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<document id="9F8491FB59DAA07BCDC00F74331D0758" ID-CLB-Dataset="42365" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6f1d1977-6b97-4789-828c-76ed250cf1ae" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="242729" ID-ZooBank="D6AD2B49-170B-4D9C-84AA-DBE0FEEAD8BE" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460936415633" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano &amp; Boero, Ferdinando" docDate="2015" docId="03F887DEFFE4FFAA9CD60F97D392FD1A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03908p187.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3908 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Stylactaria fucicola M. Sars 1857" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="FFC1FFA6FFF6FFB99C410F49D739FFD6" masterDocTitle="The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide" masterLastPageNumber="187" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1698583517399" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="669F94F8EF02EF71AE0361CBD1F7CAC7">The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8C38E5F69C9D16D02E5861C415B85946">Gravili, Cinzia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0705CF7836D32AD6B52E07D1B1A9E10D">Vito, Doris De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E0CB0C61E00B05CAE6D32D666C599481">Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DC0DD34C6EB6C8403180EC4BA545BFB8">Martell, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D3361767198C49C9B52ACB9A4AAF524E">Piraino, Stefano</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F4C5E25AC8C2CAA3D84295C7C47BBA37">Boero, Ferdinando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="329960554545A7A11AC40D96DCE383D3">2015</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03F887DEFFE4FFAA9CD60F97D392FD1A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6106950" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119591034" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6106950" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887DEFFE4FFAA9CD60F97D392FD1A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887DEFFE4FFAA9CD60F97D392FD1A" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFE4FFAB9CD60F97D5F0FE89" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFE4FFAB9CD60F97D57FFF2E" blockId="18.[151,582,222,282]" box="[151,582,222,248]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="D0A681A4FFE4FFAB9CD60F97D57FFF2E" bold="true" box="[151,582,222,248]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFE4FFAB9CD60F97D57FFF2E" ID-CoL="6ZZRN" authority="M. Sars, 1857" authorityName="M. Sars" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,582,222,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fucicola">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB9CD60F97D57FFF2E" bold="true" box="[151,582,222,248]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB9CD60F97D6B8FF2E" bold="true" box="[151,385,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Stylactaria fucicola</emphasis>
(M. Sars, 1857)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFE4FFAB9CD60E48D625FECF" blockId="18.[151,582,222,282]" box="[151,284,257,282]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<figureCitation id="136A2A4DFFE4FFAB9CD60E48D7DDFECF" box="[151,228,257,282]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1310,1332]" captionTargetBox="[383,1204,392,1294]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[374,1212,387,1294]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Stylactaria fucicola: A, colony; B, gonozooid with male sporosacs (A, B same scale bar); C, male sporosac; D, nematocysts: microbasic euryteles and desmoneme (drawn by C. G. Di Camillo). Scale bars: A, B, 0.5 mm; C, 0.5 mm; D, 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242739/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
A–D
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFE4FFAB9CD60E00D5F0FE89" blockId="18.[151,713,329,351]" box="[151,713,329,351]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
See
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE4FFAB9C830E00D64CFE89" author="Schuchert" box="[194,373,329,351]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Schuchert, P. (2008 a) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 3. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 115 (2), 221 - 302." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert (2008a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE4FFAB9DC10E00D68DFE89" author="Schuchert" box="[384,436,329,351]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Schuchert, P. (2013) Stylactaria inermis (Allman, 1872). In: Schuchert, P. (2013) World Hydrozoa database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / hydrozoa / (accessed 19 November 2013)" type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
) for a complete synonymy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2E6640FFE4FFAB9CD60A57D7F9FAA7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242739/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" targetBox="[383,1204,392,1294]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFE4FFAB9CD60A57D7F9FAA7" blockId="18.[151,1435,1310,1393]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB9CD60A57D619FAE5" bold="true" box="[151,288,1310,1332]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFE4FFAB9D660A57D6D7FAE2" box="[295,494,1310,1332]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fucicola">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB9D660A57D6D7FAE2" box="[295,494,1310,1332]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Stylactaria fucicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB9DBC0A57D536FAE5" bold="true" box="[509,527,1310,1331]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A</emphasis>
, colony;
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB9E310A57D5B8FAE5" bold="true" box="[624,641,1310,1331]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">B</emphasis>
, gonozooid with male sporosacs (A, B same scale bar);
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB98850A57D3EFFAE2" bold="true" box="[1220,1238,1310,1332]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
, male sporosac;
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB99C20A57D2ACFAE5" bold="true" box="[1411,1429,1310,1331]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">D</emphasis>
, nematocysts: microbasic euryteles and desmoneme (drawn by C.G. Di Camillo). Scale bars: A, B, 0.5 mm; C, 0.5 mm; D, 10 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFE4FFAB9CD60AD1D649FA03" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFE4FFAB9CD60AD1D649FA03" blockId="18.[151,1437,1432,2033]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB9CD60AD1D6BBFA67" bold="true" box="[151,386,1432,1457]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Material examined.</emphasis>
HCUS-S 0 11 and HCUS-S 0 12 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento—fauna of the Salento Peninsula).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFE4FFAA9C860AA9D360FF02" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFE4FFAB9C860AA9D2B2FA2F" blockId="18.[151,1437,1432,2033]" box="[199,1419,1504,1529]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB9C860AA9D668FA2F" bold="true" box="[199,337,1504,1529]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Description</emphasis>
(based on our own observations;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE4FFAB9E8A0AA9D454FA2F" author="Stechow" box="[715,877,1504,1529]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172." type="journal article" year="1919">Stechow 1919</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE4FFAB9F390AA9D30DFA2F" author="Schuchert" box="[888,1076,1504,1529]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Schuchert, P. (2008 a) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 3. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 115 (2), 221 - 302." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2008a</bibRefCitation>
both as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFE4FFAB98D00AA9D240FA2F" box="[1169,1401,1504,1529]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fucicola">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB98D00AA9D240FA2F" box="[1169,1401,1504,1529]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hydractinia fucicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFE4FFAB9C86094DD597F923" blockId="18.[151,1437,1432,2033]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB9C86094DD60AF9CB" bold="true" box="[199,307,1540,1565]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hydroid.</emphasis>
Hydrorhiza encrusting, covered by naked coenosarc, with or without numerous spines; colonies stolonal, polymorphic with gastrozooids, gonozooids, and sometimes tentaculozooids; gastrozooids fusiform to cylindrical, up to
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFFE4FFAB9D220904D69FF9B2" box="[355,422,1613,1637]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
long, without perisarc collar at base; hypostome cylindrical; 6–12 tentacles; gonozooids usually smaller and more slender than gastrozooids, 4–8 tentacles and trumpet-shaped hypostome; colonies dioecious. Gonophores as fixed sporosacs, males spherical, females slightly flattened on both extremes, with 6–
<specimenCount id="9D57FD41FFE4FFAB99C009DDD2A5F97B" box="[1409,1436,1684,1709]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="egg">12</specimenCount>
eggs; both covered by numerous nematocysts, without radial canals or tentacle rudiments, spadix present. Colours: spine perisarc brown, hydranths orange or pink.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFE4FFAB9C860849D241F8EB" blockId="18.[151,1437,1432,2033]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB9C860849D602F8CF" bold="true" box="[199,315,1792,1817]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cnidome.</emphasis>
Microbasic euryteles of two size classes, desmonemes; both gastrozooids and gonozooids with a characteristic ring of large microbasic eurytele cnidocysts surrounding the hypostome above the tentacle whorl.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFE4FFAB9C860801D65AF853" blockId="18.[151,1437,1432,2033]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB9C860801D65DF8B7" bold="true" box="[199,356,1864,1889]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Habitat
<typeStatus id="54EA886AFFE4FFAB9D6B0801D666F8B7" box="[298,351,1864,1889]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
In the Mediterranean,
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFE4FFAB9E250800D5E2F8B7" box="[612,731,1864,1889]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fucicola">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB9E250800D5E2F8B7" box="[612,731,1864,1889]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S. fucicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs only in shallow waters (
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFFE4FFAB987F0800D3ACF8B7" box="[1086,1173,1865,1889]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="15.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="0.0">0–30 m</quantity>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE4FFAB98ED0800D2AEF8B7" author="Boero" box="[1196,1431,1864,1889]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi, 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE4FFAB9CD60825D66EF853" author="Schuchert" box="[151,343,1900,1925]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Schuchert, P. (2008 a) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 3. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 115 (2), 221 - 302." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2008a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFE4FFAB9C8608D9D496F87F" blockId="18.[151,1437,1432,2033]" box="[199,943,1936,1961]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB9C8608D9D678F87F" bold="true" box="[199,321,1936,1961]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Substrate.</emphasis>
Algae, hydroids, barnacles,
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFE4FFAB9EC108D9D5CBF87F" box="[640,754,1936,1961]" class="Liliopsida" family="Posidoniaceae" genus="Posidonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB9EC108D9D5CBF87F" box="[640,754,1936,1961]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Posidonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaves, sponges.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFE4FFAB9C8608FDD329F827" blockId="18.[151,1437,1432,2033]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB9C8608FDD66DF81B" bold="true" box="[199,340,1972,1997]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Seasonality.</emphasis>
In the Ligurian Sea from January to August, November–December (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE4FFAB981808FCD207F81B" author="Boero" box="[1113,1342,1972,1997]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi 1986</bibRefCitation>
; Puce
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE4FFAB99C908FFD794F827" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
. 2009); in Salento waters from November to May (De Vito 2006; this study).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFE5FFAA9C860FDED360FF02" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9C860FDED6FDFF66" bold="true" box="[199,452,151,176]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Reproductive period.</emphasis>
In the Ligurian Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9EEF0FD1D4A8FF66" author="Boero" box="[686,913,151,176]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi 1986</bibRefCitation>
; Puce
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9F980FD0D333FF66" box="[985,1034,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. 2009), reproductive colonies occur in April, August; from February to April (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFE5FFAA9C860F96D462FE5E" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFE5FFAA9C860F96D4C7FECA" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9C860F96D659FF2E" bold="true" box="[199,352,223,248]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Distribution.</emphasis>
Northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9F790F96D33FFF2E" author="Castric-Fey" box="[824,1030,223,248]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Castric-Fey, A. (1970) Sur quelques hydraires de l'Archipel de Glenan (Sud-Finistere). Vie Milieu, 21 (1), 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1970">Castric-Fey 1970</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA985B0F96D2AEFF2E" author="Medel" box="[1050,1431,223,248]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Medel, M. D. &amp; Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="1996">Medel &amp; López-González 1996</bibRefCitation>
; Bouillon
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9D410E4CD608FECB" box="[256,305,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. 2004;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9DC40E4DD55AFECA" author="Gravili" box="[389,611,260,285]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9D9D0E4CD534FECB" box="[476,525,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. 2008a
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9E2F0E4DD417FECA" author="Schuchert" box="[622,814,260,285]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Schuchert, P. (2008 a) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 3. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 115 (2), 221 - 302." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2008a</bibRefCitation>
; Puce
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9F340E4CD49FFECB" box="[885,934,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. 2009).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFE5FFAA9C860E6ED462FE5E" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9C860E6ED697FE96" bold="true" box="[199,430,295,320]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Records in Salento.</emphasis>
Common at Porto Cesareo (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9EAC0E6ED4DFFE96" author="Faucci" box="[749,998,295,320]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Faucci, A. &amp; Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. &amp; Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255" type="journal article" year="2000">Faucci &amp; Boero 2000</bibRefCitation>
); Costa Merlata (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA98E70E6ED2A1FE96" author="Fraschetti" box="[1190,1432,295,320]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. &amp; Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9" type="journal article" year="2002">
Fraschetti
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA995C0E60D274FE96" box="[1309,1357,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
; Gravili 2006;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9D7D0E05D51FFEB2" author="Gravili" box="[316,550,332,357]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9DD70E04D6F2FEB3" box="[406,459,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. 2008a
</bibRefCitation>
); Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9FBC0E05D3DCFEB2" author="Gravili" box="[1021,1253,332,357]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA98170E04D3B2FEB3" box="[1110,1163,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. 2008a
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA98B50E04D2AEFEB2" author="Ventura" box="[1268,1431,332,356]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Ventura, P. (2011) Comparison between hydroid fauna of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea) and Otranto (Adriatic Sea). Master thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the title of Master of Science in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation within the ERASMUS MUNDUS Master Programme EMBC. [unknown pagination]" type="book" year="2011">Ventura, 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9CD60E26D650FE5E" author="Piraino" box="[151,361,367,392]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Piraino, S., De Vito, D., Brodbeck, E., Di Camillo, G. C., Fanelli, G. &amp; Boero, F. (2013) Destructive standard squares or lowimpact visually driven collection? A comparison of methods for quantitative samplings of benthic hydrozoans. Italian Journal of Zoology, 80 (3), 424 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.787461" type="journal article" year="2013">
Piraino
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9CAE0E38D61EFE5E" box="[239,295,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
; this study); Torre Lapillo (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9EDA0E26D469FE5E" author="Andreano" box="[667,848,367,392]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp." type="book" year="2007">Andreano 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFE5FFAA9C860EDDD4B2FE23" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFE5FFAA9C860EDDD4B2FE23" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9C860EDDD602FE7B" bold="true" box="[199,315,404,429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Remarks.</emphasis>
The presence of spines depends on the substrate (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9FD20EDDD358FE7A" author="Schuchert" box="[915,1121,404,429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Schuchert, P. (2008 a) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 3. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 115 (2), 221 - 302." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert, 2008a</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA98390EDDD7D8FE06" author="Miglietta" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Cunningham, C. W. (2012) Evolution of life cycle, colony morphology, and host specificity in the family Hydractiniidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Evolution, 66 (12), 3876 - 3901. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.2012.01717. x" type="journal article" year="2012">Miglietta &amp; Cunningham (2012)</bibRefCitation>
referred this nominal species to
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFE5FFAA9E0A0EFED5FDFE06" box="[587,708,439,464]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9E0A0EFED5FDFE06" box="[587,708,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stylactaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9E920EF1D49FFE06" box="[723,934,439,464]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Boero, F., Bouillon, J. &amp; Piraino, S. (1998) Heterochrony, generic distinction and phylogeny in the family Hydractiniidae (Hydrozoa: Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 323, 25 - 36." type="journal article">
Boero
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9F5C0EF0D46CFE06" box="[797,853,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
interpreted the evolutionary trend of medusa reduction of the hydractiniids as repeated episodes of heterochrony.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFE5FFAA9C860EB6D392FD1A" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFE5FFAA9C860EB6D392FD1A" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9C860EB6D669FDCE" bold="true" box="[199,336,511,536]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">References.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9D1B0EB6D54AFDCE" author="Motz-Kossowska" box="[346,627,511,536]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Motz-Kossowska, S. (1905) Contribution a la connaissance des hydraires de la Mediterranee occidentale. I. - Hydraires Gymnoblastiques. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 4, 3, 39 - 98." type="journal article" year="1905">Motz-Kossowska (1905)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFE5FFAA9EE10EB6D302FDCE" ID-CoL="6MHB9" authority="Mayer (1910)" authorityName="Mayer" authorityYear="1910" box="[672,1083,511,536]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fucicola">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9EE10EB6D4B5FDCE" box="[672,908,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Hydractinia fucicola</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9FDC0D49D302FDCE" author="Mayer" box="[925,1083,512,536]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Hydromedusae. Vol. I &amp; II. Washington, Carnegie Institution, 735 pp." type="book" year="1910">Mayer (1910)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFE5FFAA98290EB6D7D8FDEA" authority="Stechow (1919)" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1919" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fucicola">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA98290EB6D213FDCE" box="[1128,1322,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stylactis fucicola</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA997D0EB6D7D8FDEA" author="Stechow" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172." type="journal article" year="1919">Stechow (1919)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFE5FFAA9D5B0D6CD597FDEB" authority="Picard" authorityName="Picard" authorityYear="1952" box="[282,686,548,573]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fucicola">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9D5B0D6CD6A6FDEB" box="[282,415,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. fucicola</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9DF60D6DD56AFDEB" author="Picard" box="[439,595,548,573]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Picard, J. (1952) Les Hydrozoaires des herbiers de Zosteracees des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (Supplement), 217 - 233." type="journal article" year="1952">Picard (1952</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9E290D6DD597FDEB" author="Picard" box="[616,686,548,573]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199." type="journal article" year="1958" yearSuffix="a">1958a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFE5FFAA9EAF0D6DD3EFFDEA" ID-CoL="4KQHQ" authority="Castric-Fey (1970)" authorityName="Castric-Fey" authorityYear="1970" box="[750,1238,548,573]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Podocoryna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fucicola">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9EAF0D6DD4D8FDEB" box="[750,993,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Podocoryna fucicola</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9FB80D6DD3EFFDEA" author="Castric-Fey" box="[1017,1238,548,573]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Castric-Fey, A. (1970) Sur quelques hydraires de l'Archipel de Glenan (Sud-Finistere). Vie Milieu, 21 (1), 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1970">Castric-Fey (1970)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFE5FFAA994E0D6CD6BEFDB6" ID-CoL="4KQHQ" authority="Marinopoulos (1979)" authorityName="Marinopoulos" authorityYear="1979" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Podocoryna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fucicola">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA994E0D6CD2ACFDEB" box="[1295,1429,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. fucicola</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9CD60D0ED6BEFDB6" author="Marinopoulos" box="[151,391,583,608]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Marinopoulos, J. (1979) Distribution des Eudendrium dans la region Marseillaise. Etude preliminaire. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 25 - 26 (4), 117 - 118." type="journal article" year="1979">Marinopoulos (1979)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFE5FFAA9DF10D00D5C3FDB6" ID-CoL="4KQHQ" authority="Gili et al. (1984)" authorityName="Gili et al." authorityYear="1984" box="[432,762,583,608]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Podocoryna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fucicola">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9DF10D00D511FDB6" box="[432,552,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">P. fucicola</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9E790D0ED5C3FDB6" box="[568,762,583,608]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Gili, J. M., Garcia, A. &amp; Colomer, P. L. (1984) Els Cnidaris bentonics de les illes Medes. In: Ros, J., Olivella, I. &amp; Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Els sistemes naturals de les illes Medes, 73, pp. 407 - 427." type="journal article">
Gili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9E2D0D00D59EFDB6" box="[620,679,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(1984)
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFE5FFAA9F620D0ED22CFDB6" authority="Boero &amp; Fresi (1986)" authorityName="Boero &amp; Fresi" authorityYear="1986" box="[803,1301,583,608]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cytaeididae" genus="Podocoryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fucicola">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9F620D0ED334FDB6" box="[803,1037,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Podocoryne fucicola</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA985C0D01D22CFDB6" author="Boero" box="[1053,1301,583,608]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi (1986)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFE5FFAA997F0D0ED6C6FD52" authority="Barange &amp; Gili (1987)" authorityName="Barange &amp; Gili" authorityYear="1987" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fucicola">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA997F0D0ED7C8FD53" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stylactis fucicola</emphasis>
, Barangé &amp; Gili (1987)
</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFE5FFAA9E670D24D5A5FD53" box="[550,668,620,645]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fucicola">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9E670D24D5A5FD53" box="[550,668,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">P. fucicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9EEA0D25D31CFD53" author="Medel" box="[683,1061,620,645]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Medel, M. D. &amp; Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="1996">Medel &amp; López-González (1996)</bibRefCitation>
, Bouillon
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA98DA0D24D3EAFD53" box="[1179,1235,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(1997),
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA99750D25D616FD7E" author="Faucci" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Faucci, A. &amp; Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. &amp; Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255" type="journal article" year="2000">Faucci &amp; Boero (2000)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9D7B0DC6D503FD7E" box="[314,570,655,680]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. &amp; Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9" type="journal article">
Fraschetti
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9DEE0DD8D6E6FD7E" box="[431,479,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. (2002)
</bibRefCitation>
, Bouillon
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9EEF0DD8D5DFFD7E" box="[686,742,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006),
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA98EB0DC6D2AEFD7E" box="[1194,1431,655,680]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA98BE0DD8D216FD7E" box="[1279,1327,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. (2008a)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9CD60DFDD65EFD1A" author="Schuchert" box="[151,359,692,717]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Schuchert, P. (2008 a) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 3. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 115 (2), 221 - 302." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert (2008a)</bibRefCitation>
, Puce
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9DF10DFCD6DBFD1B" box="[432,482,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. (2009),
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFE5FFAA9E090DFCD5CBFD1A" author="Ventura" box="[584,754,692,716]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Ventura, P. (2011) Comparison between hydroid fauna of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea) and Otranto (Adriatic Sea). Master thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the title of Master of Science in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation within the ERASMUS MUNDUS Master Programme EMBC. [unknown pagination]" type="book" year="2011">Ventura (2011)</bibRefCitation>
,
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA9F140DFCD4B7FD1B" box="[853,910,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFE5FFAA98660DFCD39DFD1B" box="[1063,1188,692,717]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fucicola">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFE5FFAA98660DFCD39DFD1B" box="[1063,1188,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. fucicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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