wild progenitor of the brinjal eggplant usually found in degraded areas (Meeboonya et al. RM 305, Thailand). Photograph credits: A S. More B, C, F X. Aubriot; D M. Nuraliev E S. Hul." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689694" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 1D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="2F38A490EE3EAC725D6924D110B52ED8" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Diversity of fruits and seeds in tropical Asian spiny solanums A large oval fruit of Solanum insanum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126918, India) B condensed infructescence and small rounded fruits of Solanum hovei (field photograph, unvouchered, India) C large rounded hairy fruit of S. involucratum with strongly accrescent and spiny calyx (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) D small rounded fruit of Solanum pubescens with elongated calyx lobes (Sampath Kumar et al. 126956, India) E rounded fruit of Solanum cyanocarphium with strongly accrescent and spiny calyx (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) F small rounded fruit of S. trilobatum in transverse cut (Meeboonya et al. RM 242, Thailand) G rounded fruit and accrescent calyx of S. praetermissum in transverse cut (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) H oval fruit of Solanum virginianum in transverse cut (field photograph, unvouchered, India). Photograph credits: A, B, D, F, H X. Aubriot C, E, G M. Nuraliev." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689697" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 4E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="2E3F1AE0BF04562334D4FA55D5797057" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Solanum cyanocarphium Blume A herbarium specimen collected in Vietnam in 1929 (Lichy 18, P 00055844) B detail of the leaves and prickles (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) C detail view of a flower (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) D detail view of a fruit (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A CC-BY, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris B-D M. Nuraliev." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689709" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 16</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2684D48D06E15FE9F3163A3C24C32EFB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="78CA42945EB598BF7613CBBEBC923394" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="6FFB8211D8759B5459297EAA3A51B345" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sarmentosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sarmentosum">Solanum sarmentosum</taxonomicName>
Nees, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17(1): 58. 1834, nom. illeg., non
<taxonomicName id="F03873359D1DCB4EA862DC82AB82C37F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sarmentosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sarmentosum">Solanum sarmentosum</taxonomicName>
Lam., 1794. Type. Malaysia. Penang: Sin. loc., 1822,
<emphasis id="AFDBFBF3805CCEF9C28C2252B57E0930" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N. Wallich s.n.</emphasis>
[Wallich Catal. 2628f] (lectotype, designated here: GZU [GZU000255826]; isolectotype: BM [BM000886340], K-W [K001116668]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96EB1AB6A57AC76E1C3FACDC47B5D4D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="7BEC4C4A84353F7C5ED0111A596E32CE" authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum bullatorugosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bullatorugosum">Solanum bullatorugosum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 236. 1852. Type. Indonesia. Java: Sin. loc.,
<emphasis id="38644BB68FDB8AD2B025615BB743D3D8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H. Zollinger 1018</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: G-DC [G00145849]; isolectotypes: G [G00301680], P [P00369075, P00369076]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="695F87AC93C14625BB61F10D45A4393A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="CF7AB8F3E8213826686619C5353B174B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum maingayi" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maingayi">Solanum maingayi</taxonomicName>
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 454. 1891. Type. Malaysia. Malacca: Sin. loc.,
<emphasis id="0E996AA2F8A0B9C0AE358D47AB08C547" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A.C. Maingay 1158</emphasis>
(lectotype designated by
<bibRefCitation id="120435A3901F3B691107BC44DE3AD662" author="Turner, IM" journalOrPublisher="Gardens' Bulletin (Singapore)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="39 - 41" refId="B248" refString="Turner, IM, 1998. Nomenclatural changes for four Malayan species in Phrynium (Marantaceae), Solanum (Solanaceae), Stachyphrynium (Marantaceae) and Boesenbergia (Zingiberaceae). Gardens' Bulletin (Singapore) 50: 39 - 41" title="Nomenclatural changes for four Malayan species in Phrynium (Marantaceae), Solanum (Solanaceae), Stachyphrynium (Marantaceae) and Boesenbergia (Zingiberaceae)." volume="50" year="1998">Turner 1998</bibRefCitation>
, p. 40, as
<normalizedToken id="99F24B4B5186740775E4CDB61B918DDE" originalValue="“holotype”">&quot;holotype&quot;</normalizedToken>
: K [K001080494]; isolectotype: LAE [acc. # 229591]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A38302CBD82D273E83F91B60689CFF2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="7B831E5566049EA8CD5B7AEC27455B96" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sparsiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sparsiflorum">Solanum sparsiflorum</taxonomicName>
Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 5: 1838. 1913, nom. illeg., non
<taxonomicName id="A1011CB2A8E4715A8FFABCF548A1FFE1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sparsiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sparsiflorum">Solanum sparsiflorum</taxonomicName>
Dammer, 1912. Type. Philippines. MIMAROPA: &quot;Puerto Princesa (Mount Pulgar), Province of Palawan, Island of Palawan&quot;, May 1911,
<emphasis id="922405BB0F1996003FB545FD137D2FAA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A.D.E. Elmer 13157</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: GH [00077851]; isolectotypes: BISH [BISH1005088], BM [BM000778206], CAL [acc. # 316497], E [E00273861], F [acc. # 384070, v0073463F], G [G00343321], HBG [HBG511492], K [K000195917], L [L0003665], LAE [acc. # 229593], LE, MO [acc. # 706769, MO-2289036], NY [00172293], P [P00379711], W [acc. # 1913-0005906], U [U0113978], US [00027804, acc. # 873055]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="215E2EF9488F79F0518D9530C1E4B53A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="D1C69BD31F30E3D6B4CAA23C955EA6EE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum thorelii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thorelii">Solanum thorelii</taxonomicName>
Bonati, Bull. Soc. Bot.
<normalizedToken id="77D6A9B74DEA52F6CC717E4150E7BFEC" originalValue="Genève">Geneve</normalizedToken>
, 1913,
<normalizedToken id="04E10D3DD34A1913387530D273A3FBE0" originalValue="sér">ser</normalizedToken>
. 2, 5: 310. 1914. Type. Vietnam.
<normalizedToken id="84F74F354DDC89C4B31C8BAEA69E1A5C" originalValue="Tây">Tay</normalizedToken>
Ninh:
<normalizedToken id="EAFDC2DA9E1C49AA4B1C1B0AB201E734" originalValue="“Caï">&quot;Cai</normalizedToken>
Cong, environs de village&quot;, 1862,
<emphasis id="083892CBA2F90B518F722AE060EF5B88" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. Thorel 1419</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: P [P00054148]; isolectotypes: P [P00054149, P00054150]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F15A8903A9B46732B90FE123FD595C0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="96105A64B25CC9DBD5D0124D27D634DA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sakhanii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sakhanii">Solanum sakhanii</taxonomicName>
Hul, Fl. Photogr. Cambodge 522. 2013. Type. Cambodia. Sihanoukville:
<normalizedToken id="85DF14C2BACA54696D8E46AC7F7293D7" originalValue="“Sihanoukville”">&quot;Sihanoukville&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 3 May 2008,
<emphasis id="43885FB502032C5ED8F8BB1DFC24A0BA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K.C. Cheng et al. CL929</emphasis>
(holotype: P [P00836398]; isotypes: P [P00836399, P00836400]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B31D2D495E8BB6B1618052EC71AC2733" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C3CDBE4001BF8730714BDC71142B83CD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus id="63F5AD6CF4CC5B100068EB3DF7D2F5EE">Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E9F52ABB297FE45F58B6877D378D50E3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation id="1F5F7090D6B091B2B073FCB2F2F7CF38" collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" collectorName="C. L. Blume" country="Indonesia" location="Java" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Java" typeStatus="lectotype">
<collectingCountry id="D6EDFD4A38E92181CC1129D8C8295703" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="8D6134964B4AED3354376CF6E28762DC" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
:
<collectingRegion id="2C1A700B4309937F3EA968BD0E3A2492" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Barat">West Java</collectingRegion>
[&quot;in oryzetis siccis montium Seribu&quot; Curug Seribu near Bogor; from protologue],
<emphasis id="8834C519750D1CFBFB01CF26CB38B003" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName id="76469C052DF1957C8BC3F0F1EB6C1A89">C.L. Blume</collectorName>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="CE865D735ED3C1E435CF7021CD20E080">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here: L [L0003630])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9975C33A691A60946CAB6D395B982F75" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF9FFEFFB421130F2648645712DE133" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F0D10B81F6048B4681AB8248E4D4F2A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herbs to small shrubs, creeping over the ground, to 1 m tall, armed. Stems decumbent, terete, black to dark brownish, prickly and sparsely stellate-pubescent; prickles to 5 mm long, to 2.5 mm in diameter at the base, straight or curved at the tip, awl-shaped to deltate, flattened, pale yellow in dry material, tan or purplish black in live plants, glabrescent; trichomes porrect-stellate, sessile to stalked, the stalks to 0.1 mm long, the rays 4-7, 0.1-0.4 mm long, the midpoints absent or to 0.4 mm long, sometimes purplish black in live plants; new growth moderately to densely stellate-pubescent, light green in dry material; bark of older stems brownish grey, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Sympodial units plurifoliate, the leaves usually not geminate. Leaves simple, more or less deeply lobed, the blades 4.5-9 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, ca. 2 times longer than wide, elliptic to ovate, chartaceous, slightly discolorous, moderately prickly with 3-7 prickles per leaf side, the prickles to 1 cm long, to 1 mm wide at the base, straight at the tip, awl-shaped, conical, pale yellow in dried material sometimes purplish black in live plants, glabrous; adaxial surface mid-green, moderately stellate-pubescent, the stellate trichomes porrect, sessile to stalked, the stalks to 0.1 mm long, the rays 3-5, 0.1-0.4 mm long, the midpoints to 1 mm long, 2-3 times longer than the rays; abaxial surface light green, moderately stellate-pubescent with trichomes like those of the adaxial surface; major veins 4-5 pairs, drying dark; base cuneate to truncate; margins shallowly to deeply lobed, the lobes 1-4 on each side, 0.5-1 cm long, deltate to oblong, apically rounded, the sinuses extending up to halfway to the midrib; apex rounded to acute; petiole 0.7-2.2 cm long, 1/8-1/5 of the leaf blade length, moderately stellate-pubescent, armed with 1-4 prickles like those of the blades. Inflorescences 1.5-3.5 cm long, apparently lateral, unbranched, with ca. 1-4 flowers, 1-2 flowers open at any one time, sparsely to moderately stellate-pubescent with trichomes like those of the stems but with longer midpoints, unarmed; peduncle 0-8 mm long, unarmed; pedicels 0.5-2 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the apex, spreading to erect to somewhat nodding at anthesis, unarmed or with 1-11(-16) prickles, moderately stellate-pubescent with trichomes like those of the inflorescence axes, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced 0.5-6(-18) mm apart. Buds globose to oval, strongly included in the calyx lobes. Flowers 5-merous, apparently all perfect. Calyx with the tube 2-4 mm long, campanulate, the lobes 2-5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, narrowly deltate, apically acute, densely prickly and stellate-pubescent abaxially with numerous prickles and trichomes like those of the pedicels but with shorter midpoints. Corolla 1-1.5 cm in diameter, white or purple, stellate, lobed ca. 1/2 of the way to the base, the lobes 3-6 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, deltate, spreading or somewhat campanulate and erect (not spreading and perpendicular to the pedicel) at anthesis, glabrous adaxially, moderately to densely stellate pubescent abaxially, the trichomes often purple-tinged. Stamens equal; anthers 3-5 mm long, ca. 0.5 mm wide, connivent, tapering, orange, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores directed distally, not elongating to slits with drying; filament tube minute, glabrous; free portion of the filaments ca. 1 mm long, glabrous. Ovary conical, minutely glandular-puberulent; style ca. 5 mm long, slender, curved at the apex, glabrous; stigma capitate, the surface minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry, 1-4 per infructescence, 1-1.6 cm in diameter, red when mature, the pericarp thin and smooth, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 2.5-4 cm long, 0.5-1 mm in diameter at the base, 1-1.5 mm in diameter at the apex, woody, deflexed and nodding, unarmed or with 1-10 prickles; fruiting calyx lobes elongating to 1.3 cm long, 1/2-3/4 the length of the mature fruit, the tips slightly reflexed, usually completely enclosing at least the lower half of the berry, with 6-17(-24) prickles, these often purplish black. Seeds 85-170 per berry, 1.75-2 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, flattened reniform, dull yellow, the surface minutely pitted, the testal cells sinuate in shape. Chromosome number: not known.</paragraph>
<caption id="533E766EFC4768311A547C2B546F2667" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689709" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 16" startId="F16">
<paragraph id="D895EE855D7507852D6EB6674C34DEB3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="8E6D9F91E7E47A1DAF7C931FBC8655A5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B48F0729329A20CE2162FC250E9732B8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
<emphasis id="7A8BB48819AD6F6EB9D5B1EBA420FCF9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum cyanocarphium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Blume
<emphasis id="A391FEDA4127B302436B68B6FF07CDDF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
herbarium specimen collected in Vietnam in 1929 (
<emphasis id="E763F40E8A09CA0929F6743B416BEDB5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lichy 18</emphasis>
, P00055844)
<emphasis id="BD4E2241E701D78E10C54CC4E4C6391E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
detail of the leaves and prickles (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam)
<emphasis id="F8781B17482A164306B586DD6A7855A3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
detail view of a flower (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam)
<emphasis id="DD30AF56413F0C7F70D7A5EAA80C7D0C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
detail view of a fruit (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam). Photograph credits:
<emphasis id="E3AC1987950600831DD7A5AE3F6BF6E6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
CC-BY,
<normalizedToken id="1FB69CAB860C438523458DA7D5AC38E9" originalValue="Muséum">Museum</normalizedToken>
national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris
<emphasis id="EF21972C68F7A4EB0DB94BC08CCA9680" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B-D</emphasis>
M. Nuraliev.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6382C73CF6F6804981D510B232D1AE5F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D15588E4C224313CCA14D906508E2CA4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A457C1A42B15D66B0DDBE641782DDE00" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="5EF16654BEF09041003860ABB0922710" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="71B15EBDC449485B08239A912756DE48" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Distribution of S. cyanocarphium." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689710" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">17</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="929FA3A0E185749050A2A705364EF715" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
<emphasis id="AB415FA557BAA8E7E700B61BBBAE52D7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum cyanocarphium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widely distributed from southeastern Indochina to western Malay Archipelago (Borneo, Java, Sumatra and south Philippines).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4545AD2686DB8A0D7EBD9B208E3C7C82" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="F1030C5BAFFB2526632A71EBC29C0F75" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="536278482AFE9D4D8DBDE062B8A0019F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="BB7E259137A99F952C0906405B9F08D2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
<emphasis id="BCD675C4EC5C0F2BC286A7782988C6C8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum cyanocarphium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been found growing on limestone, in riparian and secondary tropical forests as well as in open degraded vegetation; from 10 to 1,000 m elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F49035C803C591CEF131532C12CE7FF7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph id="E38CCDE114D3774766979D2E6FBF5DE5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B66EB4E156F0CF7C1EF92B2BDE33DD7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Cambodia. plone lane [Khmer] (
<emphasis id="1AAE1405820E1978334B2B3D6DE67817" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chassagne 138</emphasis>
),
<normalizedToken id="0BA837C013EE8724BE06A49136A5FAFD" originalValue="trâp">trap</normalizedToken>
krab [Khmer] (
<bibRefCitation id="4EE65703D01AD3C9D56D2F6839C8FF49" author="Hul, S" editor="Aubreville, A" journalOrPublisher="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle &amp; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris &amp; Edinburgh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 93" refId="B101" refString="Hul, S, Dy Phon, P, 2014. Solanaceae. In: Aubreville, A, Leroy, J, Morat, P, Eds., Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle &amp; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris &amp; Edinburgh: 1 - 93" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam." year="2014">Hul and Dy Phon 2014</bibRefCitation>
); Indonesia. North Sumatra: tioeng (
<emphasis id="294E131157E0D94B31684578D5F2166D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Toroes 1639</emphasis>
), teroeng oetan (
<emphasis id="5393216506385E5F537410FB07E006A1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Toroes 2926</emphasis>
); Malaysia/Singapore.
<normalizedToken id="22C876C8CAB0AFBECACA8BD4244B50A3" originalValue="tĕrong">tĕrong</normalizedToken>
puyoh,
<normalizedToken id="CF3DA22C4A9745EB81616B9849E2CBA6" originalValue="tĕrong">tĕrong</normalizedToken>
tikus,
<normalizedToken id="07637B973D75EC4BEFDE1F02DB046769" originalValue="tĕrong">tĕrong</normalizedToken>
pipit (all meaning &quot;little brinjal&quot;,
<bibRefCitation id="B747E47CF253BC5889803AF43D7B216C" author="Burkill, IH" journalOrPublisher="Wasmann Journal of Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B34" refString="Burkill, IH, 1935. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." title="A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." year="1935">Burkill 1935</bibRefCitation>
); Vietnam.
<normalizedToken id="1ABA486FD28C4F398A448612C207ACB6" originalValue="Dông">Dong</normalizedToken>
Nai: blou xit [Mnong] (
<emphasis id="F07197F53B9855D49D74987D3B8656CB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pierre s.n.</emphasis>
),
<normalizedToken id="942AFFF2230C2C983D7F2F36F9633928" originalValue="cà">ca</normalizedToken>
co [Vietnamese] (
<emphasis id="509B6253827B28AEFE2ACDD91CE1A852" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pierre s.n.</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BD2D15DCE6B14B16D37ABC59A76BCD0A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="EE583321D01C01D7C4784F0D58666D21" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
<emphasis id="90FC4205B43CFF916B05C19EEEC86BEE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum cyanocarphium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is said to have edible berries (
<emphasis id="2EC6B4ABDE811C283CBC4960393F2275" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cuadra A1010</emphasis>
) and the juice is drunk for fever (
<bibRefCitation id="C4C5ECFB1332572636B8332046BE6BEA" author="Burkill, IH" journalOrPublisher="Wasmann Journal of Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B34" refString="Burkill, IH, 1935. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." title="A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." year="1935">Burkill 1935</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="D869ECF8D068C44054993689DAC7AEA9" author="Burkill, IH" journalOrPublisher="Wasmann Journal of Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B34" refString="Burkill, IH, 1935. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." title="A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." year="1935">Burkill (1935)</bibRefCitation>
also records its use to improve the appetite of elephants.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2AF061E67ED44B7D959B7D2872255558" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph id="25C55D8B74183AAC1A746F398451C504" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph id="926402DDAF19DFC78A9CF030A283071D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="CDFC6B7FD955FF8ACF18240B38F8D0A9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="F28EB62BBE81A0C73E0D3ED5AE6B2546" author="Hutchings, A" journalOrPublisher="AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B105" refString="2019. . http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2019">IUCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Least Concern (LC); EOO 3,563,723 km2 (LC), AOO 92 km2 (EN). Historical collections of
<taxonomicName id="98D97AF9E8D16EB3CECF1A3F79F81D70" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
<emphasis id="2C8042838AF87333A3BFF7D270D746EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum cyanocarphium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
suggest that this species is widely distributed but absence of recent collections from large areas of the historical range suggests it may merit conservation concern because of the increasing anthropogenic alteration of natural habitat throughout lowland and coastal tropical Asia (
<bibRefCitation id="53175AE69FEBF6623DCDB5525F7D85E6" author="Wikramanayake, E" journalOrPublisher="Island Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B271" refString="Wikramanayake, E, Dinerstein, E, Loucks, CJ, Olson, DM, Morrison, J, Lamoreux, J, McKnight, M, Hedao, P, 2002. Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment. Island Press, London" title="Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment." year="2002">Wikramanayake et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="823E5549E326A7186D5A3BEC775331B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="54213BEAF8DC250A482FE6C98C7B934E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6A9BB62D9B1D24558F8FF2C192092DBE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="EB991D832EB44C9AA3BD557E276B3D4C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
<emphasis id="E087DD309753DF6C4A48BE2E742AFA44" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum cyanocarphium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a weakly climbing shrub to vine that scrambles over vegetation with hooked prickles; most specimens are quite thin-stemmed and somewhat scrappy. It is superficially similar to
<taxonomicName id="B4585E0A26F9DC9810084CFADD5F5B62" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. procumbens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="procumbens">
<emphasis id="54D84DB3EAF62F14D32D74FD966E2006" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. procumbens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but differs from it in the strongly accrescent and spiny fruiting calyx (not accrescent in
<taxonomicName id="92CB73E19C58F069D2F8CF36B341CD7B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. procumbens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="procumbens">
<emphasis id="1062CE4E84C66FB12BA3E148EEE81903" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. procumbens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), larger prickles on stems and leaf blades, deeply lobed leaves (leaves usually entire in
<taxonomicName id="6DA0439B4B28E8A3C70D21E827C2D8BC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. procumbens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="procumbens">
<emphasis id="20002F1AC6AF822A05DAD95E61B40806" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. procumbens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and larger and many seeded berries. The accrescent calyx in fruit is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="FA574F509FB9615B4CA766BBD8D8FC52" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="involucratum">
<emphasis id="AE4E40223F5C14027DE27D2485D0A4F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. involucratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but that species is more robust and has pubescent, rather than glabrous berries.
<bibRefCitation id="99DFE4108C063E51998581EA998A89EE" author="Hul, S" editor="Aubreville, A" journalOrPublisher="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle &amp; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris &amp; Edinburgh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 93" refId="B101" refString="Hul, S, Dy Phon, P, 2014. Solanaceae. In: Aubreville, A, Leroy, J, Morat, P, Eds., Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle &amp; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris &amp; Edinburgh: 1 - 93" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam." year="2014">Hul and Dy Phon (2014)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that
<taxonomicName id="D406C2FE233CAC59D6541D0E58028AFC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
<emphasis id="20C2AD8C4765EF642B1FCF5DDB6A00D8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cyanocarphium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was introduced to Indochina but described what we recognise as a synonym (
<taxonomicName id="9340ABDA02D0AA7144BF8FD6CC36F7E1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. sakhanii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sakhanii">
<emphasis id="A37D61420E93A69806E142972FFE60B4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. sakhanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) as new; we consider
<taxonomicName id="C8CDD97B4259AF6BB2131186F0288CE5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
<emphasis id="8D6792BE8BC5E913EC87F259D45A897C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cyanocarphium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be native across tropical Asia where it occurs.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6D645867C4BDDC16CD2CD3E14C2DC552" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689710" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 17" startId="F17">
<paragraph id="E41E299A17A0FF7A70F062CEF2377658" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="CEA47F0D4ED07C816ECBCEA2915A9D61" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 17.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="1F7647A991F9FA37E65F6272AAE62361" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
<emphasis id="EC24DCF8741AC461301F20657DA77A31" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cyanocarphium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="99AA4E02FB3CBFD554C2B08720C7E28E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="E5F724F273DB5BC5268F731DFFFB5A07" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" author="Aubriot, X" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="199 - 223" refId="B8" refString="Aubriot, X, Singh, P, Knapp, S, 2016a. Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of &quot;spiny solanums&quot; (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (2): 199 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" title="Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of &quot; spiny solanums &quot; (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" volume="181" year="2016 a">Aubriot et al. (2016a)</bibRefCitation>
included
<taxonomicName id="59782E308378B6DB2CAF8EDE941959FC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
<emphasis id="29981418D05384BCF82A9BDB4FE4F5AD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cyanocarphium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a clade called '
<taxonomicName id="0FE0FB5ADAD3D1E2E4DCFC2C83216936" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">S. cyanocarphium</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="E5E23AD8D7BD13EDE329DD3625F3C5DC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. sakhanii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sakhanii">S. sakhanii</taxonomicName>
'; subsequent examination shows that the two taxa are synonyms (see above), not surprising given the very short branch lengths (
<bibRefCitation id="304779845F7739AC483267D7D57D66E9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" author="Aubriot, X" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="199 - 223" refId="B8" refString="Aubriot, X, Singh, P, Knapp, S, 2016a. Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of &quot;spiny solanums&quot; (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (2): 199 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" title="Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of &quot; spiny solanums &quot; (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" volume="181" year="2016 a">Aubriot et al. 2016a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC1D5BED2246A401F95C9AD61F489E06" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The Blume specimen in L (L0003630) we have selected as the lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="D679E08B7317C18AFB3CE54E8D982A43" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
<emphasis id="C63C4F06781F22B2448FA9C013443212" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cyanocarphium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only one we have found that corresponds to the protologue and is likely to have been the original material that Blume used.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8573A1D18D1F763AE15E404B8B2BBB80" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="A4C541BE1A0DE7C946DCC99049B82FAC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1834.tb00017.x" author="Nees van Esenbeck, CG" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="37 - 82" refId="B187" refString="Nees van Esenbeck, CG, 1834. Monograph of East Indian Solanaeae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 17 (1): 37 - 82, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1834.tb00017.x" title="Monograph of East Indian Solanaeae." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1834.tb00017.x" volume="17" year="1834">Nees van Esenbeck (1834)</bibRefCitation>
only cited a Wallich catalogue number in the protologue of
<taxonomicName id="D4F438586B20FD7BCC0CFB89AAA9C531" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. sarmentosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sarmentosum">
<emphasis id="FA7A2D0657A9CD62E1FEB1846B7B5BF2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. sarmentosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but no herbarium. The
<taxonomicName id="CA877553461BE33B044FADF6467C9004" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
from his own herbarium are now held at the herbarium (GZU) of the University of Graz (
<bibRefCitation id="C0ECBF48BD6AAA13843AACD967CB076B" author="Stafleu, FA" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/tl-2/browse.cfm?vol=3page/721" refId="B231" refString="Stafleu, FA, Cowan, RS, 1981. Taxonomic Literature II. Vol 3: Authors Lh-O, ed. 2. Bonn, Scheltema &amp; Holkema, Utrecht. https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/tl-2/browse.cfm?vol=3page/721" title="Taxonomic Literature II. Vol 3: Authors Lh-O, ed. 2. Bonn, Scheltema &amp; Holkema, Utrecht." url="https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/tl-2/browse.cfm?vol=3page/721" year="1981">Stafleu and Cowan 1981</bibRefCitation>
) and we have selected the specimen there (GZU000255826) as the lectotype, it has flower and fruit and an annotation &quot;
<taxonomicName id="A30E26C05B7F276A695DF9B6E833659B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. sarmentosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sarmentosum">S. sarmentosum</taxonomicName>
&quot; in Nees van
<normalizedToken id="A40B8284D3F67F8BAF61F67C638E2EB7" originalValue="Esenbeck’s">Esenbeck's</normalizedToken>
hand.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="80DCD0BE80037B16E267237E2A7156E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The protologue of
<taxonomicName id="277124E392FBC92ADB6A2BF35D60E390" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. bullatorugosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bullatorugosum">
<emphasis id="4FA0BD1AB7D40355BCA806BCA8BE242F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. bullatorugosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EA978794067DD1854F3738D4A178908E" author="Dunal, M-F" journalOrPublisher=") Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 690" refId="B73" refString="Dunal, M-F, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690" title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed." volume="13" year="1852">Dunal 1852</bibRefCitation>
) cites two specimens at G; we have selected the more complete sheet at G-DC (G00145849) with both flowers and fruits as the lectotype.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="242CCFB7FE35710C085F8DF7F754A080" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The collection cited in the protologue of
<taxonomicName id="F950717DE676385CEBCC9E9001EE3473" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. sparsiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sparsiflorum">
<emphasis id="65B3A26C4EE8BB1AB967D28C7FB2567C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. sparsiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="0652706BF5AC12224B0540841E24010F" author="Elmer, ADE" journalOrPublisher="Leaflets of Philippine Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1791 - 1854" refId="B78" refString="Elmer, ADE, 1913. Four score of new plants. Leaflets of Philippine Botany 5: 1791 - 1854" title="Four score of new plants." volume="5" year="1913">Elmer 1913</bibRefCitation>
) without specification of any herbarium (
<emphasis id="4C23827FF8E87E4CACCD19BEC9134EC8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Elmer 13157</emphasis>
) is represented in many collections; we have chosen that at GH (0007785) as the lectotype because it is the duplicate best matching the protologue and has both flower and mature fruit.
<bibRefCitation id="A89A1FCF154E867A69C9C317641C78E7" author="Hul, S" editor="Aubreville, A" journalOrPublisher="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle &amp; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris &amp; Edinburgh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 93" refId="B101" refString="Hul, S, Dy Phon, P, 2014. Solanaceae. In: Aubreville, A, Leroy, J, Morat, P, Eds., Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle &amp; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris &amp; Edinburgh: 1 - 93" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam." year="2014">Hul and Dy Phon (2014)</bibRefCitation>
cited a sheet in PNH as &quot;holo-, PNH&quot; but this does not constitute effective lectotypification.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3346E9C83E699178DA7FC05A48AD3752" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="41099F61741378A9D6444D960E99A375" author="Hul, S" editor="Aubreville, A" journalOrPublisher="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle &amp; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris &amp; Edinburgh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 93" refId="B101" refString="Hul, S, Dy Phon, P, 2014. Solanaceae. In: Aubreville, A, Leroy, J, Morat, P, Eds., Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle &amp; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris &amp; Edinburgh: 1 - 93" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam." year="2014">Hul and Dy Phon (2014)</bibRefCitation>
cited a holotype at P for
<taxonomicName id="1B03B26ECD0988B7A2C7ADB541C8A7B2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. thorelii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thorelii">
<emphasis id="52BAD4BB61F1AC361AE23300E072706B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. thorelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but no herbarium was cited in the original protologue (
<bibRefCitation id="F91296578E5CE0325F00DDEED530CA0B" author="Bonati, G" journalOrPublisher="D'Arcy: the legacy of a taxonomist, Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 104. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B25" refString="Bonati, G, 1914. Primulacees, Solanacees et Scrofulariacees nouvelles de la Chine, de l'Indochine et du Turkestan. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de Geneve, ser., 2 5: 297-316." title="Primulacees, Solanacees et Scrofulariacees nouvelles de la Chine, de l'Indochine et du Turkestan. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de Geneve, ser., 2 5: 297 - 316." year="1914">Bonati 1914</bibRefCitation>
). We select here the best preserved of the three duplicates of
<emphasis id="AB7DF2CB624C00ABA9336C74A879FAAD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thorel 1419</emphasis>
held at P (P00054148) as the lectotype.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9C181E288ED541A3998A3F5A2C007F50" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="CCC92489E55E9AEBA92A6089F78B0E35" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1430E65667762CF460F70892904A62EA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. materials 1-3.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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