treatments-xml/data/03/F8/87/03F887E2FFC48D3FFEAC863ED81C88C2.xml

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<mods:title id="21D82FFD34F25EA7F40D960488A68AA7">Description and life cycle of the hydrozoan Hydractinia uniformis, sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Hydractiniidae), from the coast of southeastern Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EEA026DEDCFE3B99185E77C97D74F310">Stampar, Sérgio N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5C844E1BE0A44E5258C2B5064641F84A">Tronolone, Valquiria B.</mods:namePart>
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Genus 
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<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC48D37FEFB863EDAA68B12" bold="true" box="[351,496,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Hydractinia</emphasis>
van Beneden, 1841
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<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC58D36FEAC8026D92A8D39" bold="true" box="[264,636,283,310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFC58D36FEAC8026D9418D3A" authority="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini, 2006" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[264,535,284,310]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC58D36FEAC8026D9418D3A" bold="true" box="[264,535,284,310]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Hydractinia uniformis</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216579DFFC58D36FDBA8021D92A8D39" box="[542,636,283,309]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC58D36FEAC8005DAE58D55" blockId="3.[264,1322,283,1171]" box="[264,435,319,345]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
(
<figureCitation id="136A2A71FFC58D36FEB48005DAFD8D55" box="[272,427,319,345]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1–4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5–10" captionStart-2="FIGURE 11" captionStartId-0="5.[264,368,1253,1277]" captionStartId-1="6.[264,368,1679,1703]" captionStartId-2="7.[264,368,1816,1840]" captionTargetBox-0="[94,1309,287,1241]" captionTargetBox-1="[274,1493,285,1613]" captionTargetBox-2="[272,1274,887,1794]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[264,1323,280,1253]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[264,1340,306,1620]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[227,1360,842,1814]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 1–4. Overview of a polyp of Hydractinia uniformis, sp. nov. 1, showing the hydrorhiza and a medusa bud shortly before release. Scale = 1 mm. 2, showing a medusa bud and the nippleshaped hypostome. Scale = 0.5 mm. 3, side view (confocal microscopy) of a newly released medusa of Hydractinia uniformis, sp. nov. Scale = 200 µm. 4, oral view using confocal microscopy of a newly released medusa of Hydractinia uniformis, sp. nov. Scale = 200 µm." captionText-1="FIGURE 5–10. Hydractinia uniformis, sp. nov. 5, side view of a newly released medusa; note the presence of only four tentacles. Scale = 350 µm. 6, side view of a 15­day­old medusa; note the eigh tentacles. Scale = 550 µm. 7, side view of a 40­day­old medusa; note the 16 tentacles. Scale = 950 µm. 8, side view of a mature medusa (~ 65 days old); note the 24 tentacles. Scale = 1.5 mm. 9, oral view of a mature medusa (~ 65 days old); note the 24 tentacles. Scale = 2 mm. 10, side view of the oral lips of a young medusa; note the branches with nematocysts knobs. Scale = 100 µm." captionText-2="FIGURE 11. Schematic side view of a colony of Hydractinia uniformis, sp. nov. Note: the polyp tentacles are slightly retracted; the polyp on the right side is contracted and has frustules and medusa buds; the polyp on the left side has an older medusa bud. Scale = 500 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/2646452/files/figure.svg" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/2646454/files/figure.svg" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/2646456/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Figures 1–11</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC58D36FEAC80BBDAFF8D96" box="[264,425,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Type material</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B393CA9FFC58D36FE9C8093D8488E1F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2236573276" collectingDate="2003-10-08" collectionCode="MZUSP" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MZUSP 932" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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specimen: 
<specimenCode id="DBF79E8FFFC58D36FD988093D9888DCF" box="[572,734,425,451]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">MZUSP 932</specimenCode>
, male medusa, 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC58D36FC0A8093DF478DCF" box="[942,1041,425,451]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
high, 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC58D36FBC98093DF868DCF" box="[1133,1232,425,451]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
width, preserved in 4% formaldehyde solution in sea water in 
<collectingDate id="EFABE9DCFFC58D36FC6280EBDFDF8DE7" box="[966,1161,465,491]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2003-10-08">
<date id="FFEF1034FFC58D36FC6280EBDFDF8DE7" box="[966,1161,465,491]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2003-10-08">8 October 2003</date>
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(from polyp cultures, reared in laboratory for 3.5 months).
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</paragraph>
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specimens: 
<specimenCode id="DBF79E8FFFC58D36FD97831BD99B8E37" box="[563,717,545,571]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">MZUSP 934</specimenCode>
, one male medusa, preserved in 4% formaldehyde solution in sea water in 
<collectingDate id="EFABE9DCFFC58D36FDB98373D9A98E6F" box="[541,767,585,611]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2003-11-20">
<date id="FFEF1034FFC58D36FDB98373D9A98E6F" box="[541,767,585,611]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2003-11-20">20 November 2003</date>
</collectingDate>
(from polyp cultures, reared in laboratory for 2 months). — 
<specimenCode id="DBF79E8FFFC58D36FE3B834BD96F8E87" box="[415,569,625,651]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">MZUSP 935</specimenCode>
, five recently released medusae, preserved in 70% ethanol in 
<date id="FFEF1034FFC58D36FABF834BDAFB8EBF" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2005-01-05">
<collectingDate id="EFABE9DCFFC58D36FABF834BDAFB8EBF" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2005-01-05">5 January 2005</collectingDate>
</date>
(from polyp cultures). — 
<specimenCode id="DBF79E8FFFC58D36FCAC83A3D8FE8EBF" box="[776,936,665,691]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">MZUSP 933</specimenCode>
, two polyps, preserved in 4% formaldehyde solution in sea water in 
<collectingDate id="EFABE9DCFFC58D36FD4283FBD8F58ED7" box="[742,931,705,731]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2005-01-05">
<date id="FFEF1034FFC58D36FD4283FBD8F58ED7" box="[742,931,705,731]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2005-01-05">5 January 2005</date>
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(from polyp cultures, reared in laboratory), originally collected in 
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25 July 
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in 
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depth; 
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, 
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, 
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state, 
<collectingCountry id="F3467664FFC58D36FB46822BDE7C8F27" box="[1250,1322,785,811]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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— 
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<collectionCode id="ED40AE31FFC58D36FE898203DAD18F5F" box="[301,391,825,851]" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" type="Museum">MHNG</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBF79E8FFFC58D36FE2A8203D97E8F5F" box="[398,552,825,851]" collectionCode="INVE" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">INVE 37181</specimenCode>
, one male medusa, preserved in 4% formaldehyde solution in sea water 
<collectingDate id="EFABE9DCFFC58D36FEF4825BD9648F77" box="[336,562,865,891]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2003-11-20">
<date id="FFEF1034FFC58D36FEF4825BD9648F77" box="[336,562,865,891]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2003-11-20">20 November 2003</date>
</collectingDate>
(from polyp cultures, reared in laboratory for 2 months) and one polyp, preserved in 4% formaldehyde solution in sea water in 
<collectingDate id="EFABE9DCFFC58D36FC4582B3DFC28FAF" box="[993,1172,905,931]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2005-01-05">
<date id="FFEF1034FFC58D36FC4582B3DFC28FAF" box="[993,1172,905,931]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2005-01-05">5 January 2005</date>
</collectingDate>
(from polyp cultures, reared in laboratory), originally collected in 
<collectingDate id="EFABE9DCFFC58D36FC39828BDF698FC7" box="[925,1087,945,971]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2002-07-25">
<date id="FFEF1034FFC58D36FC39828BDF698FC7" box="[925,1087,945,971]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2002-07-25">
25 July 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC58D36FBA0828BDF698FC7" box="[1028,1087,945,971]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08508" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="in" value="2002.0">2002</quantity>
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in 
<location id="8E8E602FFFC58D36FBCA828BDA088FFF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887E2FFC48D3FFEAC863ED81C88C2:8E8E602FFFC58D36FBCA828BDA088FFF" country="Brazil" county="Ilhabela county" latitude="-23.851" longLatPrecision="12" longitude="-45.412834" municipality="Sao Sebastiao Channel" name="Parcel da Praia Grande" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">Parcel da Praia Grande</location>
(
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); 
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<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC58D36FD0982E3D9BA8FFF" box="[685,748,985,1011]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
</elevation>
depth; 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8AAC8EFFC58D36FCED82E3DF088FFF" box="[841,1118,985,1011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">São Sebastião Channel</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="628F4E78FFC58D36FBC882E3DE708FFF" box="[1132,1318,985,1011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Ilhabela county</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingRegion id="4995F816FFC58D36FEAC853BDA2B8817" box="[264,381,1025,1051]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
state, 
<collectingCountry id="F3467664FFC58D36FE6D853BD9428817" box="[457,532,1025,1051]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Brazil</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC58D36FE9C8513D979889F" blockId="3.[264,1322,283,1171]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
Additional specimens: MZUSP 936, half of a male medusa, preserved in 4% formaldehyde solution in sea water in 
<date id="FFEF1034FFC58D36FD74856BD8E38867" box="[720,949,1105,1131]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2003-11-20">20 November 2003</date>
(from polyp cultures, reared in laboratory for 2 months).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B657FFFC58D36FEAC8585D9CB8925" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC58D36FEAC8585D9CB8925" blockId="3.[264,1322,1215,1321]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC58D36FEAC8585DAD388D4" box="[264,389,1215,1240]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Etymology</emphasis>
The specific name 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFC58D36FD8685DDD9C4890C" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[546,658,1255,1280]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC58D36FD8685DDD9C4890C" box="[546,658,1255,1280]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">uniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, derived from the Latin 
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC58D36FC6085DDD8AD890C" box="[964,1019,1255,1280]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">unus</emphasis>
(one) and 
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC58D36FB2185DDDF9D890C" box="[1157,1227,1255,1280]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">forma</emphasis>
(form), refers to the monomorphic polyps.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B657FFFC58D36FEAC846ED94A8A52" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC58D36FEAC846EDA298961" blockId="3.[264,1321,1364,1630]" box="[264,383,1364,1389]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC58D36FEAC846EDA298961" box="[264,383,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC58D36FE9C8446D94A8A52" blockId="3.[264,1321,1364,1630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFC58D36FE9C8446DA938999" authorityName="van Beneden" authorityYear="1841" box="[312,453,1404,1429]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC58D36FE9C8446DA938999" box="[312,453,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Hydractinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species with monomorphic hydranths; tentacles in one whorl, extended much longer than polyp height; stolons flat and plate­like; vegetative frustules produced from hydranth. Gonophores produced on hydranths. Gonophore a free medusa; bell top flat; manubrium cross­shaped in section; with peduncle; mouth with four branched lips, each ending in up to four bulbous nematocyst clusters; marginal tentacles up to 24, each with an adaxial ocellus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B657FFFC58D32FEAC87B5D8968DDA" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC58D36FEAC87B5DAC48AA4" blockId="3.[264,1322,1679,1905]" box="[264,402,1679,1704]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC58D36FEAC87B5DAC48AA4" box="[264,402,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC58D31FE9C878DD9EF8DDA" blockId="3.[264,1322,1679,1905]" lastBlockId="4.[264,1323,284,1430]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
Polyps sessile (figs 1 and 2), arising directly from a hydrorhiza consisting of adhering, ramified, flat, plate­like stolons, perisarc thin, without spines. Polyps without notable polymorphism, variable in shape but generally spindle­shaped, 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC58D36FBA2863DDFE38B2D" box="[1030,1205,1799,1825]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" metricValueMax="1.58" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="1.44" valueMax="1.58" valueMin="1.3">1.30–1.58 mm</quantity>
high and 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC58D36FEAC8615DAE08B45" box="[264,438,1839,1865]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="0.195" valueMax="0.25" valueMin="0.14">0.14–0.25 mm</quantity>
wide, hypostome prominent, extensible, nipple shaped. Tentacles in one whorl, filiform, 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC58D36FE6C866DD9428B7D" box="[456,532,1879,1905]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" metricValueMax="2.286" metricValueMin="1.778" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="in" value="8.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="7.0">7–9 in</quantity>
number, in life up to 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC58D36FCBF866DD8378B7D" box="[795,865,1879,1905]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
long and thus more than two times as long as body height, width rather uniform. Medusa buds developing on lower 2/3 of hydranth, up to two per hydranth. Vegetative frustules about 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FC7E807EDF618D52" box="[986,1079,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 µm</quantity>
long given off from hydranth body. Color: white to yellow­brownish. Nematocysts distributed spirally along tentacles: heterotrichous microbasic euryteles (
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FCCA80AEDF5E8DA2" box="[878,1032,404,430]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" metricValueMax="6.8" metricValueMin="5.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="6.3" valueMax="6.8" valueMin="5.8">5.8–6.8 µm</quantity>
x 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FBE180AEDF888DA2" box="[1093,1246,404,430]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="3.4" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="2.9">2.9–3.9 µm</quantity>
) and desmonemes (
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FE0A8086D9618DDA" box="[430,567,444,470]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="3.4" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="2.9">2.9–3.9 µm</quantity>
x 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FDF08086D9FA8DDA" box="[596,684,444,470]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 µm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC28D31FE9C80DEDE7C8F32" blockId="4.[264,1323,284,1430]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
Newly­released medusa round with slightly flattened top (figs 3, 4 and 5), 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FB1B80DEDE7C8DF2" box="[1215,1322,484,510]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="0.44">0.44 mm</quantity>
high, maximal diameter 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FD8A8336D9CA8E2A" box="[558,668,524,550]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="0.52">0.52 mm</quantity>
, mesoglea thin. Radial canals four; ring canal present. Velar opening 
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC28D31FE1E830EDA838E41" box="[442,469,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">ca</emphasis>
2/3 of umbrella margin diameter. Four perradial marginal bulbs, each with a short tentacle and an adaxial red ocellus. Manubrium opaque, conical, 
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC28D31FB008366DF9E8E79" box="[1188,1224,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">ca.</emphasis>
half the height of subumbrellar cavity, with four perradial simple mouth lips with nematocyst knobs. Gonads not developed. Nematocysts: exumbrella with heterotrichous microbasic euryteles (
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FE2583EED95D8EE2" box="[385,523,724,750]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" metricValueMax="6.8" metricValueMin="5.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="6.3" valueMax="6.8" valueMin="5.8">5.8–6.8 µm</quantity>
x 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FD8D83EED9E38EE2" box="[553,693,724,750]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="3.4" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="2.9">2.9–3.9 µm</quantity>
); mouth lips with microbasic mastigophores (
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FB6B83EEDA668F1A" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" metricValueMax="8.8" metricValueMin="7.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="8.3" valueMax="8.8" valueMin="7.8">7.8–8.8 µm</quantity>
x 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FEEA83C6DA818F1A" box="[334,471,764,790]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="3.4" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="2.9">2.9–3.9 µm</quantity>
) and desmonemes (
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FD6583C6D81C8F1A" box="[705,842,764,790]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="3.4" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="2.9">2.9–3.9 µm</quantity>
x 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FCCD83C6D8968F1A" box="[873,960,764,790]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 µm</quantity>
); tentacles with heterotrichous microbasic euryteles (
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FDAD821ED9C48F32" box="[521,658,804,830]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" metricValueMax="6.8" metricValueMin="5.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="6.3" valueMax="6.8" valueMin="5.8">5.8–6.8 µm</quantity>
x 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FD0B821ED8618F32" box="[687,823,804,830]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="3.4" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="2.9">2.9–3.9 µm</quantity>
) and desmonemes (
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FBBB821EDF238F32" box="[1055,1141,804,830]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="3.9">3.9 µm</quantity>
x 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FB36821EDE4B8F32" box="[1170,1309,804,830]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="2.4" valueMax="2.9" valueMin="1.9">1.9–2.9 µm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC28D31FE9C8276DF81899A" blockId="4.[264,1323,284,1430]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
Mature medusa bell­shaped with flattened top (figs 6, 7, 8, and 9), sometimes with slight apical depression, and thus almost cylindrical, bell 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FC18824EDF1A8F82" box="[956,1100,884,910]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="1.4" valueMax="2.1" valueMin="0.7">0.7–2.1 mm</quantity>
high, 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FB3F824EDE7C8F82" box="[1179,1322,884,910]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="2.2" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="0.9">0.9–3.5 mm</quantity>
wide, diameter of umbrella margin 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FD1382A6D8418FBA" box="[695,791,924,950]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
. Mesoglea thicker at top of umbrella. Velar opening 
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC28D31FED582FEDAC28FD1" box="[369,404,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">ca.</emphasis>
4/5 of umbrella margin diameter. Four radial canals and ring canal present. Tentacular bulbs up to 24, with four perradial ones slightly larger; each bulb bearing one marginal tentacle and one red adaxial ocellus. Tentacles not very contractile, provided with evenly­distributed nematocysts. Manubrial peduncle about 1/3 of subumbrellar height. Manubrium cruciform in cross­section, length about 1/2 of the subumbrellar cavity; mouth lips four, perradial, folded and branched, each ending in four nematocyst knobs (fig. 10). Gonads consisting of four interradial pads, large, covering nearly whole manubrium, adnate perradially, orange to red in living animals. All observed animals were male. Nematocysts: exumbrella with heterotrichous microbasic euryteles (
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FB8E843EDFE28912" box="[1066,1204,1284,1310]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" metricValueMax="7.8" metricValueMin="5.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="6.8" valueMax="7.8" valueMin="5.8">5.8–7.8 µm</quantity>
x 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FB77843EDA65894A" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.85" metricValueMax="5.8" metricValueMin="3.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="4.85" valueMax="5.8" valueMin="3.9">3.9–5.8 µm</quantity>
); mouth lips with microbasic mastigophores (
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FC288416DF76894A" box="[908,1056,1324,1350]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" metricValueMax="8.8" metricValueMin="7.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="8.3" valueMax="8.8" valueMin="7.8">7.8–8.8 µm</quantity>
x 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FBF78416DFB0894A" box="[1107,1254,1324,1350]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="2.4" valueMax="2.9" valueMin="1.9">1.9–2.9 µm</quantity>
) and desmonemes (
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FE1D846ED91B8962" box="[441,589,1364,1390]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="3.4" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="2.9">2.9–3.9 µm</quantity>
x 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FDDA846ED8428962" box="[638,788,1364,1390]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="2.4" valueMax="2.9" valueMin="1.9">1.9–2.9 µm</quantity>
); tentacles with heterotrichous microbasic euryteles (
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FE258446D95C899A" box="[385,522,1404,1430]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" metricValueMax="6.8" metricValueMin="5.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="6.3" valueMax="6.8" valueMin="5.8">5.8–6.8 µm</quantity>
x 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FD8C8446D9E6899A" box="[552,688,1404,1430]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" metricValueMax="4.9" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="3.9" valueMax="4.9" valueMin="2.9">2.9–4.9 µm</quantity>
) and desmonemes (
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FC3C8446DF77899A" box="[920,1057,1404,1430]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.35" metricValueMax="5.8" metricValueMin="4.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="5.35" valueMax="5.8" valueMin="4.9">4.9–5.8 µm</quantity>
x 
<quantity id="4CA99B11FFC28D31FB9B8446DF9C899A" box="[1087,1226,1404,1430]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" metricValueMax="4.9" metricValueMin="3.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="4.4" valueMax="4.9" valueMin="3.9">3.9–4.9 µm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC28D31FEAC84FDDA2F89EC" blockId="4.[264,1324,1479,1905]" box="[264,377,1479,1504]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC28D31FEAC84FDDA2F89EC" box="[264,377,1479,1504]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Life cycle</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC28D31FE9C84D5D8178B7D" blockId="4.[264,1324,1479,1905]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
The monomorphic polyps of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFC28D31FD2F84D5D8D98A04" authority="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini, 2006" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[651,911,1519,1544]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC28D31FD2F84D5D8D98A04" box="[651,911,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Hydractinia uniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216579DFFC28D31FC3984D5D8AC8A05" box="[925,1018,1519,1545]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, release both frustules (up to 8) (fig. 11) and medusae (up to 2) (fig. 2, 11) at the same time. Frustules attach to the substratum on the first or second day of liberation, and three days after settlement a new polyp arises. Over the two­year period of this study we observed continuous production of medusae and frustules. The polyp tentacles are generally bent down, usually all reaching the same length and always longer than the body. The hydrorhiza grows slowly, never forming a dense stolonal network or a closed mat. Notably, the polyps agglutinate around their column several different materials (sponge spicules, foraminiferan tests, etc.). The frustules bud off from all parts of hydroid column and they do not move far, generally attaching themselves close to the parental polyp.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2E667CFFC38D30FEAC85DFDF008971" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646452/files/figure.svg" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" startId="5.[264,368,1253,1277]" targetBox="[94,1309,287,1241]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC38D30FEAC85DFDF008971" blockId="5.[264,1323,1253,1405]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC38D30FEAC85DFDAF088F1" bold="true" box="[264,422,1253,1277]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 1–4.</emphasis>
Overview of a polyp of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFC38D30FD1485DCD8C988F1" authority="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini, 2006" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[688,927,1254,1277]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC38D30FD1485DCD8C988F1" box="[688,927,1254,1277]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Hydractinia uniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216579DFFC38D30FC0985DFDF5588F1" box="[941,1027,1253,1277]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC38D30FC0985DFDF5588F1" bold="true" box="[941,1027,1253,1277]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
1, showing the hydrorhiza and a medusa bud shortly before release. Scale = 1 mm. 2, showing a medusa bud and the nippleshaped hypostome. Scale = 0.5 mm. 3, side view (confocal microscopy) of a newly released medusa of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFC38D30FED9847CD93D8951" authority="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini, 2006" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[381,619,1350,1373]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC38D30FED9847CD93D8951" box="[381,619,1350,1373]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Hydractinia uniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216579DFFC38D30FDDC847CD99D8951" box="[632,715,1350,1373]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Scale = 200 µm. 4, oral view using confocal microscopy of a newly released medusa of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFC38D30FDF6845CD8698971" authority="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini, 2006" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[594,831,1382,1405]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC38D30FDF6845CD8698971" box="[594,831,1382,1405]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Hydractinia uniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216579DFFC38D30FCE9845CD8F68971" box="[845,928,1382,1405]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Scale = 200 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC38D30FE9C8493D82E8B7E" blockId="5.[264,1325,1449,1906]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Newly released medusae have four marginal tentacles (figs 4 and 5) and four simple mouth arms with nematocyst knobs. After 15 days, medusae have 8 marginal tentacles (fig. 6) and the gonads start to develop. During this time, the number of branches on the mouth lips increase, reaching up to four branches each; from this stage on the mouth arms grow only in size (fig. 10). Forty days after release the medusae have 16 tentacles (fig. 7), and the gonads increase in size; the umbrella apex begins to flatten and the manubrium reaches almost 1/2 of the subumbrellar cavity. In mature medusae (fig. 8), the outline of the adaxial ocellus is not especially clear. During subsequent days, the medusae grow in size and between each pair of tentacles a new one arises, reaching a maximum of 24. We considered the medusae at this stage as adults, because thereafter they do not change in form, tentacle number (24) does not increase(figs 8 and 9), and during the following months they released gametes (sperm) into the water.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2E667CFFC08D33FEAC87B5DFED8B58" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646454/files/figure.svg" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" startId="6.[264,368,1679,1703]" targetBox="[274,1493,285,1613]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC08D33FEAC87B5DFED8B58" blockId="6.[264,1323,1679,1876]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC08D33FEAC87B5DAE58AAB" bold="true" box="[264,435,1679,1703]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">FIGURE 5–10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFC08D33FE1F87AAD9FF8AAB" authority="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini, 2006" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[443,681,1680,1703]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC08D33FE1F87AAD9FF8AAB" box="[443,681,1680,1703]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Hydractinia uniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216579DFFC08D33FD1387B5D85D8AAA" box="[695,779,1679,1702]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
5, side view of a newly released medusa; note the presence of only four tentacles. Scale = 350 µm. 6, side view of a 15­day­old medusa; note the eigh tentacles. Scale = 550 µm. 7, side view of a 40­day­old medusa; note the 16 tentacles. Scale = 950 µm. 8, side view of a mature medusa (~ 65 days old); note the 24 tentacles. Scale = 1.5 mm. 9, oral view of a mature medusa (~ 65 days old); note the 24 tentacles. Scale = 2 mm. 10, side view of the oral lips of a young medusa; note the branches with nematocysts knobs. Scale = 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC18D32FE9C8026D8968DDA" blockId="7.[264,1325,284,470]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
Curiously, the medusae swam only in the presence of light and with air bubbling into the water (which provided some current). Without these factors the medusae remained on the bottom and the marginal tentacles were kept contracted. During swimming, food (
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFC18D32FEB680AEDA268DA1" box="[274,368,404,429]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Artemiidae" genus="Artemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anostraca" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC18D32FEB680AEDA268DA1" box="[274,368,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Artemia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nauplii) was held on the umbrella margin and was ingested by contraction of the umbrella and extension of the manubrium and mouth arms.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B657FFFC18D3FFEAC833BD81C88C2" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC18D32FEAC833BDADA8E17" blockId="7.[264,396,513,539]" box="[264,396,513,539]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC18D32FEAC833BDADA8E17" bold="true" box="[264,396,513,539]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Discussion</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC18D32FEAC837BDADB8F47" blockId="7.[264,1323,577,843]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
The most recent published compilation of the nominal species belonging to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFC18D32FEAC8353DAC08E8E" authorityName="van Beneden" authorityYear="1841" box="[264,406,617,642]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC18D32FEAC8353DAC08E8E" box="[264,406,617,642]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Hydractinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was presented by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFC18D32FDD18353D8FE8E8F" author="Bouillon, J. &amp; Boero, F." box="[629,936,617,643]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="47 - 96" refId="ref3888" refString="Bouillon, J. &amp; Boero, F. (2000) Synopsis of the families and genera of the Hydromedusae of the world, with list of the worldwide species. Thalassia Salentina, 24, 47 - 96." type="journal article" year="2000">Bouillon &amp; Boero (2000)</bibRefCitation>
. However, the list included only those species with a medusa stage and no diagnosis or synonymy was included. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFC18D32FB6083ABDACC8EDF" author="Bouillon, J. &amp; Medel, D. &amp; Pena Cantero, A. L." pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="471 - 486" refId="ref3983" refString="Bouillon, J., Medel, D. &amp; Pena Cantero, A. L. (1997) The taxonomic status of the genus Stylactaria Stechow, 1921 (Hydroidomedusae, Anthomedusae, Hydractiniidae), with the description of a new species. Scientia Marina, 61 (4), 471 - 486." type="journal article" year="1997">
Bouillon 
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC18D32FEAC8383DA158EDE" box="[264,323,697,722]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
(1997)
</bibRefCitation>
provided a more detailed list (with some systematic comments), but only for members of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFC18D32FDB083DBD9C28EF6" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1921" box="[532,660,737,762]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC18D32FDB083DBD9C28EF6" box="[532,660,737,762]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Stylactaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We thus conducted an extensive search in the literature and found about 97 potentially valid nominal species in the genus (see details in Appendix).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2E667CFFC18D32FEAC8622DF228B7C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646456/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" startId="7.[264,368,1816,1840]" targetBox="[272,1274,887,1794]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFC18D32FEAC8622DF228B7C" blockId="7.[264,1323,1816,1904]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC18D32FEAC8622DACE8B3C" bold="true" box="[264,408,1816,1840]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
Schematic side view of a colony of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFC18D32FC8C8623DF418B3C" authority="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini, 2006" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[808,1047,1817,1840]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFC18D32FC8C8623DF418B3C" box="[808,1047,1817,1840]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Hydractinia uniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216579DFFC18D32FB828623DF2C8B3C" box="[1062,1146,1817,1840]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Note: the polyp tentacles are slightly retracted; the polyp on the right side is contracted and has frustules and medusa buds; the polyp on the left side has an older medusa bud. Scale = 500 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFCE8D3DFE9C8026DF6A8DF2" blockId="8.[264,1324,284,510]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFE9C8026D96A8D39" authority="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini, 2006" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[312,572,284,309]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCE8D3DFE9C8026D96A8D39" box="[312,572,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Hydractinia uniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216579DFFCE8D3DFDEF8026D9FE8D3A" box="[587,680,284,310]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, has some unique features that make it distinct from all other congeners: the extraordinarily long tentacles of the polyp; the unusual plate­like stolons; and the production of frustules from the hydranth body. The medusa has some additional features that are not very common in 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFCE680AED8A58DA2" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" box="[834,1011,404,430]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hydractiniidae</taxonomicName>
, namely the ocelli and the branched mouth lips. The monomorphic colonies are also unusual among 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFBD28086DE718DDA" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" box="[1142,1319,444,470]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hydractiniidae</taxonomicName>
, although colonies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFE5B80DED9328DF1" box="[511,612,484,509]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sarsii">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCE8D3DFE5B80DED9328DF1" box="[511,612,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">H. sarsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are likewise monomorphic (see 
<tableCitation id="C6D3034FFFCE8D3DFC4680DEDF7C8DF2" box="[994,1066,484,510]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[264,352,563,587]" captionTargetBox="[264,1306,730,1720]" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison between the polyp stages of Hydractinia uniformis, sp. nov., and some other hydractiniids which produce free­swimming medusae, and Hydractinia sarsii Steenstrup, 1850 which also have monomorphic polyps (mostly after Mayer, 1910; Edwards, 1972; Mills, 1976; Hirohito, 1988; Schuchert, 2001)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2E667CFFCE8D3DFEAC8309D9E28EBF" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" tableUuid="DF2E667CFFCE8D3DFEAC8309D9E28EBF">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2E667CFFCE8D3DFEAC8309D9E28EBF" ID-Table-UUID="DF2E667CFFCE8D3DFEAC8309D9E28EBF" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2E667CFFCE8D3DFEAC8309D9E28EBF" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" startId="8.[264,352,563,587]" targetBox="[264,1306,730,1720]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFCE8D3DFEAC8309D9E28EBF" blockId="8.[264,1323,563,691]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCE8D3DFEAC8309DA298E47" bold="true" box="[264,383,563,587]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Comparison between the polyp stages of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFCFC830EDF1F8E47" authority="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini, 2006" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[856,1097,564,587]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCE8D3DFCFC830EDF1F8E47" box="[856,1097,564,587]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Hydractinia uniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216579DFFCE8D3DFBFF830EDFE58E47" box="[1115,1203,564,587]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and some other hydractiniids which produce free­swimming medusae, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFC44836DDA6B8E9C" authority="Steenstrup, 1850" authorityName="Steenstrup" authorityYear="1850" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sarsii">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCE8D3DFC44836DDFFE8E62" box="[992,1192,599,622]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Hydractinia sarsii</emphasis>
Steenstrup, 1850
</taxonomicName>
which also have monomorphic polyps (mostly after 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFCE8D3DFC328343DF728E9C" author="Mayer, A. G." box="[918,1060,633,656]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="1977" refId="ref4966" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) The medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 109, vol. I. [Reprinted in 1977 by A. Asher &amp; Co. B. V., Amsterdam]." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer, 1910</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFCE8D3DFB908343DF8A8E9C" author="Edwards, C." box="[1076,1244,633,656]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="97 - 144" refId="ref4311" refString="Edwards, C. (1972) The hydroids and the medusae Podocoryne areolata, P. borealis and P. carnea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 52, 97 - 144." type="journal article" year="1972">Edwards, 1972</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFCE8D3DFB4F8343DE7C8E9C" author="Mills, C. E." box="[1259,1322,633,656]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="214 - 224" refId="ref5102" refString="Mills, C. E. (1976) Podocoryne selena, a new species of hydroid from the Gulf of Mexico, and a comparison with Hydractinia echinata. Biological Bulletin, 151, 214 - 224." type="journal article" year="1976">Mills,</bibRefCitation>
1976; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFCE8D3DFEEF83A6DABD8EBF" author="Hirohito" box="[331,491,668,691]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" refId="ref4794" refString="Hirohito, (1988) The hydroids of Sagami Bay, collected by his majesty the Emperor of Japan. Tokyo, Imperial Household." type="book" year="1988">Hirohito, 1988</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFCE8D3DFE5283A6D9FE8EBF" author="Schuchert, P." box="[502,680,668,691]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 184" refId="ref5350" refString="Schuchert, P. (2001) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184." type="journal article" year="2001">Schuchert, 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFCE8D3DFEA983E0DF858AB4" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<table id="F951C454FFCE72CAFEAC83E0DE4C8AB4" box="[264,1306,730,1720]" gridcols="6" gridrows="21" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC83E0DE4C8EFD" box="[264,1306,730,753]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC83E0D97C8EFD" box="[264,554,730,753]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Polyp character</th>
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFD3A83E0DF648EFD" box="[670,1074,730,753]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFD3B83E0D8738EFD" authority="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini, 2006" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[671,805,730,753]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCE8D3DFD3B83E0D8738EFD" box="[671,805,730,753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">H. uniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216579DFFCE8D3DFC8F83E0D82B8EFD" box="[811,893,730,753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFC2C83E0DF4C8EFD" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[904,1050,730,753]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="americana">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCE8D3DFC2C83E0DF4C8EFD" box="[904,1050,730,753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">H. americana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD83E0DE4C8EFD" box="[1129,1306,730,753]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFBCE83E0DFB28EFD" baseAuthorityName="Alder" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1130,1252,730,753]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="areolata">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCE8D3DFBCE83E0DFB28EFD" box="[1130,1252,730,753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">H. areolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC823DDE4C8F12" box="[264,1306,775,798]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC823DD97C8F12" box="[264,554,775,798]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Frustules</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFD3A823DD9AC8F12" box="[670,762,775,798]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC82823DD8FD8F12" box="[806,939,775,798]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">no</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD823DDE4C8F12" box="[1129,1306,775,798]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">no</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC820FDE4C8F40" box="[264,1306,821,844]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC820FD97C8F40" box="[264,554,821,844]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Gonophores</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFD3A820FDF648F40" box="[670,1074,821,844]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">free medusa free medusa</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD820FDE4C8F40" box="[1129,1306,821,844]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">free medusa</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC8258DE4C8F75" box="[264,1306,866,889]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC8258D97C8F75" box="[264,554,866,889]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Gonophores with tentacles</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFD3A8258D9AC8F75" box="[670,762,866,889]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">no</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC828258D8FD8F75" box="[806,939,866,889]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD8258DE4C8F75" box="[1129,1306,866,889]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC82AADE4C8FAB" box="[264,1306,912,935]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC82AAD9258FAB" box="[264,627,912,935]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Gonophores with marginal bulbs</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFD3A82AAD9AC8FAB" box="[670,762,912,935]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">no</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC8282AAD8FD8FAB" box="[806,939,912,935]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD82AADE4C8FAB" box="[1129,1306,912,935]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC8287DE4C8FD8" box="[264,1306,957,980]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC8287D97C8FD8" box="[264,554,957,980]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Distinct gonozooid</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFD3A8287D9AC8FD8" box="[670,762,957,980]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">no</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC828287D8FD8FD8" box="[806,939,957,980]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD8287DE4C8FD8" box="[1129,1306,957,980]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC82D1DE4C8809" box="[264,1306,1003,1029]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC82D1D97C8809" box="[264,554,1003,1029]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Number of gonophores</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFD3A82D1D9AC8809" box="[670,762,1003,1029]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">1–2</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC8282D1DF648809" box="[806,1074,1003,1029]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">2–10</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD82D1DE4C8809" box="[1129,1306,1003,1029]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">1–2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC8521DE4C883A" box="[264,1306,1051,1078]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC8521D97C883A" box="[264,554,1051,1078]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Spines (mm)</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFD3A8521D9AC883A" box="[670,762,1051,1078]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">absent</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC828521DF64883A" box="[806,1074,1051,1078]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">0.2–0.5</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD8521DE4C883A" box="[1129,1306,1051,1078]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">up to 0.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC8576DE4C886A" box="[264,1306,1100,1126]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC8576D9AC886A" box="[264,762,1100,1126]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Relative gonozooid/gastrozooid size 1/1</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC828576D8FD886A" box="[806,939,1100,1126]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">1/2</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD8576DE4C886A" box="[1129,1306,1100,1126]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">0.5–0.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC8546DE4C889F" box="[264,1306,1148,1171]" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC8546D97C889F" box="[264,554,1148,1171]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Hypostome shape</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFD3A8546D9AC889F" box="[670,762,1148,1171]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">nipple</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC828546DF64889F" box="[806,1074,1148,1171]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">dome</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD8546DE4C889F" box="[1129,1306,1148,1171]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">dome</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC85FBDE4C88D4" box="[264,1306,1217,1240]" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC85FBDE4C88D4" box="[264,1306,1217,1240]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">continued.</th>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC85C5DE4C891A" box="[264,1306,1279,1302]" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC85C5D97C891A" box="[264,554,1279,1302]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCE8D3DFEA985C5D945891A" box="[269,531,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFEA985C5DAD2891A" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[269,388,1279,1302]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="borealis">H. borealis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFE0D85C5D945891A" baseAuthorityName="Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[425,531,1279,1302]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carnea">H. carnea</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFDF485C5D9AC891A" box="[592,762,1279,1302]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFDF485C5D9AC891A" authorityName="Hirohito" authorityYear="1988" box="[592,762,1279,1302]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hayamaensis">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCE8D3DFDF485C5D9AC891A" box="[592,762,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">H. hayamaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC8285C5D8FD891A" box="[806,939,1279,1302]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFC8285C5D8D2891A" baseAuthorityName="Alcock" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[806,900,1279,1302]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="minoi">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCE8D3DFC8285C5D8D2891A" box="[806,900,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">H. minoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC6E85C5DF64891A" box="[970,1074,1279,1302]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFC6E85C5DF70891A" box="[970,1062,1279,1302]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sarsii">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCE8D3DFC6E85C5DF70891A" box="[970,1062,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">H. sarsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD85C5DE4C891A" box="[1129,1306,1279,1302]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFB3385C5DFAA891A" baseAuthorityName="Mills" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1175,1276,1279,1302]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="selena">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCE8D3DFB3385C5DFAA891A" box="[1175,1276,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">H. selena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC8416DE4C894F" box="[264,1306,1324,1347]" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC8416D97C894F" box="[264,554,1324,1347]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">no no</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFDF48416D925894F" box="[592,627,1324,1347]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">no</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC828416D8FD894F" box="[806,939,1324,1347]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">no</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC6E8416DF64894F" box="[970,1074,1324,1347]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">no</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD8416DE4C894F" box="[1129,1306,1324,1347]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">no</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC8460DE4C897D" box="[264,1306,1370,1393]" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC8460D97C897D" box="[264,554,1370,1393]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">free medusa free medusa</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFDF48460D9AC897D" box="[592,762,1370,1393]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">free medusa</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC828460D8FD897D" box="[806,939,1370,1393]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">free medusa</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC6E8460DF64897D" box="[970,1074,1370,1393]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">sporosacs</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD8460DE4C897D" box="[1129,1306,1370,1393]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">free medusa</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC84BDDE4C8992" box="[264,1306,1415,1438]" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC84BDD97C8992" box="[264,554,1415,1438]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes yes</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFDF484BDD9258992" box="[592,627,1415,1438]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC8284BDD8FD8992" box="[806,939,1415,1438]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC6E84BDDF648992" box="[970,1074,1415,1438]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">no</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD84BDDE4C8992" box="[1129,1306,1415,1438]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC848FDE4C89C0" box="[264,1306,1461,1484]" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC848FD97C89C0" box="[264,554,1461,1484]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes yes</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFDF4848FD92589C0" box="[592,627,1461,1484]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">no</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC82848FD8FD89C0" box="[806,939,1461,1484]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">no</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC6E848FDF6489C0" box="[970,1074,1461,1484]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">no</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD848FDE4C89C0" box="[1129,1306,1461,1484]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC84D8DE4C89F5" box="[264,1306,1506,1529]" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC84D8D97C89F5" box="[264,554,1506,1529]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes yes</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFDF484D8D92589F5" box="[592,627,1506,1529]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC8284D8D8FD89F5" box="[806,939,1506,1529]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC6E84D8DF6489F5" box="[970,1074,1506,1529]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD84D8DE4C89F5" box="[1129,1306,1506,1529]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">yes</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC872ADE4C8A27" box="[264,1306,1552,1579]" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC872AD97C8A27" box="[264,554,1552,1579]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">2–8 2–10</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFDF4872AD9AC8A27" box="[592,762,1552,1579]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">more than 10</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC82872AD8FD8A27" box="[806,939,1552,1579]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">4–7</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC6E872ADF648A27" box="[970,1074,1552,1579]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">2–4</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD872ADE4C8A27" box="[1129,1306,1552,1579]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">2–10</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC877ADE4C8A57" box="[264,1306,1600,1627]" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC877AD97C8A57" box="[264,554,1600,1627]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">0.2 0.2–0.5</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFDF4877AD9258A57" box="[592,627,1600,1627]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">0.5</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC82877AD8FD8A57" box="[806,939,1600,1627]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">absent</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC6E877ADF648A57" box="[970,1074,1600,1627]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">0.1–1</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD877ADE4C8A57" box="[1129,1306,1600,1627]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">up to 1.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC874BDE4C8A87" box="[264,1306,1649,1675]" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC874BD97C8A87" box="[264,554,1649,1675]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">1/2 1/2</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFDF4874BD9258A87" box="[592,627,1649,1675]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">1/2</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC82874BD8FD8A87" box="[806,939,1649,1675]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">1/2–1/4</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC6E874BDF648A87" box="[970,1074,1649,1675]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">0.8–1</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFBCD874BDE4C8A87" box="[1129,1306,1649,1675]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">1/2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCE72CAFEAC879BDE4C8AB4" box="[264,1306,1697,1720]" gridrow="20" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFEAC879BD97C8AB4" box="[264,554,1697,1720]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">dome dome</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFDF4879BD9AC8AB4" box="[592,762,1697,1720]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">dome</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC82879BD8FD8AB4" box="[806,939,1697,1720]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">dome</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCE72CAFC6E879BDE4C8AB4" box="[970,1306,1697,1720]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">nipple, capitate dome</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFCE8D3CFE9C862FDA2E8E42" blockId="8.[264,1323,1813,1879]" lastBlockId="9.[264,1324,284,750]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
Of the species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFDA0862FD9C48B22" authorityName="van Beneden" authorityYear="1841" box="[516,658,1813,1838]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCE8D3DFDA0862FD9C48B22" box="[516,658,1813,1838]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Hydractinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
having medusae with more than 8 tentacles (see 
<tableCitation id="C6D3034FFFCE8D3DFB75862FDE4A8B23" box="[1233,1308,1813,1839]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[264,352,803,827]" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparison of species of Hydractinia whose adult medusae have more than 8 tentacles (after Haeckel, 1879; Mayer, 1910; Kramp, 1961; Edwards, 1972, Mills, 1976)." pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Tab. 2</tableCitation>
), the one most resembling 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFD9C8607D9998B5A" authority="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini, 2006" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[568,719,1853,1878]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCE8D3DFD9C8607D9998B5A" box="[568,719,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">H. uniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216579DFFCE8D3DFD448607D8698B5B" box="[736,831,1853,1879]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, is 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCE8D3DFCCF8607DE7C8B5B" authority="(Agassiz &amp; Mayer, 1902)" authorityName="Agassiz &amp; Mayer" authorityYear="1902" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz &amp; Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[875,1322,1853,1879]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ocellata">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCE8D3DFCCF8607D8B98B5A" box="[875,1007,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">H. ocellata</emphasis>
(Agassiz &amp; Mayer, 1902)
</taxonomicName>
from South Pacific Ocean. However, 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFD6A8026D8058D39" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz &amp; Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[718,851,284,309]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ocellata">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFD6A8026D8058D39" box="[718,851,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">H. ocellata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has vacuolated cells at the base of the stomach (at the insertion of the radial canals) — a trait otherwise typical for the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFEAC8056D91A8D8A" authority="McCrady, 1857" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1857" box="[264,588,364,390]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFEAC8056DADF8D89" box="[264,393,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Turritopsis</emphasis>
McCrady, 1857
</taxonomicName>
, to which it might perhaps belong (their polyps are unknown so far). Moreover, it possesses up to 50 marginal tentacles. Two other species that also have branched oral lips are 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFDEE8086D8BA8DDA" authority="(Mayer, 1900)" authorityName="Mayer" authorityYear="1900" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[586,1004,444,470]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFDEE8086D8688DD9" box="[586,830,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Hydractinia borealis</emphasis>
(Mayer, 1900)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFB818086DA1A8DF2" authority="(Haeckel, 1879)" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1879" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polystyla">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFB818086DFE58DD9" box="[1061,1203,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">H. polystyla</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFCF8D3CFB658086DA128DF2" author="Haeckel, E." pageId="9" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref4696" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Teil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 1: XX + 1 - 360, 20 plates." type="book chapter" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFCF8D3CFE2A80DED96B8DF2" author="Haeckel, E." box="[398,573,484,510]" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref4696" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Teil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 1: XX + 1 - 360, 20 plates." type="book chapter" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFCF8D3CFDEF80DED9B38DF2" author="Mayer, A. G." box="[587,741,484,510]" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" pagination="1977" refId="ref4966" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) The medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 109, vol. I. [Reprinted in 1977 by A. Asher &amp; Co. B. V., Amsterdam]." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer, 1910</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFCF8D3CFD5780DED8FF8DF2" author="Edwards, C." box="[755,937,484,510]" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" pagination="97 - 144" refId="ref4311" refString="Edwards, C. (1972) The hydroids and the medusae Podocoryne areolata, P. borealis and P. carnea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 52, 97 - 144." type="journal article" year="1972">Edwards, 1972</bibRefCitation>
). However, 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFB9C80DEDFEB8DF1" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1080,1213,484,509]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="borealis">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFB9C80DEDFEB8DF1" box="[1080,1213,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">H. borealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not have ocelli, while 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFE478336D9248E29" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[483,626,524,549]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polystyla">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFE478336D9248E29" box="[483,626,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">H. polystyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has more tentacles and differs in the shape and size of the umbrella.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFCF8D3CFE9C8366D9DB8EE1" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,750]" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
The medusa species 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFD958366D8928E7A" authority="(Mayer, 1900)" authorityName="Mayer" authorityYear="1900" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[561,964,604,630]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFD958366D85A8E79" box="[561,780,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Hydractinia dubia</emphasis>
(Mayer, 1900)
</taxonomicName>
, described from the 
<collectingCountry id="F3467664FFCF8D3CFB198366DE708E7A" box="[1213,1318,604,630]" name="Haiti" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="4995F816FFCF8D3CFEAC83BEDA0A8E92" box="[264,348,644,670]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Florida</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="F3467664FFCF8D3CFED483BEDAE68E92" box="[368,432,644,670]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">USA</collectingCountry>
), is probably a young stage of another species. It resembles juveniles of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFEAC8396D9478EC9" authority="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini, 2006" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[264,529,684,709]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFEAC8396D9478EC9" box="[264,529,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Hydractinia uniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216579DFFCF8D3CFD808396D9D38ECA" box="[548,645,684,710]" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, but differs in having black ocelli and swellings on the radial canals (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFCF8D3CFE0E83EED92B8EE2" author="Mayer, A. G." box="[426,637,724,750]" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" pagination="1977" refId="ref4966" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) The medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 109, vol. I. [Reprinted in 1977 by A. Asher &amp; Co. B. V., Amsterdam]." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer, 1910: 141</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFCF8D3CFEAC8219DF0F8F51" blockId="9.[264,1322,803,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFEAC8219DA2D8F37" bold="true" box="[264,379,803,827]" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Comparison of species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFD3E821ED84D8F37" authorityName="van Beneden" authorityYear="1841" box="[666,795,804,827]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFD3E821ED84D8F37" box="[666,795,804,827]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Hydractinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
whose adult medusae have more than 8 tentacles (after Haeckel, 1879; Mayer, 1910; Kramp, 1961; Edwards, 1972, Mills, 1976).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFCF8D3CFEA982BEDFD98AA5" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<table id="F951C454FFCF72CAFEAC82BEDE4A8AA5" box="[264,1308,900,1705]" gridcols="6" gridrows="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<tr id="356134B6FFCF72CAFEAC82BEDE4A8F90" box="[264,1308,900,924]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFEAC82BED8458F90" box="[264,787,900,924]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
Medusa character 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFD9782BFD9EF8F90" authority="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini, 2006" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[563,697,901,924]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFD9782BFD9EF8F90" box="[563,697,901,924]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">H. uniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216579DFFCF8D3CFD6482BED8458F97" box="[704,787,900,923]" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</th>
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC8382BEDE4A8F90" box="[807,1308,900,924]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFC8382BFDE598F90" box="[807,1295,901,924]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFC8382BFD8EC8F90" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[807,954,901,924]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="americana">H. americana</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFC4E82BFDF328F90" baseAuthorityName="Alder" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1002,1124,901,924]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="areolata">H. areolata</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFB3C82BFDE598F90" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1176,1295,901,924]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="borealis">H. borealis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCF72CAFEAC8288DE4A8FC1" box="[264,1308,946,973]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFEAC8288D8458FC1" box="[264,787,946,973]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Size of umbrella in adult 0.9–3.5 mm</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC838288DE4A8FC1" box="[807,1308,946,973]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">0.5–3.5 mm 0.72–4 mm 0.7–6.3 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCF72CAFEAC82D9DE4A8FF6" box="[264,1308,995,1018]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFEAC82D9DA958FF6" box="[264,451,995,1018]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Shape of bell top</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFE7E82D9D8458FF6" box="[474,787,995,1018]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">flat to deep</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC8382D9DE4A8FF6" box="[807,1308,995,1018]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">globular cone­shaped cone­shaped</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCF72CAFEAC852ADE4A882B" box="[264,1308,1040,1063]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFEAC852ADA95882B" box="[264,451,1040,1063]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Manubrium</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFE7E852AD845882B" box="[474,787,1040,1063]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">bulbous­shaped</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC83852ADE4A882B" box="[807,1308,1040,1063]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">fusiform tubular tubular</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCF72CAFEAC8507DE4A8858" box="[264,1308,1085,1108]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFEAC8507DA958858" box="[264,451,1085,1108]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Mouth lips</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFE7E8507D8458858" box="[474,787,1085,1108]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">4, branched</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC838507DE4A8858" box="[807,1308,1085,1108]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">4, unbranched 4, unbranched 4, branched</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCF72CAFEAC8551DE4A888A" box="[264,1308,1131,1158]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFEAC8551D9D6888A" box="[264,640,1131,1158]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Branches per mouth lips 4</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC838551D83D888A" box="[807,875,1131,1158]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">­</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC2C8551DF78888A" box="[904,1070,1131,1158]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">­</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFBEE8551DE4A888A" box="[1098,1308,1131,1158]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">2–4 or more</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCF72CAFEAC85A1DE4A88BA" box="[264,1308,1179,1206]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFEAC85A1DA9588BA" box="[264,451,1179,1206]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Tentacles</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFE7E85A1D9D688BA" box="[474,640,1179,1206]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">8–24</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC8385A1D83D88BA" box="[807,875,1179,1206]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">4–32</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC2C85A1DF7888BA" box="[904,1070,1179,1206]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">16–57</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFBEE85A1DE4A88BA" box="[1098,1308,1179,1206]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">18–39</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCF72CAFEAC85F6DE4A88EF" box="[264,1308,1228,1251]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFEAC85F6DA9588EF" box="[264,451,1228,1251]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Ocellus</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFE7E85F6D9D688EF" box="[474,640,1228,1251]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">present</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC8385F6D83D88EF" box="[807,875,1228,1251]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">absent</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC2C85F6DF7888EF" box="[904,1070,1228,1251]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">absent</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFBEE85F6DE4A88EF" box="[1098,1308,1228,1251]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCF72CAFEAC8428DE4A8925" box="[264,1308,1298,1321]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFEAC8428DE4A8925" box="[264,1308,1298,1321]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">continued.</th>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCF72CAFEAC8477DE4A8968" box="[264,1308,1357,1380]" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFEAC8477DA958968" box="[264,451,1357,1380]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFEA98477DA2E8968" baseAuthorityName="Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[269,376,1357,1380]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carnea">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFEA98477DA2E8968" box="[269,376,1357,1380]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">H. carnea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFE7E8477D9D68968" box="[474,640,1357,1380]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFE7E8477D96E8968" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[474,568,1357,1380]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFE7E8477D96E8968" box="[474,568,1357,1380]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">H. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFD098477D83D8968" box="[685,875,1357,1380]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFD098477D8728968" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz &amp; Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[685,804,1357,1380]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ocellata">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFD098477D8728968" box="[685,804,1357,1380]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">H. ocellata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC2C8477DF788968" box="[904,1070,1357,1380]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFC2D8477DF5C8968" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[905,1034,1357,1380]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polystyla">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFC2D8477DF5C8968" box="[905,1034,1357,1380]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">H. polystyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFBEE8477DE4A8968" box="[1098,1308,1357,1380]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFBEF8477DFE68968" baseAuthorityName="Mills" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1099,1200,1357,1380]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="selena">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFBEF8477DFE68968" box="[1099,1200,1357,1380]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">H. selena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCF72CAFEAC8441DE4A8999" box="[264,1308,1403,1429]" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFEAC8441DA958999" box="[264,451,1403,1429]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">1–3.5 mm</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFE7E8441D9D68999" box="[474,640,1403,1429]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">1.5 mm</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFD098441D8458999" box="[685,787,1403,1429]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">4 mm</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC2C8441DF788999" box="[904,1070,1403,1429]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">1.5 mm</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFBEE8441DE4A8999" box="[1098,1308,1403,1429]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">0.9–1.8 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCF72CAFEAC8491DE4A89CE" box="[264,1308,1451,1474]" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFEAC8491DA9589CE" box="[264,451,1451,1474]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">flat</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFE7E8491D9D689CE" box="[474,640,1451,1474]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">rounded</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFD098491D84589CE" box="[685,787,1451,1474]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">flat</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC2C8491DF7889CE" box="[904,1070,1451,1474]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">rounded</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFBEE8491DE4A89CE" box="[1098,1308,1451,1474]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">cone­shaped</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCF72CAFEAC84E3DE4A89FC" box="[264,1308,1497,1520]" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFEAC84E3DA9589FC" box="[264,451,1497,1520]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">flask­shaped</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFE7E84E3D9D689FC" box="[474,640,1497,1520]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">pear­shaped</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFD0984E3D84589FC" box="[685,787,1497,1520]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">tubular</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC2C84E3DF7889FC" box="[904,1070,1497,1520]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">cubical</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFBEE84E3DE4A89FC" box="[1098,1308,1497,1520]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">tubular</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCF72CAFEAC873CDE4A8A11" box="[264,1308,1542,1565]" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFEAC873CDA958A11" box="[264,451,1542,1565]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">4, unbranched</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFE7E873CD9D68A11" box="[474,640,1542,1565]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">4, unbranched</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFD09873CD83D8A11" box="[685,875,1542,1565]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">4, branched</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC2C873CDF788A11" box="[904,1070,1542,1565]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">4, branched</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFBEE873CDE4A8A11" box="[1098,1308,1542,1565]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">4, unbranched</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCF72CAFEAC870EDE4A8A47" box="[264,1308,1588,1611]" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFEAC870EDA958A47" box="[264,451,1588,1611]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">­</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFE7E870ED9D68A47" box="[474,640,1588,1611]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">­</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFD09870ED8458A47" box="[685,787,1588,1611]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">4</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC2C870EDF788A47" box="[904,1070,1588,1611]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">4</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFBEE870EDE4A8A47" box="[1098,1308,1588,1611]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">­</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCF72CAFEAC875BDE4A8A70" box="[264,1308,1633,1660]" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFEAC875BDA958A70" box="[264,451,1633,1660]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">4–8, rarely 16</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFE7E875BD9D68A70" box="[474,640,1633,1660]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">8</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFD09875BD8458A70" box="[685,787,1633,1660]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">up to 50</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC2C875BDF788A70" box="[904,1070,1633,1660]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">32</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFBEE875BDE4A8A70" box="[1098,1308,1633,1660]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">8–14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356134B6FFCF72CAFEAC87A8DE4A8AA5" box="[264,1308,1682,1705]" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFEAC87A8DA958AA5" box="[264,451,1682,1705]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">absent</th>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFE7E87A8D9D68AA5" box="[474,640,1682,1705]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">present</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFD0987A8D8458AA5" box="[685,787,1682,1705]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">present</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFC2C87A8DF788AA5" box="[904,1070,1682,1705]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">present</td>
<td id="76B05DCAFFCF72CAFBEE87A8DE4A8AA5" box="[1098,1308,1682,1705]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">absent</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFCF8D3FFE9C87C3D9508D8A" blockId="9.[264,1323,1785,1891]" lastBlockId="10.[264,1324,284,1230]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">
Until now, only two species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFD1B87C3D81A8B1E" authorityName="van Beneden" authorityYear="1841" box="[703,844,1785,1810]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFD1B87C3D81A8B1E" box="[703,844,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Hydractinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
medusae have been recorded from the entire coast of 
<collectingCountry id="F3467664FFCF8D3CFE1C861BD9528B37" box="[440,516,1825,1851]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Brazil</collectingCountry>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFDB5861BD86F8B37" authority="(Trinci, 1903)" authorityName="Trinci" authorityYear="1903" baseAuthorityName="Trinci" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[529,825,1825,1851]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFDB5861BD9D88B36" box="[529,654,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">H. minima</emphasis>
(Trinci, 1903)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFCD1861BDE7C8B36" authority="(Mayer, 1900) (Migotto et al., 2002" authorityName="Migotto et al." authorityYear="2002" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[885,1322,1825,1851]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="minuta">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFCD1861BD8BA8B36" box="[885,1004,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">H. minuta</emphasis>
(Mayer, 1900) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFCF8D3CFB09861BDE7C8B36" author="Migotto, A. E. &amp; Marques, A. C. &amp; Morandini, A. C. &amp; Silveira, F. L. da" box="[1197,1322,1825,1851]" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref5018" refString="Migotto, A. E., Marques, A. C., Morandini, A. C. &amp; Silveira, F. L. da (2002) Checklist of the Cnidaria Medusozoa of Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 2 (1), 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="2002">
Migotto 
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFAB1861BDE7C8B36" box="[1301,1322,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">et</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFEAC8673DA708B6E" box="[264,294,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">al.</emphasis>
, 2002). Medusae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCF8D3CFDBA8673D9E58B6E" authority="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini, 2006" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[542,691,1865,1890]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCF8D3CFDBA8673D9E58B6E" box="[542,691,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">H. uniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216579DFFCF8D3CFD678673D8778B6F" box="[707,801,1865,1891]" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, differ from them in tentacle number and in having an ocellus on each tentacle bulb. Even more notably, we never observed production of medusa buds on the manubrium of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCC8D3FFD65807ED8028D51" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[705,852,324,349]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCC8D3FFD65807ED8028D51" box="[705,852,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">H. uniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a 
<typeStatus id="54EA8856FFCC8D3FFCD1807ED8F18D52" box="[885,935,324,350]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">type</typeStatus>
of asexual reproduction found in the other two species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFCC8D3FFE9C80AED98E8E42" blockId="10.[264,1324,284,1230]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
The two dissimilar ways of producing a dispersive phase — by frustules and by medusae — in 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCC8D3FFE1B8086D9908DD9" authority="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini, 2006" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[447,710,444,469]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCC8D3FFE1B8086D9908DD9" box="[447,710,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Hydractinia uniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216579DFFCC8D3FFD7C8086D8618DDA" box="[728,823,444,470]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, represent different dispersal strategies of the species. The free swimming medusae increase genetic variability and the distributional range of the species. Meanwhile, the frustules increase the number of individuals in a small area and can act as resting stages.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFCC8D3FFE9C8366D8E48EE2" blockId="10.[264,1324,284,1230]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
Many other species of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCC8D3FFD408366D8248E79" authorityName="van Beneden" authorityYear="1841" box="[740,882,604,629]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCC8D3FFD408366D8248E79" box="[740,882,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Hydractinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are epizoic on other invertebrates, particularly encrusting mollusk shells (of living snails or inhabited by hermit crabs) (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFCC8D3FFEAC8396DAA08ECA" author="Cerrano, C. &amp; Puce, S. &amp; Chiantore, M. &amp; Bavestrello, G." box="[264,502,684,710]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="488 - 494" refId="ref4064" refString="Cerrano, C., Puce, S., Chiantore, M. &amp; Bavestrello, G. (2000) Unusual trophic strategies of Hydractinia angusta (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Polar Biology, 23 (7), 488 - 494." type="journal article" year="2000">
Cerrano 
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCC8D3FFECA8396DAFF8EC9" box="[366,425,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
, 2000
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFCC8D3FFDA78396D9148ECA" author="Cerrano C. &amp; Puce, S. &amp; Chiantore, M. &amp; Bavestrello, G. &amp; Cattaneo-Vietti, R." box="[515,578,684,710]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="577 - 581" refId="ref4116" refString="Cerrano C., Puce, S., Chiantore, M., Bavestrello, G. &amp; Cattaneo-Vietti, R. (2001) The influence of the epizooic hydroid Hydractinia angusta on the recruitment of the Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki. Polar Biology, 24, 577 - 581." type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
). Polyps of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCC8D3FFD698396D8378EC9" authority="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini, 2006" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Tronolone &amp; Morandini" authorityYear="2006" box="[717,865,684,709]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uniformis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCC8D3FFD698396D8378EC9" box="[717,865,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">H. uniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216579DFFCC8D3FFCD58396D8988ECA" box="[881,974,684,710]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, were collected on dead coral fragments, which were sometimes buried on the sediment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFCC8D3FFE9C83C6DE74880A" blockId="10.[264,1324,284,1230]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
Based on the available published literature (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFCC8D3FFCDD83C6DF6B8F1A" author="Schuchert, P." box="[889,1085,764,790]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref5313" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Athecate Hydroids and their Medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert, 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFCC8D3FFBEE83C6DA108F32" author="Bouillon, J. &amp; Boero, F." pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="47 - 96" refId="ref3888" refString="Bouillon, J. &amp; Boero, F. (2000) Synopsis of the families and genera of the Hydromedusae of the world, with list of the worldwide species. Thalassia Salentina, 24, 47 - 96." type="journal article" year="2000">Bouillon &amp; Boero, 2000</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B05FFCC8D3FFEF0821ED9068F32" author="Bouillon, J. &amp; Medel, D. &amp; Pages, F. &amp; Gili, J. M. &amp; Boero, F. &amp; Gravili, C." box="[340,592,804,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 449" refId="ref3929" refString="Bouillon, J., Medel, D., Pages, F., Gili, J. M., Boero, F. &amp; Gravili, C. (2004) Fauna of the Mediterranean Hydrozoa. Scientia Marina, 68 (Suppl. 2), 1 - 449." type="journal article" year="2004">
Bouillon 
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCC8D3FFE60821ED9568F31" box="[452,512,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
, 2004
</bibRefCitation>
), several species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCC8D3FFCE5821ED8998F31" authorityName="van Beneden" authorityYear="1841" box="[833,975,804,829]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCC8D3FFCE5821ED8998F31" box="[833,975,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Hydractinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
present characters which are not listed or differ from the ones that have been incorporated in the diagnosis of the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCC8D3FFEAC824EDAEC8F82" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" box="[264,442,884,910]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hydractiniidae</taxonomicName>
. Among these is the occurrence of monomorphic colonies, observed in certain valid species of the genus (see above). Also, the presence/absence of ocelli is a feature that can be misinterpreted depending on the condition of the observed specimen (e.g., ocelli tend to lose their coloration in badly­preserved or long­preserved specimens).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36F4FFCC8D3FFE9C852ED81C88C2" blockId="10.[264,1324,284,1230]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
Finally, the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCC8D3FFD80852ED9858822" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" box="[548,723,1044,1070]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hydractiniidae</taxonomicName>
unquestionably needs morphological revision. In particular, the family diagnosis does not include all the variations observed in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCC8D3FFEAC855EDAC08871" authorityName="van Beneden" authorityYear="1841" box="[264,406,1124,1149]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCC8D3FFEAC855EDAC08871" box="[264,406,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Hydractinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Moreover, complete life cycles are known for few of the species. Finally, when 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCC8D3FFEF085B6DAB288A9" authorityName="M. Sars" authorityYear="1846" box="[340,484,1164,1189]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Podocoryna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCC8D3FFEF085B6DAB288A9" box="[340,484,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Podocoryna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCC8D3FFD8185B6D9F388A9" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1921" box="[549,677,1164,1189]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCC8D3FFD8185B6D9F388A9" box="[549,677,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Stylactaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are considered synonymous with 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D77FFCC8D3FFBE885B6DF8C88A9" authorityName="van Beneden" authorityYear="1841" box="[1100,1242,1164,1189]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAE6FFCC8D3FFBE885B6DF8C88A9" box="[1100,1242,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Hydractinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, some secondary homonyms are created (see appendix).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>