395 lines
72 KiB
XML
395 lines
72 KiB
XML
<document id="9C00E5B2B8BE1AF53EABF6ABF92ADEA2" ID-CLB-Dataset="25861" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4661.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="916e8f21-c7e4-4fe1-8393-4a1a89971ed7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3380948" ID-ZooBank="7A7E6A85-B904-4BC2-90A1-8CA19CA86F24" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1567061155624" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Izumi, Takato & Fujita, Toshihiko" docDate="2019" docId="03FD87A5FFCBEF6C99D1F8DCFC3066C0" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4661.3.7.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4661 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Edwardsia tuberculata Duben and Koren 1847" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="536" masterDocId="FFC4FFDDFFC9EF6F9946FB09FF84617B" masterDocTitle="Two species of Edwardsia having gigantic nematocysts, E. aff. tuberculata and E. alternobomen sp. nov. (Cnidaria; Anthozoa; Actiniaria; Edwardsiidae) from Japan" masterLastPageNumber="544" masterPageNumber="533" pageNumber="535" updateTime="1698753065135" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="614C5D7217BB2A5BEC0F6BFD14922965">Two species of Edwardsia having gigantic nematocysts, E. aff. tuberculata and E. alternobomen sp. nov. (Cnidaria; Anthozoa; Actiniaria; Edwardsiidae) from Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F5E16B3BB0EA9358274D121FADAADF0B">Izumi, Takato</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="59B58757C1CC923FAA3CFB7206974279">Fujita, Toshihiko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="831CE453F16D7BC4148F610D73936551">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="825F37F2922D0E8AE64EA72F6346A490">2019</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03FD87A5FFCBEF6C99D1F8DCFC3066C0" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159318412" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FD87A5FFCBEF6C99D1F8DCFC3066C0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FD87A5FFCBEF6C99D1F8DCFC3066C0" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="536" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
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<subSubSection id="C34E6538FFCBEF6D99D1F8DCFC82656F" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEB36B3FFCBEF6D99D1F8DCFC886294" blockId="2.[151,780,981,1079]" box="[151,780,981,1008]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
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<heading id="D0A381DFFFCBEF6D99D1F8DCFC886294" bold="true" box="[151,780,981,1008]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCBEF6D99D1F8DCFC886294" ID-CoL="38TFW" authority="Duben and Koren, 1847" authorityName="Duben and Koren" authorityYear="1847" box="[151,780,981,1008]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
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<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCBEF6D99D1F8DCFC886294" bold="true" box="[151,780,981,1008]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
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<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCBEF6D99D1F8DCFE9C628B" bold="true" box="[151,280,981,1008]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Edwardsia</emphasis>
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aff.
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<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCBEF6D9816F8DCFE5F628B" bold="true" box="[336,475,981,1008]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">tuberculata</emphasis>
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Duben and Koren, 1847
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEB36B3FFCBEF6D99D1F8F0FC82656F" blockId="2.[151,780,981,1079]" box="[151,774,1017,1044]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">(New Japanese name: oozutsu-mushimodoki-ginchaku)</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34E6538FFCBEF6D99D1FF14FE406502" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEB36B3FFCBEF6D99D1FF14FEE5654C" blockId="2.[151,780,981,1079]" box="[151,353,1053,1079]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
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<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCBEF6D99D1FF14FF61654C" box="[151,229,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[217,1365,178,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1372,166,1781]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. External view and histological section of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata Duben and Koren, 1847. A and B, External view of NSMT-Co 1654; A. Preserved specimen (dissected into two halves) B. Enlarged view of body wall and nemathybomes. C–H, histological section of NSMT-Co 1654; C. Longitudinal section of uppermost part. D. Transverse section of upper part. E. Enlarged view of a mesentery. F. Transverse section of lower part of body. G. Enlarged view of a nemathybome. Large basitrichs are indicated. H. longitudinal section of lowermost part. Abbreviations: dd, dorsal directive; dl, dorso-lateral mesentery; Me, mesoglea; Ne, nemathybome; Pa, parietal muscle; Ph, physa; Re, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; vd, ventral directive; vl, ventro-lateral mesentery. Scale bars indicate 5 mm in A, 1 mm in B, 500 µm in C–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446483/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCBEF6D99B7FF14FE86654C" box="[241,258,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1449,1474]" captionTargetBox="[153,1429,178,1424]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,174,1429]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cnidae of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata and Edwardsia alternobomen sp. nov. A–D: cnidae of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata (NSMT-Co 1654). A, tentacle; A1, spirocyst; A2, basitrich. B, actinopharynx; B1, spirocyst; B2, small basitrich; B3, large basitrich; B4, microbasic p-mastigophore. C, nemathybome; C1, small basitrich; C2, large basitrich. D, filament; D1, basitrich; D2, small microbasic b-mastigophore; D3, large microbasic b-mastigophore. E–H: cnidae of Edwardsia alternobomen sp. nov. (NSMT-Co 1656). E, tentacle; E1, spirocyst; E2, small basitrich; E3, large basitrich. F, actinopharynx; F1, basitrich; F2, microbasic p-mastigophore. G, nemathybome; G1, small basitrich; G2, large basitrich. H, filament; H1, spirocyst; H2, basitrich. All images are shown at the same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446497/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">4</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="C6D60308FFCBEF6D9848FF14FEE5654C" box="[270,353,1053,1079]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[150,238,512,538]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Cnidom of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata and of Edwardsia alternobomen sp. nov.. Abbreviations: –, not applicable; n, number of observed cnidae. A–H corresponds to the images of each kind of cnida in Figure 4." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2B663BFFCEEF6899D0F909FA796345" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" tableUuid="DF2B663BFFCEEF6899D0F909FA796345">Table 1</tableCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEB36B3FFCBEF6D99D1FF68FE406502" blockId="2.[151,452,1120,1145]" box="[151,452,1120,1145]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
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Synonymy: see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCBEF6D987FFF69FE406502" author="Fautin, D. G." box="[313,452,1120,1145]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" pagination="1 - 449" refId="ref6439" refString="Fautin, D. G. (2016) Catalog to families, genera, and species of orders Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Zootaxa, 4145 (1), 1 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4145.1. 1" type="journal article" year="2016">Fautin (2016)</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34E6538FFCBEF6C99D1FFAEFCE465BC" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="536" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BEB36B3FFCBEF6D99D1FFAEFD636455" blockId="2.[151,1437,1191,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
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<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCBEF6D99D1FFAEFE0665B9" bold="true" box="[151,386,1191,1218]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Material examined.</emphasis>
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NSMT-Co 1654, dissected specimen, histological sections (7 slides), and prepared cnidae (5 slides),
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<date id="FFEA1073FFCBEF6D99ABFFC2FE44659D" box="[237,448,1227,1254]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" value="2014-11-06">November 6, 2014</date>
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, east of Ogishima Island, Kagawa Pref., Seto Inland Sea (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE605074FFCBEF6D9D7BFFC2FB43659D" box="[1085,1223,1227,1254]" degrees="34" direction="north" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" precision="15" seconds="54" value="34.415">34°24′54′′N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE605074FFCBEF6D9D97FFC2FAE1659D" box="[1233,1381,1227,1254]" degrees="134" direction="east" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" precision="15" seconds="30" value="134.09166">134°05′30′′E</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCBEF6D9C36FFC2FF386471" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1680,1705]" captionTargetBox="[152,1429,913,1654]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,913,1661]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Sampling localities. A: Edwardsia aff. tuberculata; B: E. alternobomen sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446481/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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),
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<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCBEF6D9997FFE6FE8D6471" box="[209,265,1263,1290]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" unit="m" value="16.0">16 m</quantity>
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depth, collected by Naoto Jimi. NSMT-Co 1655, histological sections of damaged individuals (3 slides), same date, locality, and collector as NSMT-Co 1654.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEB36B3FFCBEF6D9981FE3EFCD06735" blockId="2.[151,1437,1191,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
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<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCBEF6D9981FE3EFE196429" bold="true" box="[199,413,1335,1362]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">External anatomy.</emphasis>
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Column of contracted specimen
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<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCBEF6D9A57FE3EFC0E6429" box="[785,906,1335,1362]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="20.0">20–25 mm</quantity>
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in whole length (25.0 mm in NSMT-Co 1654), and
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<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCBEF6D9983FE52FEA5640D" box="[197,289,1371,1398]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6–7 mm</quantity>
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in width (
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<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCBEF6D98D6FE55FE54640D" box="[400,464,1372,1398]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
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in NSMT-Co 1654), swelled by huge nemathybomes, cylinder-like in shape but slightly swollen proximally (
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<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCBEF6D983BFE76FE5364E1" box="[381,471,1407,1434]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[217,1365,178,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1372,166,1781]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. External view and histological section of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata Duben and Koren, 1847. A and B, External view of NSMT-Co 1654; A. Preserved specimen (dissected into two halves) B. Enlarged view of body wall and nemathybomes. C–H, histological section of NSMT-Co 1654; C. Longitudinal section of uppermost part. D. Transverse section of upper part. E. Enlarged view of a mesentery. F. Transverse section of lower part of body. G. Enlarged view of a nemathybome. Large basitrichs are indicated. H. longitudinal section of lowermost part. Abbreviations: dd, dorsal directive; dl, dorso-lateral mesentery; Me, mesoglea; Ne, nemathybome; Pa, parietal muscle; Ph, physa; Re, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; vd, ventral directive; vl, ventro-lateral mesentery. Scale bars indicate 5 mm in A, 1 mm in B, 500 µm in C–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446483/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
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). Body divided into capitulum, scapus and physa; in our specimen, capitulum shrunken in column, invisible. About half of scapus occupied by nemathybomes, remaining half covered with brownishgrey periderm. Nemathybomes extremely large, like papillae, up to
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<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCBEF6D9AD4FECEFC6C6499" box="[914,1000,1479,1506]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
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in diameter (
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||
<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCBEF6D9D38FECEFB536499" box="[1150,1239,1479,1506]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[217,1365,178,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1372,166,1781]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. External view and histological section of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata Duben and Koren, 1847. A and B, External view of NSMT-Co 1654; A. Preserved specimen (dissected into two halves) B. Enlarged view of body wall and nemathybomes. C–H, histological section of NSMT-Co 1654; C. Longitudinal section of uppermost part. D. Transverse section of upper part. E. Enlarged view of a mesentery. F. Transverse section of lower part of body. G. Enlarged view of a nemathybome. Large basitrichs are indicated. H. longitudinal section of lowermost part. Abbreviations: dd, dorsal directive; dl, dorso-lateral mesentery; Me, mesoglea; Ne, nemathybome; Pa, parietal muscle; Ph, physa; Re, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; vd, ventral directive; vl, ventro-lateral mesentery. Scale bars indicate 5 mm in A, 1 mm in B, 500 µm in C–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446483/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
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), in eight rows in proximal part, gradually becoming smaller distally (
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<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCBEF6D9BA2FEE2FCBB677D" box="[740,831,1515,1542]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[217,1365,178,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1372,166,1781]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. External view and histological section of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata Duben and Koren, 1847. A and B, External view of NSMT-Co 1654; A. Preserved specimen (dissected into two halves) B. Enlarged view of body wall and nemathybomes. C–H, histological section of NSMT-Co 1654; C. Longitudinal section of uppermost part. D. Transverse section of upper part. E. Enlarged view of a mesentery. F. Transverse section of lower part of body. G. Enlarged view of a nemathybome. Large basitrichs are indicated. H. longitudinal section of lowermost part. Abbreviations: dd, dorsal directive; dl, dorso-lateral mesentery; Me, mesoglea; Ne, nemathybome; Pa, parietal muscle; Ph, physa; Re, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; vd, ventral directive; vl, ventro-lateral mesentery. Scale bars indicate 5 mm in A, 1 mm in B, 500 µm in C–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446483/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
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). Aboral physa differentiated from scapus, naked, not rounded but tapered, without nemathybomes (
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<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCBEF6D9BDFFD06FD706751" box="[665,756,1551,1578]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[217,1365,178,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1372,166,1781]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. External view and histological section of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata Duben and Koren, 1847. A and B, External view of NSMT-Co 1654; A. Preserved specimen (dissected into two halves) B. Enlarged view of body wall and nemathybomes. C–H, histological section of NSMT-Co 1654; C. Longitudinal section of uppermost part. D. Transverse section of upper part. E. Enlarged view of a mesentery. F. Transverse section of lower part of body. G. Enlarged view of a nemathybome. Large basitrichs are indicated. H. longitudinal section of lowermost part. Abbreviations: dd, dorsal directive; dl, dorso-lateral mesentery; Me, mesoglea; Ne, nemathybome; Pa, parietal muscle; Ph, physa; Re, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; vd, ventral directive; vl, ventro-lateral mesentery. Scale bars indicate 5 mm in A, 1 mm in B, 500 µm in C–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446483/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
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). Tentacles
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|
||
number, in two cycles of eight, relative size of each cycle unclear because tentacles contracted into scapus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEB36B3FFCBEF6C9981FD5EFAB76180" blockId="2.[151,1437,1191,2010]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,153,1979]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="536" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCBEF6D9981FD5EFE126709" bold="true" box="[199,406,1623,1650]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Internal anatomy.</emphasis>
|
||
Eight perfect mesenteries, macrocnemes, distributed along whole body from distal to proximal end. These eight are the paired dorsal and ventral directives plus four unpaired lateral mesenteries. Eight tiny microcnemes, without muscles, limited to distal-most part: four between dorsal directives and dorso-lateral mesenteries, two between dorso- and ventro-lateral mesenteries, and two between ventro-lateral mesenteries and ventral directives. All macrocnemic mesenteries bear retractor and parietal muscles. The retractor muscle of each lateral mesentery faces ventrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCBEF6D9881FC02FDB9665D" box="[455,573,1803,1830]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[217,1365,178,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1372,166,1781]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. External view and histological section of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata Duben and Koren, 1847. A and B, External view of NSMT-Co 1654; A. Preserved specimen (dissected into two halves) B. Enlarged view of body wall and nemathybomes. C–H, histological section of NSMT-Co 1654; C. Longitudinal section of uppermost part. D. Transverse section of upper part. E. Enlarged view of a mesentery. F. Transverse section of lower part of body. G. Enlarged view of a nemathybome. Large basitrichs are indicated. H. longitudinal section of lowermost part. Abbreviations: dd, dorsal directive; dl, dorso-lateral mesentery; Me, mesoglea; Ne, nemathybome; Pa, parietal muscle; Ph, physa; Re, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; vd, ventral directive; vl, ventro-lateral mesentery. Scale bars indicate 5 mm in A, 1 mm in B, 500 µm in C–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446483/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 2E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Each retractor muscle distinctly developed; diffuse, with approximately 20 simple or slightly branched muscular processes next to actinopharynx (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCBEF6D9A8DFC26FBAC6631" box="[971,1064,1839,1866]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[217,1365,178,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1372,166,1781]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. External view and histological section of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata Duben and Koren, 1847. A and B, External view of NSMT-Co 1654; A. Preserved specimen (dissected into two halves) B. Enlarged view of body wall and nemathybomes. C–H, histological section of NSMT-Co 1654; C. Longitudinal section of uppermost part. D. Transverse section of upper part. E. Enlarged view of a mesentery. F. Transverse section of lower part of body. G. Enlarged view of a nemathybome. Large basitrichs are indicated. H. longitudinal section of lowermost part. Abbreviations: dd, dorsal directive; dl, dorso-lateral mesentery; Me, mesoglea; Ne, nemathybome; Pa, parietal muscle; Ph, physa; Re, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; vd, ventral directive; vl, ventro-lateral mesentery. Scale bars indicate 5 mm in A, 1 mm in B, 500 µm in C–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446483/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
); diffuse or restricted to parietal muscle side, developed like a pennon, with 10–25 simple or slightly branched muscular processes in lower part (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCBEF6D9C29FC5AFF5E66E9" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[217,1365,178,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1372,166,1781]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. External view and histological section of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata Duben and Koren, 1847. A and B, External view of NSMT-Co 1654; A. Preserved specimen (dissected into two halves) B. Enlarged view of body wall and nemathybomes. C–H, histological section of NSMT-Co 1654; C. Longitudinal section of uppermost part. D. Transverse section of upper part. E. Enlarged view of a mesentery. F. Transverse section of lower part of body. G. Enlarged view of a nemathybome. Large basitrichs are indicated. H. longitudinal section of lowermost part. Abbreviations: dd, dorsal directive; dl, dorso-lateral mesentery; Me, mesoglea; Ne, nemathybome; Pa, parietal muscle; Ph, physa; Re, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; vd, ventral directive; vl, ventro-lateral mesentery. Scale bars indicate 5 mm in A, 1 mm in B, 500 µm in C–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446483/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 2E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Parietal muscles of macrocnemes distinct, semi-elliptic, with 10 slightly branched muscular processes in each side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCBEF6D9849FC92FED666CD" box="[271,338,1947,1974]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[217,1365,178,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1372,166,1781]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. External view and histological section of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata Duben and Koren, 1847. A and B, External view of NSMT-Co 1654; A. Preserved specimen (dissected into two halves) B. Enlarged view of body wall and nemathybomes. C–H, histological section of NSMT-Co 1654; C. Longitudinal section of uppermost part. D. Transverse section of upper part. E. Enlarged view of a mesentery. F. Transverse section of lower part of body. G. Enlarged view of a nemathybome. Large basitrichs are indicated. H. longitudinal section of lowermost part. Abbreviations: dd, dorsal directive; dl, dorso-lateral mesentery; Me, mesoglea; Ne, nemathybome; Pa, parietal muscle; Ph, physa; Re, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; vd, ventral directive; vl, ventro-lateral mesentery. Scale bars indicate 5 mm in A, 1 mm in B, 500 µm in C–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446483/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
D–F). Actinopharynx very short, grooved but without distinct siphonoglyph. One tentacle in each endo- or exo-coel. Tentacular longitudal muscle ectodermal and distinct. Marginal sphincter muscle and basilar muscle absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCAEF6C9805FB90FE3961C8" box="[323,445,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[217,1365,178,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1372,166,1781]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. External view and histological section of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata Duben and Koren, 1847. A and B, External view of NSMT-Co 1654; A. Preserved specimen (dissected into two halves) B. Enlarged view of body wall and nemathybomes. C–H, histological section of NSMT-Co 1654; C. Longitudinal section of uppermost part. D. Transverse section of upper part. E. Enlarged view of a mesentery. F. Transverse section of lower part of body. G. Enlarged view of a nemathybome. Large basitrichs are indicated. H. longitudinal section of lowermost part. Abbreviations: dd, dorsal directive; dl, dorso-lateral mesentery; Me, mesoglea; Ne, nemathybome; Pa, parietal muscle; Ph, physa; Re, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; vd, ventral directive; vl, ventro-lateral mesentery. Scale bars indicate 5 mm in A, 1 mm in B, 500 µm in C–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446483/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Fig. 2C, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mesoglea generally thin in mesenteries, and comparatively thick in body wall (Fig, 2D, F). Nemathybomes far thicker than mesoglea, greatly protruding from body wall and containing very large basitrichs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCAEF6C999BFBE8FED76180" box="[221,339,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[217,1365,178,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1372,166,1781]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. External view and histological section of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata Duben and Koren, 1847. A and B, External view of NSMT-Co 1654; A. Preserved specimen (dissected into two halves) B. Enlarged view of body wall and nemathybomes. C–H, histological section of NSMT-Co 1654; C. Longitudinal section of uppermost part. D. Transverse section of upper part. E. Enlarged view of a mesentery. F. Transverse section of lower part of body. G. Enlarged view of a nemathybome. Large basitrichs are indicated. H. longitudinal section of lowermost part. Abbreviations: dd, dorsal directive; dl, dorso-lateral mesentery; Me, mesoglea; Ne, nemathybome; Pa, parietal muscle; Ph, physa; Re, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; vd, ventral directive; vl, ventro-lateral mesentery. Scale bars indicate 5 mm in A, 1 mm in B, 500 µm in C–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446483/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Fig. 2F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Gonads on mesenteries between retractor muscle and filament; gametocytes immature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEB36B3FFCAEF6C9981FA0DFE5C601C" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,1979]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9981FA0DFEB26064" bold="true" box="[199,310,260,287]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Cnidome.</emphasis>
|
||
Spirocysts, basitrichs, microbasic
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9B8BFA0CFD5F6064" box="[717,731,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">b</emphasis>
|
||
-mastigophores, microbasic
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9D66FA0FFBAA6064" box="[1056,1070,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">p</emphasis>
|
||
-mastigophores, and microbasic amastigophores (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D60308FFCAEF6C981EFA20FE346038" box="[344,432,297,323]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[150,238,512,538]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Cnidom of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata and of Edwardsia alternobomen sp. nov.. Abbreviations: –, not applicable; n, number of observed cnidae. A–H corresponds to the images of each kind of cnida in Figure 4." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2B663BFFCEEF6899D0F909FA796345" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" tableUuid="DF2B663BFFCEEF6899D0F909FA796345">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCAEF6C9887FA20FD816038" box="[449,517,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1449,1474]" captionTargetBox="[153,1429,178,1424]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,174,1429]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cnidae of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata and Edwardsia alternobomen sp. nov. A–D: cnidae of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata (NSMT-Co 1654). A, tentacle; A1, spirocyst; A2, basitrich. B, actinopharynx; B1, spirocyst; B2, small basitrich; B3, large basitrich; B4, microbasic p-mastigophore. C, nemathybome; C1, small basitrich; C2, large basitrich. D, filament; D1, basitrich; D2, small microbasic b-mastigophore; D3, large microbasic b-mastigophore. E–H: cnidae of Edwardsia alternobomen sp. nov. (NSMT-Co 1656). E, tentacle; E1, spirocyst; E2, small basitrich; E3, large basitrich. F, actinopharynx; F1, basitrich; F2, microbasic p-mastigophore. G, nemathybome; G1, small basitrich; G2, large basitrich. H, filament; H1, spirocyst; H2, basitrich. All images are shown at the same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446497/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D; NSMT-Co 1654). Two sizes of basitrichs in actinopharynx; three sizes of basitrichs in nemathybomes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEB36B3FFCAEF6C9981FA79FAEA608C" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,1979]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9981FA79FDA260F0" bold="true" box="[199,550,368,395]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Deriviation of Japanese name</emphasis>
|
||
. Japanese name “oozutu” means a cannon, because the huge nemathybomes of this species are suggestive of spherical projectiles of cannon, and the cylindrical shape of the body resembles to a cannon barrel. Nemathybome is called as “shihoudan” in Japanese, which is constructed by shihou (= cnidae) + dan (=projectile or bullet), so this Japanese name matches
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9BECFAD7FCF5608C" authorityName="Duben and Koren" authorityYear="1847" box="[682,881,477,503]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9BECFAD7FD47608C" box="[682,707,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E.</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9BB2FAD4FCF5608C" box="[756,881,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">tuberculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. “Mushimodoki-ginchaku” means
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9DB7FAD4FAE3608C" authorityName="de Quatrefages" authorityYear="1842" box="[1265,1383,477,503]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9DB7FAD4FAE3608C" box="[1265,1383,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Edwardsia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEB36B3FFCAEF6C9981F908FD306568" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,1979]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9981F908FEBF6360" bold="true" box="[199,315,513,539]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9800F908FDCD6360" authorityName="Duben and Koren" authorityYear="1847" box="[326,585,513,539]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9800F908FDCD6360" box="[326,585,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Edwardsia tuberculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally described in Duben and Koren (1847), and more detailed morphological features were described in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9B3AF92CFCB16344" author="Carlgren, O." box="[636,821,549,575]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 241" refId="ref5993" refString="Carlgren, O. (1921) Actiniaria I. Danish Ingolf Expedition, 5 (9), 1 - 241." type="journal article" year="1921">Carlgren (1921)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Morphology of the examined specimens agrees well with the description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C98E7F940FDDE6318" author="Carlgren, O." box="[417,602,585,611]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 241" refId="ref5993" refString="Carlgren, O. (1921) Actiniaria I. Danish Ingolf Expedition, 5 (9), 1 - 241." type="journal article" year="1921">Carlgren (1921)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: shrunken body size is
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCAEF6C9A26F940FC136318" box="[864,919,585,611]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length and
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCAEF6C9D7FF940FBFF6318" box="[1081,1147,585,611]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCAEF6C9DA9F940FACE6318" box="[1263,1354,585,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[217,1365,178,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1372,166,1781]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. External view and histological section of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata Duben and Koren, 1847. A and B, External view of NSMT-Co 1654; A. Preserved specimen (dissected into two halves) B. Enlarged view of body wall and nemathybomes. C–H, histological section of NSMT-Co 1654; C. Longitudinal section of uppermost part. D. Transverse section of upper part. E. Enlarged view of a mesentery. F. Transverse section of lower part of body. G. Enlarged view of a nemathybome. Large basitrichs are indicated. H. longitudinal section of lowermost part. Abbreviations: dd, dorsal directive; dl, dorso-lateral mesentery; Me, mesoglea; Ne, nemathybome; Pa, parietal muscle; Ph, physa; Re, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; vd, ventral directive; vl, ventro-lateral mesentery. Scale bars indicate 5 mm in A, 1 mm in B, 500 µm in C–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446483/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
); a few outstandingly large nemathybomes look like papillae arranged in 8 rows (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCAEF6C9AA2F964FB0463FC" box="[996,1152,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[217,1365,178,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1372,166,1781]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. External view and histological section of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata Duben and Koren, 1847. A and B, External view of NSMT-Co 1654; A. Preserved specimen (dissected into two halves) B. Enlarged view of body wall and nemathybomes. C–H, histological section of NSMT-Co 1654; C. Longitudinal section of uppermost part. D. Transverse section of upper part. E. Enlarged view of a mesentery. F. Transverse section of lower part of body. G. Enlarged view of a nemathybome. Large basitrichs are indicated. H. longitudinal section of lowermost part. Abbreviations: dd, dorsal directive; dl, dorso-lateral mesentery; Me, mesoglea; Ne, nemathybome; Pa, parietal muscle; Ph, physa; Re, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; vd, ventral directive; vl, ventro-lateral mesentery. Scale bars indicate 5 mm in A, 1 mm in B, 500 µm in C–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446483/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Fig. 2B, F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
); physa is developed but flattened or tapered (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCAEF6C98C7F998FE7B63D0" box="[385,511,657,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[217,1365,178,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1372,166,1781]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. External view and histological section of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata Duben and Koren, 1847. A and B, External view of NSMT-Co 1654; A. Preserved specimen (dissected into two halves) B. Enlarged view of body wall and nemathybomes. C–H, histological section of NSMT-Co 1654; C. Longitudinal section of uppermost part. D. Transverse section of upper part. E. Enlarged view of a mesentery. F. Transverse section of lower part of body. G. Enlarged view of a nemathybome. Large basitrichs are indicated. H. longitudinal section of lowermost part. Abbreviations: dd, dorsal directive; dl, dorso-lateral mesentery; Me, mesoglea; Ne, nemathybome; Pa, parietal muscle; Ph, physa; Re, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; vd, ventral directive; vl, ventro-lateral mesentery. Scale bars indicate 5 mm in A, 1 mm in B, 500 µm in C–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446483/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Fig. 2A, H</figureCitation>
|
||
); retractor muscle is diffused with slightly branched processes and parietal muscle is distinct with 20 processes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCAEF6C98A4F9BCFDA063B4" box="[482,548,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[217,1365,178,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1372,166,1781]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. External view and histological section of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata Duben and Koren, 1847. A and B, External view of NSMT-Co 1654; A. Preserved specimen (dissected into two halves) B. Enlarged view of body wall and nemathybomes. C–H, histological section of NSMT-Co 1654; C. Longitudinal section of uppermost part. D. Transverse section of upper part. E. Enlarged view of a mesentery. F. Transverse section of lower part of body. G. Enlarged view of a nemathybome. Large basitrichs are indicated. H. longitudinal section of lowermost part. Abbreviations: dd, dorsal directive; dl, dorso-lateral mesentery; Me, mesoglea; Ne, nemathybome; Pa, parietal muscle; Ph, physa; Re, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; vd, ventral directive; vl, ventro-lateral mesentery. Scale bars indicate 5 mm in A, 1 mm in B, 500 µm in C–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446483/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
D–F). The cnidom also almost perfectly corresponds to the description of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9C25F9BCFEA46388" author="Carlgren, O." pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 241" refId="ref5993" refString="Carlgren, O. (1921) Actiniaria I. Danish Ingolf Expedition, 5 (9), 1 - 241." type="journal article" year="1921">Carlgren (1921)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: this species is characterized by large nemathybomes that contain huge basitrichs. The larger
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EF8811FFCAEF6C9C0AF9D0FAF86388" box="[1356,1404,729,755]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of basitrichs in nemathybomes of our specimen are
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCAEF6C9BF5F9F4FCC4626C" box="[691,832,765,791]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.515" metricValueMax="1.8699999999999999" metricValueMin="1.16" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="151.5" valueMax="187.0" valueMin="116.0">116–187 µm</quantity>
|
||
in length and 4.8–9.0 µm in width (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D60308FFCAEF6C9D8CF9F4FA9A626C" box="[1226,1310,765,791]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[150,238,512,538]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Cnidom of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata and of Edwardsia alternobomen sp. nov.. Abbreviations: –, not applicable; n, number of observed cnidae. A–H corresponds to the images of each kind of cnida in Figure 4." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2B663BFFCEEF6899D0F909FA796345" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" tableUuid="DF2B663BFFCEEF6899D0F909FA796345">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCAEF6C9C6DF9F4FA05626C" box="[1323,1409,765,791]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1449,1474]" captionTargetBox="[153,1429,178,1424]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,174,1429]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cnidae of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata and Edwardsia alternobomen sp. nov. A–D: cnidae of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata (NSMT-Co 1654). A, tentacle; A1, spirocyst; A2, basitrich. B, actinopharynx; B1, spirocyst; B2, small basitrich; B3, large basitrich; B4, microbasic p-mastigophore. C, nemathybome; C1, small basitrich; C2, large basitrich. D, filament; D1, basitrich; D2, small microbasic b-mastigophore; D3, large microbasic b-mastigophore. E–H: cnidae of Edwardsia alternobomen sp. nov. (NSMT-Co 1656). E, tentacle; E1, spirocyst; E2, small basitrich; E3, large basitrich. F, actinopharynx; F1, basitrich; F2, microbasic p-mastigophore. G, nemathybome; G1, small basitrich; G2, large basitrich. H, filament; H1, spirocyst; H2, basitrich. All images are shown at the same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446497/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCAEF6C9CC7F9F4FA14626C" box="[1409,1424,765,791]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[217,1365,178,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1372,166,1781]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. External view and histological section of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata Duben and Koren, 1847. A and B, External view of NSMT-Co 1654; A. Preserved specimen (dissected into two halves) B. Enlarged view of body wall and nemathybomes. C–H, histological section of NSMT-Co 1654; C. Longitudinal section of uppermost part. D. Transverse section of upper part. E. Enlarged view of a mesentery. F. Transverse section of lower part of body. G. Enlarged view of a nemathybome. Large basitrichs are indicated. H. longitudinal section of lowermost part. Abbreviations: dd, dorsal directive; dl, dorso-lateral mesentery; Me, mesoglea; Ne, nemathybome; Pa, parietal muscle; Ph, physa; Re, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; vd, ventral directive; vl, ventro-lateral mesentery. Scale bars indicate 5 mm in A, 1 mm in B, 500 µm in C–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446483/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). This matches the nematocysts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9B4DF82BFD2E6240" authorityName="Duben and Koren" authorityYear="1847" box="[523,682,801,827]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9B4DF82BFD2E6240" box="[523,682,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E. tuberculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9A71F828FC696240" author="Carlgren, O." box="[823,1005,801,827]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 241" refId="ref5993" refString="Carlgren, O. (1921) Actiniaria I. Danish Ingolf Expedition, 5 (9), 1 - 241." type="journal article" year="1921">Carlgren (1921)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which he measured at
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCAEF6C9DB4F828FA046240" box="[1266,1408,801,827]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="150.0" valueMax="190.0" valueMin="110.0">110–190 µm</quantity>
|
||
in length and
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCAEF6C9852F84DFEEF6224" box="[276,363,836,863]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="5.0">5–7 µm</quantity>
|
||
in width. In filaments,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9B35F84CFCA26224" author="Carlgren, O." box="[627,806,837,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 241" refId="ref5993" refString="Carlgren, O. (1921) Actiniaria I. Danish Ingolf Expedition, 5 (9), 1 - 241." type="journal article" year="1921">Carlgren (1921)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned that some of nematocysts are a little broader than the others. This observation would be convincing if one assumes that the wide nematocyst of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9DAEF860FA1862F8" author="Carlgren, O." box="[1256,1436,873,899]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 241" refId="ref5993" refString="Carlgren, O. (1921) Actiniaria I. Danish Ingolf Expedition, 5 (9), 1 - 241." type="journal article" year="1921">Carlgren (1921)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is what we identify as microbasic
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9B49F884FD9962DC" box="[527,541,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">b</emphasis>
|
||
-mastigophores in our specimen. There were some small differences between the description and our specimens. For example, the retractor muscle of our specimen is composed of 10–25 muscular processes while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9812F8DCFD8E6294" author="Carlgren, O." box="[340,522,981,1007]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 241" refId="ref5993" refString="Carlgren, O. (1921) Actiniaria I. Danish Ingolf Expedition, 5 (9), 1 - 241." type="journal article" year="1921">Carlgren (1921)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned more 30 processes, and we found some spirocyst in actinopharynx, although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9846F8F0FE376568" author="Carlgren, O." box="[256,435,1017,1043]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 241" refId="ref5993" refString="Carlgren, O. (1921) Actiniaria I. Danish Ingolf Expedition, 5 (9), 1 - 241." type="journal article" year="1921">Carlgren (1921)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not mention these.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEB36B3FFCAEF6C9981FF14FCE465BC" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,1979]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9823FF14FD9C654C" author="England, K. W." box="[357,536,1053,1079]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="205 - 292" refId="ref6399" refString="England, K. W. (1987) Certain Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the Red Sea and tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 53, 205 - 292." type="journal article" year="1987">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3437623FFCAEF6C9823FF14FE46654C" box="[357,450,1053,1079]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1987)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in addition to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9B8FFF17FCEE654C" authorityName="Duben and Koren" authorityYear="1847" box="[713,874,1053,1079]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9B8FFF17FCEE654C" box="[713,874,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E. tuberculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
three other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9D34FF14FB6E654C" authorityName="de Quatrefages" authorityYear="1842" box="[1138,1258,1053,1079]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9D34FF14FB6E654C" box="[1138,1258,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Edwardsia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have basitrichs over
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCAEF6C9997FF49FEAC6520" box="[209,296,1088,1115]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 µm</quantity>
|
||
in length;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C98E4FF4BFC8B6520" authority="McMurrich, 1913" authorityName="McMurrich" authorityYear="1913" box="[418,783,1089,1115]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C98E4FF4BFDB96520" box="[418,573,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E. californica</emphasis>
|
||
McMurrich, 1913
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9A5DFF4BFBEE6520" authority="Carlgren, 1931" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1931" box="[795,1130,1089,1115]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="maroccana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9A5DFF4BFC3C6520" box="[795,952,1090,1115]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E. maroccana</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9AF9FF48FBEE6520" author="Carlgren, O." box="[959,1130,1089,1115]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref6016" refString="Carlgren, O. (1931) Zur Kenntnis der Actiniaria Abasilaria. Arkiv for Zoologi, 23 (A 3), 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1931">Carlgren, 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9DE0FF4BFF5865FB" authority="(Panceri. 1869)" authorityName="Panceri." authorityYear="1869" baseAuthorityName="Panceri." baseAuthorityYear="1869" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="claparedi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9DE0FF4BFAB46520" box="[1190,1328,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E. claparedi</emphasis>
|
||
(Panceri. 1869)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, they never exceed
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCAEF6C9B6FFF6CFD046504" box="[553,640,1125,1151]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="170.0">170 µm</quantity>
|
||
even in maximum size (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9AD7FF6CFBB86504" author="Carlgren, O." box="[913,1084,1125,1151]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref6016" refString="Carlgren, O. (1931) Zur Kenntnis der Actiniaria Abasilaria. Arkiv for Zoologi, 23 (A 3), 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1931">Carlgren, 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9D0EFF6CFB076504" author="Carlgren, O." box="[1096,1155,1125,1151]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="16 - 23" refId="ref6043" refString="Carlgren, O. (1936) Some west American sea anemones. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 26 (1), 16 - 23." type="journal article" year="1936">1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9DC8FF6CFAB06504" author="England, K. W." box="[1166,1332,1125,1151]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="205 - 292" refId="ref6399" refString="England, K. W. (1987) Certain Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the Red Sea and tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 53, 205 - 292." type="journal article" year="1987">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3437623FFCAEF6C9DC8FF6CFB6A6504" box="[1166,1262,1125,1151]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 1987
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9C06FF6CFF5765D8" author="Manuel, R. L." pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="483 - 497" refId="ref6652" refString="Manuel, R. L. (1977) A redescription of Edwardsia beautempsi and E. timida (Actiniaria: Edwardsidae). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 18, 483 - 497." type="journal article" year="1977">Manuel, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The huge basitrichs are, however, now also reported in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9A13FF80FBF565D8" authority="Izumi & Fujita, 2019" authorityName="Izumi & Fujita" authorityYear="2019" box="[853,1137,1161,1187]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternobomen" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9A13FF80FBF565D8" box="[853,1137,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Edwardsia alternobomen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9D3EFF80FB5665D8" bold="true" box="[1144,1234,1161,1187]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21357DAFFCAEF6C9D3EFF80FB5665D8" box="[1144,1234,1161,1187]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, described below, which has basitrichs over
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCAEF6C98FCFFA4FD9565BC" box="[442,529,1197,1223]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 µm</quantity>
|
||
in length (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D60308FFCAEF6C9BCFFFA4FD5A65BC" box="[649,734,1197,1223]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[150,238,512,538]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Cnidom of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata and of Edwardsia alternobomen sp. nov.. Abbreviations: –, not applicable; n, number of observed cnidae. A–H corresponds to the images of each kind of cnida in Figure 4." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2B663BFFCEEF6899D0F909FA796345" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" tableUuid="DF2B663BFFCEEF6899D0F909FA796345">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136F2A36FFCAEF6C9BAAFFA4FCD065BC" box="[748,852,1197,1223]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[217,1365,178,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1372,166,1781]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. External view and histological section of Edwardsia aff. tuberculata Duben and Koren, 1847. A and B, External view of NSMT-Co 1654; A. Preserved specimen (dissected into two halves) B. Enlarged view of body wall and nemathybomes. C–H, histological section of NSMT-Co 1654; C. Longitudinal section of uppermost part. D. Transverse section of upper part. E. Enlarged view of a mesentery. F. Transverse section of lower part of body. G. Enlarged view of a nemathybome. Large basitrichs are indicated. H. longitudinal section of lowermost part. Abbreviations: dd, dorsal directive; dl, dorso-lateral mesentery; Me, mesoglea; Ne, nemathybome; Pa, parietal muscle; Ph, physa; Re, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; vd, ventral directive; vl, ventro-lateral mesentery. Scale bars indicate 5 mm in A, 1 mm in B, 500 µm in C–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3446483/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Fig. 2G2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E6538FFCAEF6C9981FFD8FC3066C0" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEB36B3FFCAEF6C9981FFD8FC7F670C" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,1979]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9981FFD8FE436590" ID-CoL="38TFW" authorityName="Duben and Koren" authorityYear="1847" box="[199,455,1233,1259]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9981FFD8FE436590" box="[199,455,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Edwardsia tuberculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from the other species with large basitrichs in their nemathybomes by having larger basitrichs than those other species and by some anatomical features. Between mesenteries,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9C7FFFFFFF596448" ID-CoL="38TFW" authorityName="Duben and Koren" authorityYear="1847" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9C7FFFFFFF596448" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E. tuberculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consistently has a single row of nemathybomes, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9A2AFE13FB836448" ID-CoL="38TC9" authorityName="McMurrich" authorityYear="1913" box="[876,1031,1305,1331]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9A2AFE13FB836448" box="[876,1031,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E. californica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has two or three rows on the proximal part (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9843FE34FE316423" author="Carlgren, O." box="[261,437,1341,1368]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="16 - 23" refId="ref6043" refString="Carlgren, O. (1936) Some west American sea anemones. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 26 (1), 16 - 23." type="journal article" year="1936">Carlgren, 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C988CFE34FD4E642C" ID-CoL="38TFW" authorityName="Duben and Koren" authorityYear="1847" box="[458,714,1341,1367]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C988CFE34FD4E642C" box="[458,714,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Edwardsia tuberculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has flattened physa but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9AA4FE37FBF9642C" ID-CoL="38TC9" authorityName="McMurrich" authorityYear="1913" box="[994,1149,1341,1367]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9AA4FE37FBF9642C" box="[994,1149,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E. californica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has very apparent, large, rounded physa.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C980AFE68FDCC6400" ID-CoL="38TC9" authorityName="McMurrich" authorityYear="1913" box="[332,584,1377,1403]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C980AFE68FDCC6400" box="[332,584,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Edwardsia californica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a very characteristic restricted retractor muscle with approximately 40 muscular processes, whereas one of our specimens has diffuse retractor muscle composed of about 20 processes. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9874FEA0FE6D64B8" author="Carlgren, O." box="[306,489,1449,1475]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref6016" refString="Carlgren, O. (1931) Zur Kenntnis der Actiniaria Abasilaria. Arkiv for Zoologi, 23 (A 3), 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1931">Carlgren (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C98B2FEA0FD7564B8" ID-CoL="6DXMZ" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1931" box="[500,753,1449,1475]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="maroccana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C98B2FEA0FD7564B8" box="[500,753,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Edwardsia maroccana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has more developed muscles with 30 processes, and it is apparently pinnate near the column, whereas those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9BADFEC7FC08649C" ID-CoL="38TFW" authorityName="Duben and Koren" authorityYear="1847" box="[747,908,1485,1511]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9BADFEC7FC08649C" box="[747,908,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E. tuberculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not branch so much. In addition,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9C7CFEC4FF666770" author="Carlgren, O." pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref6016" refString="Carlgren, O. (1931) Zur Kenntnis der Actiniaria Abasilaria. Arkiv for Zoologi, 23 (A 3), 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1931">Carlgren (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed basitrichs of
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCAEF6C9893FEF8FDC36770" box="[469,583,1521,1547]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="35.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="30.0">30–40 µm</quantity>
|
||
in length and
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCAEF6C9BA0FEF9FCB26770" box="[742,822,1520,1547]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 µm</quantity>
|
||
in width bearing a shimmering thread in the capsule in the actinopharynx, these are likely a kind of mastigophore, a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EF8811FFCAEF6C9A00FD1CFCF26754" box="[838,886,1557,1583]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of nematocyst not found in actinopharynx of the examined specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C98DEFD33FDB26728" ID-CoL="38TFW" authorityName="Duben and Koren" authorityYear="1847" box="[408,566,1593,1619]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C98DEFD33FDB26728" box="[408,566,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E. tuberculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The body size of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9A45FD33FC256728" ID-CoL="38TFW" authorityName="Duben and Koren" authorityYear="1847" box="[771,929,1593,1619]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9A45FD33FC256728" box="[771,929,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E. tuberculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCAEF6C9AE9FD31FBAD6728" box="[943,1065,1592,1619]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="20.0">20–25 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length) is completely different from
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9993FD54FE41670C" box="[213,453,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9993FD54FE45670C" ID-CoL="38TCL" authority="Panceri, 1869" authorityName="Panceri" authorityYear="1869" box="[213,449,1629,1655]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="claparedi">Edwardsia claparedi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which reach to
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCAEF6C9B3EFD54FD51670C" box="[632,725,1629,1655]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="120.0">120 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9A0BFD54FC6A670C" author="Manuel, R. L." box="[845,1006,1629,1655]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" refId="ref6687" refString="Manuel, R. L. (1981) British Anthozoa. Published for the Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Brackish-water Sciences Association by Academic Press, New York, 241 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 512150 - 7.50008 - 6" type="book" year="1981">Manuel, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEB36B3FFCAEF6C9981FD88FB63667C" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,1979]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9981FD88FE4C67E0" ID-CoL="38TFW" authorityName="Duben and Koren" authorityYear="1847" box="[199,456,1665,1691]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9981FD88FE4C67E0" box="[199,456,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Edwardsia tuberculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can also be distinguished from the other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9D5BFD88FB1167E0" ID-CoL="7NY6C" authorityName="de Quatrefages" authorityYear="1842" box="[1053,1173,1665,1691]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9D5BFD88FB1167E0" box="[1053,1173,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Edwardsia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that have two
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EF8811FFCAEF6C9C07FD88FAF867E0" box="[1345,1404,1665,1691]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of basitrichs in their nemathybomes (i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9B11FDAFFCEE67C4" ID-CoL="38TD5" authority="Verrill, 1869" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1869" box="[599,874,1701,1727]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elegans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9B11FDAFFD4A67C4" box="[599,718,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E. elegans</emphasis>
|
||
Verrill, 1869
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9A31FDACFAF367C4" ID-CoL="38TDG" authority="Daly and Ljubenkov, 2008" authorityName="Daly and Ljubenkov" authorityYear="2008" box="[887,1399,1701,1727]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="handi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9A31FDACFBBD67C4" box="[887,1081,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Edwardsia handi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9D04FDACFAF367C4" author="Daly, M. & Ljubenkov, J. C." box="[1090,1399,1701,1727]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref6180" refString="Daly, M. & Ljubenkov, J. C. (2008) Edwardsiid sea anemones of California (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Edwardsiidae), with descriptions of eight new species. Zootaxa, 1860, 1 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1860.1. 1" type="journal article" year="2008">Daly and Ljubenkov, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9CC2FDAFFE466798" authority="England, 1987" authorityName="England" authorityYear="1987" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hantueusis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9CC2FDAFFE8B6798" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E. hantueusis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C985FFDC0FE466798" author="England, K. W." box="[281,450,1737,1763]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="205 - 292" refId="ref6399" refString="England, K. W. (1987) Certain Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the Red Sea and tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 53, 205 - 292." type="journal article" year="1987">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3437623FFCAEF6C985FFDC0FEFD6798" box="[281,377,1737,1763]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 1987
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9889FDC3FD64679F" ID-CoL="38TFP" authority="Verrill, 1864" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1864" box="[463,736,1737,1764]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9889FDC3FDC66798" box="[463,578,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
Verrill, 1864
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). However, the larger
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EF8811FFCAEF6C9AA4FDC0FB966798" box="[994,1042,1737,1763]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of basitrichs in nemathybomes of those species barely exceed 100 μm and at most
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC9B56FFCAEF6C9BFEFDE4FC8A667C" box="[696,782,1773,1799]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="117.0">117 µm</quantity>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9A7AFDE7FB66667C" ID-CoL="38TDG" authority="(Daly and Ljubenkov, 2008)" authorityName="Daly and Ljubenkov" authorityYear="2008" baseAuthorityName="Daly and Ljubenkov" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[828,1250,1773,1799]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="handi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9A7AFDE7FC1F667C" box="[828,923,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E. handi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B42FFCAEF6C9AECFDE4FB5F667C" author="Daly, M. & Ljubenkov, J. C." box="[938,1243,1773,1799]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref6180" refString="Daly, M. & Ljubenkov, J. C. (2008) Edwardsiid sea anemones of California (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Edwardsiidae), with descriptions of eight new species. Zootaxa, 1860, 1 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1860.1. 1" type="journal article" year="2008">Daly and Ljubenkov, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEB36B3FFCAEF6C9981FC18FC3066C0" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,1979]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">
|
||
Although our specimens clearly align with the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C9A3AFC1BFB986650" ID-CoL="38TFW" authorityName="Duben and Koren" authorityYear="1847" box="[892,1052,1809,1835]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C9A3AFC1BFB986650" box="[892,1052,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E. tuberculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this species is distributed only in north western Europe and there is no record from the Pacific or from the eastern Arctic Ocean. Recognizing that expanding the range so much without intermediate populations or an explanation for the long-distance dispersal is problematic, and pending comprehensive analysis through genetics, we mark our specimens as having an affinity for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C544D30FFCAEF6C99F9FCABFEDA66C0" ID-CoL="38TFW" authorityName="Duben and Koren" authorityYear="1847" box="[191,350,1953,1979]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B920EAA1FFCAEF6C99F9FCABFEDA66C0" box="[191,350,1953,1979]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">E. tuberculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, rather than assigning that name to them definitively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |