treatments-xml/data/03/F8/87/03F887DEFFD1FF919CD60EF9D6F3FB3E.xml
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

382 lines
43 KiB
XML
Raw Permalink Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="EE2136718199A00651294D5FE75C093B" ID-CLB-Dataset="42365" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6f1d1977-6b97-4789-828c-76ed250cf1ae" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="242729" ID-ZooBank="D6AD2B49-170B-4D9C-84AA-DBE0FEEAD8BE" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460936415633" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano &amp; Boero, Ferdinando" docDate="2015" docId="03F887DEFFD1FF919CD60EF9D6F3FB3E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03908p187.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3908 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Turritopsis dohrnii Weismann 1883" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="41" masterDocId="FFC1FFA6FFF6FFB99C410F49D739FFD6" masterDocTitle="The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide" masterLastPageNumber="187" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1698583517399" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="82873A8668A0C7C1FEFDE7DE3C7A2D3D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="248B062B65E6DA2BA94E5CF132F2B23B">
<mods:title id="D88EE210437C1CA4F1D48F5854E5749E">The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="7F496172B43A4F46469E8DC107DB8356" type="personal">
<mods:role id="ED50BEF2C2468892CDCFDFD0BA0130B1">
<mods:roleTerm id="49B2A3FC24B10E4B0D7DF49A2DB33FF3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="DF7CAE1308E632C64BE89A0941AE3811">Gravili, Cinzia</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="98F64FA7F9E0321523A813034581DC1C" type="personal">
<mods:role id="8ECAFC60147146C0EE889837831E8A29">
<mods:roleTerm id="7081EAEEA502B2077930CDF2279AC9CD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="0EFA18D4A08C3FCDE8C8FF641E83A383">Vito, Doris De</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="FCCCA6C127CBE2B5DB3DBE27C4597281" type="personal">
<mods:role id="0BBB166168DD610E91E2DB018E11C2DD">
<mods:roleTerm id="69A36CC3C0C6AF8F65738B2AE4AE7609">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="4291BEBFF39B8309D9D8F3937D57D7FE">Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="18E236EDAF47D68F671441EE677C87A5" type="personal">
<mods:role id="77A8372352279FB7744EF185E3E61551">
<mods:roleTerm id="3EA5D18F1BF6AEF010D7D813D8D0025E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="8A9F77D084C2C61CAE9B1D2660565D42">Martell, Luis</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="27E868BB72E843E2806C4CD57FEA8DA9" type="personal">
<mods:role id="904517976E4D5E6126054CBF90910463">
<mods:roleTerm id="B0A38213BC50CC47FEBC189941176B49">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="16472C34852AE76ED33ED1D66481A151">Piraino, Stefano</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="AE5243FAC0C2C87485D7DC1CF067477C" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F5DB408FAE23970F200B7692A806E360">
<mods:roleTerm id="53F52B27060E4EF3E399804CF22BA463">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="5A55A1EAEE70859AFC22DC454148A905">Boero, Ferdinando</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="D4838F9FF1A651490E0537C2465539B4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="E0B684E3E1CE4E14263DCC11E056CF12" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="C8D29A159DA4E1C67E4A12DF5B9DE1B0">
<mods:title id="F52CC36921A24BE61E624AC01D2171A0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="1DF58AA62D59C34FA78D178E4789EC59">
<mods:date id="D38A348F0A41DF05765B80B640C497D6">2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="91037202AE79CC38DE550DAB403FF1F2" type="volume">
<mods:number id="CFAFDF408B365FB17563C7053724835E">3908</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="FD65BDF2D3D1E51545B9710B752C7DBC" type="issue">
<mods:number id="CAE288DBEFB3AAA9440E6AAE65E41CAE">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="02853A48169EAC9A97383A2EA38429FB" unit="page">
<mods:start id="FB2960B4CC036EE81559F6FE65A93509">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="C5FD672F0B6B0978DA4C6E8D03900644">187</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="6987C9777D1CA5EC01F91815DAB5974F">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="D73645DFF78C334460B0A9936BD66100" type="CLB-Dataset">42365</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="CC3B816AE73FDF748AD46689E9D82087" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="797CFCB7F428FB5B9C520F33C70C4D46" type="GBIF-Dataset">6f1d1977-6b97-4789-828c-76ed250cf1ae</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A1EAAAA160AE49D2F7BAAD3A06B45936" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D982F3BB2BDC5ECDA406592D39EE7DE9" type="Zenodo-Dep">242729</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B2C27403F5769FB007477A39184F4872" type="ZooBank">D6AD2B49-170B-4D9C-84AA-DBE0FEEAD8BE</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03F887DEFFD1FF919CD60EF9D6F3FB3E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6106988" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119591054" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6106988" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887DEFFD1FF919CD60EF9D6F3FB3E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887DEFFD1FF919CD60EF9D6F3FB3E" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFD1FF9E9CD60EF9D546FDE6" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFD1FF9E9CD60EF9D55DFE1C" blockId="39.[151,612,432,491]" box="[151,612,432,458]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<heading id="D0A681A4FFD1FF9E9CD60EF9D55DFE1C" bold="true" box="[151,612,432,458]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFD1FF9E9CD60EF9D55DFE1C" ID-CoL="59R4M" authority="Weismann, 1883" authorityName="Weismann" authorityYear="1883" box="[151,612,432,458]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dohrnii">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9CD60EF9D55DFE1C" bold="true" box="[151,612,432,458]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9CD60EF9D644FE1C" bold="true" box="[151,381,432,458]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Turritopsis dohrnii</emphasis>
(Weismann, 1883)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFD1FF9E9CD60E9BD622FE3C" blockId="39.[151,612,432,491]" box="[151,283,466,491]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<figureCitation id="136A2A4DFFD1FF9E9CD60E9BD7DEFE3D" box="[151,231,466,491]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="39.[151,250,1329,1351]" captionTargetBox="[251,1339,600,1316]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[248,1344,597,1319]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 26. Turritopsis dohrnii: A, hydranths with medusa buds; B, medusa (drawn by F. Boero). Scale bars: A, B, 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242755/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
A, B
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFD1FF9E9CD60D53D546FDE6" blockId="39.[151,639,538,560]" box="[151,639,538,560]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
See
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFD1FF9E9C830D53D648FDE6" author="Schuchert" box="[194,369,538,560]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Schuchert, P. (2004) Revision of the European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Families Oceanidae and Pachycordylidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 111 (2), 315 - 369." type="journal article" year="2004">Schuchert (2004)</bibRefCitation>
for a complete synonymy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2E6640FFD1FF9E9CD60A78D2A9FA91" box="[151,1424,1329,1351]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242755/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" targetBox="[251,1339,600,1316]" targetPageId="39">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFD1FF9E9CD60A78D2A9FA91" blockId="39.[151,1424,1329,1351]" box="[151,1424,1329,1351]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9CD60A78D626FA90" bold="true" box="[151,287,1329,1351]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">FIGURE 26.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFD1FF9E9D640A7BD6DFFA91" box="[293,486,1329,1351]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dohrnii">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9D640A7BD6DFFA91" box="[293,486,1329,1351]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Turritopsis dohrnii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9DB20A78D53CFA90" bold="true" box="[499,517,1329,1350]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A</emphasis>
, hydranths with medusa buds;
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9F010A78D468FA90" bold="true" box="[832,849,1329,1350]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">B</emphasis>
, medusa (drawn by F. Boero). Scale bars: A, B, 1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFD1FF9E9CD60A27D5F5FA7D" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFD1FF9E9CD60A27D5F5FA7D" blockId="39.[151,1437,1390,2027]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9CD60A27D6BBFA51" bold="true" box="[151,386,1390,1415]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Material examined.</emphasis>
HCUS-S 031p and HCUS-S 031m (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento— fauna of the Salento Peninsula)—polyp and medusa stages.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFD1FF919C860AFFD5C7FDEB" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFD1FF9E9C860AFFD31DFA19" blockId="39.[151,1437,1390,2027]" box="[199,1060,1462,1487]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9C860AFFD66BFA19" bold="true" box="[199,338,1462,1487]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Description</emphasis>
(based on our own observations;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFD1FF9E9E8A0AFFD461FA19" author="Calder" box="[715,856,1462,1487]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow water hydroids of Bermuda. The Athecatae. Life Science Contributions Royal Ontario Museum, 148, 1 - 107. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 52225" type="journal article" year="1988">Calder 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFD1FF9E9F220AFFD32EFA19" author="Schuchert" box="[867,1047,1462,1487]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Schuchert, P. (2004) Revision of the European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Families Oceanidae and Pachycordylidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 111 (2), 315 - 369." type="journal article" year="2004">Schuchert 2004</bibRefCitation>
):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFD1FF9E9C860A93D57EF939" blockId="39.[151,1437,1390,2027]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9C860A93D60AFA25" bold="true" box="[199,307,1498,1523]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Hydroid.</emphasis>
