279 lines
30 KiB
XML
279 lines
30 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="DE8F8927D3309B76130F8E991C1B761F">The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="65B1A99E428BC2F7C7CA6F176938DBF8" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="AE0DB54DEFC46CD15D8DA19C574A05C4">Gravili, Cinzia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E4DF0C0DCCDFA8541D0131BEE9130653">Vito, Doris De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="080C4A80585FB2828A95EF55F1589614">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B2DD3FAB44834A90AFBAEEA162E933D2">Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="22DF069976302FFF73BFD199D36CECBA">Martell, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="89D6B2D715AFE7FBBAB6D270973B55A3" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="24215993C761E4EFBCD7DBEE147DCF0B">Piraino, Stefano</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="90B86AC5A905567997911E1A2E5B4661">Boero, Ferdinando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B0EFD5ECA1FAE471D95288124FBB8B02">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="73FFA1C8F70A6D440D4F1C78FAD4A86E">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BBBE89771E825458FD5C0280DAE491F1">3908</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="03B1A6BE0E44C507DFE43D959B1DA1E7" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F887DEFFC6FF8B9CD60842D5F3FE7A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6107009" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119591081" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6107009" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887DEFFC6FF8B9CD60842D5F3FE7A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887DEFFC6FF8B9CD60842D5F3FE7A" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFC6FF899CD60842D546F85D" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC6FF899CD60842D5BEF8F3" blockId="48.[151,647,1803,1862]" box="[151,647,1803,1829]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<heading id="D0A681A4FFC6FF899CD60842D5BEF8F3" bold="true" box="[151,647,1803,1829]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFC6FF899CD60842D5BEF8F3" ID-CoL="6F4KP" authority="Quatrefages, 1842" authorityName="Quatrefages" authorityYear="1842" box="[151,647,1803,1829]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Eleutheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichotoma">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899CD60842D5BEF8F3" bold="true" box="[151,647,1803,1829]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899CD60842D6A7F8F3" bold="true" box="[151,414,1803,1829]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Eleutheria dichotoma</emphasis>
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Quatrefages, 1842
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC6FF899CD60864D622F893" blockId="48.[151,647,1803,1862]" box="[151,283,1837,1862]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<figureCitation id="136A2A4DFFC6FF899CD60864D7DFF890" box="[151,230,1837,1862]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="49.[151,250,1540,1562]" captionTargetBox="[346,1242,701,1511]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[340,1248,697,1518]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 33. Eleutheria dichotoma: A, hydranths developing medusa buds; B, medusa with buds (drawn by C. G. Di Camillo). Scale bars: A, 1.0 mm; B, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242762/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
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A, B
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC6FF899CD6083CD546F85D" blockId="48.[151,639,1909,1931]" box="[151,639,1909,1931]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">See Schuchert (2006) for a complete synonymy.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFC6FF899CD608F1D59AF823" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC6FF899CD608F1D59AF823" blockId="48.[151,1436,1976,2037]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC6FF899CD608F1D6B9F807" bold="true" box="[151,384,1976,2001]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Material examined.</emphasis>
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HCUS-S 038p and HCUS-S 038m (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento—fauna of the Salento Peninsula)—polyp and medusa stages.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFC7FF889C860FDED4E6F8A2" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC7FF889C860FDED3D1FF66" blockId="49.[151,1436,151,645]" box="[199,1256,151,176]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889C860FDED668FF66" bold="true" box="[199,337,151,176]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Description</emphasis>
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(based on our own observations;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC7FF889E8A0FDED4ECFF66" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[715,981,151,176]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
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; Schuchert 2006, 2012):
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC7FF889C860FF5D536FE5E" blockId="49.[151,1436,151,645]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889C860FF5D60AFF03" bold="true" box="[199,307,188,213]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Hydroid.</emphasis>
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Colonies stolonal, small; hydrorhiza as creeping, unbranched or slightly branched tubes, covered by smooth and delicate perisarc extending to base of hydranth; hydrocaulus absent or rudimentary; hydranth cylindrical, very extensile; hypostome large, rounded-conical, with glandular perioral cavity at apex; with up to 10 capitate oral tentacles in one whorl; medusae buds in lowest part of hydranth, either singly or in clusters borne on short branching, or not, gonostyle, carrying up to four medusa buds. Colours: hydranth with pink or white gastrodermis, depending on food.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC7FF889C860EDDD49CFDB6" blockId="49.[151,1436,151,645]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889C860EDDD614FE7B" bold="true" box="[199,301,404,429]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Medusa.</emphasis>
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Adult. Umbrella flatter than hemispherical, 0.3 mm high, 0.5 mm wide; manubrium cylindrical to conical, extending slightly beyond umbrella margin; usually 6 radial canals; gonads in specialized umbrellar brood pouches situated above manubrium; with a thick marginal cnidocyst ring; up to 14 solid marginal tentacles, usually 5–6, not corresponding to the radial canals, bifurcated in lower, unarmed, branch with an adhesive disk and upper branch with a single cnidocyst knob; with one abaxial ocellus on each tentacular base; medusa buds on exumbrellar side of circular canal. Colours: body olive-cream, ocelli red to brown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC7FF889C860D25D376FD52" blockId="49.[151,1436,151,645]" box="[199,1103,620,645]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Developmental stages. Detailed descriptions are reported by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC7FF889F310D25D373FD52" author="Schierwater" box="[880,1098,620,645]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Schierwater, B. (1989) Allometric changes during growth and reproduction in Eleutheria dichotoma (Hydrozoa, Athecata) and the problem of estimating body size in a microscopic animal. Journal of Morphology, 200 (3), 255 - 267. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1052000304" type="journal article" year="1989">Schierwater (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF2E6640FFC7FF889CD6094DD6CEF9EE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242762/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" targetBox="[346,1242,701,1511]" targetPageId="49">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC7FF889CD6094DD6CEF9EE" blockId="49.[151,1437,1540,1592]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889CD6094DD619F9CF" bold="true" box="[151,288,1540,1562]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">FIGURE 33.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFC7FF889D64094DD538F9CC" box="[293,513,1540,1562]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Eleutheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichotoma">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889D64094DD538F9CC" box="[293,513,1540,1562]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Eleutheria dichotoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889E4E094DD518F9CF" bold="true" box="[527,545,1540,1561]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
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, hydranths developing medusa buds;
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889FE1094DD488F9CF" bold="true" box="[928,945,1540,1561]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">B</emphasis>
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, medusa with buds (drawn by C.G. Di Camillo). Scale bars: A, 1.0 mm; B, 0.5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC7FF889C860929D3A6F9AF" blockId="49.[151,1437,1632,2017]" box="[199,1183,1632,1657]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889C860929D602F9AF" bold="true" box="[199,315,1632,1657]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cnidome.</emphasis>
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Stenoteles of two size classes (polyp); stenoteles and desmonemes (medusa).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC7FF889C8609CDD66EF917" blockId="49.[151,1437,1632,2017]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889C8609CDD65FF94B" bold="true" box="[199,358,1668,1693]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Habitat
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<typeStatus id="54EA886AFFC7FF889D6A09CDD659F94B" box="[299,352,1668,1693]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Medusa frequents small rocky pools in the tidal regions on weeds (depth range:
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<quantity id="4CA99B2DFFC7FF88994709CDD267F94A" box="[1286,1374,1668,1692]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="10.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="0.0">0–20 m</quantity>
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) (see Schuchert 2006).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC7FF889C860985D3F6F933" blockId="49.[151,1437,1632,2017]" box="[199,1231,1740,1765]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889C860985D678F933" bold="true" box="[199,321,1740,1765]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Substrate.</emphasis>
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Preferably on
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFC7FF889DA70985D525F933" box="[486,540,1740,1765]" genus="Ulva" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889DA70985D525F933" box="[486,540,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Ulva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but also
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFC7FF889ECB0984D5C1F932" box="[650,760,1741,1764]" class="Rhodophyceae" family="Gigartinaceae" genus="Gigartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889ECB0984D5C1F932" box="[650,760,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Gigartina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFC7FF889F6E0984D49EF932" box="[815,935,1741,1764]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Cystoseira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Heterokontophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889F6E0984D49EF932" box="[815,935,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cystoseira</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(algae),
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFC7FF8898480985D342F933" box="[1033,1147,1740,1765]" class="Liliopsida" family="Posidoniaceae" genus="Posidonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF8898480985D342F933" box="[1033,1147,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Posidonia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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leaves.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC7FF889C8609B9D6B1F8FA" blockId="49.[151,1437,1632,2017]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889C8609B9D66DF8DF" bold="true" box="[199,340,1776,1801]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Seasonality.</emphasis>
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In the Mediterranean Sea,
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFC7FF889EC409B9D440F8DF" box="[645,889,1776,1801]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Eleutheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichotoma">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889EC409B9D440F8DF" box="[645,889,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Eleutheria dichotoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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occurs from March to October (for a review see Bouillon
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889D41085CD601F8FB" box="[256,312,1812,1837]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
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2004).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC7FF889C860871D4E6F8A2" blockId="49.[151,1437,1632,2017]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889C860871D6FEF887" bold="true" box="[199,455,1848,1873]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Reproductive period.</emphasis>
|
||
In the Tyrrhenian Sea, fertile colonies occur from February to March (Brinckmann-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC7FF889CD60814D637F8A2" author="Voss" box="[151,270,1884,1908]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); along the Mediterranean French coast in August (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC7FF889F0C0815D4EDF8A2" author="Galea" box="[845,980,1884,1909]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199." type="journal article" year="2007">Galea 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFC7FF8B9C8608C9D422FF02" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC7FF889C8608C9D6B8F836" blockId="49.[151,1437,1632,2017]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889C8608C9D659F84F" bold="true" box="[199,352,1920,1945]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Atlantic, Pacific, Mediterranean, Black Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC7FF889F2008C9D4D8F84F" author="Thiel" box="[865,993,1920,1945]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Thiel, M. E. (1935) Zur Kenntnis der Hydromedusenfauna des Schwarzen Meeres. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 111 (7 - 8), 161 - 174." type="journal article" year="1935">Thiel 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC7FF889FAC08C8D3C8F84F" author="Kramp" box="[1005,1265,1920,1945]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Kramp, P. L. & Damas, D. (1925) Les Meduses de la Norvege. Introduction et partie speciale. Videnskabelige meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorik Forening, 80, 217 - 323." type="journal article" year="1925">Kramp & Damas 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC7FF8898BF08C9D2AEF84F" author="Teissier" box="[1278,1431,1920,1945]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Teissier, G. (1965) Inventaire de la faune marine de Roscoff. Cnidaires-Ctenaires. Editions de la Station Biologique de Roscoff, 16, 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1965">Teissier 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC7FF889CD608EDD6C7F86B" author="Medel" box="[151,510,1956,1981]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="1996">Medel & López-González 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC7FF889E4B08EDD42CF86A" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[522,789,1956,1981]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889FCB08ECD4FAF86B" box="[906,963,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC7FF88985008ECD3E0F86B" author="Fraser" box="[1041,1241,1956,1981]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Fraser, C., Capa, M. & Schuchert, P. (2006) European hydromedusa Eleutheria dichotoma (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Anthomedusae) found at high densities in New South Wales, Australia: distribution, biology and habitat. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 86 (4), 699 - 703. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315406013592" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Fraser
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF88981F08ECD3AEF86B" box="[1118,1175,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Schuchert 2006;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC7FF889CD60881D64FF836" author="Gravili" box="[151,374,1992,2017]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Gravili
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC7FF889CAC0880D61CF837" box="[237,293,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC4FF8B9C860FDED422FF02" blockId="50.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC4FF8B9C860FDED696FF66" bold="true" box="[199,431,151,176]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Records in Salento.</emphasis>
|
||
Rare at: Porto Cesareo, S.ta Caterina, Costa Merlata (Ionian and Adriatic Apulian coast), (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC4FF8B9CDF0FF5D6B1FF02" author="Miglietta" box="[158,392,188,213]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L., Denitto, F., Gravili, C., Pagliara, P., Bouillon, J. & Boero, F. (2000) Approaches to the ethology of hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 63 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 163" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Miglietta
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC4FF8B9D4F0FF4D606FF03" box="[270,319,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Gravili 2006;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC4FF8B9E700FF5D436FF02" author="Gravili" box="[561,783,188,213]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Gravili
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC4FF8B9EC60FF4D586FF03" box="[647,703,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFC4FF8B9C860F96D5B0FE96" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC4FF8B9C860F96D5B0FE96" blockId="50.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC4FF8B9C860F96D602FF2E" bold="true" box="[199,315,223,248]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The whole life cycle was examined in the present study. The polyp has been found in nature a few times (see Schuchert 2006).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFC4FF8B9D930E4DD5FDFECB" box="[466,708,260,285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Eleutheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichotoma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC4FF8B9D930E4DD5FDFECB" box="[466,708,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Eleutheria dichotoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
medusae are a favourite subject for numerous studies due to easy rearing (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC4FF8B9CB40E6ED6A3FE96" author="Hartlaub" box="[245,410,295,320]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1886) Ueber den Bau der Eleutheria Quatref. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 9, 706 - 711." type="journal article" year="1886">Hartlaub 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC4FF8B9DE70E6ED551FE96" author="Lengerich" box="[422,616,295,320]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Lengerich, H. (1923 a) Vergleichende Morphologie der Eleutheriiden. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Eleutheriiden II. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 44, 311 - 388." type="journal article" year="1923" yearSuffix="a">Lengerich 1923a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC4FF8B9E2C0E6ED545FE96" author="Lengerich" box="[621,636,295,320]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Lengerich, H. (1923 b) Ektodermale Medusenknospung bei Eleutheria radiata. Verhandlungen der deutschen zoologischen Gesellschaft, 28, 64 - 65." type="journal article" year="1923" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFC4FF8B9C860E05D5F3FE7A" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFC4FF8B9C860E05D5F3FE7A" blockId="50.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC4FF8B9C860E05D669FEB3" bold="true" box="[199,336,332,357]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">References.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC4FF8B9D1A0E04D512FEB2" box="[347,555,332,357]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Lo Bianco, S. (1909) Notize biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturita sessuale degli animali del Golfo di Napoli. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 19 (4), 513 - 763." type="journal article">Lo Bianco (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC4FF8B9E7A0E04D5E2FEB2" author="Mayer" box="[571,731,332,357]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Hydromedusae. Vol. I & II. Washington, Carnegie Institution, 735 pp." type="book" year="1910">Mayer (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC4FF8B9EAA0E05D4ACFEB3" author="Russell" box="[747,917,332,357]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusae of the British Isles, Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. London, Cambridge University Press, 530 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 119.3095.562" type="book" year="1953">Russell (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC4FF8B9FE50E05D369FEB3" author="Picard" box="[932,1104,332,357]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199." type="journal article" year="1958" yearSuffix="a">Picard (1958a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC4FF8B981E0E04D3C5FEB3" author="Kramp" box="[1119,1276,332,357]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1959) The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana-Report, 46, 1 - 283." type="journal article" year="1959">Kramp (1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC4FF8B994A0E05D27FFEB3" author="Kramp" box="[1291,1350,332,357]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400007347" type="journal article" year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC4FF8B991F0E05D7DDFE5E" author="Rossi" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101." type="journal article" year="1971">Rossi (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC4FF8B9CB10E26D550FE5E" author="Medel" box="[240,617,367,392]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="1996">Medel & López-González (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC4FF8B9E350E26D456FE5E" box="[628,879,367,392]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L., Denitto, F., Gravili, C., Pagliara, P., Bouillon, J. & Boero, F. (2000) Approaches to the ethology of hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 63 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 163" type="journal article">
|
||
Miglietta
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC4FF8B9EA20E38D422FE5E" box="[739,795,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2000)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC4FF8B9FA50E38D324FE5E" box="[996,1053,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004), Gravili (2006), Schuchert (2006, 2012),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC4FF8B9D740EDDD6F2FE7A" author="Galea" box="[309,459,404,429]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199." type="journal article" year="2007">Galea (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFC4FF8B9D970EDDD5FFFE7A" box="[470,710,404,429]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article">
|
||
Gravili
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFC4FF8B9E6D0EDCD55CFE7B" box="[556,613,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |