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<document id="323650C714E93CEE31CEFCA87982BF75" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5042387" ID-ZooBank="2DE8BCED-7F34-4A5D-9F2D-16F442D8273A" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1624985989017" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Chao, Ning Labbish, Carvalho-Filho, Alfredo &amp; Santos, Jonas De Andrade" docDate="2021" docId="03F887ACFFCD685226F6F92AFB1BF845" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4991.3.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4991 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Stellifer Oken 1817" docType="key" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="461" masterDocId="FFC1FFD4FFD768492661FFF5FFA6FFA0" masterDocTitle="Five new species of Western Atlantic stardrums, Stellifer (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) with a key to Atlantic Stellifer species" masterLastPageNumber="466" masterPageNumber="434" pageNumber="460" updateTime="1698978868431" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="38D3FB05F9B2C69E7581EC0CB11EF25B">Five new species of Western Atlantic stardrums, Stellifer (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) with a key to Atlantic Stellifer species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AC371C079E743E2689171CA24C196EC5">Chao, Ning Labbish</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="545CBD042B097650DF2B1F4E345B1936">National Museum of Marine Biology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Bio-Amazonia Conservation International, Brookline, MA, USA. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0474 - 8740</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CE0DE8633F18088C4E82F1F2D7176EEB">Carvalho-Filho, Alfredo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FD0A0BAA0F55BDC357EB21E746C49CC6">Fish Bizz Ltda, R. D. Maria Garcez, n. 39, 05424 - 070, Pinheiros, São Paulo, Brazil. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2903 - 7355</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7A01A58A1C994494ECCB6B6499F54461">Santos, Jonas De Andrade</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="41E27B35154F8DCB0DCA0394DB31CB1A">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) - Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecolo-</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="89DCC228EA46EB5C8334B2DE4C917004">2021</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCD685326F6F92AFDC1F959" blockId="26.[151,615,1758,1785]" box="[151,615,1758,1785]" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">
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Key to the Atlantic species of
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCD68532466F92BFDC1F959" ID-CoL="7MB8" ID-ENA="278772" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1817" box="[519,615,1758,1785]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCD68532466F92BFDC1F959" bold="true" box="[519,615,1758,1785]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">Stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCD685326F6F8D1FA3AF899" blockId="26.[151,1437,1827,1996]" box="[151,1436,1827,1849]" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCD685326F6F8D1FA3AF899" box="[151,1436,1827,1849]" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">1a. Mouth moderate to small, subterminal to inferior; position of anterior tip of upper jaw ventral to lower eye margin....... 2</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCD685326F6F8B4FA3AF8F6" blockId="26.[151,1437,1827,1996]" box="[151,1436,1857,1879]" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCD685326F6F8B4FA3AF8F6" box="[151,1436,1857,1879]" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">1b. Mouth large, terminal to strongly oblique; position of anterior tip of upper jaw horizontal to or dorsal to lower eye margin 11</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A52E1FFFCD685326F6F8ABFA3AF831" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCD685326F6F8ABFA3AF8D3" blockId="26.[151,1437,1827,1996]" box="[151,1436,1886,1908]" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCD685326F6F8ABFA3AF8D3" box="[151,1436,1886,1908]" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">2a. Scales on top of head cycloid, smooth to touch; underside of lower jaw with 6 mental pores.......................... 3</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCD685326F6F88EFA3AF831" blockId="26.[151,1437,1827,1996]" box="[151,1436,1915,1937]" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCD685326F6F88EFA3AF831" box="[151,1436,1915,1937]" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">2b. Scales on top of head ctenoid, rough to touch; underside of lower jaw with 5 mental pores........................... 6</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A52E1FFFCD685226F6F86CFA3AFF6A" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="461" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCD685326F6F86CFA3BF86C" blockId="26.[151,1437,1827,1996]" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCD685326F6F86CFA3BF86C" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">
3a. Spinous dorsal fin with XII or XIII spines; roof of mouth and underside of gill cover jet black; total gill rakers 3740 (Table 2).............................
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCD68532400F843FD72F86C" authority="Chao &amp; Carvalho-Filho &amp; Santos, 2021" authorityName="Chao &amp; Carvalho-Filho &amp; Santos" authorityYear="2021" box="[609,724,1974,1996]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cervigoni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCD68532400F843FD72F86C" box="[609,724,1974,1996]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">S. cervigoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21657D3FFCD685324BBF842FCEBF86C" box="[730,845,1974,1996]" pageId="26" pageNumber="460" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Dominican Republica,
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCD68532258F843FB3CF86C" box="[1081,1178,1974,1996]" name="Colombia" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">Colômbia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCD685322C2F843FAA0F86C" box="[1187,1286,1974,1996]" name="Venezuela" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
to Pará,
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCD6853233AF843FA30F86C" box="[1371,1430,1974,1996]" name="Brazil" pageId="26" pageNumber="460">Brasil</collectingCountry>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FF62FA3AFF6A" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FF62FA3AFF6A" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">3b. Spinous dorsal fin with X or XI spines (rarely XII); roof of mouth pale to dusky, never black; total gill rakers fewer than 32.. ................................................................................................... 4</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A52E1FFFCC685226F6FF27FA3AFEFD" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FF27FA3AFE83" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FF27FA3AFE83" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
4a. Dorsal profile strongly arched; top of head firm to touch; total gill rakers 2732, longest raker longer than gill filament; second anal-fin spine stout, about equal length to first soft ray,
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HL; anterior gas bladder with a pair of small knob-like appendages (
<figureCitation id="136A2A3FFFCC68522729FEF8FE35FE82" box="[328,403,269,291]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1148,1172]" captionTargetBox="[293,1291,346,1114]" captionTargetId="figure-114@1.[288,1299,342,1122]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Two-chambered gas bladders of Stelliferinae, left &amp; right halves represent different forms or taxa. A. left, Bairdiella, Corvula, Elattarchus, Odontoscion &amp; Stellifer (Ophioscion); right, S. naso &amp; S. venezuelae. B. left, S. microps, hatched area indicates drumming muscle patch; right, small knob-like such as S. griseus, S. colonensis, S. lanceolatus, etc. C. left, S. brasiliensis; right, S. rastrifer." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5042391" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5042391/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
, right)............
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCC6852240EFEF8FC49FE83" ID-CoL="4ZS5G" authority="Meek &amp; Hildebrand, 1925" authorityName="Meek &amp; Hildebrand" authorityYear="1925" box="[623,1007,269,291]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colonensis">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCC6852240EFEF8FD4AFE82" box="[623,748,269,290]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">S. colonensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4BFFCC68522493FEF8FC49FE83" author="Meek, S. E. &amp; Hildebrand, S. F." box="[754,1007,269,291]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" pagination="25 - 71" refId="ref21662" refString="Meek, S. E. &amp; Hildebrand, S. F. (1925) s. n. In: The marine fishes of Panama. Part II. Field Museum of Natural History Publications 226. Zoological Series 15. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, pp. i - xix + 331 - 707, pls. 25 - 71." type="book chapter" year="1925">Meek &amp; Hildebrand, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC6852259DFEF8FBEAFE82" box="[1020,1100,269,290]" name="Panama" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Panama</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC68522234FEF8FB6CFE83" box="[1109,1226,269,291]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC685222B2FEF8FAA5FE83" box="[1235,1283,269,291]" name="Haiti" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Haiti</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC68522353FEF8FA30FE83" box="[1330,1430,269,291]" name="Venezuela" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FEDFFA3AFEFD" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FEDFFA3AFEFD" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">4b. Dorsal profile smoothly arched; top of head cavernous soft to touch; gill rakers fewer than 24, longest raker shorter than gill filament; second anal-fin spine 2.23.0 in HL; anterior gas bladder with digital-like tubes or U-shaped appendages....... 5</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A52E1FFFCC685226F6FE90FA3AFE73" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FE90FA3BFE38" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FE90FA3BFE38" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
5a. Second anal-fin spine strong, equal to length of the first ray, 2.22.5 times in HL; appendage on gas bladder in short digital-like tubes (
<figureCitation id="136A2A3FFFCC68522743FE77FECAFE37" box="[290,364,386,408]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1148,1172]" captionTargetBox="[293,1291,346,1114]" captionTargetId="figure-114@1.[288,1299,342,1122]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Two-chambered gas bladders of Stelliferinae, left &amp; right halves represent different forms or taxa. A. left, Bairdiella, Corvula, Elattarchus, Odontoscion &amp; Stellifer (Ophioscion); right, S. naso &amp; S. venezuelae. B. left, S. microps, hatched area indicates drumming muscle patch; right, small knob-like such as S. griseus, S. colonensis, S. lanceolatus, etc. C. left, S. brasiliensis; right, S. rastrifer." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5042391" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5042391/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
, left)..............
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCC68522424FE77FCDEFE38" ID-CoL="6ZK79" authority="(Steindachner, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[581,888,386,408]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microps">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCC68522424FE77FD0FFE38" box="[581,681,386,408]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">S. microps</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4BFFCC685224D7FE77FCD7FE38" author="Steindachner, F." box="[694,881,386,408]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" pagination="200 - 214" refId="ref22144" refString="Steindachner, F. (1864) Ichthyologische Notizen. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Abt. 1, Mineralogie, Botanik, Zoologie, Anatomie, Geologie und Palaontologie, 49, 200 - 214." type="journal article" year="1864">Steindachner, 1864</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(Caribbean coast from
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC6852223BFE77FB1FFE38" box="[1114,1209,386,408]" name="Colombia" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Colombia</collectingCountry>
to Northeastern
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC6852233BFE77FA30FE38" box="[1370,1430,386,408]" name="Brazil" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Brazil</collectingCountry>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FE6AFA3AFE73" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FE6AFA3AFE73" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
5b. Second anal-fin spine shorter than first ray, 2.43.0 times in HL; a pair of U-shaped tubular appendages on gas bladder (
<figureCitation id="136A2A3FFFCC68522314FE6AFF59FE72" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1148,1172]" captionTargetBox="[293,1291,346,1114]" captionTargetId="figure-114@1.[288,1299,342,1122]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Two-chambered gas bladders of Stelliferinae, left &amp; right halves represent different forms or taxa. A. left, Bairdiella, Corvula, Elattarchus, Odontoscion &amp; Stellifer (Ophioscion); right, S. naso &amp; S. venezuelae. B. left, S. microps, hatched area indicates drumming muscle patch; right, small knob-like such as S. griseus, S. colonensis, S. lanceolatus, etc. C. left, S. brasiliensis; right, S. rastrifer." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5042391" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5042391/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
, left)............
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCC685227B7FE48FD51FE73" ID-CoL="49ZM8" authority="(Schultz, 1945)" baseAuthorityName="Schultz" baseAuthorityYear="1945" box="[470,759,445,467]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Ophioscion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCC685227B7FE48FDFBFE72" box="[470,605,445,466]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">S. brasiliensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4BFFCC68522408FE48FD49FE73" author="Schultz, L. P." box="[617,751,445,467]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" pagination="123 - 137" refId="ref21979" refString="Schultz, L. P. (1945) Three new sciaenid fishes of the genus Ophioscion from the Atlantic coasts of Central and South America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 96 (3192), 123 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.96 - 3192.123" type="journal article" year="1945">Schultz, 1945</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(Endemic to
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC68522519FE48FC15FE73" box="[888,947,445,467]" name="Brazil" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Brazil</collectingCountry>
from the Northeast region to the Southeast region)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A52E1FFFCC685226F6FE2FFA3AFDE7" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FE2FFA3AFDAD" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FE2FFA3AFDAD" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
6a. Pelvic fin short, 5.8 times or more in SL, its tip well anterior to tip of pectoral fin; anterior chamber of gas bladder with a pair of kidney-shaped appendages (
<figureCitation id="136A2A3FFFCC6852246AFE02FDF1FDAD" box="[523,599,503,525]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1148,1172]" captionTargetBox="[293,1291,346,1114]" captionTargetId="figure-114@1.[288,1299,342,1122]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Two-chambered gas bladders of Stelliferinae, left &amp; right halves represent different forms or taxa. A. left, Bairdiella, Corvula, Elattarchus, Odontoscion &amp; Stellifer (Ophioscion); right, S. naso &amp; S. venezuelae. B. left, S. microps, hatched area indicates drumming muscle patch; right, small knob-like such as S. griseus, S. colonensis, S. lanceolatus, etc. C. left, S. brasiliensis; right, S. rastrifer." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5042391" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5042391/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
, right)............................................................... 7
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FDE0FA3AFDE7" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FDE0FA3AFDE7" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">6b. Pelvic fin moderately long, 5.8 times or less in SL, its tip reaching posteriorly to that of pectoral fin; anterior chamber of gas bladder with or without appendages, but never kidney-shaped.................................................. 8</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A52E1FFFCC685226F6FDA5FA3AFD1D" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FDA5FA3BFD23" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FDA5FA3BFD23" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
7a. Eye large,
<quantity id="4CA99B5FFFCC68522728FDBAFE0CFDC5" box="[329,426,591,613]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.779" metricValueMax="10.668" metricValueMin="8.89" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" unit="in" value="3.85" valueMax="4.2" valueMin="3.5">3.54.2 in</quantity>
HL, equal to or slightly longer than snout length; pelvic fin 5.86.8 times in SL; total gill rakers 2125......................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCC68522510FD98FBEFFD23" ID-CoL="4ZS5X" authority="(Jordan, 1889)" baseAuthorityName="Jordan" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[881,1097,621,643]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naso">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCC68522510FD98FC10FD22" box="[881,950,621,642]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">S. naso</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4BFFCC685225A2FD98FBE7FD23" author="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Eigenmann, C. H." box="[963,1089,621,643]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" pagination="343 - 451" refId="ref21057" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Eigenmann, C. H. (1889) A review of the Sciaenidae of America and Europe. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Report of the Commissioner, 14, 343 - 451." type="journal article" year="1889">
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC685225A2FD98FBA1FD23" box="[963,1031,621,643]" name="Jordan" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Jordan</collectingCountry>
, 1889
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC68522234FD98FB1FFD23" box="[1109,1209,621,643]" name="Venezuela" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
to Northeastern
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC6852233BFD98FA30FD23" box="[1370,1430,621,643]" name="Brazil" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Brazil</collectingCountry>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FD7FFA3AFD1D" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FD7FFA3AFD1D" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
7b. Eye moderate,
<quantity id="4CA99B5FFFCC68522713FD7FFE75FD00" box="[370,467,650,672]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1938" metricValueMax="1.3462" metricValueMin="1.0413999999999999" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" unit="in" value="4.699999999999999" valueMax="5.3" valueMin="4.1">4.15.3 in</quantity>
HL, shorter than snout length; pelvic fin very short, 6.48.1 times in SL; total gill rakers 2530.........................................
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCC685224D4FD5DFC76FD1D" ID-CoL="4ZS64" authority="(Schultz, 1945)" baseAuthorityName="Schultz" baseAuthorityYear="1945" box="[693,976,679,701]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venezuelae">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCC685224D4FD5DFC90FD1C" box="[693,822,679,701]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">S. venezuelae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4BFFCC68522522FD52FC6FFD1D" author="Schultz, L. P." box="[835,969,679,701]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" pagination="123 - 137" refId="ref21979" refString="Schultz, L. P. (1945) Three new sciaenid fishes of the genus Ophioscion from the Atlantic coasts of Central and South America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 96 (3192), 123 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.96 - 3192.123" type="journal article" year="1945">Schultz, 1945</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC685225BCFD52FB98FD1D" box="[989,1086,679,701]" name="Honduras" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Honduras</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC68522226FD52FB0EFD1D" box="[1095,1192,679,701]" name="Colombia" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Colombia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC685222D3FD52FAB3FD1D" box="[1202,1301,679,701]" name="Venezuela" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC68522323FD52FA30FD1D" box="[1346,1430,679,701]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A52E1FFFCC685226F6FD30FA3AFCEF" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FD30FA3AFD58" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FD30FA3AFD58" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
8a. Eye small,
<quantity id="4CA99B5FFFCC6852272CFD30FE0BFD7B" box="[333,429,709,731]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6128999999999998" metricValueMax="1.6256" metricValueMin="1.6001999999999998" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" unit="in" value="6.35" valueMax="6.4" valueMin="6.3">6.36.4 in</quantity>
HL; a small fish, females mature at
<quantity id="4CA99B5FFFCC68522569FD30FCEDFD7A" box="[776,843,709,731]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
SL; pelvic fin short, 5.2 to 5.8 times in SL, its filamentous tip ending posterior to vent; total gill rakers 2529.............
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCC6852255CFD17FB80FD57" ID-CoL="4ZS5Q" authority="Aguilera, 1983" authorityName="Aguilera" authorityYear="1983" box="[829,1062,738,760]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magoi">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCC6852255CFD17FC37FD58" box="[829,913,738,760]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">S. magoi</emphasis>
Aguilera, 1983
</taxonomicName>
(Known only from Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC68522353FD17FA30FD58" box="[1330,1430,738,760]" name="Venezuela" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FD0AFA3AFCEF" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FD0AFA3AFCEF" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
8b. Eye moderately large, 6.2 or less in HL; females mature greater than
<quantity id="4CA99B5FFFCC68522514FCF5FC65FCB5" box="[885,963,768,789]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
SL; pelvic fin less than
<quantity id="4CA99B5FFFCC685222CAFD0AFB44FCB5" box="[1195,1250,767,789]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3208" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" unit="in" value="5.2">5.2 in</quantity>
SL, its filamentous tip short ending anterior to vent; total gill rakers fewer than 23; no appendages on posterior margin of anterior chamber of gas bladder............................................................................................. 9
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A52E1FFFCC685226F6FCADFA3AFC5F" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FCADFE35FC65" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FCADFE35FC65" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
9a. Back strongly arched; body depth
<quantity id="4CA99B5FFFCC6852244DFCADFD2BFCCD" box="[556,653,855,877]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.111999999999999" metricValueMax="7.366" metricValueMin="6.858" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" unit="in" value="2.8" valueMax="2.9" valueMin="2.7">2.72.9 in</quantity>
SL; interorbital wide, 3.5 or less in HL; pectoral and pelvic fins black........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCC68522583FC80FA3AFC2B" authority="(Meek &amp; Hildebrand, 1925)" baseAuthorityName="Meek &amp; Hildebrand" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[994,1436,885,907]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatissimus">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCC68522583FC80FB2FFC2A" box="[994,1161,885,906]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">S. punctatissimus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4BFFCC685222F4FC80FA33FC2B" author="Meek, S. E. &amp; Hildebrand, S. F." box="[1173,1429,885,907]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" pagination="25 - 71" refId="ref21662" refString="Meek, S. E. &amp; Hildebrand, S. F. (1925) s. n. In: The marine fishes of Panama. Part II. Field Museum of Natural History Publications 226. Zoological Series 15. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, pp. i - xix + 331 - 707, pls. 25 - 71." type="book chapter" year="1925">Meek &amp; Hildebrand, 1925</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(From
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC68522742FC66FEC9FC08" box="[291,367,915,936]" name="Panama" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Panama</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC685227FDFC66FDA5FC08" box="[412,515,914,936]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Porto Rico</collectingCountry>
through Caribbean and Northern South America and along Atlantic coast to Southeastern
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC6852233AFC67FA3EFC08" box="[1371,1432,914,936]" name="Brazil" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, at least
<collectingRegion id="4995F858FFCC6852274AFC45FE2BFC65" box="[299,397,943,965]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FC38FA3AFC5F" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FC38FA3AFC5F" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
9b. Body elongate; body depth more than
<quantity id="4CA99B5FFFCC68522435FC38FD2AFC43" box="[596,652,973,995]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.382" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" unit="in" value="3.3">3.3 in</quantity>
SL; interorbital narrow, 3.6 or more in HL; pectoral and pelvic fins pale or black only distally........................................................................................ 10
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A52E1FFFCC685226F6FBFDFA3BFB4A" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FBFDFA9BFBD5" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FBFDFA9BFBD5" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
10a. Body depth equal to or less than HL; eye
<quantity id="4CA99B5FFFCC68522408FBF2FD6FFBBD" box="[617,713,1031,1053]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2446000000000002" metricValueMax="1.4223999999999999" metricValueMin="1.0668000000000002" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" unit="in" value="4.9" valueMax="5.6" valueMin="4.2">4.25.6 in</quantity>
HL, slightly shorter than snout length; nostrils rounded and almost the same height (
<figureCitation id="136A2A3FFFCC6852274DFBD0FE22FB9B" box="[300,388,1061,1083]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[301,1287,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-21@19.[301,1287,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 18. Detail of nostrils shape for: A- Stellifer menezesi new species; B- Stellifer gomezi. Scale: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5042431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5042431/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Fig. 18B</figureCitation>
); tip of pectoral fin posterior to tip of pelvic fin; second anal spine slightly longer than first soft ray; all fins pale to dusky....................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCC685222F7FBB7FA3BFBF8" authority="(Cervigon, 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Cervigon" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[1174,1437,1090,1112]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomezi">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCC685222F7FBB7FB54FBF8" box="[1174,1266,1090,1112]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">S. gomezi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4BFFCC6852229FFBB7FA33FBF8" author="Cervigon, F." box="[1278,1429,1090,1112]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" pagination="96 - 98" refId="ref19719" refString="Cervigon, F. (2011) Los Peces de Venezuela. Vol. VI. Edit. Ex Libris, Caracas. pp. 96 - 98." type="book chapter" year="2011">Cervigón, 2011</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(Caribbean coast from
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC685227DFFBAAFDBBFBD5" box="[446,541,1119,1141]" name="Colombia" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Colombia</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC6852245AFBAAFD38FBD5" box="[571,670,1119,1141]" name="Venezuela" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
and along Atlantic coast to Southeastern
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC6852224DFBAAFBCFFBD5" box="[1068,1129,1119,1141]" name="Brazil" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, at least to
<collectingRegion id="4995F858FFCC685222B4FB95FA91FBD5" box="[1237,1335,1119,1141]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FB88FA3BFB4A" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FB88FA3BFB4A" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
10b. Body depth slightly greater than HL; eye
<quantity id="4CA99B5FFFCC68522415FB88FD73FB33" box="[628,725,1149,1171]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0413999999999999" metricValueMax="1.1683999999999999" metricValueMin="0.9144" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" unit="in" value="4.1" valueMax="4.6" valueMin="3.6">3.64.6 in</quantity>
HL, equal to or slightly greater than snout length; anterior nostril slightly oval and forward-directed forming an angle with the bean-shaped posterior nostril (
<figureCitation id="136A2A3FFFCC68522261FB6FFBFFFB10" box="[1024,1113,1178,1200]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[301,1287,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-21@19.[301,1287,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 18. Detail of nostrils shape for: A- Stellifer menezesi new species; B- Stellifer gomezi. Scale: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5042431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5042431/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Fig. 18A</figureCitation>
); tip of pectoral fin reaching to or posterior to tip of pelvic fin; second anal spine slightly shorter than first soft ray; distal portion of pectoral, pelvic and anal fins blackish......
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCC685227E5FB20FE55FB4A" authority="Chao &amp; Carvalho-Filho &amp; Santos, 2021" authorityName="Chao &amp; Carvalho-Filho &amp; Santos" authorityYear="2021" box="[388,499,1237,1258]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="menezesi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCC685227E5FB20FE55FB4A" box="[388,499,1237,1258]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">S. menezesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21657D3FFCC68522798FB20FDCAFB4B" box="[505,620,1237,1259]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(From
<collectingRegion id="4995F858FFCC685224D5FB20FD5AFB4B" box="[692,764,1237,1259]" country="Brazil" name="Paraiba" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Paraíba</collectingRegion>
to
<collectingRegion id="4995F858FFCC6852257AFB20FC16FB4A" box="[795,944,1237,1259]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">São Paulo state</collectingRegion>
, uncommon south of
<collectingRegion id="4995F858FFCC685222E1FB20FB1CFB4B" box="[1152,1210,1237,1259]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Bahia</collectingRegion>
, on the Brazilian coast)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A52E1FFFCC685226F6FB07FA3AFA85" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FB07FA3AFAA7" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" box="[151,1436,1266,1288]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FB07FA3AFAA7" box="[151,1436,1266,1288]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">11a. Preopercular margin with two or three prominent spines..................................................... 12</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FAFAFA3AFA85" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" box="[151,1436,1295,1317]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FAFAFA3AFA85" box="[151,1436,1295,1317]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">11b. Preopercular margin with four or more prominent spines..................................................... 14</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A52E1FFFCC685226F6FAD8FA3AFADD" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FAD8FA3BFAC0" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FAD8FA3BFAC0" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
12a. Preopercular margin with three prominent spines (occasionally four on one side); total gill rakers 3339; dorsal-fin rays 18 20.............................
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCC68522403FABFFCE9FAC0" ID-CoL="4ZS63" authority="(Bloch, 1790)" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[610,847,1354,1376]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCC68522403FABFFD65FAFF" box="[610,707,1354,1375]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">S. stellifer</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4BFFCC685224B0FABFFCEEFAC0" author="Bloch, M. E." box="[721,840,1354,1376]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" pagination="217 - 252" refId="ref19268" refString="Bloch, M. E. (1790) Naturgeschichte der auslandischen Fische. Vol. 4. Auf Kosten des Verfassers, und in Commission in der Buchhandlung der Realschule, Berlin, xii + 128 pp., pls. 217 - 252. [also a French edition, Icthyologie, ou Histoire naturelle des Poissons, v. 7, published 1797]" type="book chapter" year="1790">Bloch, 1790</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC6852253AFABFFC19FAC0" box="[859,959,1354,1376]" name="Venezuela" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
to Southern
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC6852225AFABFFBDEFAC0" box="[1083,1144,1354,1376]" name="Brazil" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, one record from
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC68522343FABEFA30FAC0" box="[1314,1430,1354,1376]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FA92FA3AFADD" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" box="[151,1436,1383,1405]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FA92FA3AFADD" box="[151,1436,1383,1405]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">12b. Preopercular margin with two prominent spines; total gill rakers 36 or more; dorsal-fin rays 2024.................... 13</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A52E1FFFCC685226F6FA70FA3AF98D" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FA70FA3BFA75" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FA70FA3BFA75" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
13a. Nape and pre-dorsal region with one to several median rows of ctenoid scales; total gill rakers 3652; inside of gill cover jet black; anterior chamber of gas bladder with a pair of long tubular appendages (
<figureCitation id="136A2A3FFFCC685225B9FA57FB84FA17" box="[984,1058,1442,1464]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1148,1172]" captionTargetBox="[293,1291,346,1114]" captionTargetId="figure-114@1.[288,1299,342,1122]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Two-chambered gas bladders of Stelliferinae, left &amp; right halves represent different forms or taxa. A. left, Bairdiella, Corvula, Elattarchus, Odontoscion &amp; Stellifer (Ophioscion); right, S. naso &amp; S. venezuelae. B. left, S. microps, hatched area indicates drumming muscle patch; right, small knob-like such as S. griseus, S. colonensis, S. lanceolatus, etc. C. left, S. brasiliensis; right, S. rastrifer." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5042391" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5042391/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
, right)........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCC68522570FA35FBADFA76" ID-CoL="4ZS62" authority="(Jordan, 1889)" baseAuthorityName="Jordan" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[785,1035,1471,1494]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rastrifer">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCC68522570FA35FCDFFA75" box="[785,889,1472,1493]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">S. rastrifer</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4BFFCC685225E7FA4AFBA2FA76" author="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Eigenmann, C. H." box="[902,1028,1471,1494]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" pagination="343 - 451" refId="ref21057" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Eigenmann, C. H. (1889) A review of the Sciaenidae of America and Europe. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Report of the Commissioner, 14, 343 - 451." type="journal article" year="1889">
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC685225E7FA4AFC6CFA75" box="[902,970,1471,1493]" name="Jordan" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Jordan</collectingCountry>
, 1889
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC68522276FA4AFBDDFA75" box="[1047,1147,1471,1493]" name="Venezuela" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingRegion id="4995F858FFCC685222FBFA4AFAF6FA75" box="[1178,1360,1471,1493]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Rio Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC6852233BFA4AFA30FA75" box="[1370,1430,1471,1493]" name="Brazil" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Brazil</collectingCountry>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6FA28FA3AF98D" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6FA28FA3AF98D" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
13b. Scales on nape and pre-dorsal region cycloid; total gill rakers 5259; inside of gill cover dusted with melanophores; anterior chamber of gas bladder with a pair of small knob-like appendages (
<figureCitation id="136A2A3FFFCC68522509FA0FFC15F9AF" box="[872,947,1530,1552]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1148,1172]" captionTargetBox="[293,1291,346,1114]" captionTargetId="figure-114@1.[288,1299,342,1122]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Two-chambered gas bladders of Stelliferinae, left &amp; right halves represent different forms or taxa. A. left, Bairdiella, Corvula, Elattarchus, Odontoscion &amp; Stellifer (Ophioscion); right, S. naso &amp; S. venezuelae. B. left, S. microps, hatched area indicates drumming muscle patch; right, small knob-like such as S. griseus, S. colonensis, S. lanceolatus, etc. C. left, S. brasiliensis; right, S. rastrifer." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5042391" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5042391/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
, right)....................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCC6852255DF9EDFB92F98D" ID-CoL="4ZS5M" authority="Cervigon, 1966" authorityName="Cervigon" authorityYear="1966" box="[828,1076,1559,1581]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCC6852255DF9EDFC3FF98D" box="[828,921,1560,1581]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">S. griseus</emphasis>
Cervigón, 1966
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC68522220F9E2FB0EF98D" box="[1089,1192,1559,1581]" name="Venezuela" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC685222D0F9E2FAB7F98D" box="[1201,1297,1559,1581]" name="Honduras" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Honduras</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC68522323F9E2FA30F98D" box="[1346,1430,1559,1581]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A52E1FFFCC685226F6F9C0FA3AF925" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6F9C0FA3BF9C8" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6F9C0FA3BF9C8" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
14a. Eye large, greater than snout length,
<quantity id="4CA99B5FFFCC68522422F9C0FD02F9EB" box="[579,676,1589,1611]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0033" metricValueMax="1.143" metricValueMin="0.8635999999999999" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" unit="in" value="3.95" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="3.4">3.44.5 in</quantity>
HL; anal-fin rays 9 (rarely 8); total gill rakers 2936.......................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCC68522532F9A7FC12F9C7" authority="Chao &amp; Carvalho-Filho &amp; Santos, 2021" authorityName="Chao &amp; Carvalho-Filho &amp; Santos" authorityYear="2021" box="[851,948,1618,1639]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musicki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCC68522532F9A7FC12F9C7" box="[851,948,1618,1639]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">S. musicki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21657D3FFCC685225DBF9A6FB8BF9C8" box="[954,1069,1618,1640]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Found in
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC685222F9F9A7FB73F9C8" box="[1176,1237,1618,1640]" name="Brazil" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, from Pará to
<collectingRegion id="4995F858FFCC6852233DF9A7FA33F9C8" box="[1372,1429,1618,1640]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Bahia</collectingRegion>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6F99AFA3AF925" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" box="[151,1436,1647,1670]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6F99AFA3AF925" box="[151,1436,1647,1670]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">14b. Eye moderate to small, shorter than snout, 4.4 times or more in HL; anal-fin rays 8 (rarely 9); total gill rakers 2848..... 15</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A52E1FFFCC685226F6F978FA3AF91F" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6F978FA3AF903" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" box="[151,1436,1677,1699]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6F978FA3AF903" box="[151,1436,1677,1699]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
15a. Underside of lower jaw with four mental pores; eye small,
<quantity id="4CA99B5FFFCC68522579F978FCDFF903" box="[792,889,1677,1699]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4605" metricValueMax="1.6256" metricValueMin="1.2953999999999999" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" unit="in" value="5.75" valueMax="6.4" valueMin="5.1">5.16.4 in</quantity>
HL........................................ 16
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6F95FFA3AF91F" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" box="[151,1436,1706,1728]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6F95FFA3AF91F" box="[151,1436,1706,1728]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
15b. Underside of lower jaw with six mental pores; eye moderately large,
<quantity id="4CA99B5FFFCC68522518F95FFC7CF960" box="[889,986,1706,1728]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2573" metricValueMax="1.397" metricValueMin="1.1176" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" unit="in" value="4.95" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="4.4">4.45.5 in</quantity>
HL................................ 17
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A52E1FFFCC685226F6F932FA3BF895" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6F932FA3AF95B" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6F932FA3AF95B" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
16a. Head scales all cycloid, scales on body ctenoid; total gill rakers 4148...................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCC685224DAF910FBEDF95A" ID-CoL="6ZK6X" authority="Aguilera, Solano &amp; Valdez, 1983" authorityName="Aguilera, Solano &amp; Valdez" authorityYear="1983" box="[699,1099,1765,1787]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chaoi">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCC685224DAF910FCAEF95A" box="[699,776,1765,1786]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">S. chaoi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4BFFCC6852256CF910FBEDF95A" author="Aguilera, O. &amp; Solano, O. D. &amp; Valdez, J." box="[781,1099,1765,1787]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" pagination="5 - 16" refId="ref19119" refString="Aguilera, O., Solano, O. D. &amp; Valdez, J. (1983) A new species of fish of the genus Stellifer (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) from the South Caribbean Sea. Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta de Betin, 13, 5 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.25268 / bimc. invemar. 1983.13.0.480" type="journal article" year="1983">Aguilera, Solano &amp; Valdez, 1983</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC68522236F910FB11F95B" box="[1111,1207,1765,1787]" name="Colombia" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Colombia</collectingCountry>
and Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC68522353F910FA30F95B" box="[1330,1430,1765,1787]" name="Venezuela" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6F8F7FA3BF895" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6F8F7FA3BF895" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
16b. Head scales mostly ctenoid, cycloid in interorbital region; total gill rakers 2837............................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCC6852246BF8D5FDC9F894" authority="Chao &amp; Carvalho-Filho &amp; Santos, 2021" authorityName="Chao &amp; Carvalho-Filho &amp; Santos" authorityYear="2021" box="[522,623,1823,1845]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="collettei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCC6852246BF8D5FDC9F894" box="[522,623,1823,1845]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">S. collettei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21657D3FFCC68522417F8D5FD4FF895" box="[630,745,1823,1845]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Southeast
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC6852253BF8EAFC19F895" box="[858,959,1823,1845]" name="Venezuela" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC685225A9F8EAFBBAF895" box="[968,1052,1823,1845]" name="Suriname" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Surinam</collectingCountry>
, French
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC6852220FF8D5FB1FF895" box="[1134,1209,1824,1845]" name="Guyana" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Guyana</collectingCountry>
to Southeastern
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC6852233BF8EAFA30F895" box="[1370,1430,1823,1845]" name="Brazil" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Brazil</collectingCountry>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30A52E1FFFCC685226F6F8C8FB1BF845" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6F8C8FA3AF82D" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<materialsCitation id="3B393CE7FFCC685226F6F8C8FA3AF82D" location="Chesapeake Bay" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Mexico">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6F8C8FA3AF82D" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
17a. Top of head extremely cavernous, spongy to touch; total gill rakers 2933, longest raker about equal to filament length at the angle; gas bladder appendage knob-like (
<figureCitation id="136A2A3FFFCC6852240DF8AFFD11F8CF" box="[620,695,1882,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1148,1172]" captionTargetBox="[293,1291,346,1114]" captionTargetId="figure-114@1.[288,1299,342,1122]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Two-chambered gas bladders of Stelliferinae, left &amp; right halves represent different forms or taxa. A. left, Bairdiella, Corvula, Elattarchus, Odontoscion &amp; Stellifer (Ophioscion); right, S. naso &amp; S. venezuelae. B. left, S. microps, hatched area indicates drumming muscle patch; right, small knob-like such as S. griseus, S. colonensis, S. lanceolatus, etc. C. left, S. brasiliensis; right, S. rastrifer." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5042391" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5042391/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
, right)....................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCC6852249FF88DFB95F82D" ID-CoL="4ZS5P" authority="(Holbrook, 1855)" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[766,1075,1911,1933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lanceolatus">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCC6852249FF88DFC23F82C" box="[766,901,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">S. lanceolatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4BFFCC685225F3F882FB8AF82D" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[914,1068,1911,1933]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" refId="ref20958" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1855) Ichthyology of South Carolina. John Russell, Charleston, South Carolina, 182 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6911" type="book" year="1855">Holbrook, 1855</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<location id="8E8E6061FFCC6852225EF882FB47F82D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887ACFFCD685226F6F92AFB1BF845:8E8E6061FFCC6852225EF882FB47F82D" box="[1087,1249,1911,1933]" name="Chesapeake Bay" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" stateProvince="Mexico">Chesapeake Bay</location>
to Gulf of
<collectingRegion id="4995F858FFCC6852232AF882FA30F82D" box="[1355,1430,1911,1933]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Mexico</collectingRegion>
)
</keyLead>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36BAFFCC685226F6F860FB1BF845" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
<keyLead id="30A0958FFFCC685226F6F860FB1BF845" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">
17b. Head not spongy to touch; total gill rakers 28-31, longest raker longer than filament length at the angle; gas bladder without appendages.....................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C514D39FFCC685222F9F847FA85F867" authority="Chao &amp; Carvalho-Filho &amp; Santos, 2021" authorityName="Chao &amp; Carvalho-Filho &amp; Santos" authorityYear="2021" box="[1176,1315,1970,1991]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Stellifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macallisteri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAA8FFCC685222F9F847FA85F867" box="[1176,1315,1970,1991]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">S. macallisteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21657D3FFCC68522348F846FA3AF868" box="[1321,1436,1970,1992]" pageId="27" pageNumber="461" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Carribean sea from Canal zone
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC68522478F825FDC1F845" box="[537,615,2000,2021]" name="Panama" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Panama</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC68522410F83AFD76F845" box="[625,720,1999,2021]" name="Colombia" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Colombia</collectingCountry>
to Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC6852255BF83AFC39F845" box="[826,927,1999,2021]" name="Venezuela" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, also in
<collectingCountry id="F346762AFFCC6852258FF83AFB10F845" box="[1006,1206,1999,2021]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="27" pageNumber="461">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>