Colonies stolonal or erect; hydrocaulus monosiphonic in small colonies, polysiphonic in larger ones, irregularly branched, decreasing in diameter from base to distal end, covered by a firm perisarc consisting of two layers and mostly infested with detritus and algae, without annulations and terminating below hydranth base; hydrocladia adnate and parallel to hydrocaulus or to other branches for some distance before curving away at an acute angle and becoming free; hydranths terminal, fusiform and elongated, naked; hypostome conical and elongated; with 1220 filiform tentacles scattered over distal ¾ of hydranth, proximal ones shorter than distal; medusa buds pyriform, enclosed in perisarc, arising mostly one by one on a short pedicel below hydranth. Colours: hydranths in life colourless or pinkish.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFD1FF9E9C8609B3D51CF88D" blockId="39.[151,1437,1390,2027]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9C8609B3D65FF8C5" bold="true" box="[199,358,1786,1811]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Habitat
<typeStatus id="54EA886AFFD1FF9E9D6A09B3D659F8C5" box="[299,352,1786,1811]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">type</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
The hydroid is present on rocky shores, between 0 and
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFFD1FF9E9FAC09B2D313F8C4" box="[1005,1066,1787,1811]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
, under overhangs constituted by either rocks or conspicuous animals (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFD1FF9E9E170856D474F8E1" author="Boero" box="[598,845,1822,1847]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi 1986</bibRefCitation>
; Bavestrello
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9FAD0856D312F8E1" box="[1004,1067,1822,1847]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
1992;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFD1FF9E98C50856D66DF88D" author="Pena" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="2002">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002</bibRefCitation>
; Puce et
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9DF9080BD6ECF88D" box="[440,469,1858,1883]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">al.</emphasis>
2009).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFD1FF9E9C86082FD278F875" blockId="39.[151,1437,1390,2027]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9C86082FD678F8A9" bold="true" box="[199,321,1894,1919]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Substrate.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFD1FF9E9D0D082FD436F8A9" authority="(Echinodermata)" baseAuthorityName="Echinodermata" box="[332,783,1894,1919]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Dorocidaris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="papillata">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9D0D082FD57DF8A9" box="[332,580,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Dorocidaris papillata</emphasis>
(Echinodermata)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFD1FF9E9F5F082FD3B2F8A9" authority="Octocorallia" authorityName="Octocorallia" box="[798,1163,1894,1919]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Isidella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elongata">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9F5F082FD4E6F8A9" box="[798,991,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Isidella elongata</emphasis>
(Octocorallia)
</taxonomicName>
, on tubes of Serpulida, sponges; algae such as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFD1FF9E9DDA08C3D530F875" box="[411,521,1930,1955]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Halimedaceae" genus="Halimeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9DDA08C3D530F875" box="[411,521,1930,1955]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Halimeda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFD1FF9E9E5608C3D592F875" box="[535,683,1930,1955]" class="Rhodophyceae" family="Peyssonneliaceae" genus="Peyssonnelia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9E5608C3D592F875" box="[535,683,1930,1955]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Peyssonnelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, barnacles, bryozoans, hydrozoans, concretions on mussel.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFD1FF9E9C8608E7D3BCF83C" blockId="39.[151,1437,1390,2027]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9C8608E7D66DF811" bold="true" box="[199,340,1966,1991]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Seasonality.</emphasis>
In the Ligurian Sea, in March, April, JuneDecember (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFD1FF9E9FFE08E6D39DF811" author="Boero" box="[959,1188,1966,1991]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi 1986</bibRefCitation>
), and in JanuaryMay (Puce
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFD1FF9E9C9C089AD62FF83D" box="[221,278,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
2009); from March to December (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFDEFF919C860FDED273FF03" blockId="40.[151,1436,151,1256]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919C860FDED6FEFF66" bold="true" box="[199,455,151,176]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Reproductive period.</emphasis>
In the Ligurian Sea, fertile colonies occur in July, August, October (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF9198B20FD1D7EAFF03" author="Boero" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi 1986</bibRefCitation>
), and in May (Puce
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919DF20FF4D6D2FF03" box="[435,491,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
2009); from August to October in Salento waters (De Vito 2006; this study).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFDEFF919C860F96D5C2FE06" blockId="40.[151,1436,151,1256]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919C860F96D614FF2E" bold="true" box="[199,301,223,248]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Medusa.</emphasis>
Adult. Umbrella bell-shaped to pyriform, higher than wide, 3.2 mm in diameter, up to 2.7 mm in height, mesoglea thicker at apex; manubrium cross-shaped in transverse section, large, mounted on pseudopeduncle with 4 radial canals which appears to overtop 4 compact vacuolated endodermal masses situated above digestive part of manubrium; mouth 4 lipped, with a continuous row of sessile cnidocyst clusters along margin; gonads with 4 interradial dots, arranged in 4 distinct interradial blocks, gonochoristic; with 1432 closely spaced marginal tentacles with swollen tips; with adaxial ocelli. Colours: manubrium red, ocelli rust coloured, gonads brownish, with 4 interradial rust coloured dots.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFDEFF919C860E95D202FDCE" blockId="40.[151,1436,151,1256]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Developmental stages. Newly released medusa with interradial pads on manubrium, vacuolated cells visible, with 812 marginal tentacles. Colours: pads yellow-fluorescent (paler to colourless in cultivated animals).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFDEFF919C860D6DD5C7FDEB" blockId="40.[151,1436,151,1256]" box="[199,766,548,573]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919C860D6DD602FDEB" bold="true" box="[199,315,548,573]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Cnidome.</emphasis>
Desmonemes and microbasic euryteles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFDEFF919C860D0ED3D1FC8A" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFDEFF919C860D0ED53FFD26" blockId="40.[151,1436,151,1256]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919C860D0ED659FDB6" bold="true" box="[199,352,583,608]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Distribution.</emphasis>
Western Mediterranean, Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919FD40D0ED3C5FDB6" author="Medel" box="[917,1276,583,608]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Medel, M. D. &amp; Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="1996">Medel &amp; López-González 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF9199460D01D6FBFD52" author="Pena" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="2002">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002</bibRefCitation>
; Bouillon
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919E760D24D556FD53" box="[567,623,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
2004;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919EFC0D25D456FD52" author="Schuchert" box="[701,879,620,645]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Schuchert, P. (2004) Revision of the European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Families Oceanidae and Pachycordylidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 111 (2), 315 - 369." type="journal article" year="2004">Schuchert 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919F3A0D25D361FD52" author="Gravili" box="[891,1112,620,645]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919F900D24D33BFD53" box="[977,1026,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
. 2008a
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF9198220D25D7EDFD7E" author="Soto" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Soto Angel, J. J. &amp; Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035" type="journal article" year="2013">Soto Ãngel &amp; Peña Cantero 2013</bibRefCitation>
). The records of
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFDEFF919DD00DD8D52AFD7E" box="[401,531,655,680]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919DD00DD8D52AFD7E" box="[401,531,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">T. nutricula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919E7C0DC6D5D7FD7E" author="Schmidt" box="[573,750,655,680]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Schmidt, H. E. (1973) Biogeographical problems of the Red Sea area exemplified by hydroids. In: Zeitschel, B. &amp; Gerlach, S. A. (Eds.), The Biology of the Indian Ocean. Ecological studies, Analysis and Synthesis, 3, pp. 283 - 287. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 65468 - 8 _ 22" type="journal article" year="1973">Schmidt (1973)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919EBB0DC6D489FD7E" author="Dowidar" box="[762,944,655,680]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowidar, N. M. (1984) Medusae of the Egyptian Mediterranean waters. In: Rapport de Journees d'etude sur la proliferation anormales de meduses en Mediterranee. United Nations Environment Programme, pp. 9 - 16." type="book chapter" year="1984">Dowidar (1984)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919FFD0DD9D34FFD7E" author="Goy" box="[956,1142,655,680]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Goy, J., Lakkis, S. &amp; Zeidane, R. (1988) Les Meduses de la Mediterranee orientale. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 31 (2), 299." type="journal article" year="1988">
Goy
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919FB20DD8D312FD7E" box="[1011,1067,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
(1988
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF9198C00DD9D382FD7E" author="Goy" box="[1153,1211,656,680]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Goy, J., Lakkis, S. &amp; Zeidane, R. (1990) Les Meduses de la Mediterranee orientale. In: Godeaux, J. (Ed.), A propos des migrations lessepsiennes. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco, No. Spec. 7, pp. 79 - 88." type="journal article" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF9198860DD9D23BFD7E" author="Goy" box="[1223,1282,656,680]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Goy, J., Lakkis, S. &amp; Zeidane, R. (1991) Les meduses (Cnidaria) des eaux Libanaises. The medusae Cnidaria of Lebanese waters. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco, 67 (2), 99 - 128." type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
), and
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF9199070DC6D7D8FD1A" author="Zakaria" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Zakaria Howaida, Y. (2004) Pelagic coelenterates in the waters of the western part of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast during summer and winter. Oceanologia, 46 (2), 253 - 268." type="journal article" year="2004">Zakaria (2004)</bibRefCitation>
from the eastern Mediterranean do not provide sufficient data to evaluate the taxonomic status of their specimens (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919D070D9ED6C2FD26" author="Schuchert" box="[326,507,727,752]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Schuchert, P. (2004) Revision of the European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Families Oceanidae and Pachycordylidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 111 (2), 315 - 369." type="journal article" year="2004">Schuchert 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFDEFF919C860DB5D3D1FC8A" blockId="40.[151,1436,151,1256]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919C860DB5D68BFCC3" bold="true" box="[199,434,764,789]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Records in Salento.</emphasis>
Moderately frequent at: Palude del Capitano (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919F890DB5D354FCC2" author="Presicce" box="[968,1133,764,789]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Presicce, M. M. (1991) Gli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) del litorale salentino. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 143 pp." type="book" year="1991">Presicce 1991</bibRefCitation>
); Gulf of Taranto (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF9199070DB5D7EAFCEE" author="Denitto" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Denitto, F. (1996) Etologia alimentare e cicli vitali di alcune specie di Hydroidomedusae: Anthomedusae / Filifera e Leptomedusae (Hydrozoa). Degree Thesis, Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 176 pp." type="book" year="1996">Denitto 1996</bibRefCitation>
); Otranto, Porto Cesareo (Ionian and Adriatic Seas, Apulia) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919FD80C56D30DFCEE" author="Denitto" box="[921,1076,799,824]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Denitto, F. (1996) Etologia alimentare e cicli vitali di alcune specie di Hydroidomedusae: Anthomedusae / Filifera e Leptomedusae (Hydrozoa). Degree Thesis, Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 176 pp." type="book" year="1996">Denitto 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF9198030C56D20AFCEE" author="Miglietta" box="[1090,1331,799,824]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L., Denitto, F., Gravili, C., Pagliara, P., Bouillon, J. &amp; Boero, F. (2000) Approaches to the ethology of hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. &amp; Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 63 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 163" type="journal article" year="2000">
Miglietta
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF9198F20C68D3DFFCEE" box="[1203,1254,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
. 2000
</bibRefCitation>
; De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919D3A0C0DD561FC8A" author="Gravili" box="[379,600,836,861]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919D900C0CD530FC8B" box="[465,521,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
2008a
</bibRefCitation>
; this study); S.ta Caterina (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919FC60C0DD326FC8B" author="Denitto" box="[903,1055,836,861]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Denitto, F. (1996) Etologia alimentare e cicli vitali di alcune specie di Hydroidomedusae: Anthomedusae / Filifera e Leptomedusae (Hydrozoa). Degree Thesis, Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 176 pp." type="book" year="1996">Denitto 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF91986B0C0DD3E4FC8A" author="Andreano" box="[1066,1245,836,861]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp." type="book" year="2007">Andreano 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFDEFF919C860C2ED3F2FBE2" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFDEFF919C860C2ED3F2FBE2" blockId="40.[151,1436,151,1256]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919C860C2ED602FC56" bold="true" box="[199,315,871,896]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Remarks.</emphasis>
The whole life cycle was examined in the present study. This species differs mainly from
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFDEFF91996D0C20D7C7FC73" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF91996D0C20D7C7FC73" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Turritopis nutricula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the size of the bell, 1.82.7 mm for
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFDEFF919E9D0CC4D474FC73" box="[732,845,908,933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dohrnii">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919E9D0CC4D474FC73" box="[732,845,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">T. dohrnii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFFDEFF919F390CC5D4E0FC72" box="[888,985,908,933]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">36 mm</quantity>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFDEFF91984F0CC4D3ADFC73" box="[1038,1172,908,933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF91984F0CC4D3ADFC73" box="[1038,1172,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">T. nutricula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and by the number of tentacles 1432 for
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFDEFF919D390CF8D6DEFC1E" box="[376,487,943,968]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dohrnii">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919D390CF8D6DEFC1E" box="[376,487,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">T. dohrnii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
40 to 120 for
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFDEFF919ECC0CF8D329FC1E" authority="Bouillon et al. 2004" authorityName="Bouillon et al." authorityYear="2004" box="[653,1040,943,968]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919ECC0CF8D428FC1E" box="[653,785,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">T. nutricula</emphasis>
(Bouillon
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919FCD0CF8D4FFFC1E" box="[908,966,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
2004)
</taxonomicName>
. It is however not excluded that
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFDEFF9199C60CF8D7D3FC3B" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dohrnii">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF9199C60CF8D7D3FC3B" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">T. dohrnii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFDEFF919D630C9CD69CFC3B" box="[290,421,980,1005]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919D630C9CD69CFC3B" box="[290,421,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">T. nutricula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
coexist in the Mediterranean (for more details see Bouillon
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF9198130C9CD3B5FC3B" box="[1106,1164,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
2004). The medusa can metamorphose back into polyp stage (Piraino
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919EEB0CB0D5DDFBC6" box="[682,740,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
1996;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919F790CBED4C7FBC6" author="Carla" box="[824,1022,1015,1040]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Carla, E. C., Pagliara, P., Piraino, S., Boero, F. &amp; Dini, L. (2003) Morphological and ultrastructural analysis of Turritopsis nutricula during life cycle reversal. Tissue &amp; Cell, 35 (3), 213 - 222. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0040 - 8166 (03) 00028 - 4" type="journal article" year="2003">
Carlà
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919F3F0CB0D480FBC6" box="[894,953,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF91984D0CBED3C0FBC6" author="Schmich" box="[1036,1273,1015,1040]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Schmich, J., Kraus, Y., De Vito, D., Graziussi, D., Boero, F. &amp; Piraino, S. (2007) Induction of reverse development in two marine Hydrozoans. International Journal of Developmental Biology, 51, 45 - 56. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1387 / ijdb. 062152 js" type="journal article" year="2007">
Schmich
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF9198390CB0D392FBC6" box="[1144,1195,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
). A molecular evaluation of the species in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFDEFF919E010B54D582FBE2" box="[576,699,1053,1076]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919E010B54D582FBE2" box="[576,699,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Turritopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been carried out by Miglietta
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF91987B0B54D352FBE3" box="[1082,1131,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
. (2007).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFDEFF919C860B76D6F3FB3E" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFDEFF919C860B76D6F3FB3E" blockId="40.[151,1436,151,1256]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919C860B76D669FB8E" bold="true" box="[199,336,1087,1112]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">References.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919D1E0B76D544FB8E" author="Motz-Kossowska" box="[351,637,1087,1112]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Motz-Kossowska, S. (1905) Contribution a la connaissance des hydraires de la Mediterranee occidentale. I. - Hydraires Gymnoblastiques. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 4, 3, 39 - 98." type="journal article" year="1905">Motz-Kossowska (1905)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFDEFF919EF50B76D352FB8E" ID-CoL="7NTJK" authority="Dohrni, Mayer (1910)" authorityName="Dohrni, Mayer" authorityYear="1910" box="[692,1131,1087,1112]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cordylophoridae" genus="Cordylophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919EF50B76D48BFB8E" box="[692,946,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Cordylophora Dohrni</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919F890B09D352FB8E" author="Mayer" box="[968,1131,1088,1112]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Hydromedusae. Vol. I &amp; II. Washington, Carnegie Institution, 735 pp." type="book" year="1910">Mayer (1910)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFDEFF9198E30B76D677FBAA" authority="Hartlaub (1911)" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityYear="1911" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Dendroclava" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dohrnii">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF9198E30B76D2ADFB8E" box="[1186,1428,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Dendroclava dohrnii</emphasis>
, Hartlaub (1911)
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919D1D0B2DD549FBAA" author="Neppi" box="[348,624,1124,1149]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Neppi, V. &amp; Stiasny, G. (1913) Die Hydromedusen des Golfes von Triest. Arbeiten aus der Zoologischen Instituten der Universiiat Wien und der Zoologischen Station in Triest, 20 (1), 23 - 92." type="journal article" year="1913">Neppi &amp; Stiasny (1913)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFDEFF919EDA0B2CD4BFFBAB" ID-CoL="59R4R" box="[667,902,1124,1149]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919EDA0B2CD4BFFBAB" box="[667,902,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Turritopsis nutricula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919FD60B2DD376FBAA" author="Stechow" box="[919,1103,1124,1149]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270." type="journal article" year="1923">Stechow (1923)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF91981C0B2DD3C9FBAB" author="Riedl" box="[1117,1264,1124,1149]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Riedl, R. (1959) Die Hydroiden des Golfes von Neapel und ihr Anteil an der Fauna unterseeischen Hohlen. In: Ergebnisse der osterreichischen Tyrrhenia-Expedition 1952, Teil xvi. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 30 (supplement), pp. 591 - 755." type="journal article" year="1959">Riedl (1959)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF9198BF0B2DD61EFB76" author="Tregouboff" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Tregouboff, G. &amp; Rose, M. (1957) Manuel de Planctonologie Mediterraneenne. Tome I &amp; II. C. N. R. S., Paris, 587 pp. &amp; 31 pls. [pls. 62 - 93]." type="book chapter" year="1957">Trégouboff &amp; Rose (1957)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919D790BCED505FB76" box="[312,572,1159,1184]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Balduzzi, A., Boero, F., Cattaneo, R., Pansini, M., Pessani, D., Pronzato, R. &amp; Sara, M. (1980) Ricerche sull'insediamento dello zoobenthos in alcune grotte marine della Penisola Sorrentina. Memorie di Biologia Marina e di Oceanografia, Supplement 10, 121 - 127." type="book chapter">
Balduzzi
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919DE60BC0D6DDFB76" box="[423,484,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
(1980)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919E0C0BCED5C9FB76" author="Calder" box="[589,752,1159,1184]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow water hydroids of Bermuda. The Athecatae. Life Science Contributions Royal Ontario Museum, 148, 1 - 107. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 52225" type="journal article" year="1988">Calder (1988)</bibRefCitation>
, Piraino
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919F1C0BC0D4A3FB76" box="[861,922,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
(1996),
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF9198420BC1D7DDFB12" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa (2002)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919CB20BE5D6F2FB12" box="[243,459,1196,1221]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Carla, E. C., Pagliara, P., Piraino, S., Boero, F. &amp; Dini, L. (2003) Morphological and ultrastructural analysis of Turritopsis nutricula during life cycle reversal. Tissue &amp; Cell, 35 (3), 213 - 222. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0040 - 8166 (03) 00028 - 4" type="journal article">
Carlà
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919D7B0BE4D64FFB13" box="[314,374,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
(2003)
</bibRefCitation>
all as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFDEFF919E5F0BE4D59DFB13" ID-CoL="59R4R" box="[542,676,1196,1221]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919E5F0BE4D59DFB13" box="[542,676,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">T. nutricula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF919EF70BE5D447FB12" author="Schuchert" box="[694,894,1196,1221]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Schuchert, P. (2004) Revision of the European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Families Oceanidae and Pachycordylidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 111 (2), 315 - 369." type="journal article" year="2004">Schuchert (2004)</bibRefCitation>
, De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006),
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFDEFF9199470BE5D7C9FB3E" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF9199210BE4D2A5FB13" box="[1376,1436,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
(2008a)
</bibRefCitation>
, Puce et
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFDEFF919D150B86D64BFB3E" box="[340,370,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">al.</emphasis>
(2009).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>