357 lines
48 KiB
XML
357 lines
48 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="3E0A391FD2A97832FD229DEE2EEF2112">A brief review of the genus Lithosarctia, with the description of a new species from China (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="16449BCA9C59C5727AA5173D1BFD0A3C">Volynkin, Anton V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BBFB636BBCCE1A8BFE4210457DD662AE">Saldaitis, Aidas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="79337D0707C788C03B310A475698858F">Višinskas, Vytautas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A0249DCC3DA75067EEF916125910C489">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="E85DB1C09928256ED7816B1334369F85">
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<mods:date id="35300B9004FCA50F05BE3321489F97C4">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="67A6583496F4DFD9DA75D94771D323DC">2018-07-12</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03FD87A95550FFF712EC8F948439FA8D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5969727" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148403279" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5969727" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:16D60CD0-E8F0-4641-A29A-BB756B64E9AB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FD87A95550FFF712EC8F948439FA8D" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="564" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">
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<subSubSection id="C34E65345550FFF612EC8F9486C8FCA1" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEB36BF5550FFF612EC8F948584FC86" blockId="2.[151,732,760,821]" box="[151,732,760,787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">
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<heading id="D0A381D35550FFF612EC8F948584FC86" bold="true" box="[151,732,760,787]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5550FFF612EC8F948529FC86" authority="Volynkin & Saldaitis" authorityName="Volynkin & Saldaitis" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,625,760,787]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Lithosarctia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="witti" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF612EC8F94863DFC87" bold="true" box="[151,357,760,786]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Lithosarctia witti</emphasis>
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Volynkin & Saldaitis
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21357D65550FFF610058F958584FC86" box="[638,732,761,787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="8BEB36BF5550FFF612EC8E7086C8FCA1" blockId="2.[151,732,760,821]" box="[151,400,796,821]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">
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(
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<figureCitation id="136F2A3A5550FFF612E48E708652FCA1" box="[159,266,796,821]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–10" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1868,1891]" captionTargetBox="[197,1403,195,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[181,1405,195,1851]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–10. Lithosarctia spp., adults. 1, L. hoenei, paralectotype ♂, China, Yunnan (MWM/ZSM); 2, L. hoenei, ♀, China, Yunnan (©NHMUK); 3, L. witti, holotype ♂, China, E Xizang (MWM/ZSM); 4, L. witti, paratype ♂, China, Sichuan, ex ovo (ASV); 5, L. witti, paratype ♂, China, Sichuan, ex ovo (ASV); 6, L. witti, paratype ♀, China, Sichuan, ex ovo (ASV); 7, L. witti, paratype ♀, China, Sichuan, ex ovo (ASV); 8, L. witti, paratype ♀, China, Sichuan, collected in nature (ASV); 9, L. kozlovi, holotype ♀, China, Sichuan (ZISP; photo by A. Matov); 10, L. y-albulum, holotype ♀, China, Tibet (©NHMUK)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437280/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Figs. 3–8</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="136F2A3A5550FFF6136D8E708606FCA1" box="[278,350,796,820]" captionStart="FIGURES 21–24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1953,1976]" captionTargetBox="[152,1428,194,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 21–24. Lithosarctia spp., male genitalia. 21, L. hoenei, paralectotype, China, Yunnan, slide MWM 33707 Volynkin; 22, L. witti, holotype, China, Xizang, slide MWM 33701 Volynkin; 23, L. witti, paratype, China, Sichuan, slide AV3377 Volynkin; 24, L. y-albulum, China, Sichuan slide MWM 33706 Volynkin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437284/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">22, 23</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="136F2A3A5550FFF613118E7086DFFCA1" box="[362,391,796,820]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–32" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1886,1909]" captionTargetBox="[190,1431,196,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1865]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 28–32. Lithosarctia spp., female genitalia. 28, L. hoenei, China, Yunnan, slide BMNH(E) Arct-6147 László (©NHMUK); 29, L. witti, paratype, China, Sichuan, slide AV3378 Volynkin; 30, L. kozlovi, holotype, antevaginal plate below, slide Matov 0538 (photo by A. Matov); 31, L. y-albulum, holotype, China, Tibet, slide BMNH(E) Arct-6149 László (©NHMUK); 32, L. y-albulum, China, Sichuan, slide MWM 33705 Volynkin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437288/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">29</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34E65345550FFF612EC8E3182D2FB93" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="materials_examined">
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<materialsCitation id="3B3C3CE25550FFF612EC8E318464FC0F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913825196" collectingDate="1996-06-13" collectingDateMax="1996-06-20" collectingDateMin="1996-06-13" collectionCode="ZSM" collectorName="Westphal & Volynkin & Coll." country="China" elevation="3900" location="Dhamo La" municipality="Qamdo" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Tibet" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54EF881D5550FFF612EC8E31878AFCE3" box="[151,210,861,886]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Type</typeStatus>
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material
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.
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<typeStatus id="54EF881D5550FFF6132A8E3186E6FCE3" box="[337,446,861,886]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="136F2A3A5550FFF613B48E318579FCE3" box="[463,545,861,886]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–10" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1868,1891]" captionTargetBox="[197,1403,195,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[181,1405,195,1851]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–10. Lithosarctia spp., adults. 1, L. hoenei, paralectotype ♂, China, Yunnan (MWM/ZSM); 2, L. hoenei, ♀, China, Yunnan (©NHMUK); 3, L. witti, holotype ♂, China, E Xizang (MWM/ZSM); 4, L. witti, paratype ♂, China, Sichuan, ex ovo (ASV); 5, L. witti, paratype ♂, China, Sichuan, ex ovo (ASV); 6, L. witti, paratype ♀, China, Sichuan, ex ovo (ASV); 7, L. witti, paratype ♀, China, Sichuan, ex ovo (ASV); 8, L. witti, paratype ♀, China, Sichuan, collected in nature (ASV); 9, L. kozlovi, holotype ♀, China, Sichuan (ZISP; photo by A. Matov); 10, L. y-albulum, holotype ♀, China, Tibet (©NHMUK)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437280/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="136F2A3A5550FFF6104B8E328508FCE3" box="[560,592,862,886]" captionStart="FIGURES 21–24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1953,1976]" captionTargetBox="[152,1428,194,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 21–24. Lithosarctia spp., male genitalia. 21, L. hoenei, paralectotype, China, Yunnan, slide MWM 33707 Volynkin; 22, L. witti, holotype, China, Xizang, slide MWM 33701 Volynkin; 23, L. witti, paratype, China, Sichuan, slide AV3377 Volynkin; 24, L. y-albulum, China, Sichuan slide MWM 33706 Volynkin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437284/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">22</figureCitation>
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):
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<specimenCount id="9D52FD365550FFF6101D8E328525FCE0" box="[614,637,862,885]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
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,
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, East
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6B8FACC55550FFF6111F8E3184E1FCE3" box="[868,953,861,886]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Qamdo</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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,
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,
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, leg.
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<collectorName id="26A153695550FFF612EC8EED865AFC0F" box="[151,258,897,922]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Westphal</collectorName>
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, slide MWM 33701
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<collectorName id="26A153695550FFF613938EED8516FC0F" box="[488,590,897,922]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Volynkin</collectorName>
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(
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<collectorName id="26A153695550FFF610258EED85CFFC0F" box="[606,663,897,922]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Coll.</collectorName>
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MWM/
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<collectionCode id="ED45AE7A5550FFF6108E8EEE8468FC0F" box="[757,816,898,922]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">ZSM</collectionCode>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF612BC8EC98667FC2B" bold="true" box="[199,319,933,958]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">
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<typeStatus id="54EF881D5550FFF612BC8EC98667FC2B" box="[199,319,933,958]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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:
|
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<specimenCount id="9D52FD365550FFF613348ECA8624FC28" box="[335,380,934,958]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
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, same data as in the
|
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<typeStatus id="54EF881D5550FFF610178EC98596FC2B" box="[620,718,933,958]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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(Coll. MWM/
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<collectionCode id="ED45AE7A5550FFF6110C8ECA84EAFC2B" box="[887,946,934,958]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">ZSM</collectionCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3C3CE25550FFF611BC8ECA8215FC77" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913825197" collectingDate="2016-05-12" collectingDateMax="2016-05-13" collectingDateMin="2016-05-12" collectorName="Daocheng, H & Saldaitis & Coll." country="China" elevation="4060" latitude="29.290016" location="Shaluli Shan" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="100.084465" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Sichuan" typeStatus="paratype">
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<specimenCount id="9D52FD365550FFF611BC8ECA84AAFC28" box="[967,1010,934,958]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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,
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, W
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<collectingRegion id="4990F85D5550FFF6160C8EC9838CFC2B" box="[1143,1236,933,958]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location id="8E8B60645550FFF6169A8EC9822CFC2B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FD87A95550FFF712EC8F948439FA8D:8E8B60645550FFF6169A8EC9822CFC2B" box="[1249,1396,933,958]" country="China" latitude="29.290016" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="100.084465" name="Shaluli Shan" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" stateProvince="Sichuan">Shaluli Shan</location>
|
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,
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<quantity id="4CAC9B5A5550FFF617FB8ECA87E3FC77" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" unit="km" value="40.0">40 km</quantity>
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||
NW from
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<collectorName id="26A153695550FFF613488EA5869EFC77" box="[307,454,969,994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Daocheng, H</collectorName>
|
||
–
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC9B5A5550FFF613AF8EA58573FC74" box="[468,555,969,994]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.06" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" unit="m" value="4060.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0079D18C5550FFF613AF8EA58573FC74" box="[468,555,969,994]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.06" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" unit="m" value="4060.0">4060 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6050785550FFF6104D8EA68595FC77" box="[566,717,970,994]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" precision="1" value="29.290016">N 29°17.401’</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6050785550FFF610AF8EA68429FC77" box="[724,881,969,994]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" precision="1" value="100.084465">E 100°05.068</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFEA107F5550FFF611008EA58343FC77" box="[891,1051,969,994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" value="2016-05-12" valueMax="2016-05-13" valueMin="2016-05-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFAEE9975550FFF611008EA58343FC77" box="[891,1051,969,994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" value="2016-05-12" valueMax="2016-05-13" valueMin="2016-05-12">12–13.V.2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26A153695550FFF6165D8EA583DEFC77" box="[1062,1158,969,994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Saldaitis</collectorName>
|
||
leg. (
|
||
<collectorName id="26A153695550FFF616BF8EA583A5FC77" box="[1220,1277,969,994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Coll.</collectorName>
|
||
AFM)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3C3CE25550FFF6172C8EA682D2FB93" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913825193" collectingDate="2017-05" collectingDateMax="2016-05-13" collectingDateMin="2016-05-12" collectorName="Volynkin & Colls" country="China" elevation="4060" latitude="29.290016" location="Shaluli Shan" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="100.084465" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" specimenCount="10" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="5" stateProvince="Sichuan" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D52FD365550FFF6172C8EA682DBFC74" box="[1367,1411,970,994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="male">4 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D52FD365550FFF617F58EA687F4FB90" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="female">4 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, same locality and collector, but ex ovo, imago
|
||
<date id="FFEA107F5550FFF610BE8E82844FFB93" box="[709,791,1006,1030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" value="2017-05">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFAEE9975550FFF610BE8E82844FFB93" box="[709,791,1006,1030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" value="2017-05">V.2017</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, slides AV3377
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D52FD365550FFF611B78E828487FB93" box="[972,991,1006,1030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 3378
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D52FD365550FFF616538E82836EFB93" box="[1064,1078,1006,1030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
<collectorName id="26A153695550FFF616468E8183FBFB93" box="[1085,1187,1005,1030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Volynkin</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="26A153695550FFF616C98E8183B7FB93" box="[1202,1263,1005,1030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Colls</collectorName>
|
||
AFM, ASV).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E65345550FFF612BC897D8241FBDB" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEB36BF5550FFF612BC897D8241FBDB" blockId="2.[151,1437,861,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF612BC897D8616FBBF" bold="true" box="[199,334,1041,1066]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species name is dedicated to Dr. Thomas J. Witt (Munich,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F343762F5550FFF61660897E83D0FBBF" box="[1051,1160,1042,1066]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
), a famous lepidopterist, a founder of the Museum Witt Munich having one of the largest collections of Heterocera in the world.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E65345550FFF612BC89358614F91B" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEB36BF5550FFF612BC89358614F91B" blockId="2.[151,1437,861,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF612BC89358662FBE7" bold="true" box="[199,314,1113,1138]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
. Externally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5550FFF613B189368542FBE4" authority="Volynkin & Saldaitis & Višinskas, 2018" authorityName="Volynkin & Saldaitis & Višinskas" authorityYear="2018" box="[458,538,1114,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="witti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF613B189368542FBE4" box="[458,538,1114,1137]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">L. witti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF6105989358524FBE7" bold="true" box="[546,636,1113,1138]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21357D65550FFF6105989358524FBE7" box="[546,636,1113,1138]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5550FFF61131893684EFFBE4" authorityName="Dubatolov" authorityYear="2002" box="[842,951,1113,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kozlovi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF61131893684EFFBE4" box="[842,951,1113,1137]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">L. kozlovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5550FFF6119489368322FBE4" authorityName="de Freina & Witt" authorityYear="1994" box="[1007,1146,1114,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="goergneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF6119489368322FBE4" box="[1007,1146,1114,1137]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">L. goergneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but can be differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5550FFF612AE8912861AFB00" authorityName="Dubatolov" authorityYear="2002" box="[213,322,1149,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kozlovi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF612AE8912861AFB00" box="[213,322,1149,1173]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">L. kozlovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its larger size, the more blackish wing coloration, the larger light costal stroke, and the slightly darker, pale yellowish longitudinal stroke along the vein 1A, and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5550FFF611AE89CE833BFB2C" authorityName="de Freina & Witt" authorityYear="1994" box="[981,1123,1186,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="goergneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF611AE89CE833BFB2C" box="[981,1123,1186,1209]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">L. goergneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its more blackish wing coloration. The male genitalia are surprisingly different from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5550FFF611AF89AA833AFB48" authorityName="de Freina & Witt" authorityYear="1994" box="[980,1122,1222,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="goergneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF611AF89AA833AFB48" box="[980,1122,1222,1245]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">L. goergneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5550FFF617FE89AA87BAFA94" authorityName="Daniel" authorityYear="1954" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hoenei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF617FE89AA87BAFA94" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">L. hoenei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from which they differ by the basally narrower uncus, slightly broader tegumen, apically narrower apical dorsal process of the valva, slightly shorter ventral process of the valva, and narrower basal section of the vesica. The female genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5550FFF613DF885E86ACFADC" authority="Volynkin & Saldaitis & Višinskas, 2018" authorityName="Volynkin & Saldaitis & Višinskas" authorityYear="2018" box="[420,500,1330,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="witti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF613DF885E86ACFADC" box="[420,500,1330,1353]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">L. witti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF61380885D850DFADF" bold="true" box="[507,597,1329,1354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21357D65550FFF61380885D850DFADF" box="[507,597,1329,1354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
differ from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5550FFF61154885E84C0FADC" authorityName="Daniel" authorityYear="1954" box="[815,920,1329,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hoenei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF61154885E84C0FADC" box="[815,920,1329,1353]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">L. hoenei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the slightly longer androconial glands, the broader and more heavily sclerotized antevaginal plate, the posteriorly broader sclerotized section of the ductus bursae, and the presence of three signa in the corpus bursae (while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5550FFF611938816830EFA04" authorityName="Daniel" authorityYear="1954" box="[1000,1110,1401,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hoenei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF611938816830EFA04" box="[1000,1110,1401,1425]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">L. hoenei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there is only one signum); compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5550FFF6135788F286C2FA20" authorityName="Dubatolov" authorityYear="2002" box="[300,410,1437,1461]" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kozlovi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF6135788F286C2FA20" box="[300,410,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">L. kozlovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5550FFF613B288F28542FA20" authority="Volynkin & Saldaitis & Višinskas, 2018" authorityName="Volynkin & Saldaitis & Višinskas" authorityYear="2018" box="[457,538,1438,1461]" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="witti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF613B288F28542FA20" box="[457,538,1438,1461]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">L. witti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF6105988F18525FA23" bold="true" box="[546,637,1437,1462]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21357D65550FFF6105988F18525FA23" box="[546,637,1437,1462]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the antevaginal plate is broader, more strongly sclerotized with larger lateral lobes, the ostium bursae is narrower, the ductus bursae is slightly broader, its anterior sclerotized section is significantly longer and, on the contrary, the posterior membranous section of the ductus bursae is significantly shorter, the corpus bursae is more strongly sclerotized posteriorly, and has two signa anteriorly; compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5550FFF617138B6687ABF9D0" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yalbulum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF617138B6687ABF9D0" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">L. yalbulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5550FFF613668B428635F9D0" authority="Volynkin & Saldaitis & Višinskas, 2018" authorityName="Volynkin & Saldaitis & Višinskas" authorityYear="2018" box="[285,365,1582,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="witti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF613668B428635F9D0" box="[285,365,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">L. witti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF6130F8B418696F9D3" bold="true" box="[372,462,1581,1606]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21357D65550FFF6130F8B418696F9D3" box="[372,462,1581,1606]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the antevaginal plate is much broader, more strongly sclerotized, and has lateral lobes, the pheromone glands are much smaller, the corpus bursae is more weakly sclerotized posteriorly, and has two signa anteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E65345550FFF712BC8BF5826CFD3D" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="564" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEB36BF5550FFF612BC8BF585D9F863" blockId="2.[151,1437,861,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5550FFF612BC8BF586FFF927" bold="true" box="[199,423,1689,1714]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Description. Adult</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A3A5550FFF613C08BF58574F927" box="[443,556,1689,1714]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–10" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1868,1891]" captionTargetBox="[197,1403,195,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[181,1405,195,1851]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–10. Lithosarctia spp., adults. 1, L. hoenei, paralectotype ♂, China, Yunnan (MWM/ZSM); 2, L. hoenei, ♀, China, Yunnan (©NHMUK); 3, L. witti, holotype ♂, China, E Xizang (MWM/ZSM); 4, L. witti, paratype ♂, China, Sichuan, ex ovo (ASV); 5, L. witti, paratype ♂, China, Sichuan, ex ovo (ASV); 6, L. witti, paratype ♀, China, Sichuan, ex ovo (ASV); 7, L. witti, paratype ♀, China, Sichuan, ex ovo (ASV); 8, L. witti, paratype ♀, China, Sichuan, collected in nature (ASV); 9, L. kozlovi, holotype ♀, China, Sichuan (ZISP; photo by A. Matov); 10, L. y-albulum, holotype ♀, China, Tibet (©NHMUK)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437280/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Figs. 3–8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Forewing length
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC9B5A5550FFF611708BF68424F927" box="[779,892,1690,1714]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="12.0">12–13mm</quantity>
|
||
in males and 10.5–12.5 mm in females. Male antennae bipectinate, female antennae ciliate. Forewing ground color from dark brown to blackish brown, pattern is creamy yellowish or slightly pinkish, consisting of longitudinal strip, longitudinal costal stroke which often subdivided into two spots, short subapical transverse stroke from costa to anterior corner of cell, and Y-shaped large postmedial spot with irregularly dentate margins; sometimes additional thin longitudinal stroke on vein 2A present; shape and size of pattern elements rather variable individually; cilia dark brown with whitish suffusion opposite cell and at anal wing margin. Hindwing ground color pale yellow, pattern dark brown to blackish brown, consisting of broad discal spot connected to broad dark area with strongly dentate margin at base and anal wing margin, and dark band in submarginal and marginal areas; cilia pale whitish, with admixture of dark brown scales between veins Rs and M1, and M2 and M3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEB36BF5551FFF712BC8DFB8236FE38" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1304]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5551FFF712BC8DFB862CFF25" bold="true" box="[199,372,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A3A5551FFF713FC8DFB8540FF25" box="[391,536,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 21–24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1953,1976]" captionTargetBox="[152,1428,194,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 21–24. Lithosarctia spp., male genitalia. 21, L. hoenei, paralectotype, China, Yunnan, slide MWM 33707 Volynkin; 22, L. witti, holotype, China, Xizang, slide MWM 33701 Volynkin; 23, L. witti, paratype, China, Sichuan, slide AV3377 Volynkin; 24, L. y-albulum, China, Sichuan slide MWM 33706 Volynkin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437284/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Figs. 22, 23</figureCitation>
|
||
). Uncus dorso-ventrally flattened, medium-broad, trigonal, slightly broadened medially; tegumen heavily sclerotized, very broad, with curved margins; tuba analis narrow, membranous; vinculum broad, more or less U-shaped; valva narrow, elongated, with almost parallel margins; apical dorsal process of valva short, apically tapered, projected distally-dorsally; ventral process of valva situated apically and projected distally; aedeagus long and narrow, slightly S-like curved; aedeagus carina long and narrow, band-like, moderately sclerotized; vesica broad, curved dorsally, consists of two sections: the broad basal one having weak spinulose scobination distally, and the distal one which is narrower, and has a small scobinated diverticulum basally, a cluster of granulation medially, and a broad apical diverticulum having strong spinulose scobination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEB36BF5551FFF712BC8CDB826CFD3D" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1304]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5551FFF712BC8CDB86D7FE45" bold="true" box="[199,399,439,464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A3A5551FFF713D98CDB86A2FE45" box="[418,506,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–32" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1886,1909]" captionTargetBox="[190,1431,196,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1865]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 28–32. Lithosarctia spp., female genitalia. 28, L. hoenei, China, Yunnan, slide BMNH(E) Arct-6147 László (©NHMUK); 29, L. witti, paratype, China, Sichuan, slide AV3378 Volynkin; 30, L. kozlovi, holotype, antevaginal plate below, slide Matov 0538 (photo by A. Matov); 31, L. y-albulum, holotype, China, Tibet, slide BMNH(E) Arct-6149 László (©NHMUK); 32, L. y-albulum, China, Sichuan, slide MWM 33705 Volynkin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437288/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ovipositor short, almost quadrangular; papillae anales broad, rectangular, with rounded angles; apophyses posteriores long and narrow; apophyses anteriores narrow, much shorter than apophyses posteriores; ventral pheromone glands narrow, very long; antevaginal plate short and broad, with short trigonal lateral lobes, moderately sclerotized; ostium bursae medium-broad; ductus bursae long, dorso-ventrally flattened, heavily sclerotized, its posterior end at ostium bursae membranous; corpus bursae sack-like, its posterior section weakly rugose sclerotized, anterior section with two small signa; appendix bursae large, broadly conical, weakly rugose sclerotized, situated latero-posteriorly; bulla present, large, broad, sack-like, membranous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E65345551FFF712BC8FD8820AFB66" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEB36BF5551FFF712BC8FD8835DFCAD" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1304]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5551FFF712BC8FD8868EFD58" bold="true" box="[199,470,692,717]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Biology and bionomics</emphasis>
|
||
. A single female (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A3A5551FFF710DD8FD885B1FD59" box="[678,745,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–10" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1868,1891]" captionTargetBox="[197,1403,195,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[181,1405,195,1851]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–10. Lithosarctia spp., adults. 1, L. hoenei, paralectotype ♂, China, Yunnan (MWM/ZSM); 2, L. hoenei, ♀, China, Yunnan (©NHMUK); 3, L. witti, holotype ♂, China, E Xizang (MWM/ZSM); 4, L. witti, paratype ♂, China, Sichuan, ex ovo (ASV); 5, L. witti, paratype ♂, China, Sichuan, ex ovo (ASV); 6, L. witti, paratype ♀, China, Sichuan, ex ovo (ASV); 7, L. witti, paratype ♀, China, Sichuan, ex ovo (ASV); 8, L. witti, paratype ♀, China, Sichuan, collected in nature (ASV); 9, L. kozlovi, holotype ♀, China, Sichuan (ZISP; photo by A. Matov); 10, L. y-albulum, holotype ♀, China, Tibet (©NHMUK)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437280/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
) was collected in a Coleoptera ground trap in May,
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC9B5A5551FFF717488FD882D0FD58" box="[1331,1416,692,717]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.12064" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" unit="in" value="2016.0">2016 in</quantity>
|
||
a remote part of the southwestern part of China’s
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4990F85D5551FFF710A58FBB84F3FD65" box="[734,939,727,752]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Sichuan Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, near Daocheng.
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5551FFF716048FB4823BFD65" box="[1151,1379,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5551FFF716048FB4825FFD65" box="[1151,1287,728,752]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Lithosarctia</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5551FFF7176F8FB4823BFD65" authorityName="Dubatolov" authorityYear="2002" box="[1300,1379,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kozlovi">kozlovi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was collected at an altitude approximating 4100 meters in mountain mixed forests dominated by various conifer trees, bushes and rhododendron (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A3A5551FFF713BD8E738542FCAD" box="[454,538,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1156,1178]" captionTargetBox="[164,1428,264,1143]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[164,1428,195,1143]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 39. China, W Sichuan, Shaluli Shan, 40 km NW from Daocheng, H-4060 m, N 29°17.401’ E 100°05.068, the habitat of Lithosarctia witti (photo by A. Saldaitis)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437292/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
|
||
). Imagoes there were not attracted to lights.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEB36BF5551FFF712BC8E248402FBF1" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1304]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">
|
||
Larvae in the 1
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5551FFF7130F8E2F869DFCCA" box="[372,453,835,863]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="instar">st instar</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A3A5551FFF713AD8E2A8571FCCA" box="[470,553,838,863]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–38" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1578,1601]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1553]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1554]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 33–38. Lithosarctia witti, preimaginal stages. 33, larva in the 1 st instar; 34, larva in the 4 th instar; 35, larva in the 5 th instar; 36, larva in the 5 th instar with the scalebar; 37, pupa in a cocoon; 38, pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437290/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
|
||
) are 1–1.5 mm in length, feed on the egg chorion directly after hatching, and start feeding on leaves in a day. Larvae are nocturnal, and in the 1st–2rd instars feed on only wilted leaves but from 4th instars larvae prefer both fresh and wilted; in the 1st–2rd instar they gnaw through the inner parts of leaves, the latest stages larvae feed whole leaves from the edges. Larvae are probably polyphagous and fed on the leaves of lettuce (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5551FFF712888EB186CFFC61" box="[243,407,989,1012]" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5551FFF712888EB186CFFC61" box="[243,407,989,1012]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Lactuca sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a common plant species for the breeding of European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D3C5551FFF7166F8EB08333FC60" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[1044,1131,988,1013]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Arctiini">Arctiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
under artificial conditions. Larvae in the 4th instar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A3A5551FFF713E4896F86A8FB8E" box="[415,496,1027,1052]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–38" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1578,1601]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1553]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1554]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 33–38. Lithosarctia witti, preimaginal stages. 33, larva in the 1 st instar; 34, larva in the 4 th instar; 35, larva in the 5 th instar; 36, larva in the 5 th instar with the scalebar; 37, pupa in a cocoon; 38, pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437290/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
|
||
) measure
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC9B5A5551FFF7101F896F8587FB8E" box="[612,735,1027,1052]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" unit="mm" value="23.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="22.0">22–25 mm</quantity>
|
||
. After the last exuviation, larvae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A3A5551FFF71621896F83B8FB89" box="[1114,1248,1027,1052]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–38" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1578,1601]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1553]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1554]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 33–38. Lithosarctia witti, preimaginal stages. 33, larva in the 1 st instar; 34, larva in the 4 th instar; 35, larva in the 5 th instar; 36, larva in the 5 th instar with the scalebar; 37, pupa in a cocoon; 38, pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437290/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Figs. 35, 36</figureCitation>
|
||
) did not feed for 24–36 hours, and after that actively crawl some distance before settling down to pupate. Pupation occurs in a weak cocoon (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A3A5551FFF7128C89278610FBF6" box="[247,328,1099,1124]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–38" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1578,1601]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1553]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1554]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 33–38. Lithosarctia witti, preimaginal stages. 33, larva in the 1 st instar; 34, larva in the 4 th instar; 35, larva in the 5 th instar; 36, larva in the 5 th instar with the scalebar; 37, pupa in a cocoon; 38, pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437290/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
|
||
) in plant litter. The pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A3A5551FFF71016892785E6FBF6" box="[621,702,1099,1124]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–38" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1578,1601]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1553]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1554]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 33–38. Lithosarctia witti, preimaginal stages. 33, larva in the 1 st instar; 34, larva in the 4 th instar; 35, larva in the 5 th instar; 36, larva in the 5 th instar with the scalebar; 37, pupa in a cocoon; 38, pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437290/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
|
||
) overwinters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEB36BF5551FFF712BC8903820AFB66" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1304]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">
|
||
Under artificial conditions, the caterpillars were kept at room temperature and natural lighting, the pupation lasted from
|
||
<date id="FFEA107F5551FFF7136789FF86EDFB3E" box="[284,437,1171,1195]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">18 to 24 June</date>
|
||
; the pupae were kept at room temperature till
|
||
<date id="FFEA107F5551FFF711CC89FF830AFB39" box="[951,1106,1171,1196]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" value="1925-09">25 September</date>
|
||
and later moved into a fridge with the temperature 2 °C for overwintering. From
|
||
<date id="FFEA107F5551FFF710AE89DB8419FB45" box="[725,833,1207,1232]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" value="1920-03">20 March</date>
|
||
of the next year the pupae were moved outdoors with the lowest minus 5 °C temperature. The imagoes hatched from
|
||
<date id="FFEA107F5551FFF7112789B784BCFB61" box="[860,996,1243,1268]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">8 to 22 May</date>
|
||
when temperature was 8–10 °C.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E65345551FFF712BC89938439FA8D" box="[199,865,1279,1304]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEB36BF5551FFF712BC89938439FA8D" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1304]" box="[199,865,1279,1304]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAAD5551FFF712BC89938601FA8D" bold="true" box="[199,345,1279,1304]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F343762F5551FFF7131C899386F6FA8D" box="[359,430,1279,1304]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4990F85D5551FFF713C28993854BFA8D" box="[441,531,1279,1304]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A3A5551FFF710598993852CFA82" box="[546,628,1279,1304]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1757,1779]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,1012,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[163,1427,1012,1742]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 40. Distribution map of the species of Lithosarctia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437294/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
|
||
) and eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4990F85D5551FFF7117289938405FA8D" box="[777,861,1279,1304]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Xizang</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |