548 lines
71 KiB
XML
548 lines
71 KiB
XML
<document id="F495A71242BB450C0B61F793B6B08268" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.191088" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5a169008-e3e8-4f54-9bfa-4618612942b9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="191088" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461123532220" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cárdenas, Paco, Menegola, Carla, Rapp, Hans Tore & Díaz, Maria Cristina" docDate="2009" docId="03FD6D27AA523204FF4B2ADFBAD2E899" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02276p039.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2276" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Erylus formosus Sollas 1886" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="FFC4155FAA4A321FFFDC2C1EBE47EB47" masterDocTitle="Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species" masterLastPageNumber="39" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1698596348993" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="6A567289F571E446516A608A7A888CF1" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="EA761E51C09B3F7F779820EBA79A0D42">
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<mods:title id="149AF05C3B46537C2DAD3A1EDA6ACDFB">Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="57509561468BBA0B09B50723C3397489" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="40AC1EA610D029D9F724619F39F79FC3">
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<mods:roleTerm id="663214D93219A37B5261807E8F8B89EF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="31F10887FA588A41B329A0DD8B1CA1D4">Cárdenas, Paco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="E04AE3A06806568F4B5EDAD59B0CB24E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D2EB9745E094DF8F03ED0E445ADD17F3">Menegola, Carla</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="8EA12463D2E50E83A3E97A5ADF51788F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="848461E127535BC0D4013404BCBC9E98">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="2C9410B4174FFA42746C6EB93A6A04B9">Rapp, Hans Tore</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="C1C07B378B14AD218ECFEFDD87409949" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="22FD4F0D75238C7A0536138EFAFD052E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="E1D1DCBDC794BADFCFBE9623CFB6DDC0">Díaz, Maria Cristina</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="25321A6C6DF5C1CF2947E157B08B2134">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="B110726F9AC3E60404F4BC227997AD2C">
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<mods:title id="F78808EDE35F054C246EEDF258C92CA8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="D35D59E400F54E1C58EEE1C662D6A50E">
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<mods:date id="66676E5700F317705A02B0171B9A4863">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="874533C8AE9E77F2F8C06C5F584C91FC" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="25CB935D13D14B7FBE424C1E0390D2E8">2276</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="7A6A775CAD0377F3D3B4A45AF9A0592A">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="DC322CF922407395053C2896E67537E4">39</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="0604CE924C735930CD0473283AC19EA4">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D7CB621D6703E93CF0D1E036DED302F1" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.191088</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9FF2859E798C6268E4AB2F2708B5A768" type="GBIF-Dataset">5a169008-e3e8-4f54-9bfa-4618612942b9</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FC71349CD54CDC6EDAAD8D8DAB9BB19B" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03FD6D27AA523204FF4B2ADFBAD2E899" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5689932" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119626236" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5689932" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FD6D27AA523204FF4B2ADFBAD2E899" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FD6D27AA523204FF4B2ADFBAD2E899" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA523207FF4B2ADFBF5CEDB9" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA523207FF4B2ADFBFB0ED9D" blockId="24.[151,503,1728,1790]" box="[151,503,1728,1755]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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||
<heading id="D0A36B5DAA523207FF4B2ADFBFB0ED9D" bold="true" box="[151,503,1728,1755]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="1">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FF4B2ADFBFB0ED9D" authority="Sollas, 1886" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1886" box="[151,503,1728,1755]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="formosus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FF4B2ADFBFB0ED9D" bold="true" box="[151,503,1728,1755]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FF4B2ADFBF19ED9C" bold="true" box="[151,350,1729,1755]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Erylus formosus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FEB92ADEBFB0ED9D" author="Sollas" box="[357,503,1728,1754]" pageId="24" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1886) Preliminary account of the Tetractinellid sponges Dredged by H. M. S. ' Challenger' 1872 - 76. Part I. The Choristida. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society (new series), 5, 177 - 199." type="journal article" year="1886">Sollas, 1886</bibRefCitation>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA523207FF4B2AFABF5CEDB9" blockId="24.[151,503,1728,1790]" box="[151,283,1764,1790]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA523207FF432AFABF55EDB9" box="[159,274,1764,1790]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,256,1750,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,398,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,398,1709]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886: A. In situ, Adriana’s reef (Picture: Deborah Gochfeld). Note the uniporal oscules. Scale: 6 cm; [ZMBN 81644]: B. Cross – section of the uniporal pores showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. s: sphincter; p: polychaete living in the canals. Scale: 1 mm; C. Orthotriaene. Scale: 100 µm; D. Microrhabds and acanthotylaster. Scale: 10 µm; E. Aspidaster. Scale: 20 µm; F. Smooth rosettes with bifid or trifid rays on the surface of an aspidaster. Scale: 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191101/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 13</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA523207FF4B2B2FBF48EC0F" box="[151,271,1841,1864]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA523207FF4B2B2FBF48EC0F" blockId="24.[151,934,1841,1960]" box="[151,271,1841,1864]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Synonyms.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA523207FF4B2B4FBCA7ECEF" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA523207FF4B2B4FBCA7ECEF" blockId="24.[151,934,1841,1960]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB44FB1FAA523207FF4B2B4FBCA7ECEF" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FF4B2B4FBC4EEC2F" authority="Sollas, 1886: 195" authorityName="Sollas" authorityPageNumber="195" authorityYear="1886" box="[151,521,1873,1896]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="formosus">
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FF4B2B4FBF02EC2F" box="[151,325,1873,1896]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Erylus formosus</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF5FA20AA523207FE902B4FBC4EEC2F" author="Sollas" box="[332,521,1873,1896]" page="195" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1886">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FE902B4FBF94EC2F" author="Sollas" box="[332,467,1873,1896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1886) Preliminary account of the Tetractinellid sponges Dredged by H. M. S. ' Challenger' 1872 - 76. Part I. The Choristida. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society (new series), 5, 177 - 199." type="journal article" year="1886">Sollas, 1886</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 195
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF5FA20AA523207FDC82B4FBC8EEC2F" author="Sollas" box="[532,713,1873,1896]" page="209" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1888">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FDC82B4FBCD2EC2F" author="Sollas" box="[532,661,1873,1896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25, 1 - 458, pls I - XLIV, 1 map." type="book chapter" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
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: 209
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, pl. XXVIII.
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FF4B2B6FBC29ECCF" authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1986: 78" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityPageNumber="78" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,622,1905,1928]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bahamensis">
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FF4B2B6FBF26ECCF" box="[151,353,1905,1928]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Erylus bahamensis</emphasis>
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF5FA20AA523207FEBB2B6FBC29ECCF" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[359,622,1905,1928]" page="78" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1986">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FEBB2B6FBC00ECCF" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[359,583,1905,1928]" pageId="24" pageNumber="38" refString="Pulitzer-Finali. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali, 1986</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 78
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, figs. 12–13 (new synonym).?
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FF7F2B8FBC11ECEF" authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1986: 80" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityPageNumber="80" authorityYear="1986" box="[163,598,1937,1960]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clavatus">
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FF7F2B8FBF0FECEF" box="[163,328,1937,1960]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Erylus clavatus</emphasis>
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF5FA20AA523207FE922B8FBC11ECEF" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[334,598,1937,1960]" page="80" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1986">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FE922B8FBC69ECEF" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[334,558,1937,1960]" pageId="24" pageNumber="38" refString="Pulitzer-Finali. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali, 1986</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 80
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, figs. 14–15.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA523205FF4B2BCFBF89EA61" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA523207FF4B2BCFBD80ECAC" blockId="24.[151,967,2001,2027]" box="[151,967,2001,2027]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FF4B2BCFBF44ECAD" box="[151,259,2001,2026]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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||
<typeStatus id="54EF6293AA523207FF4B2BCFBF44ECAD" box="[151,259,2001,2026]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
.
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<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA523207FECD2BCFBF2EECAC" box="[273,361,2001,2027]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">BMNH</collectionCode>
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||
1889.1.1.77, off Bahia,
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<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA523207FD5A2BCFBC96ECAC" box="[646,721,2001,2027]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA523207FD002BCFBD03ECAC" box="[732,836,2001,2027]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="24.0" valueMax="36.0" valueMin="12.0">12–36 m</quantity>
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(not seen).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA533206FF1A2C86BA04EBF5" blockId="25.[151,1436,152,332]" box="[198,1091,152,178]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA533206FF1A2C86BF72EBF6" box="[198,309,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Material.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA533206FEE02C86BFD6EBF5" box="[316,401,152,178]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">ZMBN</collectionCode>
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||
81644–81645, Adriana’s Reef, Bocas del Toro,
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA533206FC1A2C86BDB4EBF5" box="[966,1011,152,178]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
|
||
depth.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA533206FF1A2CA1BCF8EA0B" blockId="25.[151,1436,152,332]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA533206FF1A2CA1BD5EEB9F" box="[198,793,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Additional material examined.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA533206FDE52CA1BD5EEB9F" box="[569,793,191,216]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bahamensis">Erylus bahamensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA533206FCF62CA0BD38EB9F" box="[810,895,190,216]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">ZMBN</collectionCode>
|
||
82978, Little San
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA533206FBBC2CA0BA8FEB9F" box="[1120,1224,190,216]" name="El Salvador" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Salvador</collectingCountry>
|
||
Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA533206FAF52CA0BBD0EB9F" box="[1321,1431,190,216]" name="Bahamas" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
, det. P. Cárdenas;
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||
<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA533206FEB62CFBBF87EBB8" box="[362,448,229,255]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">ZMBN</collectionCode>
|
||
82979, Sweetings Cay, Grand
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA533206FCE52CFBBDDCEBB8" box="[825,923,229,255]" name="Bahamas" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Bahama</collectingCountry>
|
||
Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA533206FC212CFBBA29EBB8" box="[1021,1134,229,255]" name="Bahamas" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
, det. P. Cárdenas.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA533206FA912CFBBF43EA62" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA533206FA912CFBBF43EA62" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Erylus formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA533206FECF2D12BF2AEA61" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[275,365,268,294]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">MNHN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA533206FEAA2D12BF8EEA61" box="[374,457,268,294]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">DNBE</collectionCode>
|
||
–997, off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA533206FDE72D12BCC1EA61" box="[571,646,268,294]" name="Brazil" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE60BAF6AA533206FD482D12BCAFEA61" box="[660,744,268,294]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" precision="925" value="-7.483333">7°29’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE60BAF6AA533206FD2A2D12BD2CEA61" box="[758,875,268,294]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" precision="925" value="-34.5">34°30’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA533206FCA42D12BDFFEA61" box="[888,952,268,294]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="m" value="45.0">45 m</quantity>
|
||
, Calypso expedition;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA533206FB672D12BB56EA61" box="[1211,1297,268,294]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">ZMBN</collectionCode>
|
||
81781, Cat Cay, Bimini Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA533206FE5E2D2CBFB6EA0B" box="[386,497,306,332]" name="Bahamas" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
, det. P. Cárdenas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2B8CB9AA533206FF4B2AC8BC2AEC3E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191101/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[151,1423,398,1708]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA533206FF4B2AC8BC2AEC3E" blockId="25.[151,1437,1750,1913]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA533206FF4B2AC8BF6EEDA9" bold="true" box="[151,297,1750,1774]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA533206FEEC2AC9BC33EDA9" authority="Sollas, 1886" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1886" box="[304,628,1751,1774]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA533206FEEC2AC9BFA5EDA9" box="[304,482,1751,1774]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Erylus formosus</emphasis>
|
||
Sollas, 1886
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: A.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA533206FD7D2AC9BCA9EDA9" box="[673,750,1751,1774]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">In situ,</emphasis>
|
||
Adriana’s reef (Picture: Deborah Gochfeld). Note the uniporal oscules. Scale: 6 cm; [ZMBN 81644]: B. Cross–section of the uniporal pores showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. s: sphincter; p: polychaete living in the canals. Scale: 1 mm; C. Orthotriaene. Scale: 100 µm; D. Microrhabds and acanthotylaster. Scale: 10 µm; E. Aspidaster. Scale: 20 µm; F. Smooth rosettes with bifid or trifid rays on the surface of an aspidaster. Scale: 2 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA533205FF1A2BB6BF89EA61" blockId="25.[151,1436,1960,2024]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1437,152,2034]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA533206FF1A2BB6BFE5EC86" box="[198,418,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Outer morphology</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA533206FE692BB6BC4BEC85" box="[437,524,1960,1986]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,256,1750,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,398,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,398,1709]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886: A. In situ, Adriana’s reef (Picture: Deborah Gochfeld). Note the uniporal oscules. Scale: 6 cm; [ZMBN 81644]: B. Cross – section of the uniporal pores showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. s: sphincter; p: polychaete living in the canals. Scale: 1 mm; C. Orthotriaene. Scale: 100 µm; D. Microrhabds and acanthotylaster. Scale: 10 µm; E. Aspidaster. Scale: 20 µm; F. Smooth rosettes with bifid or trifid rays on the surface of an aspidaster. Scale: 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191101/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Massive, lobate,
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA533206FCDB2BB6BDDDEC85" box="[775,922,1960,1986]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="cm" value="22.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="15.0">15 to 30 cm</quantity>
|
||
long, dark–brown sponge. Choanosome is whitish and dense. Cortex becomes blackish in alcohol while the choanosome remains whitish. Surface is very smooth, no epibionts were observed. Uniporal oscules (ca
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA503205FC542C86BD88EBF5" box="[904,975,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
) are placed at the top of vertical lobes. Each oscule leads into a cloaca in which exhalant canals flow in; no sphincters could be seen in these openings. Uniporal pores (ca
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA503205FE292CFBBC26EBB8" box="[501,609,229,255]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="0.15">0.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
) are evenly distributed on the whole surface of the sponge; each pore has a sphincter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA503205FE892D12BFECEA61" box="[341,427,268,294]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,256,1750,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,398,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,398,1709]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886: A. In situ, Adriana’s reef (Picture: Deborah Gochfeld). Note the uniporal oscules. Scale: 6 cm; [ZMBN 81644]: B. Cross – section of the uniporal pores showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. s: sphincter; p: polychaete living in the canals. Scale: 1 mm; C. Orthotriaene. Scale: 100 µm; D. Microrhabds and acanthotylaster. Scale: 10 µm; E. Aspidaster. Scale: 20 µm; F. Smooth rosettes with bifid or trifid rays on the surface of an aspidaster. Scale: 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191101/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA503205FF1A2D2CBDE8E899" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA503205FF1A2D2CBC9CE973" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FF1A2D2CBF6DEA0C" box="[198,298,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Skeleton</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA503205FEE42D2CBFC9EA0B" box="[312,398,306,332]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,256,1750,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,398,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,398,1709]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886: A. In situ, Adriana’s reef (Picture: Deborah Gochfeld). Note the uniporal oscules. Scale: 6 cm; [ZMBN 81644]: B. Cross – section of the uniporal pores showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. s: sphincter; p: polychaete living in the canals. Scale: 1 mm; C. Orthotriaene. Scale: 100 µm; D. Microrhabds and acanthotylaster. Scale: 10 µm; E. Aspidaster. Scale: 20 µm; F. Smooth rosettes with bifid or trifid rays on the surface of an aspidaster. Scale: 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191101/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
B). The cortex (168–336 µm thick) is composed of a very poorly developed ectocortex of microrhabds and a thick endocortex of aspidasters, tangentially arranged. Orthotriaenes and oxeas under the cortex are more or less radially arranged, in small bundles; the cladomes of the orthotriaenes are juxtaposed to the endocortex. Under this peripheral arrangement (
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA503205FCDC2DB8BD04EA87" box="[768,835,422,448]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick), bundles of oxeas tend to be paratangential. Acanthotylasters are present in the choanosome, and in the walls of canals. Microrhabds are present in the choanosome too. Dark granular cells (11–14 µm) are present from the cortex to the choanosome although their density decreases under the peripheral layer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA503205FF1A2E5FBF2AE8F0" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FF1A2E5FBF6FE91D" box="[198,296,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Spicules</emphasis>
|
||
(measurements of ZMBN 81645) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA503205FD192E5FBD50E91C" box="[709,791,577,603]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,256,1750,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,398,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,398,1709]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886: A. In situ, Adriana’s reef (Picture: Deborah Gochfeld). Note the uniporal oscules. Scale: 6 cm; [ZMBN 81644]: B. Cross – section of the uniporal pores showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. s: sphincter; p: polychaete living in the canals. Scale: 1 mm; C. Orthotriaene. Scale: 100 µm; D. Microrhabds and acanthotylaster. Scale: 10 µm; E. Aspidaster. Scale: 20 µm; F. Smooth rosettes with bifid or trifid rays on the surface of an aspidaster. Scale: 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191101/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
C–F).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FCB82E5FBDB0E91D" box="[868,1015,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Megascleres</emphasis>
|
||
: (a) oxeas, stout, straight or slightly bent, sometimes modified to styles, length: 780–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FD082E76BD51E9C6" box="[724,790,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">943.8</emphasis>
|
||
–1118 µm; width: 20–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FBC02E76BA08E9C6" box="[1052,1103,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">24.2</emphasis>
|
||
–30 µm. (b) orthotriaenes to plagiotriaenes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA503205FE8D2E90BFEFE9EF" box="[337,424,654,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,256,1750,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,398,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,398,1709]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886: A. In situ, Adriana’s reef (Picture: Deborah Gochfeld). Note the uniporal oscules. Scale: 6 cm; [ZMBN 81644]: B. Cross – section of the uniporal pores showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. s: sphincter; p: polychaete living in the canals. Scale: 1 mm; C. Orthotriaene. Scale: 100 µm; D. Microrhabds and acanthotylaster. Scale: 10 µm; E. Aspidaster. Scale: 20 µm; F. Smooth rosettes with bifid or trifid rays on the surface of an aspidaster. Scale: 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191101/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
C), rhabdome with an oxeote end, rhabdome length: 286–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FBB82E91BAE0E9EF" box="[1124,1191,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">577.2</emphasis>
|
||
–728 µm; rhabdome width: 20–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FECB2EABBF73E989" box="[279,308,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">31</emphasis>
|
||
–40 µm; clad length: 150–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FDAD2EABBCF3E989" box="[625,692,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">197.3</emphasis>
|
||
–260 µm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FCF32EABBD8FE989" box="[815,968,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Microscleres</emphasis>
|
||
: (c) aspidasters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA503205FB492EABBAAEE988" box="[1173,1257,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,256,1750,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,398,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,398,1709]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886: A. In situ, Adriana’s reef (Picture: Deborah Gochfeld). Note the uniporal oscules. Scale: 6 cm; [ZMBN 81644]: B. Cross – section of the uniporal pores showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. s: sphincter; p: polychaete living in the canals. Scale: 1 mm; C. Orthotriaene. Scale: 100 µm; D. Microrhabds and acanthotylaster. Scale: 10 µm; E. Aspidaster. Scale: 20 µm; F. Smooth rosettes with bifid or trifid rays on the surface of an aspidaster. Scale: 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191101/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
E–F), irregular rod–shape, with enlarged center, smooth rosettes at their surface (diameter: ca. 2–3 µm), each one with 3–4 bifid or trifid rays, length: 180–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FDF02F1CBC35E85C" box="[556,626,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">206.2</emphasis>
|
||
–226.1 µm; width: 37–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FC492F1CBD8BE85C" box="[917,972,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">47.1</emphasis>
|
||
–55.9 µm; length/width: 4.1–5.9. (d) microrhabds (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA503205FEE62F37BFC8E804" box="[314,399,809,835]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,256,1750,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,398,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,398,1709]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886: A. In situ, Adriana’s reef (Picture: Deborah Gochfeld). Note the uniporal oscules. Scale: 6 cm; [ZMBN 81644]: B. Cross – section of the uniporal pores showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. s: sphincter; p: polychaete living in the canals. Scale: 1 mm; C. Orthotriaene. Scale: 100 µm; D. Microrhabds and acanthotylaster. Scale: 10 µm; E. Aspidaster. Scale: 20 µm; F. Smooth rosettes with bifid or trifid rays on the surface of an aspidaster. Scale: 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191101/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
D), smooth, usually centrotylote, straight or slightly bent, with strongylote ends, length: 34.6–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FF002F4EBF55E82E" box="[220,274,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">45.8</emphasis>
|
||
–55.9 µm; width: 2.7–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FDF42F4EBC08E82E" box="[552,591,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">3.5</emphasis>
|
||
–5.3 µm. (e) oxyasters, 2–5 actines, irregular with no centrum, with slightly tylote end or not, diameter: 34.6–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FDA52F69BCEBE8D7" box="[633,684,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">47.3</emphasis>
|
||
–63.8 µm. (f) acanthotylasters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA503205FBC72F68BA29E8D7" box="[1051,1134,886,912]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,256,1750,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,398,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,398,1709]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886: A. In situ, Adriana’s reef (Picture: Deborah Gochfeld). Note the uniporal oscules. Scale: 6 cm; [ZMBN 81644]: B. Cross – section of the uniporal pores showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. s: sphincter; p: polychaete living in the canals. Scale: 1 mm; C. Orthotriaene. Scale: 100 µm; D. Microrhabds and acanthotylaster. Scale: 10 µm; E. Aspidaster. Scale: 20 µm; F. Smooth rosettes with bifid or trifid rays on the surface of an aspidaster. Scale: 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191101/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
D), 4–9 actines, diameter: 11–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FF1E2F83BEB2E8F1" box="[194,245,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">17.4</emphasis>
|
||
–21.6 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA503205FF1A2FDABDE8E899" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,2034]" box="[198,943,964,990]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FF1A2FDABC3DE89A" box="[198,634,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Habitat in the Bocas del Toro region.</emphasis>
|
||
Patchy reef,
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA503205FCC82FDABD19E899" box="[788,862,964,990]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">3–6 m</quantity>
|
||
depth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA503205FF1A2FF4BE9CEFAA" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA503205FF1A2FF4BE9CEFAA" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FF1A2FF4BF12EF44" box="[198,341,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. Florida Keys,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA503205FDD72FF4BC01EF43" box="[523,582,1002,1028]" name="United States of America" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Chanas & Pawlik 1995;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FCA92FF4BA2FEF43" author="Kubanek" box="[885,1128,1002,1028]" pageId="26" pageNumber="37" refString="Kubanek, J., Pawlik, J. R., Eve, T. M. & Fenical, W. (2000) Triterpene glycosides defend the Caribbean reef sponge Erylus formosus from predatory fishes. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 207, 69 - 77." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Kubanek
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FC3A2FF4BA66EF44" box="[998,1057,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA503205FBA02FF4BAAFEF43" box="[1148,1256,1002,1028]" name="Bahamas" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FB2B2FF4BE90EF6C" author="Wiedenmayer" pageId="26" pageNumber="39" refString="Wiedenmayer, F. (1977) Shallow-water sponges of the western Bahamas. Experientia Supplementum 28, 1 - 287, pls 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1977">Wiedenmayer 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FF38280FBF9CEF6C" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[228,475,1041,1067]" pageId="26" pageNumber="38" refString="Pulitzer-Finali. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FE34280FBCFDEF6C" author="Stead" box="[488,698,1041,1067]" pageId="26" pageNumber="39" refString="Stead, P., Hiscox, S., Robinson, P. S., Pike, N. B., Sidebottom, P. J., Roberts, A. D., Taylor, N. L., Wright, A. E., Pomponi, S. A. & Langley, D. (2000) Eryloside F, a novel penasterol disaccharide possessing potent thrombin receptor antagonist activity. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 10, 661 - 664." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Stead
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FDEF280FBC37EF6D" box="[563,624,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA503205FD0C280FBD48EF6C" box="[720,783,1041,1067]" name="Cuba" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FCC3280FBD9EEF6C" author="Alcolado" box="[799,985,1041,1067]" pageId="26" pageNumber="35" refString="Alcolado, P. M. (2002) Catalogo de las esponjas de Cuba. Avicennia, 15, 53 - 72." type="journal article" year="2002">Alcolado 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Puerto-Rico (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FB4D280FBE9EEF15" author="Carballeira" pageId="26" pageNumber="36" refString="Carballeira, N. s. M. & Negron, V. (1991) Identification and Characterization of Two New Methylicosadienoic Acids from Erylus formosus. Journal of Natural Products, 54, 305 - 309." type="journal article" year="1991">Carballeira & Negrón 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA503205FF2D2826BF13EF15" box="[241,340,1080,1106]" name="Jamaica" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Lehnert & van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FDFA2826BCF2EF15" author="Soest" box="[550,693,1080,1106]" pageId="26" pageNumber="37" refString="Lehnert, H. & van Soest, R. W. M. (1998) Shallow water sponges of Jamaica. Beaufortia, 48, 71 - 103." type="journal article" year="1998">Soest 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA503205FD102826BD3CEF15" box="[716,891,1080,1106]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
(USNM 31489, 31579, 41227);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA503205FAC82826BF43EF3F" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FEC82840BC48EF3F" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[276,527,1118,1144]" pageId="26" pageNumber="38" refString="Pulitzer-Finali. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA503205FDF92840BCCDEF3F" box="[549,650,1118,1144]" name="Curaçao" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
(van Soest 1981);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA503205FCAE2840BD89EF3F" box="[882,974,1118,1144]" name="Mexico" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FC032840BACFEF3F" author="Lehnert" box="[991,1160,1118,1144]" pageId="26" pageNumber="37" refString="Lehnert, H. (1993) The sponges from Cozumel (Mexico). Inventory, critical comparison of taxonomic characters and description of a new species. Acta Biologica Benrodis, 5, 35 - 127." type="journal article" year="1993">Lehnert 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FB492840BBC8EF3F" author="Antonov" box="[1173,1423,1118,1144]" pageId="26" pageNumber="35" refString="Antonov, A. S., Kalinovsky, A. I., Stonik, V. A., Afiyatullov, S. S., Aminin, D. L., Dmitrenok, P. S., Mollo, E. & Cimino, G. (2007) Isolation and structures of erylosides from the Carribean sponge Erylus formosus. Journal of Natural Products, 70, 169 - 178." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Antonov
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FADB2841BB02EF3F" box="[1287,1349,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA503205FF4B289BBEA2EFD8" box="[151,229,1157,1183]" name="Belize" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
(USNM 32377);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA503205FE63289BBC58EFD8" box="[447,543,1157,1183]" name="Panama" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FDEC289BBD57EFD8" author="Collin" box="[560,784,1157,1183]" pageId="26" pageNumber="36" refString="Collin, R., Diaz, M. C., Norenburg, J., Rocha, R. M., Sanchez, J. A., Schulze, A., Schwartz, M. & Valdes, A. (2005) Photographic identification guide to some common marine invertebrates of Bocas Del Toro, Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science, 41, 638 - 707." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Collin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FD54289BBC81EFD9" box="[648,710,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Díaz 2005);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA503205FC64289BBA72EFD8" box="[952,1077,1157,1183]" name="Venezuela" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FB9A289BBB7DEFD8" author="Alvarez" box="[1094,1338,1157,1183]" pageId="26" pageNumber="35" refString="Alvarez, B., Diaz, M. C. & Laughlin, R. A. (1991) The ecology of sponges in a fringing coral reef at the National park " Archipelago de los Roques ", Venezuela I: Composition, distribution and abundance of species. In: Rutzler, K. (Ed.) New perspectives in Sponge Biology. Smithsonian Institution press, Washington DC, pp. 358 - 366." type="book chapter" year="1991">
|
||
Alvarez
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FB6E289BBAB7EFD9" box="[1202,1264,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA503205FA8E289BBBDAEFD8" box="[1362,1437,1157,1183]" name="Brazil" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FF4328B2BF69EF81" author="Sollas" box="[159,302,1196,1222]" pageId="26" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25, 1 - 458, pls I - XLIV, 1 map." type="book chapter" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FEE728B2BC6BEF81" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[315,556,1196,1222]" pageId="26" pageNumber="36" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Resultats Scientifiques des Campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne de la ' Calypso' au large des cotes atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962). I. 29. Spongiaires. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 49, 263 - 295." type="journal article" year="1973">Boury-Esnault 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Volkmer-Ribeiro & de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FC9428B2BDA1EF81" author="Moraes" box="[840,998,1196,1222]" pageId="26" pageNumber="39" refString="Volkmer-Ribeiro, C. & de Moraes, B. M. (1975) Esponjas tetraxonidas do litoral sul-brasileiro: I - Rediscricao de Cydonium glariosus SOLLAS, 1886 e Erylus formosus SOLLAS, 1886. Iheringia, ser. Zoologia, 47, 3 - 22, pls I - IV." type="journal article" year="1975">Moraes 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FC2F28B2BAB3EF81" author="Sole" box="[1011,1268,1196,1222]" pageId="26" pageNumber="39" refString="Sole Cava, A. M., Kelecom, A. & Kannen-Giesser, G. J. (1981) Study of some sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the infralitoral of Guarapari, Espirito Santo, Brazil. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 60, 125 - 150." type="journal article" year="1981">
|
||
Solé Cava
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FBAF28B2BAE9EF82" box="[1139,1198,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1981
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FADD28B2BE94EFAA" author="Mothes" pageId="26" pageNumber="38" refString="Mothes, B., Lerner, C. B. & da Silva, C. M. M. (1999) Revision of Brazilian Erylus (Porifera: Astrophorida: Demospongiae) with description of a new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 44, 369 - 380." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Mothes
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FABD28B2BBDBEF82" box="[1377,1436,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA503205FF1A28E7BBDAECB6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA503205FF1A28E7BBDAECB6" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FF1A28E7BFAFEE55" box="[198,488,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Remarks and discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
ZMBN 81644 fitted the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA503205FC6D28E7BB13EE54" authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1986" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1986" box="[945,1364,1273,1299]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bahamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FC6D28E7BA1CEE55" box="[945,1115,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E. bahamensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FBBF28E7BB13EE54" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[1123,1364,1273,1299]" pageId="26" pageNumber="38" refString="Pulitzer-Finali. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
while ZMBN 81645 fitted the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA503205FDBB293EBCB1EE7E" box="[615,758,1312,1337]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FDBB293EBCB1EE7E" box="[615,758,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E. formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Indeed, the single morphological difference between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA503205FA5F293EBF62EE27" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bahamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FA5F293EBF62EE27" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E. bahamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA503205FEBD2959BFB4EE27" box="[353,499,1351,1376]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FEBD2959BFB4EE27" box="[353,499,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E. formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the absence of the largest category of asters in the former. Apart from this unique spicule difference, both specimens were identical, from the same locality and depth. Wiedenmeyer (1977) had noticed these single aster
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA503205FD92298ABC9CEEEA" box="[590,731,1428,1453]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FD92298ABC9CEEEA" box="[590,731,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E. formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but thought it was not a strong enough character to create a different species. However, a few years later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FD7629A5BDE0EE92" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[682,935,1467,1493]" pageId="26" pageNumber="38" refString="Pulitzer-Finali. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
decided it was enough to create a different species. We think the largest asters can be more or less widespread in the choanosome, and may even be totally absent. Depending where the section or spicule preparation are made, they can be overlooked, hence records of single aster
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA503205FE6E2A31BC00ED0F" box="[434,583,1583,1608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FE6E2A31BC00ED0F" box="[434,583,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E. formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FD8B2A30BD0AED0F" author="Wiedenmayer" box="[599,845,1582,1608]" pageId="26" pageNumber="39" refString="Wiedenmayer, F. (1977) Shallow-water sponges of the western Bahamas. Experientia Supplementum 28, 1 - 287, pls 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1977">Wiedenmayer 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Lehnert & van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FBC42A30BAE4ED0F" author="Soest" box="[1048,1187,1582,1608]" pageId="26" pageNumber="37" refString="Lehnert, H. & van Soest, R. W. M. (1998) Shallow water sponges of Jamaica. Beaufortia, 48, 71 - 103." type="journal article" year="1998">Soest 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA503205FB352A31BBDAED0F" box="[1257,1437,1583,1608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bahamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FB352A31BBDAED0F" box="[1257,1437,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E. bahamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FF432A4BBFDFED28" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[159,408,1621,1647]" pageId="26" pageNumber="38" refString="Pulitzer-Finali. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FE792A4BBC19ED28" author="Alcolado" box="[421,606,1621,1647]" pageId="26" pageNumber="35" refString="Alcolado, P. M. (2002) Catalogo de las esponjas de Cuba. Avicennia, 15, 53 - 72." type="journal article" year="2002">Alcolado 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FDAE2A4BBD2BED28" box="[626,876,1621,1647]" pageId="26" pageNumber="38" refString="Mothes, B., Lerner, C. B. & da Silva, C. M. M. (1999) Revision of Brazilian Erylus (Porifera: Astrophorida: Demospongiae) with description of a new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 44, 369 - 380." type="journal article">
|
||
Mothes
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FD092A4BBD54ED29" box="[725,787,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1999)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA503205FBF52A4BBA9DED29" box="[1065,1242,1621,1646]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bahamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FBF52A4BBA9DED29" box="[1065,1242,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E. bahamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
further differed from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA503205FF052A62BF2FEDD2" box="[217,360,1660,1685]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FF052A62BF2FEDD2" box="[217,360,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E. formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its aspidaster proportions (length/width). We reviewed this proportion in the literature and found a proportion of 4.5–6.5 for most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA503205FD532ABDBD5DEDFB" box="[655,794,1699,1724]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FD532ABDBD5DEDFB" box="[655,794,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E. formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EF6293AA503205FC142ABDBA68EDFA" box="[968,1071,1699,1725]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FBE12ABDBA8CEDFA" author="Sollas" box="[1085,1227,1699,1725]" pageId="26" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25, 1 - 458, pls I - XLIV, 1 map." type="book chapter" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Volkmer-Ribeiro & de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FF012AD7BFC2EDA4" author="Moraes" box="[221,389,1737,1763]" pageId="26" pageNumber="39" refString="Volkmer-Ribeiro, C. & de Moraes, B. M. (1975) Esponjas tetraxonidas do litoral sul-brasileiro: I - Rediscricao de Cydonium glariosus SOLLAS, 1886 e Erylus formosus SOLLAS, 1886. Iheringia, ser. Zoologia, 47, 3 - 22, pls I - IV." type="journal article" year="1975">Moraes 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FE4E2AD7BCC4EDA4" author="Mothes" box="[402,643,1737,1763]" pageId="26" pageNumber="38" refString="Mothes, B., Lerner, C. B. & da Silva, C. M. M. (1999) Revision of Brazilian Erylus (Porifera: Astrophorida: Demospongiae) with description of a new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 44, 369 - 380." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Mothes
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FE242AD7BC7FEDA5" box="[504,568,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 4.1–5.9 for the Bocas del Toro specimens and 2.3–7.1 for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EF6293AA503205FF4B2AEEBEB9EC4D" box="[151,254,1776,1802]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA503205FEFA2AEEBF95EC4E" box="[294,466,1776,1801]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bahamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FEFA2AEEBF95EC4E" box="[294,466,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E. bahamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FE3E2AEEBD1CEC4D" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[482,859,1776,1802]" pageId="26" pageNumber="38" refString="Pulitzer-Finali. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
Pulitzer-Finali, 1986,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA503205FD3B2AEEBD1CEC4D" box="[743,859,1776,1802]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,256,1750,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,398,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,398,1709]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886: A. In situ, Adriana’s reef (Picture: Deborah Gochfeld). Note the uniporal oscules. Scale: 6 cm; [ZMBN 81644]: B. Cross – section of the uniporal pores showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. s: sphincter; p: polychaete living in the canals. Scale: 1 mm; C. Orthotriaene. Scale: 100 µm; D. Microrhabds and acanthotylaster. Scale: 10 µm; E. Aspidaster. Scale: 20 µm; F. Smooth rosettes with bifid or trifid rays on the surface of an aspidaster. Scale: 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191101/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figure 13</figureCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). To conclude, having shown that (i) large asters can be missing or overlooked and that (ii) there is no clear difference in aspidaster proportion between the two species, we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA503205FE492B23BC03EC11" box="[405,580,1853,1878]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bahamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FE492B23BC03EC11" box="[405,580,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E. bahamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA503205FC572B23BA5DEC11" box="[907,1050,1853,1878]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FC572B23BA5DEC11" box="[907,1050,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E. formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Interestingly, we noticed that a few specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA503205FE4B2B7ABFA6EC39" box="[407,481,1892,1918]" name="Brazil" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
are out of the length/width range found above, and possess unusually narrow aspidasters (width: 11–20 µm) and thus present an aspidaster proportion of respectively 12.5 and 11.5 (Boury-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FF4B2BAFBF73EC8C" author="Esnault" box="[151,308,1969,1995]" pageId="26" pageNumber="36" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Resultats Scientifiques des Campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne de la ' Calypso' au large des cotes atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962). I. 29. Spongiaires. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 49, 263 - 295." type="journal article" year="1973">Esnault 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA503205FE9D2BAFBC65EC8C" author="Mothes" box="[321,546,1969,1995]" pageId="26" pageNumber="38" refString="Mothes, B., Lerner, C. B. & da Silva, C. M. M. (1999) Revision of Brazilian Erylus (Porifera: Astrophorida: Demospongiae) with description of a new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 44, 369 - 380." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Mothes
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FE7C2BAFBF9CEC8D" box="[416,475,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, after reexamination of one of these specimens (MNHN DNBE– 997), we could find no other character to distinguish it from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA503205FC562BC6BA5AECB6" box="[906,1053,2008,2033]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FC562BC6BA5AECB6" box="[906,1053,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E. formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Another Caribbean
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA503205FAFD2BC6BB36ECB6" box="[1313,1393,2008,2033]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FAFD2BC6BB36ECB6" box="[1313,1393,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Erylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA503205FA5E2BC6BBDAECB6" box="[1410,1437,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA513204FF4B2C86BEB7EADD" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA513204FF4B2C86BC20EA61" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,990]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FF4B2C86BFB5EBF5" authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1986" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,498,152,178]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clavatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF4B2C86BEBEEBF6" box="[151,249,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">clavatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FEDC2C86BFB5EBF5" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[256,498,152,178]" pageId="27" pageNumber="38" refString="Pulitzer-Finali. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA513204FDE62C86BCDBEBF5" box="[570,668,152,178]" name="Jamaica" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, has two
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EF6293AA513204FCD52C86BD00EBF5" box="[777,839,152,178]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of asters but an aspidaster proportion of 2.2–3.5, a bit lower than most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FE5F2CA1BC48EB9F" box="[387,527,191,216]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FE5F2CA1BC48EB9F" box="[387,527,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E. formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We think that its club-shape and its slightly lower aspidaster proportions are not enough to consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FE742CFBBC6DEBB9" box="[424,554,229,254]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clavatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FE742CFBBC6DEBB9" box="[424,554,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E. clavatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a valid species. It is most likely a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FB442CFBBB64EBB9" box="[1176,1315,229,254]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FB442CFBBB64EBB9" box="[1176,1315,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E. formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as earlier suggested (Lehnert & van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FE122D12BC1CEA61" author="Soest" box="[462,603,268,294]" pageId="27" pageNumber="37" refString="Lehnert, H. & van Soest, R. W. M. (1998) Shallow water sponges of Jamaica. Beaufortia, 48, 71 - 103." type="journal article" year="1998">Soest, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA513204FF192D2CBEB7EADD" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,990]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Few morphological differences were observed between our
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA513204FC4A2D2CBA44EA0B" box="[918,1027,306,332]" name="Bahamas" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Bocas del Toro samples.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA513204FAB22D2CBF43EA34" name="Bahamas" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">The Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
samples had a thinner cortex (144–160 µm) with flatter aspidasters; also, their asters had thinner actines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA513204FF192DB8BAD2E899" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA513204FF192DB8BF00E973" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,990]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
We noticed that the rosettes on the aspidasters of the Bocas del Toro specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA513204FB7C2DB8BAB0EA87" box="[1184,1271,422,448]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,256,1750,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,398,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,398,1709]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886: A. In situ, Adriana’s reef (Picture: Deborah Gochfeld). Note the uniporal oscules. Scale: 6 cm; [ZMBN 81644]: B. Cross – section of the uniporal pores showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. s: sphincter; p: polychaete living in the canals. Scale: 1 mm; C. Orthotriaene. Scale: 100 µm; D. Microrhabds and acanthotylaster. Scale: 10 µm; E. Aspidaster. Scale: 20 µm; F. Smooth rosettes with bifid or trifid rays on the surface of an aspidaster. Scale: 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191101/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
F) were more complex than the ones of a Brazilian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FD882DD3BCA5EAA1" box="[596,738,461,486]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FD882DD3BCA5EAA1" box="[596,738,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E. formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen (MCNPOR 3379) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FB982DD3BB6FEAA0" author="Mothes" box="[1092,1320,461,487]" pageId="27" pageNumber="38" refString="Mothes, B., Lerner, C. B. & da Silva, C. M. M. (1999) Revision of Brazilian Erylus (Porifera: Astrophorida: Demospongiae) with description of a new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 44, 369 - 380." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Mothes
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FB7A2DD3BAA5EAA1" box="[1190,1250,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA513204FAE92DD3BB3CEAA0" box="[1333,1403,461,487]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,255,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[151,1421,197,1639]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,197,1670]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Ecionemia megastylifera Wintermann-Kilian & Kilian, 1984: A. Dark specimen found growing under coral rubble (1 m depth). Arrows point to its oscules. Scale: 4 cm; B. Large dark specimen found on Solarte South 4 (0.4 m depth) growing on coral rubble. It is covered with sediments and overgrown by sponges (Chondrilla aff. nucula and Amphimedon erina) and algae. Scale: 5 cm; C. Elongated coffee – colored specimen collected in a small cavity on Sache (15 m depth); D. Close up of the surface (dried) revealing the cribriporal pores. Scale: 0.5 mm; E. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome [ZMBN 81782]. Scale: 1 mm; F. Cross – section of cortex and choanosome [INVPOR 1148, holotype]. Scale: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191093/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
F). More data is required to ascertain if the rosettes’ morphology is a relevant discriminating microstructure in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FF4B2E04BEA4E974" box="[151,227,538,563]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF4B2E04BEA4E974" box="[151,227,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Erylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA513204FF192E5FBF6EE9B1" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,990]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FF192E5FBF13E91D" box="[197,340,577,602]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF192E5FBF13E91D" box="[197,340,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E. formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found on two sites in Bocas del Toro (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D6E98AAA513204FCBD2E5FBDFDE91C" box="[865,954,577,603]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,240,383,407]" captionText="TABLE 1. Tetractinellida species collected in the Bocas del Toro region, museum accession numbers of the specimens" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) and is relatively common in Adriana’s reef. Studies show that it harbors no photosynthetic symbionts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FC522E76BAEFE9C5" author="Erwin" box="[910,1192,616,642]" pageId="27" pageNumber="37" refString="Erwin, P. M. & Thacker, R. W. (2007) Incidence and identity of photosynthetic symbionts in Caribbean coral reef sponge assemblages. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 87, 1683 - 1692." type="journal article" year="2007">Erwin & Thacker 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the other hand, we found small
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA513204FE8E2E90BFF4E9EF" box="[338,435,654,680]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FE292E90BC12E9EF" box="[501,597,654,680]" class="Polychaeta" family="Syllidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Syllidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
polychaetes (F. Pleijel, personal communication) living in the canals of our specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA513204FE942EABBFD8E988" box="[328,415,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,256,1750,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,398,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,398,1709]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886: A. In situ, Adriana’s reef (Picture: Deborah Gochfeld). Note the uniporal oscules. Scale: 6 cm; [ZMBN 81644]: B. Cross – section of the uniporal pores showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. s: sphincter; p: polychaete living in the canals. Scale: 1 mm; C. Orthotriaene. Scale: 100 µm; D. Microrhabds and acanthotylaster. Scale: 10 µm; E. Aspidaster. Scale: 20 µm; F. Smooth rosettes with bifid or trifid rays on the surface of an aspidaster. Scale: 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191101/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
B), as well as a copepod.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA513204FD0E2EABBD31E988" box="[722,886,693,719]" name="Bahamas" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">The Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
specimens examined also harbored numerous polychaetes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA513204FF192F1CBAD2E899" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,990]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Unfortunately and despite substantial efforts (DNA washing notably), we were not able to obtain a molecular sequence for this species, even from our
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA513204FCD92F37BD35E804" box="[773,882,809,835]" name="Bahamas" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
specimens. It has been previously shown that this species is particularly rich in proteins, carbohydrates and lipids when compared to other reef sponge species (Chanas & Pawlik 1995). Triterpene glycosides, for example, are used by this species for chemical defense against fish predation, fouling and microbial attachment (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FC472F83BAC8E8F0" author="Kubanek" box="[923,1167,925,951]" pageId="27" pageNumber="37" refString="Kubanek, J., Pawlik, J. R., Eve, T. M. & Fenical, W. (2000) Triterpene glycosides defend the Caribbean reef sponge Erylus formosus from predatory fishes. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 207, 69 - 77." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Kubanek
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FBD22F83BA0DE8F1" box="[1038,1098,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FB402F83BBD7E8F0" author="Kubanek" box="[1180,1424,925,951]" pageId="27" pageNumber="37" refString="Kubanek, J., Whalen, K. E., Engel, S., Kelly, S. R., Henkel, T. P., Fenical, W. & Pawlik, J. R. (2002) Multiple defensive roles for triterpene glycosides from two Caribbean sponges. Oecologia, 131, 125 - 136." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Kubanek
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FAD12F83BB0FE8F1" box="[1293,1352,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some of these compounds may act as DNA contaminants and block the PCR reactions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |