2393 lines
285 KiB
XML
2393 lines
285 KiB
XML
<document id="E62FA038232719118EFED0036777CED0" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad197" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14423165" ID-ZooBank="7-01-2184" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1734029574593" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Menéndez-Guerrero, Pablo A., Lima, Sueny P., Santos, Salazar-Nicholls, María-José, Green, David M. & Ron, Santiago R." docDate="2024" docId="03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21" docLanguage="en" docName="zlad197.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (3)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad197" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.9:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Rhinella bella" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FFC6A735FFFBFB71FFD80D48FF94FF96" masterDocTitle="Cryptic diversity in toads of the Rhinella marina species group (Anura, Bufonidae) with a subjectively beautiful new species from Western Ecuador" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1734442844168" updateUser="carolina">
|
||
<mods:mods id="B194611519AE914914027CF4D9766EC0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="1C33D9882E40035882EBBAF6CE60813E">
|
||
<mods:title id="9E16FC9C7E3FA79EE631B792CB6F6E09">Cryptic diversity in toads of the Rhinella marina species group (Anura, Bufonidae) with a subjectively beautiful new species from Western Ecuador</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="9BCF46AD2B0994B3A671A7BE653AD7E1" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="9C76FCCFF8D11E63FAE68CF24C4BE7C3">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="66BA81EA8C5A575360F359DF9C9DAB54">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="E712A9A67C377C02D2E8204B97B35AA9">Menéndez-Guerrero, Pablo A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="7B4776873A3AFE72AB48FFF653DB185B">Laboratorio de Macroecología y Cambio Global, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Avenida 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Apartado Postal 17 - 01 - 2184, Quito, Ecuador & Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H 3 A 2 K 6, Canada</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="D3BA4FC527B0BB1FBA27E1AADD916434" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="772D0297FD859914727084EB421085D9">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="19F4D20E0F8578423D2C09F2FC82AA43">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="65B76FC3D83FDA71F10AECC949694BE6">Lima, Sueny P.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="8353F6DDA94D245724D659D4F627C2DA" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="B46FEA435206ADC99390DF0E5CC58771">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="8EC6C5FC0CD019051155C0BA5E5DC6F3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="F75AEB0B09AA9281A053A36F58C26784">Santos</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="CFF38C4F7A93ABD40D6BD09E46567D64">Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Avenida 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Apartado Postal 17 - 01 - 2184, Quito, Ecuador & Translational Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, 02 Grosvenor Hall, Athens, OH, USA</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="65B1CA311CED7D911C43160F7124810B" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="138F5A2CD9069D2DB2EF23E3649D4AD7">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="3819EE7C375D3D51A56D582B13ACF640">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="91BE116F19558028B9971A157AF253DC">Salazar-Nicholls, María-José</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="516D4F38595E9C903C4F4239614C7E9D">Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Avenida 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Apartado Postal 17 - 01 - 2184, Quito, Ecuador & Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="B77B583CB4DEF834090690A23B177E09" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="DAFB3D2DA84CC20534E0DC799EBD9C6A">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="4FF90577B44DE98DA7177C8B2B7A3D2B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="BD53A7D2D8CE8910C86363013D7D8CDD">Green, David M.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="1715DBF3F15AF9881B7A8A054CBF599A">Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H 3 A 2 K 6, Canada</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="1E9553B8043FD0D201039A345E34BFCD" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="FDBFA94E8427FBB82184270A813C1C8B">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="4F3DB71FFA47FE98F82678B3ED74E3FB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="A9731D8C8D4B28DFC1529DE6F7488F8C">Ron, Santiago R.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="CE8071C85F933097A0916BC0BBE5D4ED">Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Avenida 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Apartado Postal 17 - 01 - 2184, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="F7B0F057CD7A3CB8292624B51779BC04">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="4F1F94F62AACDE04954ABB1732D0F75D" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="8E6E2903BBD1D796E00D06D0B7C517CD">
|
||
<mods:title id="E5C930A34FFEE176A63BD1378613D13E">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="C2A69E370BCCC0D02AC74D3794818BE5">
|
||
<mods:date id="C9FBDAEBADF72AA41BA06D228473EA55">2024</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="5DCF025AD3DBE70BBBF38AE7504EC22E" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="526426AC8A509471E935029067564262">2024-02-20</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="0B6711A2C5993B4E0882B22B7BDCA742" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="15D23E59317C9C504A28CD9942E3E9E0">202</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="7781B6E628AFC3F4D96917D966A14D61" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="599D17FA8934F7FF7ECF5ECBF77D8A5C">3</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="67533C2089508467F3990988B9679D68" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="3697F76EA72E4688A523A4BFC5AFEB5A">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="54C9DB9B4B6516BBEF419BBF1BC382ED">26</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="1D8833D5BCF359ABE500B819E56EC0D2">
|
||
<mods:url id="561B46DF93551410974595096576805B">https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad197</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="A41F7534E9DDD4896926EF00C1CD503F">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5A6FF84E3570A8D76A0D9B0F1CA4D831" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad197</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="C378DF4AC4371CAEDDFFFD09BA09B943" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="047064759D06F1D91486069741FBB84E" type="Zenodo-Dep">14423165</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="F116DE9BAA7DDA6B6F2B24988901EEDE" type="ZooBank">7-01-2184</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34C3DD0FFF7FB7DFED608F6FDE8FA4E" box="[270,636,1470,1496]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF7FB7DFED608F6FDE8FA4E" blockId="12.[270,636,1470,1496]" box="[270,636,1470,1496]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF7FB7DFED608F6FD96FA4E" authority="Menéndez-Guerrero, Lima dos Santos, Salazar-Nicholls, Green & Ron, 2024" box="[270,514,1470,1496]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">RHINELLA BELLA</taxonomicName>
|
||
SP. N OV.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34C3DD0FFF7FB7DFF7C08A5FEBBF9F3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF7FB7DFF7C08A5FD72F991" blockId="12.[164,742,1517,1543]" box="[164,742,1517,1543]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF7FB7DFF7708A5FF6EF991" box="[175,250,1517,1543]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-8@19.[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral views of right forelimb (C) and right hind limb (D) of the holotype of R. bella (QCAZ 23305; adult male; Guayas Province, between Palmas and Balsas, Ecuador). Not shown at the same scale. Photos by S.R.R." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 12</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF7FB7DFEDC08A5FEB4F991" box="[260,288,1517,1543]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="20.[128,193,1122,1146]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1094]" captionTargetId="figure-514@20.[129,1473,144,1094]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 13. Adult preserved specimens of R. bella showing variation in dorsal and ventral coloration. From left to right, first row: QCAZ 12039, 17965, 23324 (males); second row:QCAZ 23486, 24579, 39353 (males); third row: QCAZ 41327, 47444, 47445 (males), 50698 (female). See Supporting Information, Table S1 for locality data. Specimens not shown at the same scale.Photos by S.R.R." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF7FB7DFEF108A5FED1F991" box="[297,325,1517,1543]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="21.[115,180,1122,1146]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1094]" captionTargetId="figure-487@21.[114,1458,144,1094]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 14.Juvenile preserved specimens of R. bella showing variation in dorsal and ventral coloration.From left to right, first row: QCAZ 13893, 28528, 35433; second row: QCAZ 40424, 45989, 49447, third row: QCAZ 50701, 50702. See Supporting Information, Table S1 for locality data. Specimens not shown at the same scale.Photos by S.R.R." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">14</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF7FB7DFE9708A5FEFFF991" box="[335,363,1517,1543]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[131,1473,152,1799]" captionTargetId="figure-12@22.[128,1475,149,1801]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Adult live individuals of R. bella showing variation in dorsal (upper part of the figure) and ventral (lower part of the figure) coloration: (A) adult male, QCAZ 51478 (SVL = 84.05mm); (B) adult female, QCAZ 57032 (SVL = 66.85 mm); (C) adult female, QCAZ 51799 (SVL = 63.12mm); (D) adult male, QCAZ 68814 (SVL = 73.73); (E) adult male, QCAZ 65726 (108.60); (F) adult female, QCAZ 67265 (95.69); (G) adult male, QCAZ 51423 (SVL = 83.81); (H) adult male, QCAZ 51308 (SVL = 95.33); (I) adult female, QCAZ 51846 (SVL = 123.33); (J) adult female, QCAZ 55040 (SVL = 102.74).See Supporting Information, Table S1 for locality data. Individuals not shown at the same scale.Photos by SRR." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">15</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information, Table S8)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF7FB7DFF590B66FEBBF9F3" blockId="12.[129,778,1582,1731]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
ZooBank: lsid:zoobank.org:act:
|
||
<uuid id="FFF0548EFFF7FB7DFE0D0B66FEBBF9F3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E67080E4-D35F-40A7-8C9F- 5E5E3FD6DE65</uuid>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34C3DD0FFF7FB7CFEEC0B05FA20FA0E" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF7FB7DFEEC0B05FE64F955" blockId="12.[129,778,1582,1731]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF7FB7DFEEC0B05FE64F955" collectingDate="2003-03-18" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Santiago Ron" country="Ecuador" elevation="72" latitude="-2.003" location="between Palmas and Balsas" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-80.562" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCode="QCAZ 23305" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Guayas Province" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EDD0F9FFF7FB7DFEEC0B05FE19F9F3" box="[308,397,1613,1637]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF7FB7DFE460B06FE74F9F3" box="[414,480,1613,1637]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-8@19.[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral views of right forelimb (C) and right hind limb (D) of the holotype of R. bella (QCAZ 23305; adult male; Guayas Province, between Palmas and Balsas, Ecuador). Not shown at the same scale. Photos by S.R.R." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF7FB7DFE260B05FD1BF9F3" box="[510,655,1613,1637]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">QCAZ 23305</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D50A5D2FFF7FB7DFD410B05FC92F9F3" box="[665,774,1613,1637]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="adult">adult male</specimenCount>
|
||
, SVL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF7FB7DFF130B25FEA0F912" box="[203,308,1645,1669]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.711" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="87.11">87.11 mm</quantity>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFF7FB7DFE1D0B24FD88F912" box="[453,540,1644,1668]" name="Ecuador" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4992A0B9FFF7FB7DFDF20B25FD4FF912" box="[554,731,1644,1669]" country="Ecuador" name="Guayas" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Guayas Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFD310B24FEEBF932" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFD310B24FEEBF932" country="Ecuador" latitude="-2.003" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-80.562" name="between Palmas and Balsas" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" stateProvince="Guayas Province">between Palmas and Balsas</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF7FB7DFE480BC4FE0BF935" box="[400,415,1676,1699]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFE7D0BC4FE6FF932" box="[421,507,1676,1700]" degrees="2.003" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-2.003">2.003° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFDDD0BC4FDE2F932" box="[517,630,1676,1700]" degrees="80.562" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-80.562">80.562° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF7FB7DFD450BC4FC91F932" box="[669,773,1676,1700]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="72.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF7FB7DFD450BC4FD46F935" box="[669,722,1676,1700]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="72.0">72 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date id="FFE8489BFFF7FB7DFF7A0BE3FEA9F955" box="[162,317,1707,1731]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2003-03-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFACB173FFF7FB7DFF7A0BE3FEA9F955" box="[162,317,1707,1731]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2003-03-18">18 March 2003</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF7FB7DFEB90BE3FE79F955" box="[353,493,1707,1731]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Santiago Ron</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF7FB7CFF590BADFA20FA0E" blockId="12.[128,780,1764,1977]" lastBlockId="13.[810,1461,1064,1432]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF7FB7DFF590BADFF73F96A" box="[129,231,1765,1788]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EDD0F9FFF7FB7DFF590BADFF77F96A" box="[129,227,1765,1788]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF7FB7DFF340BACFEC4F96A" bold="true" box="[236,336,1764,1788]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFF340BACFEC4F96A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFF340BACFEC4F96A" box="[236,336,1764,1788]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Juveniles" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Juveniles</location>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF7FB7DFE870BACFE37F96B" box="[351,419,1764,1789]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="21.[115,180,1122,1146]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1094]" captionTargetId="figure-487@21.[114,1458,144,1094]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 14.Juvenile preserved specimens of R. bella showing variation in dorsal and ventral coloration.From left to right, first row: QCAZ 13893, 28528, 35433; second row: QCAZ 40424, 45989, 49447, third row: QCAZ 50701, 50702. See Supporting Information, Table S1 for locality data. Specimens not shown at the same scale.Photos by S.R.R." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF7FB7DFE620BADFD2EF8AD" collectingDate="1998-12-21" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Ricardo Oliva" elevation="1100" latitude="-2.554" location="Manta Real Community" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-79.364" municipality="Canar Canton" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCode="QCAZ 13893" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF7FB7DFE620BADFDDEF96B" box="[442,586,1765,1789]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">QCAZ 13893</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8DF421FFF7FB7DFD130BADFF5BF88A" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Canar Canton" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cañar Canton</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFF040A4CFE49F88A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFF040A4CFE49F88A" box="[220,477,1796,1820]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-2.554" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-79.364" municipality="Canar Canton" name="Manta Real Community" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Manta Real Community</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF7FB7DFE2B0A4CFD96F88D" box="[499,514,1796,1819]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFDD20A4CFDF0F88A" box="[522,612,1796,1820]" degrees="2.554" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-2.554">2.554° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFDA90A4CFD72F88A" box="[625,742,1796,1820]" degrees="79.364" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-79.364">79.364° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF7FB7DFF590A6BFE91F8AD" box="[129,261,1827,1851]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="1100.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF7FB7DFF590A6BFF45F8AD" box="[129,209,1827,1851]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date id="FFE8489BFFF7FB7DFEEB0A6BFE6FF8AD" box="[307,507,1827,1851]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1998-12-21">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFACB173FFF7FB7DFEEB0A6BFE6FF8AD" box="[307,507,1827,1851]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1998-12-21">21 December 1998</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF7FB7DFDFB0A6BFD21F8AD" box="[547,693,1827,1851]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ricardo Oliva</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF7FB7DFD180A6BFF4EF82E" collectingDate="2005-01-05" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Giovanna Romero" elevation="694" latitude="-0.303" location="near to secondary road" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-79.041" municipality="Santo Domingo Canton" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCode="QCAZ 28528" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF7FB7DFD180A6BFF52F8CC" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">QCAZ 28528</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8DF421FFF7FB7DFE970A0BFDDCF8CD" box="[335,584,1858,1883]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Santo Domingo Canton" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Santo Domingo Canton</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFD8B0A0BFF26F8EC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFD8B0A0BFF26F8EC" latitude="-0.303" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-79.041" municipality="Santo Domingo Canton" name="near to secondary road" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">near to secondary road</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFF670A2AFEF0F8EC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFF670A2AFEF0F8EC" box="[191,356,1890,1914]" latitude="-0.303" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-79.041" municipality="Santo Domingo Canton" name="near Tinalandia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">near Tinalandia</location>
|
||
, jumping between puddles, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF7FB7DFD4E0A2AFD31F8EF" box="[662,677,1890,1913]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFD750A2AFC91F8EC" box="[685,773,1890,1914]" degrees="0.303" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-0.303">0.303° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFF590AC9FF60F80F" box="[129,244,1921,1945]" degrees="79.041" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-79.041">79.041° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF7FB7DFEF80AC9FE0FF80F" box="[288,411,1921,1945]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.94" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="694.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF7FB7DFEF80AC9FEF1F80F" box="[288,357,1921,1945]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.94" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="694.0">694 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date id="FFE8489BFFF7FB7DFE150AC9FDEFF80F" box="[461,635,1921,1946]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2005-01-05">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFACB173FFF7FB7DFE150AC9FDEFF80F" box="[461,635,1921,1946]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2005-01-05">05 January 2005</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF7FB7DFD7E0AC9FF43F82E" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Giovanna Romero</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF7FB7DFF380AE9FA57FB5F" collectingDate="2003-04-17" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Santiago Ron" elevation="544" latitude="-0.104" location="Pedro Vicente Maldonado" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-79.103" municipality="Pichincha Province" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCode="QCAZ 35433" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF7FB7DFF380AE9FEE6F82E" box="[224,370,1952,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">QCAZ 35433</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8DF421FFF7FB7DFE220AE8FD56F82E" box="[506,706,1952,1976]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Pichincha Province" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pichincha Province</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFD150AE8FB92FB3C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFD150AE8FB92FB3C" box="[717,1030,1170,1976]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-0.104" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-79.103" municipality="Pichincha Province" name="Pedro Vicente Maldonado" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pedro Vicente Maldonado</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A5B7779FFF7FB7DFBD609DAFACEFB3C" box="[1038,1370,1170,1194]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF7FB7DFBD609DAFBD5FB3C" box="[1038,1089,1170,1194]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="km" value="6.0">6 km</quantity>
|
||
to the Northwest at airport
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF7FB7DFAB509DBFAE8FB3C" box="[1389,1404,1171,1194]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFA5809DBFCD3FB5C" degrees="0.104" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-0.104">0.104° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFC8909FAFC55FB5C" box="[849,961,1202,1226]" degrees="79.103" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-79.103">79.103° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF7FB7DFC3D09FAFBCCFB5C" box="[997,1112,1202,1226]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4399999999999995" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="544.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF7FB7DFC3D09FAFBB3FB5F" box="[997,1063,1202,1226]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4399999999999995" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="544.0">544 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date id="FFE8489BFFF7FB7DFB5A09FAFA84FB5C" box="[1154,1296,1202,1226]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2003-04-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFACB173FFF7FB7DFB5A09FAFA84FB5C" box="[1154,1296,1202,1226]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2003-04-17">17 April 2003</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF7FB7DFAEB09FAFA2BFB5F" box="[1331,1471,1202,1226]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Santiago Ron</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF7FB7DFCE10999FB27FAB1" collectingDate="2007-08-22" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Santiago Ron" elevation="207" latitude="-0.415" location="Rosa Zarate Parish" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-79.65" municipality="Esmeraldas Province" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCode="QCAZ 40424" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF7FB7DFCE10999FC5AFB7F" box="[825,974,1233,1257]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">QCAZ 40424</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8DF421FFF7FB7DFB860999FAA3FB7F" box="[1118,1335,1233,1257]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Esmeraldas Province" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Esmeraldas Province</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFA9C099AFCEFFA9E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFA9C099AFCEFFA9E" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-0.415" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-79.65" municipality="Esmeraldas Province" name="Rosa Zarate Parish" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rosa Zarate Parish</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFC5B09B9FBA6FA9E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFC5B09B9FBA6FA9E" box="[899,1074,1264,1289]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-0.415" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-79.65" municipality="Esmeraldas Province" name="Laguna del Cube" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Laguna del Cube</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF7FB7DFB9E09B9FBC1FA9E" box="[1094,1109,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFB8109B8FB3AFA9F" box="[1113,1198,1264,1289]" degrees="0.415" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-0.415">0.415° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFB6F09B8FAB3FA9F" box="[1207,1319,1264,1289]" degrees="79.650" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-79.65">79.650° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF7FB7DFA9309B9FA29FA9E" box="[1355,1469,1264,1289]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.07" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="207.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF7FB7DFA9309B9FA18FA9E" box="[1355,1420,1265,1289]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.07" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="207.0">207 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date id="FFE8489BFFF7FB7DFC820858FC69FABE" box="[858,1021,1296,1320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2007-08-22">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFACB173FFF7FB7DFC820858FC69FABE" box="[858,1021,1296,1320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2007-08-22">22 August 2007</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF7FB7DFBFB0858FB24FAB1" box="[1059,1200,1296,1320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Santiago Ron</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF7FB7DFB610858FA57FA10" collectingDate="2009-11-01" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Diego Almeida" elevation="670" latitude="-0.331" location="Cotacachi-Cayapas Reserve buffer zone" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-78.931" municipality="Imbabura Province" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCode="QCAZ 45989, 46001" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF7FB7DFB610858FADDFABE" box="[1209,1353,1296,1320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">QCAZ 45989</specimenCode>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF7FB7DFAA30858FA2AFABE" box="[1403,1470,1296,1320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">46001</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8DF421FFF7FB7DFC1C0867FB04FAD1" box="[964,1168,1327,1351]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Imbabura Province" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Imbabura Province</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFB780867FC24FAF0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFB780867FC24FAF0" latitude="-0.331" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-78.931" municipality="Imbabura Province" name="Cotacachi-Cayapas Reserve buffer zone" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cotacachi-Cayapas Reserve buffer zone</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFC640807FB70FAF0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFC640807FB70FAF0" box="[956,1252,1358,1383]" latitude="-0.331" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-78.931" municipality="Imbabura Province" name="near the Aguas Verdes River" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">near the Aguas Verdes River</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF7FB7DFB220807FA9DFAF0" box="[1274,1289,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFAC80807FAF3FAF1" box="[1296,1383,1359,1383]" degrees="0.331" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-0.331">0.331° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFAAB0807FCC1FA10" degrees="78.931" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-78.931">78.931° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF7FB7DFC580826FC6DFA10" box="[896,1017,1390,1414]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="670.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF7FB7DFC580826FC50FA13" box="[896,964,1390,1414]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="670.0">670 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date id="FFE8489BFFF7FB7DFBF20826FB62FA10" box="[1066,1270,1390,1414]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2009-11-01">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFACB173FFF7FB7DFBF20826FB62FA10" box="[1066,1270,1390,1414]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2009-11-01">01 November 2009</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF7FB7DFAC70826FA2BFA10" box="[1311,1471,1390,1414]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diego Almeida</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF7FB7DFCE108C5FA9CFA72" collectingDate="2010-09-02" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Diego Salazar" elevation="150" latitude="-0.079" location="Jama Canton" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-80.148" municipality="Manabi Province" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCode="QCAZ 49447" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF7FB7DFCE108C5FC45FA33" box="[825,977,1421,1445]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">QCAZ 49447</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8DF421FFF7FB7DFBB208C5FAB5FA33" box="[1130,1313,1421,1445]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Manabi Province" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Manabí Province</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFAE908C6FA2AFA33" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFAE908C6FA2AFA33" box="[1329,1470,1421,1445]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-0.079" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-80.148" municipality="Manabi Province" name="Jama Canton" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Jama Canton</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFCE108E5FBC2FA52" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFCE108E5FBC2FA52" box="[825,1110,1452,1476]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-0.079" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-80.148" municipality="Manabi Province" name="Reserva Lalo Loor Locality" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Reserva Lalo Loor Locality</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF7FB7DFBB408E5FBEFFA52" box="[1132,1147,1453,1476]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFB5A08E5FB4DFA53" box="[1154,1241,1453,1477]" degrees="0.079" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-0.079">0.079° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFB3C08E5FAC2FA53" box="[1252,1366,1453,1477]" degrees="80.148" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-80.148">80.148° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF7FB7DFAA708E4FCFCFA72" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="150.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF7FB7DFAA708E4FA56FA52" box="[1407,1474,1452,1476]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date id="FFE8489BFFF7FB7DFC490884FBC2FA72" box="[913,1110,1484,1508]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2010-09-02">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFACB173FFF7FB7DFC490884FBC2FA72" box="[913,1110,1484,1508]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2010-09-02">02 September 2010</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF7FB7DFBA00884FA90FA72" box="[1144,1284,1484,1508]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diego Salazar</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF7FB7DFAD30884FAE8F9D7" collectingDate="2011-02-26" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Santiago Ron" elevation="334" latitude="-0.868" location="Manabi Province" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-80.464" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCode="QCAZ 50701, 50702" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF7FB7DFAD30884FA0EFA72" box="[1291,1434,1484,1508]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">QCAZ 50701</specimenCode>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF7FB7DFCE008A3FCEFF995" box="[824,891,1515,1539]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">50702</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFBD808A3FB3BF995" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFBD808A3FB3BF995" box="[1024,1199,1515,1539]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-0.868" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-80.464" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Manabi Province" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Manabí Province</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A5B7779FFF7FB7DFB6108A3FA2AF995" box="[1209,1470,1515,1539]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF7FB7DFB6108A3FB78F995" box="[1209,1260,1515,1539]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
north of Rocafuerte
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFCE10B43FB3AF9B4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFCE10B43FB3AF9B4" box="[825,1198,1546,1571]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-0.868" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-80.464" municipality="Azuay Province" name="San Andres de Rocafuerte Locality" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">San Andrés de Rocafuerte Locality</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF7FB7DFB1E0B43FB42F9B4" box="[1222,1238,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFB070B42FAACF9B5" box="[1247,1336,1546,1571]" degrees="0.868" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-0.868">0.868° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFA9E0B42FA2FF9B5" box="[1350,1467,1546,1571]" degrees="80.464" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-80.464">80.464° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF7FB7DFC8D0B62FC5BF9D4" box="[853,975,1578,1602]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.34" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="334.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF7FB7DFC8D0B62FC0EF9D7" box="[853,922,1578,1602]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.34" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="334.0">334 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date id="FFE8489BFFF7FB7DFBD90B62FB2AF9D4" box="[1025,1214,1578,1602]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2011-02-26">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFACB173FFF7FB7DFBD90B62FB2AF9D4" box="[1025,1214,1578,1602]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2011-02-26">26 February 2011</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF7FB7DFB310B62FAEDF9D7" box="[1257,1401,1578,1602]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Santiago Ron</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF7FB7DFA5C0B61FCECF9F7" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Adult males</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF7FB7DFC550B01FC43F9F7" box="[909,983,1609,1633]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="20.[128,193,1122,1146]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1094]" captionTargetId="figure-514@20.[129,1473,144,1094]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 13. Adult preserved specimens of R. bella showing variation in dorsal and ventral coloration. From left to right, first row: QCAZ 12039, 17965, 23324 (males); second row:QCAZ 23486, 24579, 39353 (males); third row: QCAZ 41327, 47444, 47445 (males), 50698 (female). See Supporting Information, Table S1 for locality data. Specimens not shown at the same scale.Photos by S.R.R." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF7FB7DFC2B0B01FC74F929" collectingDate="1998-04-05" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Luis Eduardo Lopez" elevation="334" latitude="-0.676" location="Hotel Saracay Locality" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-76.399" municipality="Santo Domingo Province" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCode="QCAZ 12039" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF7FB7DFC2B0B01FB1DF9F7" box="[1011,1161,1609,1633]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">QCAZ 12039</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8DF421FFF7FB7DFAC30B01FC01F916" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Santo Domingo Province" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Santo Domingo Province</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A5B7779FFF7FB7DFC780B20FB3FF916" box="[928,1195,1640,1664]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF7FB7DFC780B20FC41F916" box="[928,981,1640,1664]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
north of Rocafuerte
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFB6D0B20FA0AF916" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFB6D0B20FA0AF916" box="[1205,1438,1640,1665]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-0.676" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-76.399" municipality="Santo Domingo Province" name="Hotel Saracay Locality" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hotel Saracay Locality</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF7FB7DFA6C0B21FA57F916" box="[1460,1475,1641,1664]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFCE10BC0FC04F936" box="[825,912,1672,1696]" degrees="0.676" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-0.676">0.676° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFC440BC0FB9AF936" box="[924,1038,1672,1696]" degrees="76.399" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-76.399">76.399° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF7FB7DFBEF0BC0FB3AF936" box="[1079,1198,1672,1696]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.34" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="334.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF7FB7DFBEF0BC0FBEEF909" box="[1079,1146,1672,1696]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.34" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="334.0">334 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date id="FFE8489BFFF7FB7DFB040BC0FAFAF936" box="[1244,1390,1672,1696]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1998-04-05">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFACB173FFF7FB7DFB040BC0FAFAF936" box="[1244,1390,1672,1696]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1998-04-05">05 April 1998</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF7FB7DFA4E0BC0FC48F929" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Luis Eduardo López</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF7FB7DFC3C0BEFFB89F88B" collectingDate="2001-11-23" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Veronica Sandoya" elevation="1972" latitude="-0.069" location="Pichincha Province" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-78.372" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCode="QCAZ 17965" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF7FB7DFC3C0BEFFBE2F929" box="[996,1142,1703,1727]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">QCAZ 17965</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFB210BEFFA54F929" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFB210BEFFA54F929" box="[1273,1472,1703,1727]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-0.069" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-78.372" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Pichincha Province" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pichincha Province</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFCE10B8EFC5BF948" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFCE10B8EFC5BF948" box="[825,975,1734,1758]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-0.069" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-78.372" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Guayllabamba" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Guayllabamba</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFC030B8EFA2AF948" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFC030B8EFA2AF948" box="[987,1470,1734,1758]" latitude="-0.069" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-78.372" name="under the bridge over the Guayllabamba river" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">under the bridge over the Guayllabamba river</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF7FB7DFC9C0BAEFCC0F96B" box="[836,852,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFC810BAEFC3AF968" box="[857,942,1766,1790]" degrees="0.069" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-0.069">0.069° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFC600BAEFBBDF968" box="[952,1065,1766,1790]" degrees="78.372" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-78.372">78.372° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF7FB7DFB970BAEFB5BF968" box="[1103,1231,1766,1790]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.972" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="1972.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF7FB7DFB970BAEFB09F96B" box="[1103,1181,1766,1790]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.972" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="1972.0">1972 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date id="FFE8489BFFF7FB7DFB230BAEFA56F968" box="[1275,1474,1766,1790]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-11-23">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFACB173FFF7FB7DFB230BAEFA56F968" box="[1275,1474,1766,1790]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-11-23">23 November 2001</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF7FB7DFC840A4DFB8DF88B" box="[860,1049,1797,1821]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Verónica Sandoya</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF7FB7DFBFD0A4DFAE6F8CD" collectingDate="2001-11-23" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Santiago Ron" elevation="78" latitude="-2.031" location="Via Palmas-Balsas Locality" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-80.46" municipality="Santa Elena Province" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCode="QCAZ 23324" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF7FB7DFBFD0A4DFB2DF88B" box="[1061,1209,1797,1821]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">QCAZ 23324</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8DF421FFF7FB7DFA900A4DFC01F8AA" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Santa Elena Province" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Santa Elena Province</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFC790A6CFB22F8AA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFC790A6CFB22F8AA" box="[929,1206,1828,1852]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-2.031" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-80.46" municipality="Santa Elena Province" name="Via Palmas-Balsas Locality" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Via Palmas-Balsas Locality</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF7FB7DFB150A6DFB49F8AA" box="[1229,1245,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFB3C0A6DFAAFF8AB" box="[1252,1339,1829,1853]" degrees="2.031" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-2.031">2.031° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFA900A6CFA2FF8AB" box="[1352,1467,1828,1853]" degrees="80.460" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-80.46">80.460° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF7FB7DFC8C0A0CFC2AF8CA" box="[852,958,1860,1884]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="78.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF7FB7DFC8C0A0CFC1EF8CD" box="[852,906,1860,1884]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="78.0">78 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date id="FFE8489BFFF7FB7DFC350A0CFB2CF8CA" box="[1005,1208,1860,1884]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-11-23">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFACB173FFF7FB7DFC350A0CFB2CF8CA" box="[1005,1208,1860,1884]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-11-23">23 November 2001</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF7FB7DFB380A0CFAFBF8CD" box="[1248,1391,1860,1884]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Santiago Ron</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF7FB7CFAA10A0CFF30FBA9" collectingDate="2003-03-22" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Santiago Ron" elevation="200" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" latitude="-2.399" location="Sendero de Cerro Mas Vale Locality" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-79.634" municipality="Guayas Province" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCode="QCAZ 23486" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF7FB7DFAA10A0CFCE8F8ED" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">QCAZ 23486</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8DF421FFF7FB7DFBD70A2BFB54F8ED" box="[1039,1216,1891,1915]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Guayas Province" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Guayas Province</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFB160A2BFC50F80C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFB160A2BFC50F80C" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-2.399" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-79.634" municipality="Guayas Province" name="Sendero de Cerro Mas Vale Locality" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sendero de Cerro Más Vale Locality</location>
|
||
, in
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF7FB7DFC2B0ACBFB46F80C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF7FB7DFC2B0ACBFB46F80C" box="[1011,1234,1922,1947]" latitude="-2.399" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-79.634" municipality="Guayas Province" name="Cerro Blanco stream" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cerro Blanco stream</location>
|
||
approximately
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF7FB7DFAA30ACBFCF2F82C" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="200.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF7FB7DFAA30ACBFA56F80C" box="[1403,1474,1923,1947]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF7FB7DFCA60AEAFC19F82F" box="[894,909,1954,1977]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFC4D0AEAFC79F82C" box="[917,1005,1954,1978]" degrees="2.399" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-2.399">2.399° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF7FB7DFC210AEAFBF8F82C" box="[1017,1132,1954,1978]" degrees="79.634" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-79.634">79.634° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) on
|
||
<date id="FFE8489BFFF7FB7DFB470AEAFAD5F82C" box="[1183,1345,1954,1978]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2003-03-22">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFACB173FFF7FB7DFB470AEAFAD5F82C" box="[1183,1345,1954,1978]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2003-03-22">22 March 2003</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF7FB7CFAB20AEAFF34FBA9" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Santiago Ron</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFF710960FD6FFBE8" collectingDate="2002-02-18" collectingDateMax="2008-09-09" collectingDateMin="2002-02-18" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="David Cannatella & Fernando Ayala" country="Puerto Rico" latitude="-0.181" location="Manabi Province" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-78.334" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 24579, QCAZ 39353" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFF710960FEAFFBA9" box="[169,315,1063,1088]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 24579</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFE180960FDE4FBD6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFE180960FDE4FBD6" box="[448,624,1064,1088]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-0.181" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-78.334" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Manabi Province" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Manabí Province</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFF6FB7CFDA20960FD63FBD6" box="[634,759,1064,1088]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFFAA090FFEA2FBC9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFFAA090FFEA2FBC9" box="[114,310,1095,1119]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-0.181" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-78.334" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Alandaluz Locality" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Alándaluz Locality</location>
|
||
, in
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFEB9090FFD40FBC9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFEB9090FFD40FBC9" box="[353,724,1095,1119]" country="Puerto Rico" latitude="-0.181" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-78.334" name="lagoon facing the north side beach" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">lagoon facing the north side beach</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFD340900FD6FFBC9" box="[748,763,1096,1119]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF6FB7CFFA9092EFF5EFBE8" box="[113,202,1126,1150]" degrees="1.640" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-1.64">1.640° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF6FB7CFF0F092EFEDEFBE8" box="[215,330,1126,1150]" degrees="80.830" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-80.83">80.830° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
)
|
||
<date id="FFE8489BFFF6FB7CFE82092EFD82FBE8" box="[346,534,1126,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2002-02-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFACB173FFF6FB7CFE82092EFD82FBE8" box="[346,534,1126,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2002-02-18">18 February 2002</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFD98092EFD6CFBE8" box="[576,760,1126,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">David Cannatella</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFFA909CEFE88FB6A" collectingDate="2002-02-18" collectingDateMax="2008-09-09" collectingDateMin="2002-02-18" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="David Cannatella & Fernando Ayala" country="Puerto Rico" latitude="-0.181" location="Manabi Province" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-78.334" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 24579, QCAZ 39353" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFFA909CEFE90FB0B" box="[113,260,1157,1182]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 39353</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFE5609CEFDC2FB08" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFE5609CEFDC2FB08" box="[398,598,1158,1182]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-0.181" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-78.334" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Pichincha Province" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pichincha Province</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFDBA09CEFD54FB08" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFDBA09CEFD54FB08" box="[610,704,1158,1182]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-0.181" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-78.334" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Tababela" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Tababela</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFD1209CEFE1AFB2B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFD1209CEFE1AFB2B" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-0.181" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-78.334" municipality="Azuay Province" name="New Quito International Airport" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">New Quito International Airport</location>
|
||
, N-2 reservoir,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFDF109EDFF59FB4A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFDF109EDFF59FB4A" country="Puerto Rico" latitude="-0.181" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-78.334" name="at the edge of a water reservoir" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">at the edge of a water reservoir</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFF3C098DFF67FB4A" box="[228,243,1221,1244]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF6FB7CFF23098CFEC7FB4A" box="[251,339,1220,1244]" degrees="0.181" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-0.181">0.181° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF6FB7CFE87098CFE47FB4A" box="[351,467,1220,1244]" degrees="78.334" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-78.334">78.334° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), on
|
||
<date id="FFE8489BFFF6FB7CFDD3098CFD4DFB4A" box="[523,729,1220,1244]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2008-09-09">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFACB173FFF6FB7CFDD3098CFD4DFB4A" box="[523,729,1220,1244]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2008-09-09">09 September 2008</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFFA909ACFE8CFB6A" box="[113,280,1252,1276]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fernando Ayala</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFEFC09ACFD3FFAAC" collectingDate="2008-03-17" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Gustavo Pazmino" elevation="237" latitude="-2.182" location="Guayas Province" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-80.018" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 41327" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFEFC09ACFE2CFB6A" box="[292,440,1252,1276]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 41327</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFD9E09ACFD62FB6A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFD9E09ACFD62FB6A" box="[582,758,1252,1276]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-2.182" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-80.018" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Guayas Province" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Guayas Province</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFFA9084BFD91FA8D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFFA9084BFD91FA8D" box="[113,517,1283,1307]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-2.182" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-80.018" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco Locality" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco Locality</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFDC0084CFDB3FA8D" box="[536,551,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF6FB7CFDF3084BFDEAFA8D" box="[555,638,1283,1307]" degrees="2.182" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-2.182">2.182° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF6FB7CFD5F084BFD7AFA8D" box="[647,750,1283,1307]" degrees="80.018" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-80.018">80.018 W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF6FB7CFF52086AFF6BFAAC" box="[138,255,1314,1338]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.37" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="237.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF6FB7CFF52086AFF58FAAC" box="[138,204,1314,1338]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.37" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="237.0">237 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date id="FFE8489BFFF6FB7CFEF4086AFE5EFAAC" box="[300,458,1314,1338]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2008-03-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFACB173FFF6FB7CFEF4086AFE5EFAAC" box="[300,458,1314,1338]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2008-03-17">17 March 2008</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFE28086AFD33FAAC" box="[496,679,1314,1338]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gustavo Pazmiño</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFD68086AFEC5FA0E" collectingDate="2010-03-03" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Elicio Tapia" elevation="1665" latitude="-4.113" location="San Bernabe Locality" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-79.304" municipality="Loja Province" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 47444, 47445" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFD68086AFF20FACC" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 47444</specimenCode>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFF2A0809FEA1FACF" box="[242,309,1345,1369]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">47445</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8DF421FFF6FB7CFE16080AFDF0FACC" box="[462,612,1346,1370]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Loja Province" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Loja Province</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFDAD080AFF51FAEF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFDAD080AFF51FAEF" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.113" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-79.304" municipality="Loja Province" name="San Bernabe Locality" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">San Bernabé Locality</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFF03082AFF7EFAEF" box="[219,234,1378,1401]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF6FB7CFF280829FED2FAEF" box="[240,326,1377,1401]" degrees="4.113" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-4.113">4.113° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF6FB7CFE890829FE2FFAEF" box="[337,443,1377,1401]" degrees="79.304" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-79.304">79.304 W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF6FB7CFE3F0829FDFEFAEF" box="[487,618,1377,1401]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6649999999999998" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="1665.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF6FB7CFE3F0829FDA3FAEE" box="[487,567,1377,1401]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6649999999999998" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="1665.0">1665 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date id="FFE8489BFFF6FB7CFD4F0829FF33FA0E" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2010-03-03">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFACB173FFF6FB7CFD4F0829FF33FA0E" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2010-03-03">03 March 2010</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFF1708C8FED9FA0E" box="[207,333,1408,1432]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Elicio Tapia</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFE8F08C8FE7BFA0E" bold="true" box="[343,495,1408,1432]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Adult females</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF6FB7CFDD908C8FDDDFA0E" box="[513,585,1408,1432]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="20.[128,193,1122,1146]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1094]" captionTargetId="figure-514@20.[129,1473,144,1094]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 13. Adult preserved specimens of R. bella showing variation in dorsal and ventral coloration. From left to right, first row: QCAZ 12039, 17965, 23324 (males); second row:QCAZ 23486, 24579, 39353 (males); third row: QCAZ 41327, 47444, 47445 (males), 50698 (female). See Supporting Information, Table S1 for locality data. Specimens not shown at the same scale.Photos by S.R.R." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFDBB08C8FF30FA60" collectingDate="2011-02-25" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Santiago Ron" elevation="29" latitude="-1.344" location="Manabi Province" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-80.732" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 50698" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFDBB08C8FD63FA0E" box="[611,759,1408,1432]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 50698</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFF2908E8FE36FA2E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFF2908E8FE36FA2E" box="[241,418,1440,1464]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-1.344" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-80.732" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Manabi Province" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Manabi Province</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFE7608E8FD18FA2E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFE7608E8FD18FA2E" box="[430,652,1440,1464]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-1.344" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-80.732" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Puerto Cayo Locality" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Puerto Cayo Locality</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFD7B08E8FD26FA21" box="[675,690,1440,1463]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF6FB7CFD6008E8FF16FA41" degrees="1.344" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-1.344">1.344° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF6FB7CFF5608F7FF6DFA41" box="[142,249,1471,1495]" degrees="80.732" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-80.732">80.732 W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF6FB7CFEFF08F7FE06FA41" box="[295,402,1471,1495]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="29.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF6FB7CFEFF08F7FECAFA40" box="[295,350,1471,1495]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="29.0">29 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date id="FFE8489BFFF6FB7CFE1908F7FDE8FA41" box="[449,636,1471,1495]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2011-02-25">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFACB173FFF6FB7CFE1908F7FDE8FA41" box="[449,636,1471,1495]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2011-02-25">25 February 2011</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFD7C08F7FF34FA60" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Santiago Ron</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFF730896FEB0F9A2" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Santiago Ron" elevation="334" location="San Andres de Rocafuerte" municipality="San Andres de Rocafuerte" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 50703" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFF730896FED4FA60" box="[171,320,1502,1526]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 50703</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8DF421FFF6FB7CFE150896FD75FA60" box="[461,737,1502,1526]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="San Andres de Rocafuerte" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">San Andrés de Rocafuerte</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A5B7779FFF6FB7CFD350896FEF5F980" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF6FB7CFD350896FF06F980" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
north of Rocafuerte
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFEAC08B6FE10F983" box="[372,388,1534,1557]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
-0.86 822, -80.46 363) at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF6FB7CFD5208B6FD6EF980" box="[650,762,1534,1558]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.34" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="334.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF6FB7CFD5208B6FD5EF983" box="[650,714,1534,1558]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.34" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="334.0">334 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFF4A0B55FEB5F9A2" box="[146,289,1565,1589]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Santiago Ron</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFEF30B55FEC1F9E2" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Melina Samaniego" location="shore of the Vance river" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 47192" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFEF30B55FE2BF9A3" box="[299,447,1565,1589]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 47192</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected on the
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFDA30B55FF70F9C2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFDA30B55FF70F9C2" name="shore of the Vance river" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">shore of the Vance river</location>
|
||
in
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFEDD0B74FE48F9C2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFEDD0B74FE48F9C2" box="[261,476,1596,1620]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Esmeraldas Province" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Esmeraldas Province</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFE2A0B75FD95F9C2" box="[498,513,1597,1620]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
0.3269719, -79.47 686) by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFF4A0B14FEC5F9E2" box="[146,337,1628,1652]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Melina Samaniego</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFE830B14FDA4F924" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Elicio Tapia" location="Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas Province" municipality="Alluriquin" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 33775, 33778-79, 33782-83" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFE830B14FE79F9E5" box="[347,493,1627,1652]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 33775</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFE2F0B14FDCFF9E2" box="[503,603,1628,1652]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">33778-79</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFDBE0B14FD5FF9E2" box="[614,715,1628,1652]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">33782-83</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8DF421FFF6FB7CFF090B33FEA9F905" box="[209,317,1659,1683]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Alluriquin" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Alluriquín</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFE9F0B33FD62F905" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFE9F0B33FD62F905" box="[327,758,1659,1683]" municipality="Alluriquin" name="Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas Province" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Province</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFFA40BD3FF18F924" box="[124,140,1691,1714]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
-0.320 309, -78.99 347) by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFE770BD2FDB8F924" box="[431,556,1690,1714]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Elicio Tapia</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFDEE0BD2FDBBF967" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Italo Tapia" elevation="2386" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 26345" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFDEE0BD2FD5DF924" box="[566,713,1690,1714]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 26345</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A5B7779FFF6FB7CFF6E0BF2FDCCF944" box="[182,600,1722,1746]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF6FB7CFF6E0BF2FF6BF944" box="[182,255,1722,1746]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="km" value="2.7">2.7 km</quantity>
|
||
north of Oña in Azuay Province
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFDB70BF2FDEAF947" box="[623,638,1722,1745]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
-3.454 261, -79.16 227) at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF6FB7CFED60B91FE05F967" box="[270,401,1753,1777]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.386" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="2386.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF6FB7CFED60B91FECAF966" box="[270,350,1753,1777]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.386" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="2386.0">2386 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFE610B92FDBEF967" box="[441,554,1753,1781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ítalo Tapia</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFDED0B91FF68F8A6" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Luis Coloma" location="Azuay Province" municipality="Ona" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 26320" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFDED0B91FD5DF967" box="[565,713,1753,1777]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 26320</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8DF421FFF6FB7CFF0F0BB0FE92F886" box="[215,262,1784,1808]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Ona" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Oña</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFECC0BB0FE2DF886" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFECC0BB0FE2DF886" box="[276,441,1784,1808]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Ona" name="Azuay Province" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Azuay Province</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFE0A0BB1FE76F886" box="[466,482,1785,1808]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
-3.46 123, -79.16 253) by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFFA90A50FF6CF8A6" box="[113,248,1816,1840]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Luis Coloma</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFED90A50FD6FF8F8" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Veronica Sandoya" elevation="1972" location="under the bridge over the Guayllabamba river" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 17966" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFED90A50FE06F8A6" box="[257,402,1816,1840]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 17966</specimenCode>
|
||
-69, collected
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFDC60A50FEF2F8D9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFDC60A50FEF2F8D9" name="under the bridge over the Guayllabamba river" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">under the bridge over the Guayllabamba river</location>
|
||
in
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFE530A7FFDB5F8D9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFE530A7FFDB5F8D9" box="[395,545,1847,1871]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Guayllabamba" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Guayllabamba</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFDF40A7FFD62F8D9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFDF40A7FFD62F8D9" box="[556,758,1847,1871]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Pichincha Province" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pichincha Province</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFFA40A1FFF18F8F8" box="[124,140,1879,1902]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
-0.068925, -78.37 195) at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF6FB7CFE430A1EFD8EF8F8" box="[411,538,1878,1902]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.972" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="1972.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF6FB7CFE430A1EFE7DF8F8" box="[411,489,1878,1902]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.972" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="1972.0">1972 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFDE60A1EFD63F8F8" box="[574,759,1878,1902]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Verónica Sandoya</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFFA90A3EFBC9FBA9" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Santiago Ron" location="Santo Domingo de los Colorados" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 1992" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFFA90A3EFF63F818" box="[113,247,1910,1934]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 1992</specimenCode>
|
||
-93, collected in
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFE460A3EFD63F818" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFE460A3EFD63F818" box="[414,759,1910,1934]" name="Santo Domingo de los Colorados" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Santo Domingo de los Colorados</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFFAA0ADDFEAAF83B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFFAA0ADDFEAAF83B" box="[114,318,1941,1965]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Pichincha Province" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pichincha Province</location>
|
||
, on the
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFE450ADDFDC0F83B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFE450ADDFDC0F83B" box="[413,596,1941,1965]" name="road to Quevedo" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">road to Quevedo</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFDB50ADEFDE8F83B" box="[621,636,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
-0.256 950, -79.16 612) by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFC140960FBCEFBA9" box="[972,1114,1064,1088]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Santiago Ron</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFBBB0960FC4EFBE8" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Santiago Ron" location="Tonsupa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 1994, 1999" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFBBB0960FB7DFBD6" box="[1123,1257,1064,1088]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 1994</specimenCode>
|
||
-97,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFACE0960FAD8FBD6" box="[1302,1356,1064,1088]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1999</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFC90090FFC37FBC8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFC90090FFC37FBC8" box="[840,931,1095,1118]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Tonsupa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Tonsupa</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFC75090FFB12FBC9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFC75090FFB12FBC9" box="[941,1158,1095,1119]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Esmeraldas Province" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Esmeraldas Province</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFB420900FB3EFBC9" box="[1178,1194,1096,1119]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
0.8 852 820, -79.80 499) by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFC92092EFC42FBE8" box="[842,982,1126,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Santiago Ron</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFC06092EFA20FB0B" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Santiago Ron" location="Guayaquil suburbio" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 2001" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFC06092EFBF6FBE8" box="[990,1122,1126,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 2001</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFB3E092EFA24FBE8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFB3E092EFA24FBE8" box="[1254,1456,1126,1150]" name="Guayaquil suburbio" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Guayaquil suburbio</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFCF209CEFC4DFB08" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFCF209CEFC4DFB08" box="[810,985,1158,1182]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Guayas Province" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Guayas Province</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFC3709CEFC6AFB0B" box="[1007,1022,1158,1181]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
-2.257 000, -79.87 800) by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFAFA09CEFA24FB0B" box="[1314,1456,1158,1182]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Santiago Ron</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFCF409EDFAF1FB4A" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Santiago Ron" location="Tonsupa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 2258, 2263" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFCF409EDFC23FB2B" box="[812,951,1189,1213]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 2258</specimenCode>
|
||
-59,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFC3009EDFB8AFB2B" box="[1000,1054,1189,1213]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2263</specimenCode>
|
||
-64, collected in
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFB0E09EDFAA5FB2A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFB0E09EDFAA5FB2A" box="[1238,1329,1189,1212]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Tonsupa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Tonsupa</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFA9809EDFC12FB4A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFA9809EDFC12FB4A" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Esmeraldas Province" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Esmeraldas Province</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFC43098DFC3EFB4A" box="[923,938,1221,1244]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
0.8 852 820, -79.80 499) by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFB0D098CFAF5FB4A" box="[1237,1377,1220,1244]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Santiago Ron</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFAB2098CFAF7FA8C" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Santiago Ron" location="Santo Domingo de los Colorados" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 2265" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFAB2098CFCF5FB6D" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 2265</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFC3109ACFAD0FB6A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFC3109ACFAD0FB6A" box="[1001,1348,1252,1276]" name="Santo Domingo de los Colorados" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Santo Domingo de los Colorados</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFA9609ACFC1CFA8D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFA9609ACFC1CFA8D" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Pichincha Province" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pichincha Province</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFC45084CFC38FA8D" box="[925,940,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
-0.256 950, -79.16 612) by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFB09084BFAF4FA8C" box="[1233,1376,1283,1307]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Santiago Ron</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFAB2084BFB4FFACF" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" location="Guayaquil" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 2267" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFAB2084BFCF4FAAC" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 2267</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in the suburbs of
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFB51086AFB60FAAC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFB51086AFB60FAAC" box="[1161,1268,1314,1338]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Guayaquil" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Guayaquil</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFAD8086AFA3BFAAC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFAD8086AFA3BFAAC" box="[1280,1455,1314,1338]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Guayas Province" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Guayas Province</location>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFCED080AFCD0FACF" box="[821,836,1346,1369]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF6FB7CFC97080AFC34FACC" box="[847,928,1346,1370]" degrees="4.2396" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="-4.2396">-4.2396</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFF6FB7CFC77080AFB9BFACC" box="[943,1039,1346,1370]" degrees="79.2196" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="-79.2196">-79.2196</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFB9D080AFB4CFACF" box="[1093,1240,1346,1370]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Santiago Ron</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3E6406FFF6FB7CFB3E080AFA20FA0E" collectionCode="QCAZ" collectorName="Santiago Ron" elevation="1550" location="Chalcapac" municipality="Azuay Province" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="QCAZ 10497" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBF0C620FFF6FB7CFB3E080AFAE9FACC" box="[1254,1405,1346,1370]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">QCAZ 10497</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFC5F0829FC67FAEF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFC5F0829FC67FAEF" box="[903,1011,1377,1401]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Chalcapac" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chalcápac</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFC240829FB22FAEF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFC240829FB22FAEF" box="[1020,1206,1377,1401]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Valle de Yunguilla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Valle de Yunguilla</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFF6FB7CFB670829FAFEFAEF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFF6FB7CFB670829FAFEFAEF" box="[1215,1386,1377,1401]" country="Puerto Rico" county="Santiago Ron" latitude="-4.2396" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-79.2196" municipality="Azuay Province" name="Via Giron Pasaje" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Vía Girón Pasaje</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8DF421FFF6FB7CFAAB0829FC13FA0E" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Azuay Province</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFC4208C9FC3DFA0E" box="[922,937,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c.</emphasis>
|
||
-3.233 333, -79.2) at
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFF6FB7CFB5B08C8FA96FA0E" box="[1155,1282,1408,1432]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="1550.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF6FB7CFB5B08C8FB45FA0E" box="[1155,1233,1408,1432]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="1550.0">1550 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFF6FB7CFAFC08C8FA24FA0E" box="[1316,1456,1408,1432]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Santiago Ron</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF293ED3FFF6FB7CFFA90E1BFE85FC6E" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[113,178,851,875]" targetBox="[114,1458,144,823]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF6FB7CFFA90E1BFE85FC6E" blockId="13.[113,1451,851,1016]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFFA90E1BFF5DFCFA" bold="true" box="[113,201,851,876]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Violin plots showing the variation (median -unfilled diamond-, range, kernel density, 25th–75th percentiles) of the following measurements (in mm): (A) Snout-vent length (SVL) of toad populations from Central America (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFBD70E38FBB5FC11" box="[1039,1057,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 20) and western Ecuador (
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFAE00E38FADEFC11" box="[1336,1354,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 60). Individuals from Central America correspond to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF6FB7CFDE60EC4FD3EFC32" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[574,682,908,932]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFDE60EC4FD3EFC32" box="[574,682,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">R. horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and individuals from western Ecuador correspond to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF6FB7CFB7C0EC4FB7DFC32" box="[1188,1257,908,932]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFB7C0EC4FB7DFC32" box="[1188,1257,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. B, Femur length as a proportion (in percentage) of snout-vent length (FL/SVL). C, Head width as a proportion (in percentage) of snout-vent length (HW/SVL). D, Tibia length as a proportion (in percentage) of snout-vent length (TL/SVL). E, Third finger length as a proportion (in percentage) of foot length (TF/FL).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34C3DD0FFF6FB7CFC3908FFFC69F980" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF6FB7CFC3908FFFB6FFA44" blockId="13.[810,1459,1463,1558]" box="[993,1275,1463,1490]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFC3908FFFB6FFA44" bold="true" box="[993,1275,1463,1490]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Suggested common names</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF6FB7CFCF20896FC69F980" blockId="13.[810,1459,1463,1558]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Cane toad (English) or beautiful cane toad (English); sapo bello de la caña (Spanish).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34C3DD0FFF6FB7FFC390B7DFDDAFA09" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF6FB7CFC390B7DFB6FF9D9" blockId="13.[993,1275,1589,1615]" box="[993,1275,1589,1615]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFC390B7DFB6FF9D9" bold="true" box="[993,1275,1589,1615]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Assignment of new species</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF6FB7FFCF20B14FDDAFA09" blockId="13.[810,1460,1628,1965]" lastBlockId="14.[129,778,1195,1439]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
We assign the new species to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF6FB7CFB0A0B14FAB0F9E2" authorityName="Menéndez-Guerrero & Lima & Santos & Salazar-Nicholls & Green & Ron" authorityYear="2024" box="[1234,1316,1628,1652]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFB0A0B14FAB0F9E2" box="[1234,1316,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rhinella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the phylogeny. We assign the new species to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF6FB7CFAD80B34FAF1F905" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1280,1381,1660,1683]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFAD80B34FAF1F905" box="[1280,1381,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFF6FB7CFC610BD3FBEEF924" author="Pereyra MO & Blotto BL & Baldo D" box="[953,1146,1690,1715]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 156" refId="ref18422" refString="Pereyra MO, Blotto BL, Baldo D et al. Evolution in the genus Rhinella: a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of Neotropical true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021; 447: 1 - 156." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Pereyra
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFBD60BD3FBABF924" box="[1038,1087,1690,1714]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) based on the phylogeny and the synapomorphy ‘sacral diapophyses with the anterior edge angled posteriorly to the midline axis of the vertebral column’. The other synapomorphy of this group listed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFF6FB7CFAF40BB1FCFDF8A6" author="Pereyra MO & Blotto BL & Baldo D" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 156" refId="ref18422" refString="Pereyra MO, Blotto BL, Baldo D et al. Evolution in the genus Rhinella: a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of Neotropical true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021; 447: 1 - 156." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Pereyra
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFA5A0BB1FA39F886" box="[1410,1453,1784,1808]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; i.e. ‘jagged or scalloped articulation between the medial ramus of pterygoid and parasphenoid alae’) could not be examined.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF6FB7CFCB00A1EFC67F8F8" box="[872,1011,1878,1902]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFCB00A1EFC67F8F8" box="[872,1011,1878,1902]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rhinella bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also shares the following characters with other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF6FB7CFBC40A3EFB17F81B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1052,1155,1910,1933]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFBC40A3EFB17F81B" box="[1052,1155,1910,1933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, which, when used in combination, led to differentiate the species from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF6FB7CFABA0ADDFA20F83B" authorityName="Menéndez-Guerrero & Lima & Santos & Salazar-Nicholls & Green & Ron" authorityYear="2024" box="[1378,1460,1941,1965]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF6FB7CFABA0ADDFA20F83B" box="[1378,1460,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rhinella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups (eight out of 12 characters listed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFF5FB7FFDE109E4FC9DFB55" author="Pereyra MO & Blotto BL & Baldo D" box="[569,777,1195,1220]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 156" refId="ref18422" refString="Pereyra MO, Blotto BL, Baldo D et al. Evolution in the genus Rhinella: a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of Neotropical true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021; 447: 1 - 156." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Pereyra
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFD5309E4FD20FB55" box="[651,692,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2021)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were examined): preorbital crest well developed, supraorbital crest well developed, pretympanic crest well developed, nasal and frontoparietal articulate along the entire margin, inguinal fat bodies, parotid gland approximately ellipsoid, longer than wide or triangular and bulky, tarsal fold, and extensor digitorum longus with an insertion on the metatarsophalangeal joint of digiti IV (Supporting Information, Table S7).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF293ED3FFF5FB7FFF590947FEEDFBED" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[129,194,1039,1063]" targetBox="[129,1473,177,1011]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF5FB7FFF590947FEEDFBED" blockId="14.[129,1421,1039,1147]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFF590947FF4CFBB1" bold="true" box="[129,216,1039,1063]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Plot of the first two canonical axes (I, II) from Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA) based on 13 continuously varying lineal morphological characters from 106 toads of three species from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF5FB7FFD2E0964FCC5FBD5" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[758,849,1068,1091]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFD2E0964FCC5FBD5" box="[758,849,1068,1091]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group (see Material and methods). Individuals from western Ecuador correspond to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF5FB7FFE750900FE66FBC9" box="[429,498,1095,1119]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFE750900FE66FBC9" box="[429,498,1095,1119]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, individuals from eastern Ecuador correspond to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF5FB7FFC1B0900FB8AFBC9" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[963,1054,1096,1119]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFC1B0900FC46FBC9" box="[963,978,1096,1119]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFC040900FB8AFBC9" box="[988,1054,1096,1119]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and individuals from Central America correspond to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF5FB7FFED2092CFEE1FBED" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[266,373,1123,1147]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFED2092CFE8DFBED" box="[266,281,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFEFB092BFEE1FBED" box="[291,373,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34C3DD0FFF5FB7FFEED08F6FA96F941" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF5FB7FFEED08F6FDC1FA4E" blockId="14.[129,780,1470,1971]" box="[309,597,1470,1496]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFEED08F6FDC1FA4E" bold="true" box="[309,597,1470,1496]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Definition (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF5FB7FFE6B08F6FE6BFA4E" box="[435,511,1470,1496]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-8@19.[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral views of right forelimb (C) and right hind limb (D) of the holotype of R. bella (QCAZ 23305; adult male; Guayas Province, between Palmas and Balsas, Ecuador). Not shown at the same scale. Photos by S.R.R." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 12</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF5FB7FFDD008F6FDB0FA4E" box="[520,548,1470,1496]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="20.[128,193,1122,1146]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1094]" captionTargetId="figure-514@20.[129,1473,144,1094]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 13. Adult preserved specimens of R. bella showing variation in dorsal and ventral coloration. From left to right, first row: QCAZ 12039, 17965, 23324 (males); second row:QCAZ 23486, 24579, 39353 (males); third row: QCAZ 41327, 47444, 47445 (males), 50698 (female). See Supporting Information, Table S1 for locality data. Specimens not shown at the same scale.Photos by S.R.R." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">13</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF5FB7FFDF608F6FDDEFA4E" box="[558,586,1470,1496]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[131,1473,152,1799]" captionTargetId="figure-12@22.[128,1475,149,1801]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Adult live individuals of R. bella showing variation in dorsal (upper part of the figure) and ventral (lower part of the figure) coloration: (A) adult male, QCAZ 51478 (SVL = 84.05mm); (B) adult female, QCAZ 57032 (SVL = 66.85 mm); (C) adult female, QCAZ 51799 (SVL = 63.12mm); (D) adult male, QCAZ 68814 (SVL = 73.73); (E) adult male, QCAZ 65726 (108.60); (F) adult female, QCAZ 67265 (95.69); (G) adult male, QCAZ 51423 (SVL = 83.81); (H) adult male, QCAZ 51308 (SVL = 95.33); (I) adult female, QCAZ 51846 (SVL = 123.33); (J) adult female, QCAZ 55040 (SVL = 102.74).See Supporting Information, Table S1 for locality data. Individuals not shown at the same scale.Photos by SRR." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">15</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF5FB7FFF5908ACFA96F941" blockId="14.[129,780,1470,1971]" lastBlockId="14.[825,1476,1195,1752]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF5FB7FFF5908ACFE9CFA6A" box="[129,264,1508,1532]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFF5908ACFE9CFA6A" box="[129,264,1508,1532]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Rhinella bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by: (1) average SVL in adult females
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF5FB7FFF190B4CFEA1F98D" box="[193,309,1540,1564]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0215999999999998" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="102.16">102.16 mm</quantity>
|
||
(SD = 13.75,
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFE100B4DFE4FF98A" box="[456,475,1541,1564]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 29), adult males
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF5FB7FFD790B4CFC9DF98D" box="[673,777,1540,1564]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.651" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="86.51">86.51 mm</quantity>
|
||
(SD = 13.95,
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFECA0B6CFEB1F9AD" box="[274,293,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 31; see Supporting Information, Table S8); (2) short snout, subacuminated in dorsal view, truncated to rounded in profile; (3) bony knob at angle of jaws absent; (4) low and thick cephalic crests with borders with keratinized spicules, continuous with supraorbital, supratympanic, canthal, rostral, and preorbital crests; reduced infraorbital crests, and preorbital crests absent; (5) heel not reaching posterior margin of eye when hindlimbs depressed; (6) vertebral apophyses absent; (7) dorsal skin with medium and round tubercles usually with a keratinized spicule at the tip, with or without large scattered warts, most are pointed; (8) a thin middorsal line from snout to groin is present; (9) absence of dorsolateral fringe; (10) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus distinct; (11) parotoid glands relatively big, elongate posteriorly, relatively prominent in dorsal view, with visible small pores, and with a keratinized spicule at the posterior tip, width of parotoid glands varies from 9.17 to 14.27% of SVL; height of parotoid glands can vary from 15.91 to 22.44% of SVL; (12) upper eyelid with keratinized warts; (13) palms without rudimentary basal webbing between fingers, lateral fringes absent; small rounded knobs at tips of digits; finger lengths 3> 4> 2> 1; (14) inner and outer metatarsal tubercles conical, protruding distally, outer usually similar size of inner tubercles; subarticular tubercles present; supernumerary tubercles with keratinized spicule at the tip, distributed linearly on toes on plantar surface; (15) forelimbs and forearms robust with low and rounded warts keratinized; supernumerary tubercles rounded with different sizes, distributed irregularly on palm; palmar tubercle larger than thenar tubercle, both are oval; (16) foot with basal webbing between toes, lateral fringes present; small rounded knobs at tips of digits; toe lengths 4> 5> 3> 2> 1; (16) nuptial pads present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34C3DD0FFF5FB7EFB910BBFFA10FE77" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF5FB7FFB910BBFFB27F887" blockId="14.[1097,1203,1783,1809]" box="[1097,1203,1783,1809]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFB910BBFFB27F887" bold="true" box="[1097,1203,1783,1809]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF5FB7EFCE10A56FEE4F96B" blockId="14.[825,1474,1822,1972]" lastBlockId="15.[113,764,1327,1977]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF5FB7FFCE10A56FC56F8A0" box="[825,962,1822,1846]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFCE10A56FC56F8A0" box="[825,962,1822,1846]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Rhinella bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF5FB7FFB270A57FAE1F8A0" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1279,1397,1822,1846]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFB270A57FA9BF8A0" box="[1279,1295,1823,1846]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFAC50A56FAE1F8A0" box="[1309,1397,1822,1846]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF5FB7FFA750A57FC14F8C3" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFA750A57FA29F8A0" box="[1453,1469,1823,1846]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFCE10A76FC14F8C3" box="[825,896,1854,1877]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF5FB7FFC200A76FBD0F8C3" box="[1016,1092,1853,1877]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFC200A76FBD0F8C3" box="[1016,1092,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF5FB7FFAB40A76FCF4F8E2" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFAB40A76FAE8F8C3" box="[1388,1404,1854,1877]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF5FB7FFA520A75FCF4F8E2" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a smaller body size, along with a proportionally larger femur, wider head, and larger tibia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF5FB7FFAD90A34FAA9F802" box="[1281,1341,1916,1940]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[113,178,851,875]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,823]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 8. Violin plots showing the variation (median -unfilled diamond-, range, kernel density, 25th–75th percentiles) of the following measurements (in mm): (A) Snout-vent length (SVL) of toad populations from Central America (N = 20) and western Ecuador (N = 60). Individuals from Central America correspond toR. horribilis and individuals from western Ecuador correspond to R. bella. B, Femur length as a proportion (in percentage) of snout-vent length (FL/SVL). C, Head width as a proportion (in percentage) of snout-vent length (HW/SVL). D, Tibia length as a proportion (in percentage) of snout-vent length (TL/SVL).E, Third finger length as a proportion (in percentage) of foot length (TF/FL)." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D45BE0FFF5FB7FFC1D0AD3FBBFF825" box="[965,1067,1947,1971]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="8.[129,184,772,796]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 3. Descriptive statistics for call parameters of toad populations form Central America, western Ecuador, and eastern Ecuador. Sample size (N), and mean ± SD are given. Individuals from western Ecuador correspond to R. bella, individuals from eastern Ecuador correspond to R. marina, and individuals from Central America correspond to R. horribilis" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Tables S3</tableCitation>
|
||
, S8). Differences among species were also evident in the skull shape (see results of morphometric analyses).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFF4FB7EFF610806FE08FAF0" author="Acevedo AA & Lampo M & Cipriani R" box="[185,412,1358,1382]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="574 - 86" refId="ref15985" refString="Acevedo AA, Lampo M, Cipriani R. The cane or marine toad, Rhinella marina (Anura, Bufonidae): two genetically and morphologically distinct species. Zootaxa 2016; 4103: 574 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4103.6.7" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Acevedo
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFEC10807FEDFFAF0" box="[281,331,1358,1382]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported cranial morphology differences between populations of the east (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFDF10826FD18FA13" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[553,652,1390,1413]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFDF10826FDADFA13" box="[553,569,1390,1413]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFD9D0826FD18FA13" box="[581,652,1390,1413]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and west (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFFA408C5FF61FA33" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[124,245,1421,1445]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFFA408C5FF18FA32" box="[124,140,1421,1444]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFF4508C5FF61FA33" box="[157,245,1421,1445]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) side of the Venezuelan Andes, mainly around the pre-maxillar, nasal bones, and occipital region. We also found skull differences between populations on the eastern (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFD3D0884FF2CF994" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFD3D0884FD61FA75" box="[741,757,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFFA908A3FF2CF994" box="[113,184,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) vs. western (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFE8B08A3FE34F995" box="[339,416,1515,1539]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFE8B08A3FE34F995" box="[339,416,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) sides of the Ecuadorian Andes, mainly concerning the pre-maxillar and nasal bones. However, the non-monophyletic status of the eastern and Amazon Basin populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFF4FB7EFF230B01FE57F9F7" author="Vallinoto M & Sequeira F & Sodre D" box="[251,451,1609,1633]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="128 - 40" refId="ref19613" refString="Vallinoto M, Sequeira F, Sodre D et al. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Rhinella marina species complex (Amphibia, Bufonidae) revisited: implications for Neotropical diversification hypotheses. Zoologica Scripta 2010; 39: 128 - 40." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Vallinoto
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFE850B01FE1FF9F7" box="[349,395,1609,1633]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this paper) precluded us from making further comparisons with the findings of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFF4FB7EFDB50B20FF28F909" author="Acevedo AA & Lampo M & Cipriani R" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="574 - 86" refId="ref15985" refString="Acevedo AA, Lampo M, Cipriani R. The cane or marine toad, Rhinella marina (Anura, Bufonidae): two genetically and morphologically distinct species. Zootaxa 2016; 4103: 574 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4103.6.7" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Acevedo
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFD130B21FD6FF916" box="[715,763,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The new species is distinguishable from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFD820BC0FD58F909" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[602,716,1671,1695]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFD820BC0FDFEF909" box="[602,618,1672,1695]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFDAC0BCFFD58F909" box="[628,716,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by a depressed area on the quadratojugal-squamosal contact region, and the elongation of frontoparietal bones at their most distant region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF4FB7EFF1B0BADFE9CF96B" box="[195,264,1765,1789]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="16.[130,195,1334,1358]" captionTargetBox="[129,1474,144,1305]" captionTargetId="graphics-418@16.[583,1141,245,813]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 10.Morphological differences in skull shape among western Ecuadorian (R. bella), eastern Ecuadorian (R.marina), and Central American (R. horribilis) populations of the R. marina species group. The plot of the first two canonical axes of Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA) based on shape variables from 84 toads (see Material and methods in the main text), and changes with respect to the average on the deformation grids for the extreme points along each canonical variate axis are shown.Grid differences among populations have been exaggerated 5-fold to make them more visible." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D45BE0FFF4FB7EFECC0BADFECBF96B" box="[276,351,1765,1789]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="15.[113,168,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Table 5. Canonical coefficients and percentage of explained variance for canonical variables (CV) of the Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) of three toad populations and 84 specimens. This analysis was based on shape variables (see main text)" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF293ED3FFF4FB7EFFA90DC7FD87FF6D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[113,168,143,167]" targetBox="[113,757,273,1259]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="15" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF4FB7EFFA90DC7FD87FF6D" blockId="15.[113,757,143,251]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFFA90DC7FF2BFF31" bold="true" box="[113,191,143,167]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Table 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Canonical coefficients and percentage of explained variance for canonical variables (CV) of the Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) of three toad populations and 84 specimens. This analysis was based on shape variables (see main text)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF4FB7EFFA90C59FD54FB7D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<table id="F9569CFBFFF4048EFFA90C59FD61FB7D" box="[113,757,273,1259]" gridcols="3" gridrows="29" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90C59FD61FEBF" box="[113,757,273,297]" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90C59FECBFEBF" box="[113,351,273,297]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFFA90C59FE9EFEBF" bold="true" box="[113,266,273,297]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Shape variables</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130C59FDB9FEBF" box="[459,557,273,297]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFE130C59FE6EFEBF" bold="true" box="[459,506,273,297]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">CV I</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410C59FD61FEBF" box="[665,757,273,297]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFD410C59FD45FEBF" bold="true" box="[665,721,273,297]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">CV II</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90C09FD61FECF" box="[113,757,321,345]" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90C09FECBFECF" box="[113,351,321,345]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">x1</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130C09FDB9FECF" box="[459,557,321,345]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-29.5047</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410C09FD61FECF" box="[665,757,321,345]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">105.6930</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90C2BFD61FEED" box="[113,757,355,379]" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90C2BFECBFEED" box="[113,351,355,379]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">y1</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130C2BFDB9FEED" box="[459,557,355,379]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-137.1518</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410C2BFD61FEED" box="[665,757,355,379]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">101.0467</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90CCDFD61FE0B" box="[113,757,389,413]" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90CCDFECBFE0B" box="[113,351,389,413]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">x2</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130CCDFDB9FE0B" box="[459,557,389,413]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">95.0278</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410CCDFD61FE0B" box="[665,757,389,413]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-95.6869</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90CEEFD61FE29" box="[113,757,422,447]" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90CEEFECBFE29" box="[113,351,422,447]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">y2</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130CEEFDB9FE29" box="[459,557,422,447]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">95.6099</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410CEEFD61FE29" box="[665,757,422,447]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-63.0279</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90C80FD61FE76" box="[113,757,456,480]" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90C80FECBFE76" box="[113,351,456,480]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">x3</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130C80FDB9FE76" box="[459,557,456,480]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-12.6571</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410C80FD61FE76" box="[665,757,456,480]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">26.8945</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90CA2FD61FD94" box="[113,757,490,514]" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90CA2FECBFD94" box="[113,351,490,514]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">y3</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130CA2FDB9FD94" box="[459,557,490,514]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">42.8372</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410CA2FD61FD94" box="[665,757,490,514]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-5.6094</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90F44FD61FDB2" box="[113,757,524,548]" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90F44FECBFDB2" box="[113,351,524,548]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">x4</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130F44FDB9FDB2" box="[459,557,524,548]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-103.9906</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410F44FD61FDB2" box="[665,757,524,548]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-19.3548</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90F66FD61FDD0" box="[113,757,558,582]" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90F66FECBFDD0" box="[113,351,558,582]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">y4</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130F66FDB9FDD0" box="[459,557,558,582]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-25.4385</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410F66FD61FDD0" box="[665,757,558,582]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">9.6817</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90F18FD61FDFE" box="[113,757,592,616]" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90F18FECBFDFE" box="[113,351,592,616]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">x5</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130F18FDB9FDFE" box="[459,557,592,616]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">19.2644</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410F18FD61FDFE" box="[665,757,592,616]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-18.6325</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90F39FD61FD1F" box="[113,757,625,649]" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90F39FECBFD1F" box="[113,351,625,649]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">y5</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130F39FDB9FD1F" box="[459,557,625,649]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-19.4825</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410F39FD61FD1F" box="[665,757,625,649]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-22.6826</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90FDBFD61FD3A" box="[113,757,659,684]" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90FDBFECBFD3A" box="[113,351,659,684]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">x6</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130FDBFDB9FD3A" box="[459,557,659,684]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">72.4379</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410FDBFD61FD3A" box="[665,757,659,684]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">17.1427</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90FFDFD61FD5B" box="[113,757,693,717]" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90FFDFECBFD5B" box="[113,351,693,717]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">y6</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130FFDFDB9FD5B" box="[459,557,693,717]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-22.4482</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410FFDFD61FD5B" box="[665,757,693,717]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">14.6958</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90F9FFD61FD79" box="[113,757,727,751]" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90F9FFECBFD79" box="[113,351,727,751]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">x7</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130F9FFDB9FD79" box="[459,557,727,751]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">93.5268</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410F9FFD61FD79" box="[665,757,727,751]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">0.6927</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90FB1FD61FC87" box="[113,757,761,785]" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90FB1FECBFC87" box="[113,351,761,785]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">y7</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130FB1FDB9FC87" box="[459,557,761,785]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">78.0845</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410FB1FD61FC87" box="[665,757,761,785]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">9.5599</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90E53FD61FCA5" box="[113,757,795,819]" gridrow="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90E53FECBFCA5" box="[113,351,795,819]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">x8</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130E53FDB9FCA5" box="[459,557,795,819]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-37.4333</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410E53FD61FCA5" box="[665,757,795,819]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-17.7027</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90E75FD61FCC3" box="[113,757,829,853]" gridrow="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90E75FECBFCC3" box="[113,351,829,853]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">y8</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130E75FDB9FCC3" box="[459,557,829,853]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">17.0133</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410E75FD61FCC3" box="[665,757,829,853]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-48.1208</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90E16FD61FCE1" box="[113,757,862,887]" gridrow="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90E16FECBFCE1" box="[113,351,862,887]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">x9</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130E16FDB9FCE1" box="[459,557,862,887]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-35.4839</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410E16FD61FCE1" box="[665,757,862,887]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-36.8079</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90EC8FD61FC0E" box="[113,757,896,920]" gridrow="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90EC8FECBFC0E" box="[113,351,896,920]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">y9</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130EC8FDB9FC0E" box="[459,557,896,920]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">2.8802</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410EC8FD61FC0E" box="[665,757,896,920]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-18.1410</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90EEAFD61FC2C" box="[113,757,930,954]" gridrow="19" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90EEAFECBFC2C" box="[113,351,930,954]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">x10</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130EEAFDB9FC2C" box="[459,557,930,954]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">26.1319</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410EEAFD61FC2C" box="[665,757,930,954]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">55.7962</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90E8CFD61FC4A" box="[113,757,964,988]" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90E8CFECBFC4A" box="[113,351,964,988]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">y10</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130E8CFDB9FC4A" box="[459,557,964,988]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-19.5041</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410E8CFD61FC4A" box="[665,757,964,988]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-12.9742</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90EAEFD61FC68" box="[113,757,998,1022]" gridrow="21" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90EAEFECBFC68" box="[113,351,998,1022]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">x11</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130EAEFDB9FC68" box="[459,557,998,1022]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-63.8547</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410EAEFD61FC68" box="[665,757,998,1022]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">15.6947</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90940FD61FBB6" box="[113,757,1032,1056]" gridrow="22" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90940FECBFBB6" box="[113,351,1032,1056]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">y11</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130940FDB9FBB6" box="[459,557,1032,1056]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">11.8286</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410940FD61FBB6" box="[665,757,1032,1056]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">8.6709</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90961FD61FBD4" box="[113,757,1065,1090]" gridrow="23" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90961FECBFBD4" box="[113,351,1065,1090]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">x12</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130961FDB9FBD4" box="[459,557,1065,1090]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-47.9645</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410961FD61FBD4" box="[665,757,1065,1090]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-10.7240</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90903FD61FBF5" box="[113,757,1099,1123]" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90903FECBFBF5" box="[113,351,1099,1123]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">y12</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130903FDB9FBF5" box="[459,557,1099,1123]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">8.2034</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410903FD61FBF5" box="[665,757,1099,1123]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">18.2051</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA90925FD61FB13" box="[113,757,1133,1157]" gridrow="25" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA90925FECBFB13" box="[113,351,1133,1157]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">x13</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE130925FDB9FB13" box="[459,557,1133,1157]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">24.5003</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD410925FD61FB13" box="[665,757,1133,1157]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-23.0049</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA909C7FD61FB31" box="[113,757,1167,1191]" gridrow="26" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA909C7FECBFB31" box="[113,351,1167,1191]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">y13</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE1309C7FDB9FB31" box="[459,557,1167,1191]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-32.4319</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD4109C7FD61FB31" box="[665,757,1167,1191]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">8.6958</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA909F9FD61FB5F" box="[113,757,1201,1225]" gridrow="27" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA909F9FECBFB5F" box="[113,351,1201,1225]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">% of variance explained</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE1309F9FDB9FB5F" box="[459,557,1201,1225]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">53.85</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD4109F9FD61FB5F" box="[665,757,1201,1225]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">46.15</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFF4048EFFA9099AFD61FB7D" box="[113,757,1234,1259]" gridrow="28" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFF4048EFFA9099AFECBFB7D" box="[113,351,1234,1259]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cumulative %</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFE13099AFDB9FB7D" box="[459,557,1234,1259]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">53.85</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFF4048EFD41099AFD61FB7D" box="[665,757,1234,1259]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">100</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF4FB7EFF550A4DFE74F82F" blockId="15.[113,764,1327,1977]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFF550A4DFE80F88B" box="[141,276,1797,1821]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFF550A4DFE80F88B" box="[141,276,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Rhinella bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs in environmental envelope from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFD6F0A4DFF3CF8AA" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFD6F0A4DFD51F88A" box="[695,709,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFD0A0A4DFF3CF8AA" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFF380A6DFED1F8AA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[224,325,1828,1852]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFF380A6DFF64F8AA" box="[224,240,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFF260A6DFED1F8AA" box="[254,325,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF4FB7EFE800A6CFE35F8AA" box="[344,417,1828,1852]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="17.[115,180,1242,1266]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1214]" captionTargetId="graphics-454@17.[191,991,142,1131]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 11.PCs from a PCA based on 19 climatic variables from 98 collection localities of specimens used for the phylogenetic analysis. Individuals are classified by geographic region, with 90% ellipse (i.e. 0.9 confidence level at which ellipse is drawn) per group. For eigenvectors and eigenvalues see Table 6. Individuals from western Ecuador correspond to R. bella, individuals from eastern Ecuador correspond to R. marina, and individuals from Central America correspond to R. horribilis." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D45BE0FFF4FB7EFE690A6CFE6BF8AA" box="[433,511,1828,1852]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="18.[129,184,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Table 6. Loadings, eigenvalues, and percentage of explained variance for four first PCs from a PCA. The analysis is based on 19 climatic variables (BIO1–BIO19) from 98 collection localities of three toad populations’ specimens used for the phylogenetic analysis (see Material and methods section)" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Table 6</tableCitation>
|
||
; for details see climatic analysis section from Material and methods and Results) and is separated by high genetic distances from both species as well (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF4FB7EFF750ACAFF73F80C" box="[173,231,1922,1946]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1843,1867]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,988,1815]" captionTargetId="graphics-380@7.[207,1156,986,1748]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Multidimensional scaling plot of the pairwise genetic distances calculated between species of the R. marina group (see Table 1). Clade B corresponds to the new species R. bella Clade D most probably correspond to R. poeppigii (see Discussion section)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D45BE0FFF4FB7EFF2E0ACAFED7F80C" box="[246,323,1922,1946]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[113,168,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 1. Genetic uncorrected distances (p) among taxa of the Rhinella marina group (based on the 16S gene).Values represent the means and the minimum–maximum range of the genetic differentiation among taxa and the main clades shown in the phylogeny of R. marina species group. Species names with an asterisk belong to Clade C. Clade A corresponds to R. horribilis, Clade B to R. bella, Clade D most probably to R. poeppigii (see Discussion section), and Clade E to R. marina. Rhinella crucifer refers to the outgroup" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
; see molecular phylogenetic analysis from Material and methods and Results).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF4FB7EFC9D0DD8FA10FE77" blockId="15.[810,1461,144,482]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Advertisement calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFBEE0DD9FB16FF3E" box="[1078,1154,144,168]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFBEE0DD9FB16FF3E" box="[1078,1154,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are significantly shorter, with fewer notes and a shorter rise time than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFACD0DF8FA1CFF51" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1301,1416,175,199]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFACD0DF8FAB1FF51" box="[1301,1317,176,199]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFAE80DE7FA1CFF51" box="[1328,1416,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFCF20D87FC1AFF70" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[810,910,207,230]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFCF20D87FCAEFF70" box="[810,826,207,230]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFC9F0D87FC1AFF70" box="[839,910,207,230]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF4FB7EFC780D87FC4EFF71" box="[928,986,207,231]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[113,178,947,971]" captionTargetBox="[114,1453,144,919]" captionTargetId="graphics-626@9.[227,1101,144,798]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Plot of the first two axes (PCs) from PCA based on seven acoustic variables of the advertisement calls of 35 toads from western Ecuador (R. bella), eastern Ecuador (R. marina), and Central America (R. horribilis). Additionally, one individual from eastern Peru was included in the analysis." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D45BE0FFF4FB7EFC300D87FBA1FF71" box="[1000,1077,207,231]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[129,184,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Loadings, eigenvalues, and percentage of explained variance for first two PCs of a PCA. This analysis was based on seven acoustic variables from the advertisement calls of 35 toads from western Ecuador (R. bella), eastern Ecuador (R. marina), and Central America (R. horribilis). Additionally, one from eastern Peru was included in the analysis" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). The number of notes per call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFA460D87FCCCFE90" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFA460D87FCCCFE90" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(midrange = 23; range 6–40) is also lower than those reported in other species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFB850C46FB2AFEB3" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1117,1214,270,293]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFB850C46FBF8FEB3" box="[1117,1132,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFBAF0C46FB2AFEB3" box="[1143,1214,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group [e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFAE10C46FA27FEB3" baseAuthorityName="Hensel" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1337,1459,270,293]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFAE10C46FADCFEB3" box="[1337,1352,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFA8B0C46FA27FEB3" box="[1363,1459,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">arenarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(midrange = 84, range 61–107;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFF4FB7EFBA90C65FAACFED3" author="Straneck R & Olmedo E & Carrizo G" box="[1137,1336,301,325]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref19472" refString="Straneck R, Olmedo E, Carrizo G. Catalogo de Voces de Anfibios Argentinos, Tomo 1. Buenos Aires: L. O. L. A., 1993." type="book" year="1993">
|
||
Straneck
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFB170C65FB6CFED3" box="[1231,1272,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFA880C65FA27FED2" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1360,1459,301,324]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFA880C65FAF4FED2" box="[1360,1376,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFAB40C65FA27FED2" box="[1388,1459,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(midrange = 176.5, range 18–335; present work);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFAE40C05FA27FEF2" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[1340,1459,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poeppigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFAE40C05FAD8FEF2" box="[1340,1356,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFA830C05FA27FEF2" box="[1371,1459,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">poeppigii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(midrange = 27.5, range 10–45;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFF4FB7EFBA30C24FAC3FE15" author="De la Riva I & Bosch J & Marquez R" box="[1147,1367,363,387]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="59 - 61" refId="ref16633" refString="De la Riva I, Bosch J, Marquez R. Advertisement calls of two Bolivian toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Bufo). Herpetological Journal 1996; 6: 59 - 61." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
De la Riva
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFB360C24FA83FE15" box="[1262,1303,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFA470C24FCEAFE35" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diptycha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFA470C24FA39FE15" box="[1439,1453,364,387]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFCF20CC3FCEAFE35" box="[810,894,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">diptycha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(midrange = 36.5, range 33–40;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFF4FB7EFB020CC3FA0CFE35" author="Kohler J & Reichle S & Peters G" box="[1242,1432,395,419]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref17555" refString="Kohler J, Reichle S, Peters G. Advertisement calls of three species of Bufo (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from lowland Bolivia. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie A (Biologie) 1997; 562: 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Köhler
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFAF20CC3FAC1FE35" box="[1322,1365,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)]. Furthermore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFC640CE3FB9DFE54" box="[956,1033,426,450]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFC640CE3FB9DFE54" box="[956,1033,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
produce calls with higher dominant frequency than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFC760C82FBB4FE77" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[942,1056,457,481]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFC760C82FC2AFE77" box="[942,958,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFC100C81FBB4FE77" box="[968,1056,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFF4FB7EFB890C82FB27FE77" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1105,1203,458,481]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFB890C82FBF5FE77" box="[1105,1121,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFBB40C82FB27FE77" box="[1132,1203,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF4FB7EFB1B0C81FB6FFE77" box="[1219,1275,457,481]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[112,177,874,898]" captionTargetBox="[113,1458,144,853]" captionTargetId="graphics-537@11.[222,1135,142,853]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 6. Violin plot showing the variation (median, range, kernel density, 25th–75th percentiles) of dominant frequency (Hz) of calls in toad populations from Central America (N = 5), eastern Ecuador (N = 12), and western Ecuador (N = 17). Individuals from western Ecuador correspond to R. bella, individuals from eastern Ecuador correspond to R. marina, and individuals from Central America correspond to R. horribilis." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D45BE0FFF4FB7EFADF0C81FACFFE77" box="[1287,1371,457,481]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[129,184,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Loadings, eigenvalues, and percentage of explained variance for first two PCs of a PCA. This analysis was based on seven acoustic variables from the advertisement calls of 35 toads from western Ecuador (R. bella), eastern Ecuador (R. marina), and Central America (R. horribilis). Additionally, one from eastern Peru was included in the analysis" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tables 2</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D45BE0FFF4FB7EFABE0C81FAE7FE77" box="[1382,1395,457,481]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="8.[129,184,772,796]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 3. Descriptive statistics for call parameters of toad populations form Central America, western Ecuador, and eastern Ecuador. Sample size (N), and mean ± SD are given. Individuals from western Ecuador correspond to R. bella, individuals from eastern Ecuador correspond to R. marina, and individuals from Central America correspond to R. horribilis" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">3</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34C3DD0FFF4FB61FC370F49FD52F889" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF4FB7EFC370F49FB7AFD8D" blockId="15.[809,1461,513,1484]" box="[1007,1262,513,539]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFC370F49FB7AFD8D" bold="true" box="[1007,1262,513,539]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EDD0F9FFF4FB7EFB550F49FB7AFD8D" box="[1165,1262,513,539]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF4FB7EFCF20F6FFBFFFA5A" blockId="15.[809,1461,513,1484]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Adult male: robust body; head wider (HW =
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF4FB7EFAD30F6FFAE1FDA9" box="[1291,1397,551,575]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6149999999999998" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="36.15">36.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
) than long (HL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF4FB7EFC7E0F0FFB86FDC9" box="[934,1042,583,607]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.049" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="30.49">30.49 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Head shape in dorsal view subtriangular with short, squared snout and straight lateral view, tip of the snout not surpassing anterior margin of maxilla in dorsal and ventral views. Numerous rounded tubercles with several keratinized spicules in dorsum. Scattered granulation on top of the head. Presence of low cephalic crests with keratinized borders, continuous with supraorbital, supratympanic, canthal rostral and preorbital crests; reduced infraorbital crests, and preorbital crests absent. Tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus distinct; bony knob at angle of jaws absent; corner of mouth angular; vertebral apophyses absent; parotoid glands relatively big, elongate posteriorly, relatively prominent in dorsal view, with small pores visible, and tubercles keratinized; upper eyelid with keratinized warts. Forelimbs and forearms robust with low and rounded keratinized warts. A longitudinal mid-dorsal cream thin raphe is present from the snout to near the cloacal region. Hand without basal webbing between fingers, lateral fringes absent; small, rounded knobs at tips of digits; finger lengths 3> 4> 2> 1; subarticular tubercles low and rounded; supernumerary tubercles rounded, distributed irregularly on palm; palmar tubercle larger than thenar tubercle, both are oval; nuptial pads on the dorsolateral surface of fingers I and II. Foot longer than tibia (TL/FL = 0.948); foot with basal webbing between toes, lateral fringes present; small, rounded knobs at tips of digits; toe lengths 4> 5> 3> 2> 1; inner and outer metatarsal tubercles conical, protruding distally, outer similar size of inner tubercles (~
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFF4FB7EFBD0083DFBFCFA1B" box="[1032,1128,1397,1421]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="4.18">4.18 mm</quantity>
|
||
); subarticular tubercles present; supernumerary keratinized tubercles rounded, distributed linearly on toes on plantar surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF4FB7EFC6108BCFAB0F998" blockId="15.[953,1316,1524,1550]" box="[953,1316,1524,1550]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFC6108BCFAB0F998" bold="true" box="[953,1316,1524,1550]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Colour of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EDD0F9FFF4FB7EFBFC08BCFB11F998" box="[1060,1157,1524,1550]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in preservative
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF4FB7EFCF20B53FA04F8BB" blockId="15.[810,1461,1563,1838]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Dorsum light grey, rounded tubercles on dorsum between light cream and dark brown with dark brown spicules, also in dorsal surfaces of tights, shanks, and forelimbs which are lighter than dorsum; few dark grey marks arranged irregularly on dorsum. Nuptial pads dark brown. Ventral surfaces grey becoming yellowish-cream with irregular dark brown marks medially; cream colour with black edges slightly posterior to gular region. Fingertips and subarticular tubercles yellowish-cream. Dark brown knobs at tips of digits; tympanum dark grey (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF4FB7EFAE30A5DFA14F8BB" box="[1339,1408,1813,1837]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-8@19.[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral views of right forelimb (C) and right hind limb (D) of the holotype of R. bella (QCAZ 23305; adult male; Guayas Province, between Palmas and Balsas, Ecuador). Not shown at the same scale. Photos by S.R.R." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF4FB7EFCA10A14FAF0F8E0" blockId="15.[810,1460,1884,1978]" box="[889,1380,1884,1910]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFF4FB7EFCA10A14FAF0F8E0" bold="true" box="[889,1380,1884,1910]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Variation of coloration in preserved specimens</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFF4FB61FCF20ACAFD6CF954" blockId="15.[810,1460,1884,1978]" lastBlockId="16.[128,779,1518,1730]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Colour variation in preserved specimens is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF4FB7EFA910ACAFA20F80D" box="[1353,1460,1922,1947]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-8@19.[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral views of right forelimb (C) and right hind limb (D) of the holotype of R. bella (QCAZ 23305; adult male; Guayas Province, between Palmas and Balsas, Ecuador). Not shown at the same scale. Photos by S.R.R." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figures 12</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFF4FB7EFC8D0AEAFCFBF82C" box="[853,879,1954,1978]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="20.[128,193,1122,1146]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1094]" captionTargetId="figure-514@20.[129,1473,144,1094]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 13. Adult preserved specimens of R. bella showing variation in dorsal and ventral coloration. From left to right, first row: QCAZ 12039, 17965, 23324 (males); second row:QCAZ 23486, 24579, 39353 (males); third row: QCAZ 41327, 47444, 47445 (males), 50698 (female). See Supporting Information, Table S1 for locality data. Specimens not shown at the same scale.Photos by S.R.R." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">13</figureCitation>
|
||
. Background dorsal coloration varies from light grey (e.g. QCAZ 23305, 50698, 50701) to dark brown (e.g. QCAZ 41327, 24579, 39353), with irregular black and yellowish marks (e.g. QCAZ 40806, 50702, 50698). A thin middorsal line from snout to groin is present, except in QCAZ 47445. Ventral surfaces have a yellowish-cream to dark brown background; and several with irregular grey marks arranged in diverse patterns (e.g. QCAZ 12039, 17965 28528), absent in QCAZ 41327, 47445, 47444.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF293ED3FFEBFB61FF5A087EFDA7FA28" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[130,195,1334,1358]" targetBox="[129,1474,144,1305]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEBFB61FF5A087EFDA7FA28" blockId="16.[129,1418,1334,1470]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEBFB61FF5A087EFF72FAD8" bold="true" box="[130,230,1334,1358]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphological differences in skull shape among western Ecuadorian (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEBFB61FCA3087FFC54FAD8" box="[891,960,1334,1358]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEBFB61FCA3087FFC54FAD8" box="[891,960,1334,1358]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), eastern Ecuadorian (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEBFB61FB41087FFB60FAD8" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1177,1268,1335,1358]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEBFB61FB41087FFB60FAD8" box="[1177,1268,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and Central American (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEBFB61FF34081BFEC3FAFC" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[236,343,1362,1386]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEBFB61FF34081BFF6FFAFC" box="[236,251,1363,1386]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEBFB61FEDD081AFEC3FAFC" box="[261,343,1362,1386]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) populations of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEBFB61FDCF081BFDE5FAFC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[535,625,1363,1386]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEBFB61FDCF081BFDB2FAFC" box="[535,550,1363,1386]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEBFB61FDF7081BFDE5FAFC" box="[559,625,1363,1386]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. The plot of the first two canonical axes of Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA) based on shape variables from 84 toads (see Material and methods in the main text), and changes with respect to the average on the deformation grids for the extreme points along each canonical variate axis are shown. Grid differences among populations have been exaggerated 5-fold to make them more visible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEBFB61FF370BA9FD0FF96D" blockId="16.[239,667,1761,1787]" box="[239,667,1761,1787]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEBFB61FF370BA9FD0FF96D" bold="true" box="[239,667,1761,1787]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Variation of coloration in live individuals</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEBFB61FF590A40FD52F889" blockId="16.[129,710,1800,1824]" box="[129,710,1800,1824]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Colour variation in live individuals is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFEBFB61FD870A40FD54F8B6" box="[607,704,1800,1824]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[131,1473,152,1799]" captionTargetId="figure-12@22.[128,1475,149,1801]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Adult live individuals of R. bella showing variation in dorsal (upper part of the figure) and ventral (lower part of the figure) coloration: (A) adult male, QCAZ 51478 (SVL = 84.05mm); (B) adult female, QCAZ 57032 (SVL = 66.85 mm); (C) adult female, QCAZ 51799 (SVL = 63.12mm); (D) adult male, QCAZ 68814 (SVL = 73.73); (E) adult male, QCAZ 65726 (108.60); (F) adult female, QCAZ 67265 (95.69); (G) adult male, QCAZ 51423 (SVL = 83.81); (H) adult male, QCAZ 51308 (SVL = 95.33); (I) adult female, QCAZ 51846 (SVL = 123.33); (J) adult female, QCAZ 55040 (SVL = 102.74).See Supporting Information, Table S1 for locality data. Individuals not shown at the same scale.Photos by SRR." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figure 15</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34C3DD0FFEBFB61FE520A08FC02F935" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEBFB61FE520A08FD94F8CC" blockId="16.[129,778,1856,1981]" box="[394,512,1856,1882]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEBFB61FE520A08FD94F8CC" bold="true" box="[394,512,1856,1882]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEBFB61FF590A2EFC02F935" blockId="16.[129,778,1856,1981]" lastBlockId="16.[825,1475,1518,1699]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
‘
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEBFB61FF5F0A2EFF2EF8E8" box="[135,186,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Bella</emphasis>
|
||
’, in Latin meaning ‘beautiful’, in contradiction to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEBFB61FD010A2EFF2FF80B" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
‘
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEBFB61FD070A2EFF2FF80B" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’, the name of its sister species. We think that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEBFB61FD780ACDFC97F80B" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[672,771,1925,1949]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
‘
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEBFB61FD7E0ACDFC97F80B" box="[678,771,1925,1949]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ is an undeserved name that stems from anachronistic views of nature common in the 19th century. Judgements of the beauty of organisms are highly subjective, something that we highlight with the name of the new species. Additionally, the precise geographic transition between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEBFB61FB070B05FABBF9F2" box="[1247,1327,1612,1636]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEBFB61FB070B05FABBF9F2" box="[1247,1327,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEBFB61FAB00B05FCF7F915" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEBFB61FAB00B05FAECF9F2" box="[1384,1400,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEBFB61FA5F0B04FCF7F915" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is still unknown, just as is the border between beauty and ugliness.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34C3DD0FFEBFB60FBE40B8AFE68FA55" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEBFB61FBE40B8AFB2BF94A" blockId="16.[1084,1215,1730,1756]" box="[1084,1215,1730,1756]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEBFB61FBE40B8AFB2BF94A" bold="true" box="[1084,1215,1730,1756]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Vocalization</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEBFB60FCE10BA1FE68FA55" blockId="16.[825,1476,1769,1981]" lastBlockId="17.[112,762,1419,1475]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Based on
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D50A5D2FFEBFB61FC740BA1FB9AF897" box="[940,1038,1769,1793]" count="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="male">17 males</specimenCount>
|
||
recorded at six localities from western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFEBFB61FCE10A40FC04F8B6" box="[825,912,1800,1824]" name="Ecuador" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEBFB61FB700A41FB60F8B6" box="[1192,1268,1800,1824]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEBFB61FB700A41FB60F8B6" box="[1192,1268,1800,1824]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a short trill with a mean duration of
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFEBFB61FBDF0A6FFBD6F8A9" box="[1031,1090,1831,1855]" degrees="1.51" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="555" value="-1.51">1.51 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(range 0.94–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFEBFB61FB160A6FFA9FF8A9" box="[1230,1291,1831,1855]" degrees="2.56" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="555" value="-2.56">2.56 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), a mean call rise time of
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFEBFB61FC570A0FFC5EF8C8" box="[911,970,1863,1887]" degrees="0.94" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="555" value="-0.94">0.94 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(range 0.65–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFEBFB61FB810A0EFB01F8C9" box="[1113,1173,1862,1887]" degrees="1.79" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="555" value="-1.79">1.79 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), and a mean dominant frequency of 803.05 Hz (range 668.00–961.83 Hz). The call consists of 10–34 notes, with 2–5 pulses per note. The mean pulse rate is 91.31 pulses per second (range 66.95–113.08 pulses per second), and the mean call repetition rate is 8.57 calls per minute (range 5–14 calls per minute;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D45BE0FFEAFB60FE7908E2FE7FFA55" box="[417,491,1450,1475]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="8.[129,184,772,796]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 3. Descriptive statistics for call parameters of toad populations form Central America, western Ecuador, and eastern Ecuador. Sample size (N), and mean ± SD are given. Individuals from western Ecuador correspond to R. bella, individuals from eastern Ecuador correspond to R. marina, and individuals from Central America correspond to R. horribilis" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF293ED3FFEAFB60FFAB0992FCB4FAD3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[115,180,1242,1266]" targetBox="[114,1458,144,1214]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEAFB60FFAB0992FCB4FAD3" blockId="17.[113,1447,1242,1350]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEAFB60FFAB0992FF43FB64" bold="true" box="[115,215,1242,1266]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
PCs from a PCA based on 19 climatic variables from 98 collection localities of specimens used for the phylogenetic analysis. Individuals are classified by geographic region, with 90% ellipse (i.e. 0.9 confidence level at which ellipse is drawn) per group. For eigenvectors and eigenvalues see Table 6. Individuals from western Ecuador correspond to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEAFB60FC94085BFC04FABC" box="[844,912,1298,1322]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEAFB60FC94085BFC04FABC" box="[844,912,1298,1322]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, individuals from eastern Ecuador correspond to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEAFB60FAB9085BFF27FAD0" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEAFB60FAB9085BFAE4FABC" box="[1377,1392,1299,1322]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEAFB60FFA90867FF27FAD0" box="[113,179,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and individuals from Central America correspond to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEAFB60FD690867FC88FAD0" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[689,796,1326,1350]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEAFB60FD690867FD54FAD0" box="[689,704,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEAFB60FD120866FC88FAD0" box="[714,796,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34C3DD0FFEAFB63FF1C08AAFD39FAEF" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEAFB60FF1C08AAFD33FA6A" blockId="17.[113,764,1506,1976]" box="[196,679,1506,1532]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEAFB60FF1C08AAFD33FA6A" bold="true" box="[196,679,1506,1532]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Distribution, ecology, and conservation status</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEAFB60FFA90B40FB35F8CC" blockId="17.[113,764,1506,1976]" lastBlockId="17.[810,1461,1419,1976]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
This species is restricted to the western side of the Andes, from sea level up to
|
||
<elevation id="007B8968FFEAFB60FE9F0B60FE5FF9D6" box="[327,459,1576,1600]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="2900.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFEAFB60FE9F0B60FE0CF9A9" box="[327,408,1576,1600]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="2900.0">2900 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
Among Ecuadorian amphibians, it has one of the widest elevation ranges and occurs in six out of ten natural regions: Chocó Tropical Rainforest,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="628816D7FFEAFB60FD770B2EFEA3F90B" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Coastal Deciduous Forest</collectingCounty>
|
||
, Coastal Dry Scrubland, Inter-Andean Scrubland,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8DF421FFEAFB60FF330BEEFE61F92B" box="[235,501,1702,1725]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Western Montane Forest</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, and
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFEAFB60FDED0BEEFF25F94A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFEAFB60FDED0BEEFF25F94A" country="Ecuador" county="Coastal Deciduous Forest" latitude="-6.0" municipality="Western Montane Forest" name="Western Piedmont Forest" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" stateProvince="Providencia y Santa Catalina">Western Piedmont Forest</location>
|
||
(regions as defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEAFB60FE740B8DFDC4F94B" author="Ron SR & Merino-Viteri A & Ortiz DA" box="[428,592,1732,1757]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19069" refString="Ron SR, Merino-Viteri A, Ortiz DA. Anfibios del Ecuador. Version 2022.0. Quito, Ecuador: Museo de Zoologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, 2022. https: // bioweb. bio / faunaweb / amphibiaweb (15 October 2023, date last accessed)." type="url" year="2022">
|
||
Ron
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEAFB60FE390B8DFD99F94A" box="[481,525,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is most frequently found in artificial open areas including agricultural fields, grasslands, and urban and suburban habitats. It occurs infrequently in undisturbed forests. Reproduction takes place in ponds, rivers, and swamps. Reproductive activity (calling males or amplectant pairs) have been observed mainly in April, June, and July. As in other species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEAFB60FE090AC9FDA0F80E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[465,564,1921,1944]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEAFB60FE090AC9FDA0F80E" box="[465,564,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group, eggs are deposited in strings in water. Tadpoles are aquatic and have a high resistance to heat, up to 42.5 °C (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEAFB60FB6A08C3FAE1FA35" author="Pintanel P & Tejedo M & Merino-Viteri A" box="[1202,1397,1419,1443]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref18470" refString="Pintanel P, Tejedo M, Merino-Viteri A et al. Elevational and local climate variability predicts thermal breadth of mountain tropical tadpoles. Ecography 2022; 2022: e 05906." type="journal volume" year="2022">
|
||
Pintanel
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEAFB60FAD508C4FAA2FA35" box="[1293,1334,1419,1443]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The complete distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEAFB60FBF408E3FBE3FA54" box="[1068,1143,1450,1474]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEAFB60FBF408E3FBE3FA54" box="[1068,1143,1450,1474]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains unknown, mainly due to lack of distributional information in the Colombian Chocó Bioregion. Ecuadorian localities in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFEAFB60FB2308A1FAC5F997" box="[1275,1361,1513,1537]" name="Ecuador" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
are close to the border with
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFEAFB60FC340B40FBC1F9B6" box="[1004,1109,1544,1568]" name="Colombia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Nearby Colombian records of ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEAFB60FA440B41FC16F9D6" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEAFB60FA440B41FC16F9D6" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ in iNaturalist (e.g. observation numbers
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A5B7779FFEAFB60FAE80B60FC11F9C9" location="Llorente" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFEAFB60FAE80B60FA27F9D6" box="[1328,1459,1576,1600]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.186843958" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="in" value="3.6168677E7">36168677 in</quantity>
|
||
Llorente
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4992A0B9FFEAFB60FC490B0FFB9CF9C9" box="[913,1032,1607,1631]" country="Colombia" name="Providencia y Santa Catalina" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">San Andrés</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectorName id="26A30B8DFFEAFB60FBC80B0FFB12F9C9" box="[1040,1158,1607,1631]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
de
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFEAFB60FBEA0B00FB12F9C9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFEAFB60FBEA0B00FB12F9C9" box="[1074,1158,1608,1631]" country="Ecuador" county="Coastal Deciduous Forest" latitude="-6.0" municipality="Western Montane Forest" name="Tumaco" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" stateProvince="Providencia y Santa Catalina">Tumaco</location>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A5B7779FFEAFB60FB650B0FFA3AF9C9" box="[1213,1454,1607,1631]" location="Tumaco" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<quantity id="4CAEC3BEFFEAFB60FB650B0FFADAF9C9" box="[1213,1358,1607,1631]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6017406436" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="in" value="1.02430734E8">102430734 in</quantity>
|
||
Tumaco
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
) morphologically resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEAFB60FB9E0B2FFB02F9E8" box="[1094,1174,1638,1662]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEAFB60FB9E0B2FFB02F9E8" box="[1094,1174,1638,1662]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and we consider them as unconfirmed records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEAFB60FBF70BCFFBEAF908" box="[1071,1150,1670,1694]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEAFB60FBF70BCFFBEAF908" box="[1071,1150,1670,1694]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFEAFB60FB7F0BCEFA84F908" box="[1191,1296,1670,1694]" name="Colombia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Moreover, the limited seasonal temperature variation of the Colombian
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4992A0B9FFEAFB60FAB50BEDFA27F92B" box="[1389,1459,1701,1725]" country="Colombia" name="Choco" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Chocó</collectingRegion>
|
||
Bioregion matches the climatic envelope of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEAFB60FB3E0B8DFAA4F94A" box="[1254,1328,1732,1756]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEAFB60FB3E0B8DFAA4F94A" box="[1254,1328,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, further suggesting its occurrence in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFEAFB60FB570BACFB62F96A" box="[1167,1270,1764,1788]" name="Colombia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(see results of climatic envelopes;
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFEAFB60FC380A4BFBBCF88D" box="[992,1064,1795,1819]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="17.[115,180,1242,1266]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1214]" captionTargetId="graphics-454@17.[191,991,142,1131]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 11.PCs from a PCA based on 19 climatic variables from 98 collection localities of specimens used for the phylogenetic analysis. Individuals are classified by geographic region, with 90% ellipse (i.e. 0.9 confidence level at which ellipse is drawn) per group. For eigenvectors and eigenvalues see Table 6. Individuals from western Ecuador correspond to R. bella, individuals from eastern Ecuador correspond to R. marina, and individuals from Central America correspond to R. horribilis." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D45BE0FFEAFB60FBEF0A4BFB11F88D" box="[1079,1157,1795,1819]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="18.[129,184,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Table 6. Loadings, eigenvalues, and percentage of explained variance for four first PCs from a PCA. The analysis is based on 19 climatic variables (BIO1–BIO19) from 98 collection localities of three toad populations’ specimens used for the phylogenetic analysis (see Material and methods section)" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Table 6</tableCitation>
|
||
). This species also occurs in northwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFEAFB60FC610A6BFC7FF8AC" box="[953,1003,1827,1850]" name="Peru" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, south to
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE62089CFFEAFB60FB970A6AFBE5F8AC" box="[1103,1137,1826,1850]" degrees="6" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="55555" value="-6.0">6°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
of latitude (reported as ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEAFB60FAB60A6BFCF5F8CC" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEAFB60FAB60A6BFCF5F8CC" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEAFB60FC520A0AFB04F8CC" author="Armijos-Ojeda D & Szekely D & Szekely P" box="[906,1168,1858,1882]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="23 - 48" refId="ref16145" refString="Armijos-Ojeda D, Szekely D, Szekely P et al. Amphibians of the equatorial seasonally dry forests of Ecuador and Peru. ZooKeys 2021; 1063: 23 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 1063.69580" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Armijos-Ojeda
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEAFB60FBF10A0BFBCCF8CC" box="[1065,1112,1858,1882]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEAFB63FC9D0A29FD39FAEF" blockId="17.[810,1461,1419,1976]" lastBlockId="18.[128,779,1095,1402]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The new species occurs in the following protected areas: Reserva Ecológica Manglares Churute, Reserva Ecológica Los Ilinizas, Parque Nacional Machalilla, Reserva Ecológica Mache Chindul, Reserva Tesoro Escondido, Bosque Protector Mindo-Nambillo, Centro Científico Río Palenque, Bosque Petrificado de Puyango, Bosque Integral Otonga, Estación Biológica Bilsa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFE9FB63FF5309EDFE3DFB28" author="Paez-Rosales N & Ron SR" box="[139,425,1189,1214]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref18248" refString="Paez-Rosales N, Ron SR. Rhinella horribilis. In: Ron SR, Merino-Viteri A, Ortiz DA (eds.), Anfibios del Ecuador. Version 2022.0. Museo de Zoologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador. 2022. https: // bioweb. bio / faunaweb / amphibiaweb / FichaEspecie / Rhinella % 20 horribilis (01 October 2022, date last accessed)." type="url" year="2022">Páez-Rosales and Ron 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FE0809EEFDD1FB2B" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[464,581,1189,1213]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FE0809EEFDD1FB2B" box="[464,581,1189,1213]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’). The new species may be abundant in artificial open areas. Its tolerance of habitat disturbance, large distribution range along a wide elevation gradient, and occurrence in diverse natural regions (six different regions in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFE9FB63FF0C086BFEBFFAAD" box="[212,299,1315,1339]" name="Ecuador" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, one of the highest among Ecuadorian anurans) allow us to recommend its assignment to the Least Concern category in the Red List (based on the IUCN guidelines).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF293ED3FFE9FB63FF590DC7FEDBFF49" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[129,184,143,167]" targetBox="[129,1469,245,1028]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="18" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFE9FB63FF590DC7FEDBFF49" blockId="18.[129,1436,142,223]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FF590DC7FF5AFF30" bold="true" box="[129,206,142,167]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Table 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Loadings, eigenvalues, and percentage of explained variance for four first PCs from a PCA. The analysis is based on 19 climatic variables (BIO1–BIO19) from 98 collection localities of three toad populations’ specimens used for the phylogenetic analysis (see Material and methods section)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFE9FB63FF590DBDFA24FB92" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<table id="F9569CFBFFE9048EFF590DBDFA29FB92" box="[129,1469,245,1028]" gridcols="5" gridrows="23" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590DBDFA29FE9B" box="[129,1469,245,269]" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590DBDFD2EFE9B" box="[129,698,245,269]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FF590DBDFF48FE9B" bold="true" box="[129,220,245,269]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Variables</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10DBDFCEFFE9B" box="[825,891,245,269]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FCE10DBDFCF2FE9B" bold="true" box="[825,870,245,269]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">PC I</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220DBDFBA8FE9B" box="[1018,1084,245,269]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FC220DBDFBA4FE9B" bold="true" box="[1018,1072,245,269]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">PC II</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630DBDFB69FE9B" box="[1211,1277,245,269]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FB630DBDFB6EFE9B" bold="true" box="[1211,1274,245,269]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">PC III</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30DBDFA29FE9B" box="[1403,1469,245,269]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FAA30DBDFA2CFE9B" bold="true" box="[1403,1464,245,269]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">PC IV</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590C6DFA29FEAB" box="[129,1469,293,317]" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590C6DFD2EFEAB" box="[129,698,293,317]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO1—Annual Mean Temperature</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10C6DFCEFFEAB" box="[825,891,293,317]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.989</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220C6DFBA8FEAB" box="[1018,1084,293,317]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.103</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630C6DFB69FEAB" box="[1211,1277,293,317]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.086</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30C6DFA29FEAB" box="[1403,1469,293,317]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.045</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590C0FFA29FEC9" box="[129,1469,327,351]" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590C0FFD2EFEC9" box="[129,698,327,351]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO2—Mean Diurnal Range [Mean (period max-min)]</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10C0FFCEFFEC9" box="[825,891,327,351]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.056</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220C0FFBA8FEC9" box="[1018,1084,327,351]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.229</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630C0FFB69FEC9" box="[1211,1277,327,351]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.233</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30C0FFA29FEC9" box="[1403,1469,327,351]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.865</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590C21FA29FE17" box="[129,1469,361,385]" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590C21FD2EFE17" box="[129,698,361,385]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO3—Isothermality</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10C21FCEFFE17" box="[825,891,361,385]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.13</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220C21FBA8FE17" box="[1018,1084,361,385]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.306</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630C21FB69FE17" box="[1211,1277,361,385]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.879</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30C21FA29FE17" box="[1403,1469,361,385]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.077</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590CC2FA29FE35" box="[129,1469,394,419]" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590CC2FD2EFE35" box="[129,698,394,419]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO4—Temperature Seasonality (Coefficient of Variation)</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10CC2FCEFFE35" box="[825,891,394,419]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.049</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220CC2FBA8FE35" box="[1018,1084,394,419]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.228</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630CC2FB69FE35" box="[1211,1277,394,419]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.908</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30CC2FA29FE35" box="[1403,1469,394,419]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.182</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590CE4FA29FE52" box="[129,1469,428,452]" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590CE4FD2EFE52" box="[129,698,428,452]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO5—Max Temperature of Warmest Period</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10CE4FCEFFE52" box="[825,891,428,452]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.97</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220CE4FBA8FE52" box="[1018,1084,428,452]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.004</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630CE4FB69FE52" box="[1211,1277,428,452]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.149</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30CE4FA29FE52" box="[1403,1469,428,452]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.181</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590C86FA29FE70" box="[129,1469,462,486]" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590C86FD2EFE70" box="[129,698,462,486]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO6—Min Temperature of Coldest Period</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10C86FCEFFE70" box="[825,891,462,486]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.881</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220C86FBA8FE70" box="[1018,1084,462,486]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.196</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630C86FB69FE70" box="[1211,1277,462,486]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.342</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30C86FA29FE70" box="[1403,1469,462,486]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.259</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590CB8FA29FD9F" box="[129,1469,496,521]" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590CB8FD2EFD9F" box="[129,698,496,521]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO7—Temperature Annual Range</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10CB8FCEFFD9F" box="[825,891,496,521]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.121</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220CB8FBA8FD9F" box="[1018,1084,496,521]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.294</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630CB8FB69FD9F" box="[1211,1277,496,521]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.709</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30CB8FA29FD9F" box="[1403,1469,496,521]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.623</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590F5AFA29FDBC" box="[129,1469,530,554]" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590F5AFD2EFDBC" box="[129,698,530,554]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO8—Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10F5AFCEFFDBC" box="[825,891,530,554]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.988</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220F5AFBA8FDBC" box="[1018,1084,530,554]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.003</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630F5AFB69FDBC" box="[1211,1277,530,554]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.068</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30F5AFA29FDBC" box="[1403,1469,530,554]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.071</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590F7CFA29FDDA" box="[129,1469,564,588]" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590F7CFD2EFDDA" box="[129,698,564,588]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO9—Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10F7CFCEFFDDA" box="[825,891,564,588]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.949</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220F7CFBA8FDDA" box="[1018,1084,564,588]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.215</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630F7CFB69FDDA" box="[1211,1277,564,588]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.192</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30F7CFA29FDDA" box="[1403,1469,564,588]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.033</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590F1DFA29FDF8" box="[129,1469,597,622]" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590F1DFD2EFDF8" box="[129,698,597,622]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO10—Mean Temperature of Warmest Quarter</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10F1DFCEFFDF8" box="[825,891,597,622]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.993</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220F1DFBA8FDF8" box="[1018,1084,597,622]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.046</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630F1DFB69FDF8" box="[1211,1277,597,622]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.085</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30F1DFA29FDF8" box="[1403,1469,597,622]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.019</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590F3FFA29FD06" box="[129,1469,631,656]" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590F3FFD2EFD06" box="[129,698,631,656]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO11—Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10F3FFCEFFD06" box="[825,891,631,656]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.944</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220F3FFBA8FD06" box="[1018,1084,631,656]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.13</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630F3FFB69FD06" box="[1211,1277,631,656]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.281</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30F3FFA29FD06" box="[1403,1469,631,656]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.092</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590FD1FA29FD27" box="[129,1469,665,689]" gridrow="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590FD1FD2EFD27" box="[129,698,665,689]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO12—Annual Precipitation</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10FD1FCEFFD27" box="[825,891,665,689]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.129</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220FD1FBA8FD27" box="[1018,1084,665,689]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.954</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630FD1FB69FD27" box="[1211,1277,665,689]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.237</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30FD1FA29FD27" box="[1403,1469,665,689]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.104</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590FF3FA29FD45" box="[129,1469,699,723]" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590FF3FD2EFD45" box="[129,698,699,723]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO13—Precipitation of Wettest Period</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10FF3FCEFFD45" box="[825,891,699,723]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.072</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220FF3FBA8FD45" box="[1018,1084,699,723]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.866</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630FF3FB69FD45" box="[1211,1277,699,723]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.117</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30FF3FA29FD45" box="[1403,1469,699,723]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.316</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590F95FA29FD63" box="[129,1469,733,757]" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590F95FD2EFD63" box="[129,698,733,757]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO14—Precipitation of Driest Period</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10F95FCEFFD63" box="[825,891,733,757]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.09</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220F95FBA8FD63" box="[1018,1084,733,757]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.889</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630F95FB69FD63" box="[1211,1277,733,757]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.347</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30F95FA29FD63" box="[1403,1469,733,757]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.039</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590FB7FA29FC81" box="[129,1469,767,791]" gridrow="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590FB7FD2EFC81" box="[129,698,767,791]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO15—Precipitation Seasonality (Coefficient of Variation)</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10FB7FCEFFC81" box="[825,891,767,791]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.032</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220FB7FBA8FC81" box="[1018,1084,767,791]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.795</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630FB7FB69FC81" box="[1211,1277,767,791]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.471</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30FB7FA29FC81" box="[1403,1469,767,791]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.088</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590E69FA29FCAF" box="[129,1469,801,825]" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590E69FD2EFCAF" box="[129,698,801,825]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO16—Precipitation of Wettest Quarter</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10E69FCEFFCAF" box="[825,891,801,825]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.139</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220E69FBA8FCAF" box="[1018,1084,801,825]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.892</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630E69FB69FCAF" box="[1211,1277,801,825]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.028</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30E69FA29FCAF" box="[1403,1469,801,825]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.308</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590E0AFA29FCCD" box="[129,1469,834,859]" gridrow="17" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590E0AFD2EFCCD" box="[129,698,834,859]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO17—Precipitation of Driest Quarter</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10E0AFCEFFCCD" box="[825,891,834,859]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.076</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220E0AFBA8FCCD" box="[1018,1084,834,859]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.894</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630E0AFB69FCCD" box="[1211,1277,834,859]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.355</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30E0AFA29FCCD" box="[1403,1469,834,859]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.026</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590E2CFA29FCEA" box="[129,1469,868,892]" gridrow="18" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590E2CFD2EFCEA" box="[129,698,868,892]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO18—Precipitation of Warmest Quarter</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10E2CFCEFFCEA" box="[825,891,868,892]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.077</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220E2CFBA8FCEA" box="[1018,1084,868,892]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.714</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630E2CFB69FCEA" box="[1211,1277,868,892]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.018</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30E2CFA29FCEA" box="[1403,1469,868,892]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">-0.383</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590ECEFA29FC08" box="[129,1469,902,926]" gridrow="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590ECEFD2EFC08" box="[129,698,902,926]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BIO19 -Precipitation of Coldest Quarter</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10ECEFCEFFC08" box="[825,891,902,926]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.174</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220ECEFBA8FC08" box="[1018,1084,902,926]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.832</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630ECEFB69FC08" box="[1211,1277,902,926]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.405</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30ECEFA29FC08" box="[1403,1469,902,926]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">0.018</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590EE0FA29FC56" box="[129,1469,936,960]" gridrow="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590EE0FD2EFC56" box="[129,698,936,960]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FF590EE0FF6EFC56" bold="true" box="[129,250,936,960]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Eigenvalues</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10EE0FCEFFC56" box="[825,891,936,960]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">9.118</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220EE0FBA8FC56" box="[1018,1084,936,960]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">5.394</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630EE0FB69FC56" box="[1211,1277,936,960]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">1.942</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30EE0FA29FC56" box="[1403,1469,936,960]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">1.19</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590E82FA29FC74" box="[129,1469,970,994]" gridrow="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590E82FD2EFC74" box="[129,698,970,994]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FF590E82FEFAFC74" bold="true" box="[129,366,970,994]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">% of variance explained</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10E82FCEFFC74" box="[825,891,970,994]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">34.62</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220E82FBA8FC74" box="[1018,1084,970,994]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">33.04</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630E82FB69FC74" box="[1211,1277,970,994]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">16.49</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30E82FA29FC74" box="[1403,1469,970,994]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">8.71</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35666C19FFE9048EFF590EA3FA29FB92" box="[129,1469,1003,1028]" gridrow="22" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<th id="76B70565FFE9048EFF590EA3FD2EFB92" box="[129,698,1003,1028]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FF590EA3FE99FB95" bold="true" box="[129,269,1003,1027]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cumulative %</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFCE10EA3FCEFFB92" box="[825,891,1003,1028]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">34.62</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFC220EA3FBA8FB92" box="[1018,1084,1003,1028]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">67.66</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFB630EA3FB69FB92" box="[1211,1277,1003,1028]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">84.15</td>
|
||
<td id="76B70565FFE9048EFAA30EA3FA29FB92" box="[1403,1469,1003,1028]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">92.86</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34C3DD0FFE9FB66FEB308F9FE89FC21" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFE9FB63FEB308F9FD8BFA5D" blockId="18.[363,543,1456,1483]" box="[363,543,1456,1483]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<heading id="D0A1D937FFE9FB63FEB308F9FD8BFA5D" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[363,543,1456,1483]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FEB308F9FD8BFA5D" bold="true" box="[363,543,1456,1483]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">D I SC USSI O N</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFE9FB63FF590894FB17FB2B" blockId="18.[127,780,1500,1963]" lastBlockId="18.[824,1475,1095,1965]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Our analyses reveal that populations from western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFE9FB63FD5C0894FD4EFA62" box="[644,730,1500,1524]" name="Ecuador" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
represent an independent lineage from all other known species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FF7E0B54FE9DF9A5" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[166,265,1564,1587]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FF7E0B54FE9DF9A5" box="[166,265,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. We base this conclusion on the congruence observed between genetic, bioacoustic, morphological, and climate envelope information. Western Ecuadorian populations are highly different genetically from other species of the group. This mtDNA divergence is much higher than that observed between uncontroversial species pairs of the same group like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FD560BF0FC9DF959" baseAuthorityName="Hensel" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[654,777,1720,1743]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FD560BF0FC9DF959" box="[654,777,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. arenarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FF690B90FE82F979" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[177,278,1752,1775]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FF690B90FE82F979" box="[177,278,1752,1775]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. icterica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FE980B90FE21F979" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[320,437,1751,1775]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diptycha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FE980B90FE21F979" box="[320,437,1751,1775]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. diptycha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FE370B90FDF3F979" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[495,615,1752,1775]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poeppigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FE370B90FDF3F979" box="[495,615,1752,1775]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. poeppigii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Differences in advertisement calls are additional, clear indications that those populations represent a candidate species within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FD7F0A5EFC9DF8BB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[679,777,1814,1837]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FD7F0A5EFD21F8BB" box="[679,693,1814,1837]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FD1A0A5EFC9DF8BB" box="[706,777,1814,1837]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. We provide conclusive evidence, based on an integrative approach combining different sources of information, that there are two, independent lineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FE0E0A3CFDACF81D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[470,568,1908,1931]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FE0E0A3CFE70F81D" box="[470,484,1908,1931]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FE290A3CFDACF81D" box="[497,568,1908,1931]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group toads west of the Andes in northern South America and Central America. One,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FCAB0900FC7CFBC9" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[883,1000,1095,1119]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FCAB0900FC17FBC9" box="[883,899,1096,1119]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FC48090FFC7CFBC9" box="[912,1000,1095,1119]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ranges north through Central America as far as southern Texas, whereas the other,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FB6E0920FA94FBE9" box="[1206,1280,1127,1151]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FB6E0920FA94FBE9" box="[1206,1280,1127,1151]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, occurs in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFE9FB63FAB4092FFA56FBE9" box="[1388,1474,1127,1151]" name="Ecuador" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and probably as far north as southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFE9FB63FB2909CEFACCFB08" box="[1265,1368,1158,1182]" name="Colombia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and as far south as extreme northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFE9FB63FB9509EEFB14FB2B" box="[1101,1152,1190,1213]" name="Peru" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFE9FB63FC8D098DFA20F944" blockId="18.[824,1475,1095,1965]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Past studies have shown two genetically distinct species within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FCE009ADFC0FFB6A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[824,923,1253,1276]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FCE009ADFC0FFB6A" box="[824,923,1253,1276]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the east and west sides of the Venezuelan Andes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFE9FB63FC9C084BFBB9FA8A" author="Slade R & Moritz C" box="[836,1069,1283,1308]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="769 - 77" refId="ref19348" refString="Slade R, Moritz C. Phylogeography of Bufo marinus from its natural and introduced ranges. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 1998; 265: 769 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 1998.0359" type="journal article" year="1998">Slade and Moritz 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), including the recent work of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFE9FB63FAB2084BFC21FAAD" author="Acevedo AA & Lampo M & Cipriani R" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="574 - 86" refId="ref15985" refString="Acevedo AA, Lampo M, Cipriani R. The cane or marine toad, Rhinella marina (Anura, Bufonidae): two genetically and morphologically distinct species. Zootaxa 2016; 4103: 574 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4103.6.7" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Acevedo
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FCE1086CFCF3FAAD" box="[825,871,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who suggested that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FB72086CFA89FAAD" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1194,1309,1315,1339]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FB72086CFA89FAAD" box="[1194,1309,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
name should be revalidated for the western Andes and Central American populations. Additionally,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFE9FB63FBDC0829FB77FAEF" author="Mulcahy DG & Morrill BH & Mendelson JR III." box="[1028,1251,1377,1401]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1889 - 904" refId="ref17992" refString="Mulcahy DG, Morrill BH, Mendelson JR III. Historical biogeography of lowland species of toads (Bufo) across the Trans-Mexican Neovolcanic Belt and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Journal of Biogeography 2006; 33: 1889 - 904." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Mulcahy
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FBBA082AFB18FAEF" box="[1122,1164,1377,1401]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFE9FB63FB370829FA04FAEF" author="Pramuk JB" box="[1263,1424,1377,1401]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="407 - 52" refId="ref18502" refString="Pramuk JB. Phylogeny of south American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2006; 146: 407 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2006.00212. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Pramuk (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFE9FB63FCE308C9FB88FA0F" author="Vallinoto M & Sequeira F & Sodre D" box="[827,1052,1409,1433]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="128 - 40" refId="ref19613" refString="Vallinoto M, Sequeira F, Sodre D et al. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Rhinella marina species complex (Amphibia, Bufonidae) revisited: implications for Neotropical diversification hypotheses. Zoologica Scripta 2010; 39: 128 - 40." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Vallinoto
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FC4508CAFC58FA0F" box="[925,972,1409,1433]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had previously found important levels of genetic divergence between Central American and Ecuadorian samples; however, incomplete sampling (only very few were included from western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFE9FB63FBC80897FBFEFA61" box="[1040,1130,1503,1527]" name="Ecuador" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and the lack of bioacoustic, morphological (but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFE9FB63FBD008B6FB05F980" author="Pramuk JB" box="[1032,1169,1534,1558]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="407 - 52" refId="ref18502" refString="Pramuk JB. Phylogeny of south American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2006; 146: 407 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2006.00212. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Pramuk 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and ecological information, limited their conclusions. We provide novel evidence showing an independent evolutionary lineage consistent with a separate species within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FC230B15FBC8F9E2" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1019,1116,1629,1652]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FC230B15FB9DF9E2" box="[1019,1033,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FBCD0B15FBC8F9E2" box="[1045,1116,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group, confirming that the western Ecuadorian populations (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FB4A0B34FB4FF905" box="[1170,1243,1659,1683]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FB4A0B34FB4FF905" box="[1170,1243,1659,1683]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are a new species distinct from the populations of Central America (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FAE20BD4FA25F925" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1338,1457,1691,1715]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FAE20BD4FADEF925" box="[1338,1354,1692,1715]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FA810BD3FA25F925" box="[1369,1457,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and from the populations from the Amazon Basin (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FA990BF3FA37F944" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1345,1443,1723,1746]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FA990BF3FAC5F944" box="[1345,1361,1723,1746]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FA840BF3FA37F944" box="[1372,1443,1723,1746]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFE9FB65FC8D0B92FC9EFACE" blockId="18.[824,1475,1095,1965]" lastBlockId="20.[127,780,1250,1964]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
In contrast to the cryptic morphological diversity notable throughout the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FBB80BB1FB26F887" authorityName="Menéndez-Guerrero & Lima & Santos & Salazar-Nicholls & Green & Ron" authorityYear="2024" box="[1120,1202,1785,1809]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FBB80BB1FB26F887" box="[1120,1202,1785,1809]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Rhinella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFE9FB63FB1E0BB1FAF6F887" author="Graybeal A" box="[1222,1378,1785,1809]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="297 - 338" refId="ref17233" refString="Graybeal A. Phylogenetic relationships of bufonid frogs and tests of alternate macroevolutionary hypotheses characterizing their radiation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1997; 119: 297 - 338. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1997. tb 00139. x" type="journal article" year="1997">Graybeal 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFE9FB63FAAA0BB1FCF9F8A6" author="Pramuk JB" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="407 - 52" refId="ref18502" refString="Pramuk JB. Phylogeny of south American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2006; 146: 407 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2006.00212. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Pramuk 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFE9FB63FCA60A50FBC0F8A6" author="Acevedo AA & Lampo M & Cipriani R" box="[894,1108,1816,1840]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="574 - 86" refId="ref15985" refString="Acevedo AA, Lampo M, Cipriani R. The cane or marine toad, Rhinella marina (Anura, Bufonidae): two genetically and morphologically distinct species. Zootaxa 2016; 4103: 574 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4103.6.7" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Acevedo
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FC390A51FB9BF8A6" box="[993,1039,1816,1840]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), including the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FADE0A51FAFAF8A6" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1286,1390,1817,1840]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FADE0A51FAFAF8A6" box="[1286,1390,1817,1840]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group, our morphometric analyses (including the geometric morphometric-based analysis) suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FAD40A10FAC8F8F9" box="[1292,1372,1879,1903]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FAD40A10FAC8F8F9" box="[1292,1372,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(western Ecuadorian populations) is overtly distinguishable from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FA750A3FFC05F83B" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FA750A3FFA29F818" box="[1453,1469,1911,1934]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FCE10ADDFC05F83B" box="[825,913,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Central American populations) and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE9FB63FA850ADEFA56F83B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1373,1474,1942,1965]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FA850ADEFAF9F83B" box="[1373,1389,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE9FB63FAA30ADEFA56F83B" box="[1403,1474,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Amazon Basin populations) as currently understood. Isolated from all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FEC2084AFEE8FA8F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[282,380,1282,1305]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FEC2084AFEBCFA8F" box="[282,296,1282,1305]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FEED084AFEE8FA8F" box="[309,380,1282,1305]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group toads except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FDAE084AFD7DFA8F" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[630,745,1281,1305]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FDAE084AFD10FA8F" box="[630,644,1282,1305]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FD490849FD7DFA8F" box="[657,745,1281,1305]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the Andes,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FF2A0869FEAFFAAF" box="[242,315,1313,1337]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FF2A0869FEAFFAAF" box="[242,315,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be among the most geographically isolated and morphologically distinctive of this group of species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF293ED3FFE8FB62FFA90A64FB60F8F6" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[113,178,1836,1860]" targetBox="[187,1386,144,1808]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFE8FB62FFA90A64FB60F8F6" blockId="19.[113,1458,1836,1888]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE8FB62FFA90A64FF42F8D2" bold="true" box="[113,214,1836,1860]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral views of right forelimb (C) and right hind limb (D) of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFE8FB62FAC30A65FAF4F8D2" box="[1307,1376,1836,1860]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFE8FB62FAC30A65FAF4F8D2" box="[1307,1376,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(QCAZ 23305; adult male; Guayas Province, between Palmas and Balsas, Ecuador). Not shown at the same scale. Photos by S.R.R.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF293ED3FFEFFB65FF58092AFB37FB24" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" startId="20.[128,193,1122,1146]" targetBox="[129,1473,144,1094]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEFFB65FF58092AFB37FB24" blockId="20.[128,1468,1122,1202]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FF58092AFF70FBEC" bold="true" box="[128,228,1122,1146]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 13.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult preserved specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FDDD092BFDDEFBEC" box="[517,586,1122,1146]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FDDD092BFDDEFBEC" box="[517,586,1122,1146]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing variation in dorsal and ventral coloration. From left to right, first row: QCAZ 12039, 17965, 23324 (males); second row: QCAZ 23486, 24579, 39353 (males); third row: QCAZ 41327, 47444, 47445 (males), 50698 (female). See Supporting Information, Table S1 for locality data. Specimens not shown at the same scale. Photos by S.R.R.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEFFB65FF440828FB05F982" blockId="20.[127,780,1250,1964]" lastBlockId="20.[825,1476,1250,1963]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
We report significant acoustic differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FD6B0828FF3CFA01" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FD6B0828FD57FAE1" box="[691,707,1376,1399]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FD090817FF3CFA01" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FF6B0837FE83FA00" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[179,279,1407,1430]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FF6B0837FE83FA00" box="[179,279,1407,1430]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FE970837FE0DFA01" box="[335,409,1407,1431]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FE970837FE0DFA01" box="[335,409,1407,1431]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFEFFB65FE170837FDB2FA01" box="[463,550,1407,1431]" captionStart-0="Figure 4" captionStart-1="Figure 5" captionStart-2="Figure 6" captionStartId-0="9.[113,178,947,971]" captionStartId-1="10.[129,194,1247,1271]" captionStartId-2="11.[112,177,874,898]" captionTargetBox-0="[114,1453,144,919]" captionTargetBox-1="[129,1473,147,1216]" captionTargetBox-2="[113,1458,144,853]" captionTargetId-0="graphics-626@9.[227,1101,144,798]" captionTargetId-1="figure-351@10.[126,1476,144,1219]" captionTargetId-2="graphics-537@11.[222,1135,142,853]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="11" captionText-0="Figure 4. Plot of the first two axes (PCs) from PCA based on seven acoustic variables of the advertisement calls of 35 toads from western Ecuador (R. bella), eastern Ecuador (R. marina), and Central America (R. horribilis). Additionally, one individual from eastern Peru was included in the analysis." captionText-1="Figure 5. Calls of: A–B, R. bella from Yunguilla, Provincia Azuay, western Ecuador.C–D, R. horribilis from 1.6 km WNW of Villa Neily, Puntaneras, Costa Rica, Central America.E–F, R. marina from Vía Maxus km 58, Provincia Orellana, eastern Ecuador. Oscilograms (A, C, and E) and spectrograms (B, D, and F)." captionText-2="Figure 6. Violin plot showing the variation (median, range, kernel density, 25th–75th percentiles) of dominant frequency (Hz) of calls in toad populations from Central America (N = 5), eastern Ecuador (N = 12), and western Ecuador (N = 17). Individuals from western Ecuador correspond to R. bella, individuals from eastern Ecuador correspond to R. marina, and individuals from Central America correspond to R. horribilis." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs 4–6</figureCitation>
|
||
) despite the generally conservative structure of advertisement calls among species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FF7208F6FE9BFA43" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[170,271,1470,1493]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FF7208F6FE9BFA43" box="[170,271,1470,1493]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEFFB65FEBF08F5FDB5FA43" author="Maciel NM & Brandao RA & Campos LA" box="[359,545,1469,1493]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="23 - 39" refId="ref17798" refString="Maciel NM, Brandao RA, Campos LA et al. A large new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Cerrado of Brazil. Zootaxa 2007; 1627: 23 - 39." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Maciel
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FE6C08F6FE72FA43" box="[436,486,1469,1493]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The distinctly lower number of notes per call in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FE530895FE47FA63" box="[395,467,1501,1525]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FE530895FE47FA63" box="[395,467,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
relative to other species within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FF7E08B5FE93F982" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[166,263,1533,1556]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FF7E08B5FF22F982" box="[166,182,1533,1556]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FF1808B5FE93F982" box="[192,263,1533,1556]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is significant. Similarly, the higher dominant frequency of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FED50B54FECDF9A5" box="[269,345,1563,1587]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FED50B54FECDF9A5" box="[269,345,1563,1587]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
calls in comparison with calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FD6F0B54FF3CF9C5" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FD6F0B54FD51F9A5" box="[695,709,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FD090B53FF3CF9C5" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FF060B73FED6F9C4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[222,322,1595,1618]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FF060B73FF7AF9C4" box="[222,238,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FF230B73FED6F9C4" box="[251,322,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is remarkable as this call trait is among the few not strongly dependent on operational temperature (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFEFFB65FD190B12FD6DF9E4" box="[705,761,1626,1650]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[112,177,874,898]" captionTargetBox="[113,1458,144,853]" captionTargetId="graphics-537@11.[222,1135,142,853]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 6. Violin plot showing the variation (median, range, kernel density, 25th–75th percentiles) of dominant frequency (Hz) of calls in toad populations from Central America (N = 5), eastern Ecuador (N = 12), and western Ecuador (N = 17). Individuals from western Ecuador correspond to R. bella, individuals from eastern Ecuador correspond to R. marina, and individuals from Central America correspond to R. horribilis." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), and has been proven to be useful to assess species limits (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEFFB65FD1A0B31FF7AF927" author="Kohler J & Jansen M & Rodriguez A" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref17599" refString="Kohler J, Jansen M, Rodriguez A et al. The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice. Zootaxa 2017; 4251: 1 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4251.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Köhler
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FF590BD1FF38F927" box="[129,172,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This acoustic distinctiveness of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FD890BD1FD09F927" box="[593,669,1689,1713]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FD890BD1FD09F927" box="[593,669,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FD2C0BD1FF5CF946" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FD2C0BD1FC90F926" box="[756,772,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FF590BF1FF5CF946" box="[129,200,1721,1744]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group species, and especially from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FDEE0BF1FD3DF946" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[566,681,1720,1744]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FDEE0BF1FDD1F946" box="[566,581,1721,1744]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FD890BF0FD3DF946" box="[593,681,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggests that calls may have diverged at faster rates compared to morphology in this group, as has also been shown in other anuran species groups (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEFFB65FEEA0A5EFE73F8B8" author="Padial JM & Koehler J & Munoz A" box="[306,487,1814,1838]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="353 - 65" refId="ref18113" refString="Padial JM, Koehler J, Munoz A et al. Assessing the taxonomic status of tropical frogs through bioacoustics: geographical variation in the advertisement calls in the Eleutherodactylus discoidalis species group (Anura). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2008; 152: 353 - 65." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Padial
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FEA10A5FFE3FF8B8" box="[377,427,1814,1838]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEFFB65FE2D0A5EFC90F8B8" author="Angulo A & Icochea J" box="[501,772,1814,1838]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="357 - 70" refId="ref16093" refString="Angulo A, Icochea J. Cryptic species complexes, widespread species and conservation: lessons from Amazonian frogs of the Leptodactylus marmoratus group (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 2010; 8: 357 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.20 10.507264" type="journal article" year="2010">Angulo and Icochea 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEFFB65FF590A7DFEBDF8DB" author="Funk WC & Caminer M & Ron SR" box="[129,297,1845,1869]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1806 - 14" refId="ref17033" refString="Funk WC, Caminer M, Ron SR. High levels of cryptic species diversity uncovered in Amazonian frogs. Proceedings Biological Sciences 2012; 279: 1806 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2011.1653" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Funk
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FF650A7EFF7CF8DB" box="[189,232,1845,1869]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These patterns could be due to sexual selection promoting rapid divergence in both male traits and female preferences, or strong selection on species recognition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEFFB65FD600A3CFF78F83D" author="Panhuis TM & Butlin R & Zuk M" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="364 - 71" refId="ref18318" refString="Panhuis TM, Butlin R, Zuk M et al. Sexual selection and speciation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2001; 16: 364 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0169 - 5347 (01) 02160 - 7" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Panhuis
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FF590ADCFF25F83D" box="[129,177,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This may be particularly relevant to the calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FD2D0ADCFCF3FB6C" box="[757,871,1250,1963]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FD2D0ADCFCF3FB6C" box="[757,871,1250,1963]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FC5709ABFB96FB6C" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[911,1026,1250,1274]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FC5709ABFC0AFB6C" box="[911,926,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FC7209AAFB96FB6C" box="[938,1026,1250,1274]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that vocal character displacement, where these two species meet (probably in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFEFFB65FAD60849FAEDFA8F" box="[1294,1401,1281,1305]" name="Colombia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), could promote mating isolation. Alternatively, mate-recognition traits as calls may diverge faster than morphology due to a strong stabilizing selection on morphological traits (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEFFB65FAD40817FA25FAE1" author="Funk WC & Caminer M & Ron SR" box="[1292,1457,1375,1399]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1806 - 14" refId="ref17033" refString="Funk WC, Caminer M, Ron SR. High levels of cryptic species diversity uncovered in Amazonian frogs. Proceedings Biological Sciences 2012; 279: 1806 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2011.1653" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Funk
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FA900828FAECFAE1" box="[1352,1400,1375,1399]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which may be imposed by several ecological factors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEFFB65FAB20837FC35FA20" author="Bickford D & Lohman DJ & Sodhi NS" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="148 - 55" refId="ref16284" refString="Bickford D, Lohman DJ, Sodhi NS et al. Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2007; 22: 148 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. tree. 2006.11.004" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Bickford
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FCE108D7FCFDFA20" box="[825,873,1438,1462]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Previous studies have not fully evaluated call differences within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FC3308F6FBD8FA43" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1003,1100,1470,1493]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FC3308F6FC6DFA43" box="[1003,1017,1470,1493]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FBDD08F6FBD8FA43" box="[1029,1100,1470,1493]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group, although acoustic information seems to be particularly useful for the delimitation of cryptic species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEFFB65FC0708B4FB15F982" author="Funk WC & Caminer M & Ron SR" box="[991,1153,1532,1556]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1806 - 14" refId="ref17033" refString="Funk WC, Caminer M, Ron SR. High levels of cryptic species diversity uncovered in Amazonian frogs. Proceedings Biological Sciences 2012; 279: 1806 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2011.1653" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Funk
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FBC208B5FBDDF982" box="[1050,1097,1532,1556]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEFFB64FC8D0B53FE30FAAF" blockId="20.[825,1476,1250,1963]" lastBlockId="21.[113,765,1250,1964]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
The comparison of climatic envelopes among studied populations provided important complementary evidence for species separation (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFEFFB65FC020B12FB8BF9E4" box="[986,1055,1626,1650]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="17.[115,180,1242,1266]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1214]" captionTargetId="graphics-454@17.[191,991,142,1131]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 11.PCs from a PCA based on 19 climatic variables from 98 collection localities of specimens used for the phylogenetic analysis. Individuals are classified by geographic region, with 90% ellipse (i.e. 0.9 confidence level at which ellipse is drawn) per group. For eigenvectors and eigenvalues see Table 6. Individuals from western Ecuador correspond to R. bella, individuals from eastern Ecuador correspond to R. marina, and individuals from Central America correspond to R. horribilis." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Toad populations occurring in western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFEFFB65FCE20B31FC04F907" box="[826,912,1657,1681]" name="Ecuador" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FC780B32FC7DF907" box="[928,1001,1657,1681]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FC780B32FC7DF907" box="[928,1001,1657,1681]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have a climatic envelope with lesser temperature seasonality than populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FB6D0BD1FABEF927" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1205,1322,1689,1713]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FB6D0BD1FB51F926" box="[1205,1221,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FB0A0BD1FABEF927" box="[1234,1322,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurring further north in South America and Central America. Temperature seasonality can be a major climatic factor limiting dispersal of amphibians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEFFB65FC1A0BBFFBE6F899" author="Wiens JJ & Graham CH & Moen DS" box="[962,1138,1783,1807]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="579 - 96" refId="ref19761" refString="Wiens JJ, Graham CH, Moen DS et al. Evolutionary and ecological causes of the latitudinal diversity gradient in hylid frogs: treefrog trees unearth the roots of high tropical diversity. The American Naturalist 2006; 168: 579 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 507882" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Wiens
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FBD10BBFFBACF899" box="[1033,1080,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and Neotropical anurans demonstrate climatic specializations along temperature seasonality axes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEFFB65FCA00A7DFBD6F8DB" author="Graham CH & Ron SR & Santos JC" box="[888,1090,1845,1869]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1781 - 93" refId="ref17180" refString="Graham CH, Ron SR, Santos JC et al. Integrating phylogenetics and environmental niche models to explore speciation mechanisms in dendrobatid frogs. Evolution 2004; 58: 1781 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2004. tb 00461. x" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Graham
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FC0C0A7EFB92F8DB" box="[980,1030,1845,1869]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We would not expect notable and substantial morphological divergence between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FAFF0A1DFAE0F8FB" box="[1319,1396,1877,1901]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FAFF0A1DFAE0F8FB" box="[1319,1396,1877,1901]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEFFB65FA750A1DFC05F81A" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FA750A1DFA29F8FA" box="[1453,1469,1877,1900]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEFFB65FCE10A3CFC05F81A" box="[825,913,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
if speciation occurred mainly via geographic isolation related to climatic components unless climate imposed selection on morphology. However, the relative importance of climatic factors in population divergence and speciation of these lineages deserves further investigation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF293ED3FFEEFB64FFAB092AFC9EFB24" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[115,180,1122,1146]" targetBox="[114,1458,144,1094]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEEFB64FFAB092AFC9EFB24" blockId="21.[113,1431,1122,1202]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FFAB092AFF43FBEC" bold="true" box="[115,215,1122,1146]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Juvenile preserved specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FDD5092BFDC5FBEC" box="[525,593,1122,1146]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FDD5092BFDC5FBEC" box="[525,593,1122,1146]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing variation in dorsal and ventral coloration. From left to right, first row: QCAZ 13893, 28528, 35433; second row: QCAZ 40424, 45989, 49447, third row: QCAZ 50701, 50702. See Supporting Information, Table S1 for locality data. Specimens not shown at the same scale. Photos by S.R.R.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEEFB64FF550809FEE9F83A" blockId="21.[113,765,1250,1964]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
We also found that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FEBC0809FE5FFACE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[356,459,1345,1368]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FEBC0809FE5FFACE" box="[356,459,1345,1368]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Amazon Basin remains non-monophyletic, as was previously found by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEEFB64FD460817FF66FA01" author="Vallinoto M & Sequeira F & Sodre D" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="128 - 40" refId="ref19613" refString="Vallinoto M, Sequeira F, Sodre D et al. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Rhinella marina species complex (Amphibia, Bufonidae) revisited: implications for Neotropical diversification hypotheses. Zoologica Scripta 2010; 39: 128 - 40." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Vallinoto
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FFA90837FF35FA01" box="[113,161,1407,1431]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEEFB64FEFE0837FE7AFA01" author="Rivera D & Prates I & Firneno Jr TJ" box="[294,494,1407,1431]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="978 - 92" refId="ref18805" refString="Rivera D, Prates I, Firneno Jr TJ et al. Phylogenomics, introgression, and demographic history of South American true toads (Rhinella). Molecular Ecology 2022; 31: 978 - 92." type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Rivera
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FEB50837FE09FA01" box="[365,413,1407,1431]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2022)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FDAA0837FD42FA00" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[626,726,1407,1430]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FDAA0837FD42FA00" box="[626,726,1407,1430]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are nested within only one well supported clade (Clade E in
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D72DEFFEEFB64FD6F08D6FD7BFA20" box="[695,751,1438,1462]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[114,1457,145,1810]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@5.[114,1457,145,1810]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships among species of the R.marina group based on Bayesian analysis of the 12S–16S fragment. Numbers above the branches are Bayesian posterior probability values and Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values.Posterior probabilities higher than 0.9, and maximum parsimony bootstrap values higher than 90% are marked with an asterisk (*). Clade A corresponds to R. horribilis, Clade B to R. bella, Clades D most probably to R. poeppigii (see Discussion section), and Clade E to R. marina." pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) as the sample MJH 3678 of ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FE7808F6FD90FA43" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[416,516,1470,1493]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FE7808F6FE24FA43" box="[416,432,1470,1493]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FE6508F6FD90FA43" box="[445,516,1470,1493]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ from Clade D is probably misidentified and most likely corresponds to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FDA70895FD60FA62" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[639,756,1501,1524]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poeppigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FDA70895FD1BFA62" box="[639,655,1501,1524]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FD440895FD60FA62" box="[668,756,1501,1524]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">poeppigii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Clade E is composed of ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FEAF08B5FE79F982" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[375,493,1533,1556]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poeppigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FEAF08B5FE79F982" box="[375,493,1533,1556]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R. poeppigii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFEEFB64FDEB08B4FDE9F982" box="[563,637,1532,1556]" name="Bolivia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FD5308B5FD69F982" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[651,765,1532,1556]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diptycha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FD5308B5FD69F982" box="[651,765,1532,1556]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R. diptycha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FF470B54FE91F9A5" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[159,261,1564,1587]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FF470B54FE91F9A5" box="[159,261,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the eastern side of the Ecuadorian Andes, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FF450B73FE94F9C4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[157,256,1595,1618]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FF450B73FE94F9C4" box="[157,256,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Amazonian Basin. The sample MNCN/ ADN6044 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FEDB0B13FEFAF9E4" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[259,366,1627,1650]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poeppig">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FEDB0B13FEFAF9E4" box="[259,366,1627,1650]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R. poeppig</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ii, however, is likely misidentified and corresponds to either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FE860B32FE50F907" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[350,452,1658,1681]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FE860B32FEFAF907" box="[350,366,1658,1681]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FEA50B32FE50F907" box="[381,452,1658,1681]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FE360B32FDF5F907" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[494,609,1657,1681]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diptycha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FE360B32FE6AF907" box="[494,510,1658,1681]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FDD50B31FDF5F907" box="[525,609,1657,1681]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">diptycha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore, corroborating
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEEFB64FED10BD1FE6EF927" author="Vallinoto M & Sequeira F & Sodre D" box="[265,506,1689,1713]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="128 - 40" refId="ref19613" refString="Vallinoto M, Sequeira F, Sodre D et al. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Rhinella marina species complex (Amphibia, Bufonidae) revisited: implications for Neotropical diversification hypotheses. Zoologica Scripta 2010; 39: 128 - 40." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Vallinoto
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FEAA0BD1FE0BF927" box="[370,415,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEEFB64FDED0BD1FD61F927" author="Ron SR & Mueses-Cisneros JJ & Gutierrez-Cardenas PDA" box="[565,757,1689,1713]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="347 - 66" refId="ref19121" refString="Ron SR, Mueses-Cisneros JJ, Gutierrez-Cardenas PDA et al. Systematics of the endangered toad genus Andinophryne (Anura: Bufonidae): phylogenetic position and synonymy under the genus Rhaebo. Zootaxa 2015; 3947: 347 - 66." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Ron
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FDB40BD1FD0EF927" box="[620,666,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, our results placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FEF60BF1FE04F946" baseAuthorityName="Wied-Neuwied" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[302,400,1720,1744]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crucifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FEF60BF1FEA9F946" box="[302,317,1721,1744]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FE900BF0FE04F946" box="[328,400,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">crucifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FDE90BF1FD07F946" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[561,659,1721,1744]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FDE90BF1FDD4F946" box="[561,576,1721,1744]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FD940BF1FD07F946" box="[588,659,1721,1744]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group according to mtDNA sequence information. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FD4F0B90FD69F979" baseAuthorityName="Wied-Neuwied" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[663,765,1751,1775]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crucifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FD4F0B90FD69F979" box="[663,765,1751,1775]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R. crucifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not formally considered to be in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FDDC0BBFFDFDF898" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[516,617,1783,1806]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FDDC0BBFFDFDF898" box="[516,617,1783,1806]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEEFB64FFA40A5EFE91F8B8" author="Pramuk JB" box="[124,261,1814,1838]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="407 - 52" refId="ref18502" refString="Pramuk JB. Phylogeny of south American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2006; 146: 407 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2006.00212. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Pramuk 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), morphological similarities and a close cytogenetic and phylogenetic relationship between it and members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FF4F0A1DFF6CF8FA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,248,1877,1900]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FF4F0A1DFF33F8FA" box="[151,167,1877,1900]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FF690A1DFF6CF8FA" box="[177,248,1877,1900]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group have been noted previously (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEEFB64FDBB0A1DFD58F8FB" author="Blair WF" box="[611,716,1877,1901]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref16390" refString="Blair WF. Evolution in the Genus Bufo. Austin: University Texas Press, 1972." type="book" year="1972">Blair 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEEFB64FD0E0A1DFF31F81A" author="Cei JM" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="82 - 92" refId="ref16493" refString="Cei JM. Bufo of South America. In: Blair WF (ed.), Evolution in the Genus Bufo. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1972, 82 - 92." type="book chapter" year="1972">Cei 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEEFB64FF6A0A3CFE46F81A" author="Duellman WE & Schulte R" box="[178,466,1908,1932]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="162 - 72" refId="ref16729" refString="Duellman WE, Schulte R. Description of a new species of Bufo from northern Peru with comments on phenetic groups of South American toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Copeia 1992; 1992: 162 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1446548" type="journal article" year="1992">Duellman and Schulte 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEEFB64FE060A3CFD22F81A" author="Baldissera A & Batistic RF & Haddad CFB" box="[478,694,1908,1932]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="413 - 20" refId="ref16189" refString="Baldissera A, Batistic RF, Haddad CFB. Cytotaxonomic considerations with the description of two new NOR locations for South American toads, genus Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae). Amphibia-Reptilia 1999; 20: 413 - 20." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Baldissera
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FD940A3DFDE1F81A" box="[588,629,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEEFB64FD1A0A3CFF4CF83D" author="Pauly GB & Hillis DM & Cannatella DC" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="2517 - 35" refId="ref18366" refString="Pauly GB, Hillis DM, Cannatella DC. The history of a Nearctic colonization: molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 2004; 58: 2517 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2004. tb 00881. x" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Pauly
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FFA90ADCFF34F83D" box="[113,160,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEEFB64FF3B0ADBFEF8F83D" author="Pramuk JB" box="[227,364,1939,1963]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="407 - 52" refId="ref18502" refString="Pramuk JB. Phylogeny of south American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2006; 146: 407 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2006.00212. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Pramuk 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEEFB66FC9D09AAFDF4FE15" blockId="21.[810,1460,1250,1963]" lastBlockId="23.[113,764,144,951]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
The discrepancy between phylogenetic relationships and the taxonomic classification of species within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FA92084AFA27FA8F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1354,1459,1282,1305]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FA92084AFA27FA8F" box="[1354,1459,1282,1305]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group could be influenced by several factors. First, the lack of an integrative taxonomy (i.e. species delimitation based on multiple sources of evidence;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEEFB64FB100817FAECFAE1" author="Padial JM & Miralles A & De la Riva I" box="[1224,1400,1375,1399]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref18164" refString="Padial JM, Miralles A, De la Riva I et al. The integrative future of taxonomy. Frontiers in Zoology 2010; 7: 16 - 4. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1742 - 9994 - 7 - 16" type="journal volume" year="2010">
|
||
Padial
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FAD50828FAAAFAE1" box="[1293,1342,1375,1399]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that provides a more effective solution to refine the systematics of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FC8A08D7FC2CFA20" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[850,952,1439,1462]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FC8A08D7FC2CFA20" box="[850,952,1439,1462]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. Second, DNA sequences of some lineages (e.g. some populations previously known as ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FA8508F6FCC7FA63" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FA8508F6FAF9FA43" box="[1373,1389,1470,1493]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FAA108F5FCC7FA63" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’) available for only a small number of samples and/or with limited representation of the geographic distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEEFB64FAB408B4FC08F9A5" author="Maciel NM & Collevatti RG & Colli GR" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="787 - 97" refId="ref17834" refString="Maciel NM, Collevatti RG, Colli GR et al. Late Miocene diversification and phylogenetic relationships of the huge toads in the Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) species group (Anura: Bufonidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2010; 57: 787 - 97. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.08.025" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Maciel
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FCF20B54FCCAF9A5" box="[810,862,1563,1587]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEEFB64FC730B53FB11F9A5" author="Vallinoto M & Sequeira F & Sodre D" box="[939,1157,1563,1587]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="128 - 40" refId="ref19613" refString="Vallinoto M, Sequeira F, Sodre D et al. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Rhinella marina species complex (Amphibia, Bufonidae) revisited: implications for Neotropical diversification hypotheses. Zoologica Scripta 2010; 39: 128 - 40." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Vallinoto
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FBCC0B54FBDCF9A5" box="[1044,1096,1563,1587]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Third, the evident lack of prominent diagnostic morphological characters for some lineages in this group can result in the misidentification of specimens. For instance,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEEFB64FBC00B32FABDF907" author="Venegas PJ & Ron SR" box="[1048,1321,1657,1682]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="713 - 6" refId="ref19656" refString="Venegas PJ, Ron SR. First records of Rhinella poeppigii (Tschudi 1845) from Ecuador, with a distribution map (Anura: Bufonidae). Herpetology Notes 2014; 7: 713 - 6." type="journal article" year="2014">Venegas and Ron (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported on
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D50A5D2FFEEFB64FCF20BD1FC2CF927" box="[810,952,1689,1713]" count="10" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FC040BD1FBC6F926" baseAuthorityName="Tschudi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[988,1106,1689,1712]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poeppigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FC040BD1FC7FF926" box="[988,1003,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FC200BD1FBC6F926" box="[1016,1106,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">poeppigii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
deposited at
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFEEFB64FB380BD1FA3BF927" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFEEFB64FB380BD1FA3BF927" box="[1248,1455,1689,1713]" country="Ecuador" county="Andes" municipality="West" name="Museo de Zoologia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Museo de Zoología</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFEEFB64FCF40BF0FBE5F946" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFEEFB64FCF40BF0FBE5F946" box="[812,1137,1720,1744]" country="Ecuador" county="Andes" municipality="West" name="Pontificia Universidad Catolica" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pontificia Universidad Católica</location>
|
||
del
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFEEFB64FB440BF0FB60F946" box="[1180,1268,1720,1744]" name="Ecuador" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(QCAZ) that had previously been misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FB4D0B90FA94F979" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1173,1280,1752,1775]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FB4D0B90FB31F979" box="[1173,1189,1752,1775]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FB6F0B90FA94F979" box="[1207,1280,1752,1775]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFEEFB64FAC80B9FFACCF979" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFEEFB64FAC80B9FFACCF979" box="[1296,1368,1751,1775]" country="Ecuador" county="Andes" municipality="West" name="Finally" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Finally</location>
|
||
, genetic introgression resulting from interspecific hybridization, which is known to occur among numerous closely related species of bufonid toads in sympatry (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEEFB64FB590A7EFAA3F8DB" author="Masta SE & Sullivan BK & Lamb T" box="[1153,1335,1845,1869]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="302 - 14" refId="ref17933" refString="Masta SE, Sullivan BK, Lamb T et al. Molecular systematics, hybridization, and phylogeography of the Bufo americanus complex in Eastern North America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2002; 24: 302 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / s 1055 - 7903 (02) 00216 - 6" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Masta
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FB110A7EFB6FF8DB" box="[1225,1275,1845,1869]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFEEFB64FA9D0A7DFC3DF8FB" author="Smith MA & Green DM" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="3723 - 33" refId="ref19398" refString="Smith MA, Green DM. Phylogeography of Bufo fowleri at its northern range limit. Molecular Ecology 2004; 13: 3723 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2004.02301. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Smith and Green 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), may confound phylogenetic reconstruction by obscuring topology and divergence estimates.
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFEEFB64FAC70A3CFADFF81A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFEEFB64FAC70A3CFADFF81A" box="[1311,1355,1908,1932]" country="Ecuador" county="Andes" municipality="West" name="This" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">This</location>
|
||
could be the case for some populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FB520ADCFB65F83D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1162,1265,1940,1963]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FB520ADCFB65F83D" box="[1162,1265,1940,1963]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEEFB64FAFD0ADCFA0DF83D" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1317,1433,1939,1963]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diptycha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEEFB64FAFD0ADCFA0DF83D" box="[1317,1433,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R. diptycha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFECFB66FF430DD8FEA0FF3E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFECFB66FF430DD8FEA0FF3E" box="[155,308,144,168]" country="Ecuador" county="Andes" municipality="West" name="Amazon Basin" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Amazon Basin</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFECFB66FE9F0DD8FD8DFF3E" author="Sequeira F & Sodre D & Ferrand N" box="[327,537,144,168]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref19215" refString="Sequeira F, Sodre D, Ferrand N et al. Hybridization and massive mtDNA unidirectional introgression between the closely related Neotropical toads Rhinella marina and R. schneideri inferred from mtDNA and nuclear markers. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011; 11: 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Sequeira
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFECFB66FE720DD9FE43FF3E" box="[426,471,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and will likely continue to present challenges for delineating species boundaries within the entire
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFECFB66FEF10D87FE1BFF70" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[297,399,207,230]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFECFB66FEF10D87FE1BFF70" box="[297,399,207,230]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group east of the
|
||
<location id="8E893880FFECFB66FD930D87FD19FF71" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FFDF4DFFF7FB66FED608F6FE89FC21:8E893880FFECFB66FD930D87FD19FF71" box="[587,653,207,231]" country="Ecuador" county="Andes" municipality="West" name="Andes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Andes</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFECFB66FD470D87FF53FE90" author="Rivera D & Prates I & Firneno Jr TJ" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="978 - 92" refId="ref18805" refString="Rivera D, Prates I, Firneno Jr TJ et al. Phylogenomics, introgression, and demographic history of South American true toads (Rhinella). Molecular Ecology 2022; 31: 978 - 92." type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Rivera
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFECFB66FD310D87FF10FE90" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8DF421FFECFB66FF070DA6FE87FE93" box="[223,275,238,261]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">West</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
of the
|
||
<collectingCounty id="628816D7FFECFB66FEB90DA6FE31FE90" box="[353,421,238,262]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Andes</collectingCounty>
|
||
, however, the genetic differentiation between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFECFB66FED30C46FEC3FEB3" box="[267,343,269,293]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFECFB66FED30C46FEC3FEB3" box="[267,343,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFECFB66FE510C46FD94FEB3" baseAuthorityName="Wiegmann" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[393,512,269,293]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horribilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFECFB66FE510C46FD94FEB3" box="[393,512,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">R. horribilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly demonstrable, although the nature and extent of any putative contact zone between the two species, possibly in southwest
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFECFB66FD9A0C04FD3EFEF2" box="[578,682,332,356]" name="Colombia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and/or extreme northwest
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFECFB66FEE30C23FE00FE15" box="[315,404,363,387]" name="Ecuador" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, remains unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF293ED3FFEDFB67FF590A6DFD95F85C" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" startId="22.[129,194,1829,1853]" targetBox="[131,1473,152,1799]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFEDFB67FF590A6DFD95F85C" blockId="22.[129,1455,1829,1994]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEDFB67FF590A6DFF71F8AB" bold="true" box="[129,229,1829,1853]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 15.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult live individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFEDFB67FE170A6EFD80F8A8" box="[463,532,1830,1854]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFEDFB67FE170A6EFD80F8A8" box="[463,532,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing variation in dorsal (upper part of the figure) and ventral (lower part of the figure) coloration: (A) adult male, QCAZ 51478 (SVL = 84.05mm); (B) adult female, QCAZ 57032 (SVL = 66.85 mm); (C) adult female, QCAZ 51799 (SVL = 63.12mm); (D) adult male, QCAZ 68814 (SVL = 73.73); (E) adult male, QCAZ 65726 (108.60); (F) adult female, QCAZ 67265 (95.69); (G) adult male, QCAZ 51423 (SVL = 83.81); (H) adult male, QCAZ 51308 (SVL = 95.33); (I) adult female, QCAZ 51846 (SVL = 123.33); (J) adult female, QCAZ 55040 (SVL = 102.74). See Supporting Information, Table S1 for locality data. Individuals not shown at the same scale. Photos by SRR.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE96E5BFFECFB66FF550CC3FE89FC21" blockId="23.[113,764,144,951]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Cane toads are economically important and invasive outside of their native range, having been introduced on many Caribbean and Pacific islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFECFB66FE690C81FDA1FE77" author="Easteal S" box="[433,565,457,481]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="93 - 113" refId="ref16799" refString="Easteal S. The history of introductions of Bufo marinus (Amphibia: Anura); a natural experiment in evolution. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1981; 16: 93 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1981. tb 01645. x" type="journal article" year="1981">Easteal 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFECFB66FDE70C81FDE0FE77" author="Easteal S" box="[575,628,457,481]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="107 - 22" refId="ref16854" refString="Easteal S. The ecological genetics of introduced populations of the giant toad Bufo marinus. II. Effective population size. Genetics 1985; 110: 107 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / genetics / 110.1.107" type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFECFB66FDA70C82FD60FE77" author="Lever C" box="[639,756,457,481]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref17700" refString="Lever C. The Cane Toad: The History and Ecology of a Successful Colonist. Settle: Westbury Academic & Scientific Publishing, 2001." type="book" year="2001">Lever 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFECFB66FFA90CA1FF7DFD97" author="Shine R" box="[113,233,489,513]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="253 - 91" refId="ref19278" refString="Shine R. The ecological impact of invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) in Australia. The Quarterly Review of Biology 2010; 85: 253 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 655116" type="journal article" year="2010">Shine 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFECFB66FF2A0CA1FEB3FD97" author="Shine R" box="[242,295,489,513]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref19262" refString="Shine R. Cane Toad Wars. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2018." type="book" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), where they are often now considered pests. The impact of such a large, voracious, prolific, and toxic amphibian on the ecology of northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFECFB66FE3F0F6FFDD3FDA9" box="[487,583,551,575]" name="Australia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, for example, has been profound (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFECFB66FEC40F0FFE06FDC9" author="Shine R" box="[284,402,583,607]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref19262" refString="Shine R. Cane Toad Wars. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2018." type="book" year="2018">Shine 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most of the evidence and historical record indicates that the cane toads currently in the Pacific originated from native populations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFECFB66FDC90FCDFDE9FD0B" box="[529,637,645,669]" name="Venezuela" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, via
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFECFB66FD6B0FCEFF37FD2B" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFECFB66FF740FEDFF72FD2B" box="[172,230,677,701]" name="Cuba" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Florida (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFECFB66FEAF0FEDFDF6FD2B" author="Slade R & Moritz C" box="[375,610,677,701]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="769 - 77" refId="ref19348" refString="Slade R, Moritz C. Phylogeography of Bufo marinus from its natural and introduced ranges. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 1998; 265: 769 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 1998.0359" type="journal article" year="1998">Slade and Moritz 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Considering the extent of cryptic taxonomic diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFECFB66FD9C0F8DFD3FFD4A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[580,683,709,732]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFECFB66FD9C0F8DFD3FFD4A" box="[580,683,709,732]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">R. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species toads, however, and the probability that new species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFECFB66FFA90E4BFF2AFC8D" box="[113,190,771,795]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFECFB66FFA90E4BFF2AFC8D" box="[113,190,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">R. bella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remain to be discovered within the complex, it is possible that the cane toads infesting
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3412ECBFFECFB66FE380E6AFDA9FCAC" box="[480,573,802,826]" name="Australia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and many Pacific Islands may not actually be
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFECFB66FE4F0E0AFD97FCCF" box="[407,515,834,857]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5615D8FFECFB66FE4F0E0AFE6BFCCF" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[407,511,834,857]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">R. marina</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
If this is the case, some aspects of our current knowledge on global biological invasions of these species (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC713AAFFECFB66FE560EC8FDC4FC0E" author="Tingley R & Vallinoto M & Sequeira F" box="[398,592,896,920]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="10233 - 8" refId="ref19560" refString="Tingley R, Vallinoto M, Sequeira F et al. Realized niche shift during a global biological invasion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2014; 111: 10233 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1405766111" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Tingley
|
||
<emphasis id="B922B249FFECFB66FE3B0EC9FD81FC0E" box="[483,533,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) would deserve reconsideration.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |